Business solutions to water waoes in India.docx

7/27/2019 Business solutions to water waoes in India.docx

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SUSTAINABLE &

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TOWATER WOES IN INDIAProject Report

Submitted By:

Gr 4 Batch 2


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Creativity & Innovation Workshop Assignment report

On

Sustainable & Innovative Solutions to Water Woes in India

By

Group 4 (Batch II)

Sombit SarkarShilpita Mohanty

Sudha Madhavi

Kingshuk Sett

Prashanth Sachan

Mohit Reddy

Pankaj Gaurav

Kshitiz Shakya

Avinash Singh

Aditya TarunMoin Siddqui

Institute of Management Technology,

Hyderabad


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Demand-supply scenario in India

India, which is home to 16% of the worlds population, has only 2.5% of the worlds land area and 4% of its water

resources. Precipitation in the form of rain and snowfall provides over 4,000 TL of fresh water to the country. Most o

this freshwater is carried out to the sea and ocean via the many large rivers flowing across the subcontinent. A portion

of this water is absorbed by the soil and is stored in underground aquifers. A much smaller percentage is stored in inland

water bodies including natural (lakes and ponds) and man-made (tanks and reservoirs). Out of the 1,869 TL of wate

reserves in the country, only an estimated 1,122 TL can be utilized due to topographic constraints and distribution

issues. Furthermore, the demand for water has been increasing rapidly in the past few decades. Indias current wate

consumption is approximately 581 TL, with irrigation needs accounting for a staggering 89%, followed by domestic use

at 5% and industrial consumption at 6%.

Projection of future demand-supply scenario

The demand for water is projected to overtake its availability in India. In some regions of the country, this has already

happened. The following exhibit shows the likely trend of the growth in demand. Indias rapidly increasing population

urbanization and industrialization has led to a significant increase in the need for water. In the next decade, this demandis expected to grow by 20%, primarily fueled by industrial requirements that are expected to double from 23.2 trillion

liters at present to 47 trillion liters. Domestic demand is expected to grow by 40% from 41 to 55 trillion liters, while

irrigation is likely to require only 14% more after 10 years 592 trillion liters up from 517 trillion liters at 2011.

Major Issues in various water consumption areas

Agriculture:

Rise in water consumption: Rice, wheat and sugarcane together constitute 90% of Indias crop production andare the highest water-consuming crops India has a reasonable water footprints among the top rice and wheat producing countries (China, US

Indonesia, etc.)

Over-exploitation of groundwater: States with a reasonable production of rice/wheat are expected to facegroundwater depletion of up to 75%, by 2050

Increase in wastewater discharge: Agri-based industries such as textiles, sugar and fertilizer are among the topproducers of wastewater

Industry:

Industrial water consumption is expected to quadruple between 2000 and 2050. By 2050 industrial wateconsumption will reach 18% of total annual water consumption, up from just 6% in 2000.

Industrial wastewater discharge causes pollution and reduces available freshwater reserves There is no regulatory binding on water usage and wastage Around 6.2 billion liters of untreated industrial wastewater is generated everyday Thermal power and steel plants are the major contributors to annual industrial waste water discharge


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Domestic:

The population density supported by Indias river basins is higher than most other developing countries The five states mentioned below are the highest producers of rice, wheat and sugarcane (water-intensive crops

and together produce ~70% of the total food crops in India

Subsidies on electricity in these states has led to excessive pumping of groundwater for agriculture

Existing Business Models in India

Municipal and Public:

In this model, the municipality (or occasionally, a region of collective municipalities) owns and operates the utility.

Operations and Maintenance Contracts:

In this model, the municipality owns the utility and retains the responsibility for capital improvement, but delegates tha

for day-to-day operations and maintenance to an outside contractor. The contractor is paid by the municipality, which

controls the revenues received from end users.

Build Operate Transfer Model:

In this model, the municipality presents the opportunity to build and operate a new facility to the private sector, along

with the responsibility for all required capital improvements, during the contract period. On the completion of the

contract, ownership of the facility is transferred back to the municipality, based on the terms agreed on.

