BUSINESS PHILOSOPHY AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS 2008

BUSINESS PHILOSOPHY AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS 2008PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ACCCORDING TO GHANDI7 Deadly SinsSEVEN DEADLY SINSWealth without workPleasure without conscienceKnowledge without characterScience without humanityPolitics without principleReligion without sacrificeCommerce(Business) without morality/ethicsA CASE FOR ETHICSWe are capable of reasoning from cause to effect and we know that each act has consequencesWe are capable of making choices on basis of human giftsSelf-awareness, Conscience, Imagination & Independent Freedom to ChooseWe have finiteness; we need coherenceHuman life is a dynamic phenomenonCASE FOR ETHICS (CONTD)We can be taught to be goodHuman life and civilization depends on ethically responsible people

A SPECIFIC IS TO ASK ABOUT BUSINESS ETHICSWHY BUSINESS ETHICSBusiness practices exert far-reaching influence on the lives of people anywhere in the worldSince business practice affects so many it is imperative that business be socially responsibleBusiness practitioners need help to avoid harming the general public and all stakeholders connected with businessEnvironment also needs to be protected from contamination by business enterpriseWHY BUSINESS ETHICS (CONTD)Business firms also need protection from abuse by unethical employees and unethical competitors (one third of employees steal from work place; billions of dollars lost annually)Workers and others need protection from dangerous products and situations (mines)Most people want to act in ways that are consistent with their own sense of right and wrong.ETHICS DEFINED:A careful systematic examination of how the life and person of Jesus Christ should impinge upon our moral lives, of who we are and should be and what we should do in the light of what Jesus reveals to us about God and the cause of God.ETHICS A ND HUMAN CONDUCT TYPES OF HUMAN ACTIVITIESInstinctiveAmoral ( e.g. breathing, heart beat etc)PsychologicalNormal or not normalMoral-- What has to be present:Human being, Intention, consequences, consciousness, freedomEMERGE: When inspired by moral ideal personified or conditioned; in reference to authority, compelled internally by conscience, yielding to temptation or prompted by SpiritHOW THEN MUST WE LIVE? CULTURAL RELATIVISTS SAY:No moral or ethical standards apply to all people, all places and all timesMoral practices vary from place to place, from people to people, and from time to timeDiversity ThesisMoral practices depend on cultural contextDependency Thesis

HOW THEN DO WE SURVIVE IN A SHRINKING GLOBAL COMMUNITY?SITUATIONALISM SAYS:Morality cannot be prescribedOnly one thing is intrinsically good, that is LOVE.LOVE is the ruling norm in Christian decision-makingLove and justice are the same for justice is love distributedLOVE wills the neighbors good whether we like him or notSITUATIONALISM (CONTD)Only the end justifies the means, nothing elseLoves decision is made situationally and not prescriptively

Strengths: Recognition of individual uniqueness Due reaction against rigid legalismWeaknesses: Subjective, not universally applied; presupposes accurate evaluation of situation by human beings; Can be selfish in seeking ends; Never defines LOVE.CONSEQUENTIALISMConsequences to determine actThere are TWO major strands for this theory:There is the EGOISM strand which states that action is good if it is to interest of person/agentThere is UTILITARIANISM strand which states that action is good if it brings greatest happiness to the greatest number. OBJECTIONS:*Egoism is inconsistentIt is impossible to have harmony if every body pursues his own thing.OBJECTIONS AGAINST CON)SEQUENTIALISM (contdEgoism does not provide terms for settling conflictsEgoism creates conflicts and relational problemsTwo good things about Utilitarianism: It is socially conscious, and provides objective way out of dilemmas.Utilitarianism can be unjust. Needs fairnessWe do not really know what is goodOBJECTIONS TO UTILITARINISM (Contd)Utilitarianism assumes that human beings know what is good and ignores their sinfulnessUtilitarianism ignores the fact some actions are bad no matter how good they appear.The end does not justify the means. The process is as important as the intentPOLITICAL NATURALISM SAYS:Might makes right! What is of interest to the powerful is rightPower is the rule of lifeThrasymachusJustice is nothing but interest of the strongerRulers are shepherds who fatten their sheep for the killThe cleverest is one who is able to impose his will upon all others.Machiavelli (1469 1527) revived Naturalism in his book: THE PRINCE

