Business Incubation Timeline (2013)
1
Batavia Industrial Center was established in the USA Business incubation programs diffused slowly across the USA University City Science Centre (UCSC) in Philadelphia was opened National Science Foundation catalyzed best practices of business incubation and the concept Business incubation reached England First Academic Studies of Business Incubators Next wave of BI because of plants closures in steel industry 12 Business Incubators were operating in the United States The rate of incubator diffusion increased significantly Walter Plosila’s design for the state’s Ben Franklin Partnership Program First National Study of Business Incubators The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) strongly promoted incubator development National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) established in the US First Chineese business incubator was set up in Wuhan The Torch Program was implemented by the Ministry of Science and Technology Academia: Incubator configuration studies and Incubatee development studies Phase 1 of China's BIs development was carried out Idealab! was founded by Bill Gross Dot-com bubble shifted attitude and media considered incubators as producers of "Death Stars". Pronounced shift towards for-profit incubators 3200 business incubators in the World Y Combinator was started by Paul Graham TechStars was launched 9000 business incubators in the World Phase 2 of China's BIs development was launched 5000 business incubators in the World Business Incubation industry maturity 900 incubation programs in Western Europe Loren Schultz started Technology Enterprise Center in Philadelphia City Venture Corporation (CVC) developed business incubators in several large and small cities Business Incubation spread in the UK and Europe through various related forms European Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN) officially established by the EC Researchers investigated business incubation impact Major Business Accelerators were estabished MENAinc and AIN were launched in Africa Business Incubation Timeline Business Incubation Blog http://worldbusinessincubation.wordpress.com/, Author Ryzhonkov Vasily 1959 A local real estate developer Mancusos acquired an 850,000 ft building left vacant after a large corporation exited the area. Massey-Ferguson plant was closed as a result of mergers and consolidations in the farm equipment industry putting almost 2 000 local residents out of work. Unable to find a tenant capable of leasing the entire facility, the developer opted to sublet subdivided partitions of the building to a variety of tenants, some of whom requested business advice and/or assistance with raising capital. Thus, the first business incubator was born. These efforts launched a number of new local ventures, and formalised the concept of business incubation as an economic development tool. Business Incubation programs diffused slowly across the country, they were mainly government-sponsored being a response to the need for economic restructuring. Notably, in the 1960s interest in incubators-incubation was piqued by the development of University City Science Center (UCSC), a collaborative effort at rational-izing the process of commercializing basic research outputs. 1960s 1970 s Concept of business incubation expanded in the US when a 28- member consortium of colleges, universities and academic health centres opened the University City Science Centre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As part of its efforts, the University City Science Centre initiated a programme to support the establishment and growth of early- stage companies in the research parks facility, thus establishing one of the first US urban research parks and incubators. In the 1970s interest in the incubator-incubation concept was further catalyzed through the operation of the National Science Foundation’s Innovation Centers Pro-gram, an effort to stimulate and institutionalize best practices in the processes of evaluating and commercializing selected technological inventions. Leaders started consider it as a viable approach for stimulating, diversifying or even stabilizing local economies. Evidence exists that business incubators were beginning to take hold in England from as early as 1972 the subdivision of older vacant buildings by architects into "working communities" of design-related firms with shared accommodations, services, and management (the first was in 1972 in London designed by David Rock at 5 Dryden Street, Covent Garden Since the establishment of the first business incubator, most incubators have been established as publicly funded vehicles for job creation, urban economic revitalization, and the commercialization of university innovations, or as privately funded organizations for the incubation of high-potential new ventures . Main topics considered definitions, taxonomies, policy prescriptions. Main questions were "What is an incubator?" , "How do we develop an incubator?", "What life cycle model can be extracted from analysis of business incubators?" 