Affermage:

In this model, the municipality continues to be the owner of the utility and bears the responsibility for capitaexpenditure. However, it leases the utility to the private sector for day-to-day operations and maintenance. In return

the private sector makes lease payments to the municipality to compensate it for its capital investment. Under thi

model, the private sector retains the user fees received from end customers and uses these to pay its costs.

Concession:

In this model, the municipality continues to be the owner of the utility, but responsibility for capital expenditure as wel

as day-to-day operations and maintenance rests with the private sector. As in the Affermage model, the private secto

retains user fees received from end customers. At the end of the concession period, the responsibility of the private

sector may revert to the municipality or the concession arrangement may be renewed.

Investor Owned Utility:

In this model, the municipality no longer owns the utility, and hence, all its responsibilities (including fee collection

related to utilities reside with the private sector. In some jurisdictions, this model has been adopted to allow the publi

sector to act as the sole or part shareholder or owner of a commercialized utility (utility with a commercial mandate

and structure).


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Water Value Chain:

Water Wastage:

In a country like India, where the water scarcity is reaching its peak level leading to an unsustainable future ahead,

wastage of water is an unpardonable crime. Yet, the volumes of usable water moving out to the drains every day is quite

an alarming figure. The listed bullets shows some thought provoking facts, that we need to sit up very fast.

Daily water wastage in India is about 0.4 million litre (source: UNICEF report on Indias water issues) Average daily requirement of water for affluent usage is about 466 litre This information simply shows in India, we make a daily wastage of water for 858 persons; which cumulates

yearly to 313305 users

The above figure illustrated the water scarcity scenario expected in 2025, from what is has been in 1995


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Few short term measures to prevent water wastage:

A list of proposals has been bulleted below by our group

on some short-term measures to prevent water

wastage:

Central enforced vigilant team to check waterwastage in urban, semi-urban and rural areas

Curbing water pollution and reducing excessusage

High-penalty on water wastage and waterpollution

Increasing water storage capacity in townsand villages

Low-tax on public to maintain central watereserve for acute needs

Channeling funds for water purification fromsea, water-falls, rivers and other water bodies

Processing of hard-water to usable form Large scale rain water harvesting Awareness campaign and programs

Processing hard-water to soft-water is said to be an

effective process as it can be readily done in

laboratories and even in home-environment unde

proper surveillance. By processing hard-water we

mean, extracting the sodium, magnesium and the

carbon ions from the compound state to convert it to the usable soft water form.

Rain-water harvesting can be extensively carried out in different rain-prone zones of India, especially in the rural areas

Not only does it enhance the ground-water level margin also it helps us to leverage upon the climatic condition of the

Asian sub-continent.

Long Term Solutions for Water Woes in India

A conference of 500 leading water scientists from around the world issued a stark warning that, without major reforms

"in the short span of one or two generations, the majority of the 9 billion people on Earth will be living under the

handicap of severe pressure on fresh water, an absolutely essential natural resource for which there is no substitute. This

handicap will be self-inflicted and is, we believe, entirely avoidable."

Mismanagement, Overuse and polluting the water bodies pose a serious threat to human well being and responding to

those threats is a major challenge. Restricting ourselves to only short term solutions and achieving costly solution

wouldnt address the problem. We would have to take up environment surveillance and understand the current state

availability of resources and take up initiatives that would help in achieving a sustainable solution. Sustainable

development requires institutional reforms and technological innovation. The focus would be on water supply and

hygiene, however a sustainable goals need to be considered.


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Following are some of the recommendations:

Integrated approach to water , including social and financial considerations in planning , designing andimplementing water and sanitation policies

Using Internet and other technologies to enhance transparency and accountability and report on results andprogress. Also to manage projects in a way to minimize bureaucracy

Community participation and involvement right from beginning of any project along with NGOs for a sustainablesolution

Adopting more precise irrigation practices Investments in infrastructure , R&D and knowledge management systems

The recommendations can be launched in rural areas as first priority considering the fact that rural areas are the most

deprived of water. The NGOs can be involved in

such initiatives which would enhance the

community participation and bring in the

ownership for the resources.