IN THE PRINCE, MACHIAVELLI ASSERTS:The ruler who abandons what is done for what ought to be done will rather learn to bring about his own ruin than his preservation.Two natures in a personhuman and beast: the successful ruler is a human lion and a fox, keeping faith when it is for his interest, breaking faith when new conditions arise (against his interest)Even in time of peace ruler prepares for war, bribes allies of rival states and disorders enemyMACHIAVELLI (Contd)Ruler does ANYTHING gain favor of subjectsRuler can use any means to strengthen his positionfraud, deception, killings and other bad things for his interestThe Prince (ruler) is above restrictions of religion and ethicsChristianity is detestable because it negates strong military virtues of the ruler and condemns his exaltation to honourPhilosophy that is behind totalitarianism that POWER ETHICSMachiavellis totalitarianism repudiated human rights, suffocated religion, liquidated individuals or anything that stood in the way of the ruler.Friedrich Nietszche (1844 1900) attacked reason, morality and ChristianityNietszche advocated the SUPERMAN who is not subject to moralityChristian morality is the most malignant form of falsehoodIt is decadent and weakening. POWER ETHICS (Contd)Nietszche asserted. Christianity produces nincompoops, not men.The struggle for power is primary. Whatever hightens the feeling of power and desire for it is good, whatever weakens it is badCourage is highest virtue: intellect, energy, virility, self-assertion and self-determination are means to power.Humility, meekness, obedience, compassion, forgiveness etc. are evidence of weakness.POWER ETHICS (Contd)Christians are not free from this WILL TO POWERIf Christians want us to believe in their Redeemer, let them appear more redeemed.God has died and the SUPERMAN of the future has come. Marriage laws have to be revised to eliminate the unfit racesSocial Darwinism and Nietszche philosophy brought about Faschism, Nazism, Communism and other forms of evil -ismsKARL MARX IMPACT (1818-1883)A new social order that is rooted in evolutionary materialistic world-viewCommunist Manifesto written with EngelsPolitical naturalism with international forceConvinced many that malady of human race is economic. Masses need economic powerReligion deludes the worker with visions of imaginary satisfaction to compensate for actual deprivations. Hence, religion is an instrument of social passivity to be eliminated as the opiate of the people.MARX AND ENGELS PROGRAM OF REFORMAbolition of private propertyAbolition of individual freedom to buy and sell services as well as goods, Abolition of family in its present traditional senseAbolitions of prevailing bourgeois culture centred on free enterpriseAbolition of religion, the opium of the people.ATTRACTIONS OF MARXISMPromised swift and easy material gainAppeals to humanitarian instincts of man by forcing economic redistribution of wealth to achieve maximum good for the working classesAsserts historical inevitability of the outcome and scientific basis in the economic determinism of nature and history.WEAKNESSES OF MARXISMUnrealistic on ending class distinctionsProblem of promoting absolute allegiance to the military leadership that is surrounded by propagandists who are in service of the party line, who exercise absolute control in the name of the stateIt negates what it promotes by denying some people their dignity and worth as individualsIt destroys individual incentives, motivations and stifles initiative and creativityWEAKNESSES OF MARXISM (Contd)Marxism kills the goose that lays the egg by taking from productive ones to benefit the unproductive.By rejecting family it removes that institution which is basic in the formation of a personBy rejecting religion it removes that which is basic in the formation of the moral life of a person to lead to responsible living.CAPITALISMAdam SmithWrote THE WEALTH OF NATIONS AND THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTSThe rich are to invest to enable others to better their conditionsPromoted private ownership even of means of productionHas influenced business with profit motive of self-interest and enlightened self-interest.PROBLEMS OF CAPITALISMIts incompatible with justiceUses sinfulness of humanity to promote productivityPromotes human greed and selfishness leading to unjustifiable injustices we see todayMay contaminate environment and exploit resources without compensatione.g. Union Carbide Disaster in Bophal and the Ozone layer challengesTakes advantage of less informedNestle CorporationCAPITALISM AND CONSUMERISMCurrently, more than 67% of worlds population is poor33% are in varying degrees well-off7% use 50% of the worlds money and use 40% of the worlds energy7% has ten times more doctors than 93%The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen at a very disturbing rate and ratioIt could even be worse now because the statistics are old.CAPITALISM IN FORMER APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA35 million blacks were dominated by 5 million whites5million whites owned 87% of the land35 million were entitled to 13%Income gap between the blacks and whites was so huge that even many corporations decided to disinvest as a way of protesting against the naked injustice