1964 1972 1975 1980 1982 1980s 1984 Next wave of incubator development in the United Kingdom was in response to plant closings, British Steel Corporation established a wholly owned subsidiary. Following British Steel's example, a number of other private corporations,5 as well as local, national, and regional governments, universities, and community organizations have sponsored business incubators in the United Kingdom and Western Europe All of them in the industrial Northeast, which had been hard-hit by plant closures in the previous decade The rate of incubator diffusion increased significantly when "(a) the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in the U.S. Congress in 1980 decreased the uncertainty associated with commercializing the fruits of federally funded basic research, (b) the U.S. legal system increas-ingly recognized the importance of innovation and intellectual property rights protection, and (c) profit opportunities derived from the commercia-lization of biomedical research expanded." In this environment several incubator development guides as well as non-academic reports and articles with a geographic and normative focus on current or potential business incubation efforts were generated. first national study of business incubators in 1984, Business Incubator Profiles*—which reported that over half were less than a year old—the number of incubators in operation has increased by one-third to one-half each year 1984 - 1987 Walter Plosila’s design for the state’s Ben Franklin Partnership Program, one of the country’s first comprehensive technology and manufacturing agendas. Program included incubators as a key component, became an early model for other states’ support of business incubation. Series of regional conferences to disseminate information about incubation. The SBA also published a newsletter and several incubator handbooks during the period resulted in 20 incubator openings annually in 1984 to more than 70 in 1987. Business incubation leaders formed the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA). This surge in report- generating activity in the early 1980s and the formation of the NBIA in 1985 underscore the growth in popular interest in business incubation in the 1980s. It was established aiming to provide training and tools for assisting start-up and fledgling firms and to serve as a clearinghouse for information on incubator management and development issues 40 members in its first year to approximately 1600 in 2006. First Chineese business incubator was set up in Wuhan The Torch's Program mission was to accelerate national technology development, commercialization and internationalization. The main objective of the Torch Program was to create a favorable environment for high-technology industries in terms of policies, financing, information networks, and strategic development the growth of business incubators in China occurred on a national scale, fueled primarily by financial support from the Torch Center Academia enhanced research of business incubator topic. Main topics at this point of time are conceptual frameworks and incubatee selection. Main questions: 1) What are the critical success factors fro incubation? 2) How does the incubator-incubation concept work in practice? 3) How do incubators select incubatees? 4) What is the process of new venture development in an incubator context? 5) What is the role of planning and the business incubator manager? The government of China instituted special policies in support of business incubator development and took responsibility for the provision of basic physical infrastructure and services. This approach was essentially a landlord model of incubation where the government provided physical resources, such as land and buildings, along with access to governmental sources of risk capital with little or no emphasis on value-added services, such as business consulting or networking Incubators during this early phase were almost fully sponsored and supported by government funds and run on a non-profit model in accordance with the Torch Center’s first goal of commercialization of technology. mid-1980s 1985 1988 1987 1987 - 1990 1987 - 1997 1996 late 1990s August 1999 and August 2000 Idealab was founded by Bill Gross with a handful of employees to test many ideas at once and turn the best of them into companies, while also attracting the human and financial capital necessary to bring them to market. In the late 1990s, fueled by irrationally exuberant stock valuations of several for-profit incubators and/or their incubatees, the media popularized a fantasy of business incubators as innovation hatcheries capable of incubating and taking public ‘‘infinitely scaleable, dot-com e-business start-ups’’ less than a year after entering the incubator. This fantasy and the incubator-incubation concept were largely abandoned and left for dead by the popular press after the collapse of the United States’ stock market bubble. However, rumors of the demise of the incubator-incubation concept are ‘‘greatly exaggerated’’. The media reached its negative conclusions regarding incubators-incubation while fixated on for- profit incubators, a relatively small segment of the total incubator population. The vast majority of incubators are non-profit entities that continue to incubate below the ‘‘radar screens’’ of most journalists. During the .com mania there was a pronounced shift towards for-profit incubators it is estimated that in the USA, a for- profit internet incubator was being created every other day. Aberdeen Group analyst Dave Wright estimates that the number of for-profit incubators rose from just 37 in January 1998 to more than 400 by July 2000 3200 business incubators in the World: - one-third is located in North America; - 30% in Western Europe and - the rest is dispersed over the Far East (20%), South America (7%), Eastern Europe (5%) and Africa, the Middle East and other regions (5%) (EuropeanCommission, 2002). 