Some of the Long term solutions: examples could

be:

Low cost drip irrigation: Low cost dripirrigation comes with benefits such as lesslabor, less fertilizer requirement, ease in

system implementation, affordable,

increase in yield and almost 60 percent

reduction in water usage.

Nanotechnology: A future for water woes:On the nanoscale, the chemical, titanium

dioxide could be used to decontaminate bacteria-ridden water. Investments in such technology can at least help

the industrial water requirements if not for drinking purposes due to health concerns.

Aakash Ganga: Aakash Ganga is a domestic rainwater harvesting system. Its strategy is to form public-private-community partnership or social enterprise to

provide drinking water to the people. It is an

engineering innovation by a group of BITS

students .The network uses satellite images, IT

and Geographical information system. The

innovation shortened design time to few week

and eliminated surveys.

Peer water exchange: Stanford sociainnovation review suggests a Peer water exchange

a technology platform to resolve the water crisis and sanitation issues collaboratively. It manages thousands o

small scale projects for long term.

Water ATM Sarvajal: A market based model to provide clean drinking water to the base of the pyramid. It is aCloud-managed, solar-powered, cashless vending ecosystem that enables availability of clean drinking water 24

hours a day at the very last mile.

Automatic water level controller: A water level controller to regulate the usage of water in industrial needs. Litres of water are wasted through leaking pipes. Hence , Make companies fix leaky pipes Waste water management with effluent and sewage treatment plants , encouraging the private sector Persuade people to use less water through awareness programs on social media.


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Existing Innovative Products

An innovative bathroom gadget has been manufactured by a company to save wastage of usable water. The narration o

the same is given below:

Urinal and Sink Combo To save water, Eco Urinal is

designed to use the water that was used for washing hands

to flush the urine. By this process, we dont have to use

water twice after using the urinal. Moreover, it reduces the

establishment expenses by optimizing the materials. Uppe

space of this urinal is made with glass, and it helps to

secure a clear view for users. It also promotes people to

keep their sanitation because people need to wash thei

hands to flush the urine after use.

Proposed Innovations:

Micro level proposal (Perspective from house-holds)

We propose to reduce the water crisis scenario of India, from the micro perspective of every house-hold. For that, we

suggest to distribute water to each houses based on the requirement of the number of members living in that house and

not a uniform distribution with the help of sensor and solenoid valve. This will help to reserve the excess water presentlsupplied to houses from municipalities; which can be kept for acute emergencies. Low water-tax can be levied to

centrally maintain such reserves. During time of drought, emergencies water can be supplied to the effected region

without disturbing the water demand-supply equation for the rest of the parts. Moreover, sectors requiring water fo

their activities (example: agro-based industries) can be subjected to use from the reserves, instead of exploitation o

ground-water.

Mechanism of sensor and solenoid valve:

Let us assume a simple scenario where, everyday a municipality gives a total of 1000 litres of water to 5 house-holds

each receiving 200 litres. Moreover, let the distribution be on the basis of affluent usage. Now, if an individual require

40 litres of water daily, 200 litres of water is good enough for a house having 5 residents. But in case a house has only 3residents, it is still getting, 200 litres, where is require only 120 litres. Probability is very high, due to the unconstrained

water supply, the excess 80 litres is being over-used by the members of the house. Hence, we arrive to a situation where

a country is in dire-stretch of water need, we have vast water over-use and wastage.

Here, we propose municipality should distribute water to the different house-hold based on the number of individuals

on the house and an average requirement for proper living, not excess, not less. So, we introduce a magnetic sensor to

be attached to the reservoir of each household, having data of total requirement of water for the particular house. A

solenoid valve should be fixed to the supply tank. Once, the required level is reached for the day, the sensor wi

automatically signal the valve through magnetic attraction to stop excess flow, and the solenoid valve will lock the wate

flow from municipality to the house. Accumulation of such reserves from every household will cumulates to a large

national reserve which can be accessed for emergency purposes.


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Implication of solenoid valve and sensor is demonstrated in the above figure

Launch Strategy

The venture can be used as a pilot-run for few households, depending on the success rate of its objective can benforced centrally by the government

Since, the product is simple, installation is easy and its also cost-effective Low maintenance cost requiredHence, the strategy we are following is a mass market, low cost strategy. The objective is to incorporate all the

households with this product to cumulate the micro benefits in a macro level. Further, modification can be done

over the product to leverage other possible advantages.