Such set ups lead to oppression and exploitation of groups by other groups. Hence, this is not sustainable ethically.THE AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY OF UBUNTUUbuntu essence of being human. The term is not translatable.It embraces hospitality, caring about others, being willing to go the extra mile for the sake of othersA person is a person through other persons..My humanity is caught up and bound up in yoursI am because we arewe are because I am..We share resources to meet community needsOwnership is not individual but collective (Nyumba)UBUNTU (Contd)Extended family system is real familyElders are respectedTaboos are central in upholding community valuesGrievous violations like murder, robbery, disrespect for elders, failure to care for them, incest, neglect of widows and orphans are among the areas that call for taboosA sense of community regulates behaviour.CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF UBUNTUWeakened instruments of moral educationA vacuum that has led to dangerous explosionsUncared for widows, orphans and street childrenInflux of refugees all over Africa todayRampant promiscuity and HIV/AIDs scourgeIncreased criminal behaviourThe problem of abandoning the old traditional ways without fully accepting the new or replacing with the better.PILLARS OF CONSCIOUSNESS-BASED EDUCATIONAL MODEL (CBE)Learning to KnowStresses the cognitive and academic dimension of learningLearning to do Highlights professional training and technical know howLearning to live together-- The heart and soul of the African UBUNTU and it concerns learning to live together by developing and understanding of social roles and appreciation for other people and for interdependence.PILLARS (Contd)Learning to be-- Highlights character development, with specific ethical valuesWithout this you may have businessmen and lawyers who lend their expertise to gain illegal profits or skirt the lawOur world is now corrupt and people are willing to do terrible things for money. For 10million people say:23% willing to be in prostitution for a week, 16% willing to abandon spouse, 7% willing to kill an unknown human being

THE GREATEST NEED OF THE WORLDThe greatest want of the world is the want of men (and women) who will not be bought or sold who in their inmost souls are true and honest,who do not fear to call sin by its right name,whose conscience is as true to duty as the needle to the pole, who will stand for the right though the heavens fall. White, E. G. EDUCATION, p.57.BIBLICAL FOUNDATIONSCreation Story carries key concepts like: Image of God which signify dignity and value of human beingsResponsibilities given to human beings signify stewardship of power, resources, time and life itselfCovenant is basis of relationship between God and chosen human beingsLaw (torah) of God revealed instructions is spoken of as transcript of Gods characterLaw of God is eternal principle of actionself-evident, timeless and universal.

GODS LAWBONDAGE OR FREEDOM?Eternal, and universal principles of relationshipFirst 4 deal with vertical dimensionGod and human beingsLast 6 deal with horizontal dimension Human beings and human beings and the rest of creationTo be considered in terms of marriage relationshipThey are commands that cannot be violated. One who attempts to violate is himself/herself violatedBIBLICAL FOUNDATIONS (Contd)Prophets of Israel called for living in faithfulness to the CovenantNational survival and prosperity were linked to adherence to Covenant provisionsMoral rectitude was key to prosperityJeremiah predicted a new Covenant to be written on the heartETHICS AND JESUS CHRISTSermon on the Mount carries ethics of the Kingdom He came to establishBeatitudes (Matt. 5:3-12) carry principles with far-reaching implications for ethical livingJesus calls for radical righteousness that exceed that of the Pharisees and ScribesThe righteousness that calls for is internalized and comes from a clean heartThe story of Zacchaeus (Luke 19) is an illustration of a converted business personTHE NEW COVENANT RELATIONSHPThe Law of God is written in the heart Jeremiah 31:31f; Hebrews 10:16fIts a relational law of loversDeficit Motivation has no room in the New CovenantExpression Motivation is mode of the new covenant relationshipThe highest stage in Lawrence Kholbergs ConstructMORAL REASONINGJean Piagets 3 levels are Pre-Operational (Pre-Conventional), Operational (Conventional) and Post-Conventional (Post-Conventional)Lawrence Kholberg expanded these and came up with 6 levels as follows:MORAL REASONINGKHOLBERGS STAGESPunishment Obedience OrientationGood and bad, right and wrong are only in terms of physical consequencesInstrumental Relativistic OrientationRight Action consists of that which instrumentally satisfies ones needs and occasionally the needs of others Scratch my back and Ill scratch yours.The Interpersonal Good Boy/Nice Girl OrientationGood behavior is one that pleases others and