Macro level proposal:Water Smart Grid (WSG)

One Innovative approach to addressing water scarcity, promoting efficient water use, updating the existing wate

infrastructure, improving water quality, and reducing water-related energy consumption is the development and

implementation of smart grid systems of water similar to those that have been used for electricity distribution.

A WSG system would direct an innovative technology suite, including smart water meters, sensors, advanced modeling

water mapping, smart irrigation, autonomous robots, and other technologies, that would work together to create a

data-driven system for the intelligent management of water resources. These systems would be comprised of a network

of hardware and software that continuously monitors water use in homes, office buildings, and agricultural irrigation

systems, water treatment plants, individual groundwater withdrawals, and delivery and allocation schemes to provide

consumers and utilities with real-time information on water consumption from consumer, commercial, industrial, and

agricultural endpoints and users.


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Smart water grid schematic

Smart WaterSensors &

meters

Advancemodeling &

water mapping

Smart Irrigation& Autonomous

robots


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Smart water network

Smart water network can be conceptualized through following diagram:

Blueprint of the model:

Smart water management is all about applying monitoring and management technologies to help reduce the use o

water, as well as related energy and chemicals. Managing water resources would include monitoring rivers, wate

reservoirs and pipes. Increasingly, utilities are transitioning to digital smart grids that collect data from networks o

sensors and use advanced analytics to glean insight from that data.


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Interactive meters and sensors can be integrated into water and energy systems, providing real-time, accurate

information about our water consumption so that we will be able to make better decisions about how and when we use

this valuable resource. These key technologies span across Instrumented solutions such as sensors, meters, detectors

cameras, etc.; Interconnected infrastructure or devices such as mobile /data networks, AMI, mobile phones, telemetry

etc. and Intelligent resources for asset management, predictive analytics, models (flood, water quality, pipe networks)

decision support systems, visualization tools, GIS, etc.

Smarter water management technologies can help companies reduce pollution, improve drinking water quality and

increase the supply of usable water with a real-time advanced analytics system that tracks and reports on the conditionof an infrastructure from filtration equipment, water pumps and valves to collection pipes, water storage basins and

laboratory equipment. The ability to monitor these systems in real-time means that potential problems such as a burs

water main, a slow leak, a clogged drain or a hazardous sewage overflow can be quickly identified and resolved o

even predicted and prevented. The system even taps into geo-spatial data to pinpoint the exact location of problem

areas. And as an added benefit, consumers who get a detailed breakdown of their water use tend to modify thei

consumption patterns accordingly. While information technology is not going to directly increase the water supply - i

can guide us as to more efficient use.

Smart water grid is not a one-time technology but rather a road map to help water providers reach a more efficient

dynamic system. No matter where they are on the roadmap solutions exist to help them move along whether it is

simple data integration and monitoring to more sophisticated sensor networks and analytics.

Challenges

What we need today is intense collaboration amongst the stakeholders across geographies and the water ecosystem. As

water management issues continue to mount and costs continue to increase, information technology and collaborative

innovation will play an instrumental role helping communities, businesses, and governments deal with the tremendou

complexity ahead. The combination of volumes of data, the need for mining across different and new data types and the

demand for real-time responses requires a new kind of water management intelligence and models that encompas

scalable, statistical algorithms, and massively parallel approaches. Current data infrastructures limited in scalability and

interoperability inhibit timely and effective decision making across departments and organizations. Next generation

water management systems need to be more flexible while providing more robust real-time analytics, modeling, and

decision support capabilities. Also it is important to interlock with funding agencies such as World Bank, IFC as well as

NGOs.

References

1. http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/intelligent-energy/coming-soon-smart-water-grids/175182. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=47043. http://cseindia.org/node/40144. http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-

says-ibm
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4704http://cseindia.org/node/4014http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/smart-water-grid-innovations-can-tackle-water-problems-india-says-ibmhttp://cseindia.org/node/4014http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4704

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