is approved by them.KHOLBERGS STAGES (Contd)The Law and Order Orientation Orientation to authority, rules and maintenance of the social orderSocial Contract Legalistic Orientation Right action is defined in terms of general individual rights and standards which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole societyUniversal Ethical Principle Orientation Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency.ETHICS IN NEW TESTAMENTApostles taught radical righteousness that draws from the New Covenant relationship with God after the Christ event.John emphasizes LOVE as the principle of livingJames emphasizes concern for the less fortunatethe poor, the widows and the orphansPaul has a lot to say on principles of conductPAULINE PRINCIPLES OF CONDUCTGlorifying God in whatever is done Not to be unequally yoked with unbelievers *Not to be a stumbling block to the weakNot to defile ones CONSCIENCE*To be free to act from expression motivation and not from deficit motivation *To be thermostats and not thermometers (Rom. 12:2)PROBLEMS FACED BY BUSINESS PEOPLEHonesty versus ProsperityMay test truth-tellingCorruptionThere is always this possibilityCompetitionMay replace excellenceDivided loyaltiesStakeholders, stock holders and governmentSecurity QuestionsBusiness people may be used as spy agentsCareer mobilityFamilies may be affected as fathers(parents move around a lot; environment is family unfriendlyENRICHING YOUR MARRIAGE AND FAMILYNo success in any business compensates for failure in marriage and family relationship.Lifes ledger will reflect imbalance, if not debt (Covey)Relationships tend toward ENTROPYHence, need for SYNTROPYInvestment in building relationships is not a wasteMarriage and family need investments that those who are involved need to make.WAYS OF ENRICHING MARRIAGE AND FAMILYRetain a long-term perspective through rigors, struggles and challengesRescript your marriage and family life. This is to be done by relating and modellingReconsider your roleseither producer, manager, leaderReset your goalsRealign family systemsRefine 3 vital skillstime management, communication, problem solving

WAYS OF ENRICHING (Contd)Regain internal securityHave a sense of personal worthDevelop family mission statementSELECTED KNOTTY PROBLEMSJob satisfaction, Security and fair remunerationEquality on opportunities for employment and promotion, affirmative action programmesDiscrimination and preferential treatment at workEmployer/Employee Contracts Occupational Safety and health Working men and women Implications to the family cultureETHICAL CODES AND BUSINESS CONDUCT--CATEGORIESBusiness ConductBusiness Dealings and RelationshipsInternational Business Relationships and PracticesManagement ResponsibilitiesRights and Responsibilities of Employers and EmployeesFundamental HonestyProtecting Proprietary and Confidential InformationInternal CommunicationCATEGORIES OF CODES(contd)Equal Employment and Affirmative ActionSexual and Non-sexual HarassmentSubstance Abuse in the WorkplaceWorkplace Safety, Consumer Protection, Product QualityEthics in Marketing and AdvertisingCompliance with Antirust lawsManaging Computer-Based Information SystemEthical Duties of AccountantsCATEGORIES OF CODES(contd)Expense Accounts, Credit Cards and EntertainingCorporate Citizenship and Responsibility to SocietyProtecting the EnvironmentAdministering the Code, Ensuring Compliance, Reporting Violations and Issuing SanctionsEthics Training for Employees

WHY ORGANIZATIONS NEED BUSINESS CODESServe strategic and public relations purposesProvide guidelines to managers and employees alikeHelp acquaint new employees with the firms values and cultureImprove the firms public and consumer image as well as its business reputationOffer protection in preempting or defending lawsuitsImprove the companys financial performanceEnhance morale, employee self-image, company prideWHY CODES (Contd)Enhance loyalty, and integrity at workplaceFacilitates the recruitment of outstanding employeesMay act as catalysts for constructive changeHelp stockholders interested in investing with firmHelp integrate or transfer cultures of merged or acquired firmsHelp discourage managers from requiring subordinates to perform improper actsHelp to stop subordinates from trying to get managers perform improper acts WHY CODES (Contd)Promote market efficiency, especially in in areas where the marketplace and laws are weak or inefficientEnable employees to take the responsibility to conduct themselves ethically as they take on the various business acts of the organizationEnsure more consistent ethical behaviour by all members of the organizationGUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING CODESIdentify one to approve the code in its final formHow will the code be drafted?What will be the source of the ethical values that the code will reflect?Generally, CEO or chairperson of the board is one to give final approvalOthers are involved in code development, including managers, employees, legal counsel, at times outside consultantsCan be a participative process across organ chartGUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING CODES (Contd)Specific individual or group may be assigned taskParticipants may include CEO or individual/members of the board of directors, corporate legal department, finance, human resources, communications, employees and consultantsUse existing documents on firms code of conduct, policy memoranda, current laws, consulting and examining codes developed by others and re-writing, re-shaping them to apply to specific needsIMPLEMENTING AND ENFORCING CODE OF CONDUCTCode has to be disseminated clearlyCode has to be implemented consistentlyCode has to be enforcedCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. Milton Friedman, the Nobel Prize WinnerThe statement has evoked a lot controversy in the business worldHow does this fair in the Free Enterprise business milieu?Is it worth talking about this in business?Many answers have been given.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (Contd)We are not in business to make maximum profit for our shareholders. We are in business to serve society. Profits are our reward for doing it well. If business does not serve society, society will not long tolerate our profits or even our existence. Kenneth DaytonProfit maximization ,as the only raison detre for business is rejected by quite a number of authoritiesIt is known that well-treated employees are more loyal, more effective and more productive because they feel they are part of the greater good.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (Contd)Communities served well by business establishment actually become ambassadors for the business establishment.So, doing something to meet the needs of employees and community members at large enhances Reputation Quotient of businessHowever, business may engage in generous social programmes for its own interests and this may not doExample: Beer and tobacco companies may have a legal SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY (contd) right to operate, their business is not ethically sustainable. To help people so that they are encourage to booze and puff more is not to help them at all and it is not socially responsibleSo, the kind of business that is established may be irresponsible in terms of moral values that are cherished and espoused by the community.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (contd)At times animals are involvedBusiness may mean extinction of certain animals while serving a community of human beings. What should be the priority?At times stockholders profits may be reduced by issues of product affordability and increase of workers in the firm to improve peoples livesAt times giving to charity reduces revenue to government. What should be the priority? SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (contd)Studies show correlation in terms of financial performance and concern with communitys well-being and over all growthCompanies with code of conduct also perform betterIt pays to do business ethically and with levels of integrity A number of global initiatives have been established to facilitate compliance with acceptable standards of doing any business, and they all signal a need for social responsibility in business.ORGANIZATIONS ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYGlobal Reporting InitiativeGlobal Sullivan PrinciplesSocial Accountability 8000UN Global CompactOECD Guidelines for Multinational EnterpriseILO ConventionsAA 1000ISO 14000MORAL CAPITAL CALLED FORIt is important to talk about profits and financial capitalIt is important to underline importance of intellectual and social capitalToday, it is crucially important to emphasize need for MORAL CAPITAL in business practices, especially in Africa. Virtue like ubuntu, trustworthiness, honesty, transparency, accountability, responsibility and such others are of crucial importance today.SUPERIORS AND SUBORDINATESThe Superior has the following powers;Executive PowerPower of ExperiencePower of ExpertisePower to hire, fire or recommendation to do soSUPERIORS AND SUBORDINATESRelationships enhanced by :Consistency in communicationSubordinate not treated as means to an endLoyalty as a two-way streetChoosing the right pattern of relationship among: Paternalistic styleSuperior feels he knows what is good for the subordinate and makes decision for the subordinate without input from subordinate. This threatens growth of subordinate * Collegiality-- Sharing everything with superior acting as supervisor. The problem is that the subordinates may be selfish and fail to see the bigger picture SUPERIORS AND SUBORDINATESSolidaritySuperiors and subordinates share the means and ends

It is crucially important that the superior be a person of moral rectitude.PROFESSIONAL DUTIESTo be educateddiligent studying formally and informallyTo grow---Sharpen the SawMaintain professional conduct and dignityRender effective, efficient service deliveryMaintain professional detachmentAvoid professional competitionWHISTLEBLOWINGWhistleblowing defined: Types of WhistleblowingObstacles in WhistleblowingFactors to consider in WhistleblowingKINDS OF WHISTLEBLOWINGUnbending ResistersThese are strictly committed to their principles and they will not bend under threats or punishment. If the system does not allow, they go publicImplicated ProtestersThose who speak up when there are moral inequities, but pull in when cornered or when there are legal dangersReluctant CollaboratorsThose involved in illegal or immoral practiced which they themselves condemn but go public only after retirementOBSTACLES IN WHISTLEBLOWINGProcess of erosionWhen you have to blow on one you respectOccupational Harzards of losing promotion, privilege, job or even lifeYou may not have inside informationIt may be used as revengeWHISTLEBLOWING IS JUSTIFIED WHEN:The company is in a practice or about to release a product which does serious harm to individuals or society in general. The more serious the harm, the more serious the obligation.The employee should report his concern or complaint to his immediate superiorIf no appropriate action is taken, the employee should take the matter up to managerial line. Before he is obliged to go public, the resources for remedy within the company should be exhausted.WHISTLEBLOWING JUSTIFIED:The employee should have documentation of the practice or defect. Without adequate evidence, chances of succeeding are slim.The employee must have good reasons to believe that by going public he will be able to bring about the necessary change FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN WHISTLEBLOWING:Make sure the situation warrants whistleblowingExamine your motivesVerify and document your informationDetermine the type of wrong doing you are reporting and to whom it should be reportedState your allegations in an appropriate mannerStick t facts and not fictionDecide whether whistleblowing should be internal or externalFACTORS (Contd)Decide whether whistleblowing should be open or anonymousFind out how much protection is there for whistleblowersConsult a lawyerCHRISTIAN VALUES AND BUSINESSSamuel O. OyiekeRightly asserts that business activities are relationalIn Concentric Circles of Concern, Thompson asserts: relationship is the most important word in the English language.The world rotates around relationships God, friends, family, foes and so on. Business is to be considered in terms of guarding relationships by understanding the place TRUST in all relationshipsSELECTED VALUESStewardshipA sense of recognition that human beings and the whole creation belong to God. Human beings are entrusted with Gods property for managementFairnessA value that should inform pricing, delivery, remuneration, advertising, promotion, employment and so on to convey what God is likeEfficiencyMaking the best use of available resources to maximize goodness in serving God and His peopleSELECTED VALUES (Contd)EquityActing fairly and impartially towards others. Partiality, hatred, jealousy, nepotism, discrimination and many other social evils mar business enterprisesExcellenceMoving fully towards our God-given potential. This could qualify for the main purpose of living: To glorify God and enjoy Him foreverHonesty and IntegrityThe quality of being truthful, authentic, credible, honorable and morally upright (Education pp. 57 and 14)SELECTED VALUES (Contd)Perseverance Continual and steady efforts to achieve noble goals. Upward mobility and survival of the fittest syndromes would not infect many business people if they persevered in pursuing objectives in Gods way.ServicesActivities intended to benefit society that has entrusted corporate world to provide needed goods and services. This places FIDUCIARY obligations on the corporate worldLoveThe supreme value that co-ordinates ALL!AT THE WORK PLACEEfficient Service Delivery without fear or favour avoiding bribes and all forms of corruptionAvoiding misuse of public facilities like government or company vehicles, telephones and other facilitiesAvoiding tax evasions and rendering unto Caesar what is CaesarsPaying fair and LIVING WAGE to employeesProviding for job satisfaction, job security, job safety and healthAT THE WORK PLACE (Contd)Avoiding discrimination, reverse discrimination, preferential treatment and hiring, passive non-discrimination. Make affirmative action programmes that workAvoiding Sexual Harassments and Carpet Interviews whereby benefits are denied to a person because he/she refuses sexual activities as price for due service or benefit. Power inequities to be considered on issues of Sex in the forbidden zonesGLOBALIZATION AND BUSINESS ETHICS More international business establishments in mining, retailing, communication, tourism, transportation and moreIncrease in markets and cheap labor in developing countries are among factors that feed globalizationBenefits of developing countries where investments are and benefits reaped by Multinationals to be examinedEthical issues have arisen in terms of working conditions, product quality, environment, initiativeGLOBALIZATION ISSUESLocal legislation by government may be favorable or unfavorableStudies still show that globalization has not done enough to improve the conditions of people they sought to help because they repartriate their profitsAre these in for profits or to create local wealth and alleviate poverty?Process of obtaining licences may also be corrupt because of ethical relativismEnvironmental, lakes pollution and poisoning in Kenya pose serious challenge todayCHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATIONCompromises on caring for the work force to maximize profits with social costs shifted to citizens and workersExample: Export Processing Zone in Kenya (EPZ) has not alleviated poverty according to 2004 assessmentStructural Adjustment Programmes have failed because they capitalize on foreign investors gainKenya Human Rights Commission has exposed evils of exploitation of the young, workers work long hours, no offs or holiday, withholding salaries for poor work etcCHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION (Contd)Need to adhere to Principle of Human Welfare, Well-being or BeneficenceDuty on non-maleficence or do no harmPrevent harm or stewardshipRemedy harmDo goodMORE UNFAIRNESS IN GLOBALIZATIONEconomic imbalances perpetuatedAfrica still not equal participant at the Round TableAfrica still lacks towering leadership of global stature (except for Nelson Mandela who is expiring)Africa still threatened by dark cloud of HIV/AIDSIntellectual Capital still moves away from AfricaBrain drainAfrican dictators still extinguish emerging lightsRegional and Ethnic ConflictsMORE CHALLENGES IN AFRICAMore refugees and asylum seekersMore corruption and misuse of Gods blessings in AfricaMore anthropological povertydoing evil in order to surviveStill lack of politics of production, delivery and wealth creationEven the affluent of Africa (Sandton) are insecureAfrica still produces raw materials for othersMORE CHALLENGESAfrica still marginalize in global economy and contributes only 2% to world tradeGlobalization has accelerated political and economic decay in Africa with leaders failing to develop policies that cope with changing worldGlobalization has also weakened sovereignty of national governmentsAfrica has to chart its own course as Asian Tigers have doneNEED FOR WORLD-CLASS TECHNIQUES IN AFRICATo develop and implement the following: Realigning Management Objectives, Customer focus, Organizing the work place, Visible Measurement Systems, Managing for Quality, Eliminating Waste, Best Operation Practice(BOP) and Continuous Improvement, Teamwork, Staff Empowerment and Involvement, Rewards and Recognition, Purposeful Communication, Continuous Learning.Need for Leaders, Managers and Employees with shared sense of destinyACTING WITH RESPONSIBILITYIn the world but not of the world Means higher identity, loyalty and destiny. It means safe to send anywhere because of immunity against worldly influencesBeing intelligent citizens Up to date with what is happening and the issues at stakeHaving a sense of historyWorld has not committed unpardonable sin. God still in controlBeing drivers and not hitch-hikersShow directionACTING WITH RESPONSIBILITYPromoting unity, community and interdependence within the human familyBeing a producer and not just a consumerCreator of jobs and not just working at jobsStanding courageously for what is rightSO SEND I YOU Can God trust you and send you?TOWARDS AFRICAN RENAISSANCENumerous challenges in Africa to be welcome as opportunities to change and improve peoples lotTo build on the good side of African heritage that has been Christianized.Highlighting fundamental values of Christianity and the best of African traditions of ubuntuTrustworthy men and women with internalized moral values need to rise to the occasion and engage in business practices that instill a sense of dignity and value of the human personTHE TOPLINE!NEED FOR ETHICAL LEADERSHIP Thos who do not suffer from:Ethical BlindnessEither unable or unwilling to see ethical issues and are morally insensitive.Ethical Muteness---Fail to speak when they should. Like dogs that do not bark!Ethical IncoherenceInability to recognize inconsistencies in values advocated.Ethical Paralysis---Prevented from putting values into action because of ignorance or fear of consequences

DISEASES IN ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical HypocrisyLacking commitment to articulated ethical values, not walking the talkEthical Schizophrenia---Lacking unified set of ethical values. At work holding to one set but elsewhere another set.Ethical Complacency---Thinking that one cannot do anything wrong because of who one is. Claiming immunity against ethical errors. A very dangerous disease, indeed!(Check in Christine Wanjiru Gichure, pages 208-209)