2005 2000 2006 2007 1997 - present In March 2005, one of the top seed accelerators in the US (Y combinator) started it's activity. Y combinator provided small amount of seed investment and hosted startups in it's 3 months- program. Main services are networking, advice on business from experienced entrepreneurs. In 2013, the average valuation of Y Combinator- backed companies, according to co-founder Paul Graham, is $45.2 million. As of 2013, Y Combinator has funded over 500 companies in over 30 different markets. TechStars was launched as a mentorship-driven startup accelerator. It was founded by David Cohen, Brad Feld, David Brown, and Jared Polis. Business accelerator developed as a 13 week programs for startups in Boulder, New York City, Boston, Seattle, and San Antonio. Out of the 114 companies that have completed the TechStars program, 92% are active and profitable. 9000 business incubators exists in the World in 2007 : North America - 1400 USA - 1250 Western Europe – 1000 Germany – 200+ UK – 300 Eastern Europe - 300 South America - 400+ Asia – 1000 Africa – 50+ Mid East – 50+ Australia & Pacific Area – no info Development of more specialized, industry-specific incubators that targeted specific sectors in high technology, such as new materials, software, environmental technologies, Pre- and post-incubation services were also pro-vided by some of the more progressive incubators. Local, regional and national incubator networks were developed in this period with the intent of sharing resources and knowledge and continue to grow to this day diversified funding sources, i.e. mix of government, private and university/research institutes, indigenized incubators Profit-oriented models of incubation were created in China, particularly in the South such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou where the environment is more market- oriented. 2013 5000 business incubators existed in the World in 2007 : North America - 1000 Western Europe - 900 South America - 400+ Asia - 1000, China - 540 Mid East, Africa, Australia – no information The industry has matured the types of businesses incubated has significantly broadened. Incubation is a highly adaptable business intervention form, and today’s incubators target diverse industries such as biotechnology, clean energy, ceramics technologies, the internet, software and telecommunications, high technology, and the arts. The industry services high-growth, venture-backed businesses as well as micro enterprises; women and minority owned businesses; and rural, suburban and urban environments 2002 A study funded by the European Commission in 2002 identified around 900 incubation environments in Western Europe Loren Schultz has started first Technology Enterprise Center in 1976 in a suburb of Philadelphia. Main aim was to house companies involved with technology-related businesses and new technology-based products. Later over a dozen center programs were launched. 1976 Control Data Corporation, under the direction of company founder William Norris, became one of the earliest supporters of the business incubation industry. With a belief that large companies should work with government and other sectors to address major societal needs, Norris formed City Venture Corporation (CVC), a Control Data division that developed business incubators in several large and small cities. Several successful incubators that were initially developed with assistance from CVC – including the Entrepreneurial Center in Birmingham, Ala., and the Pueblo Business & Technology Center in Pueblo, Colo. – still exist today. Incubation spread to the UK and Europe through various related forms (e.g. innovation centres, pépinières d’entreprises, technopoles/science parks). Business Incubation Timeline 1st EC-Business Innovation Centre (B.I.C.) opened in Liège, Belgium European Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN) officially established by the EC and industry leaders such as British Steel (industry), Cockerill-Sambre, Natwest, IRI Group, Générale de Belgique, Fiat, Control Data Corp., EVCA, Philips, Barclays etc. The first chairman of EBN was Viscount Etienne Davignon, while Romano Prodi, Lord Carr and Alain Minc were other influential Board members. 1990 – 1999 Researches were concerned about following topics: 1) Levels and units of analysis 2) Outcomes and measures of success Main questions: 1) Do incubators achieve what their stakeholders assert they do? 2) How can business incubation program outcomes be evaluated? 3) Have business incubators impacted new venture survival rates, job creation rates, industrial innovation rates? 4) What are the economic and fiscal impacts of an incubator? Major Business Accelerators were established such as Y Combinator by Paul Graham, TechStars by David Cohen, Brad Feld, David Brown, and Jared Polis, 500startups by Dave McClure, DreamIt Ventures, etc.. 2005 - 2011 Business Incubation Blog http://worldbusinessincubation.wordpress.com/, Author Ryzhonkov Vasily MENAinc is a regional network of business incubators and technology parks as well as their supporting organizations and stakeholders for Middle East and North Africa (MENA). MENAinc is part of the global network of infoDev. African Incubation Network (AIN) included groups that planned and opened incubators with infoDev support.
-
Upload
vasily-ryzhonkov -
Category
Business
-
view
586 -
download
5
description
We have started with a noble goal which was to create a timeline and present a holistic view on the industry’s development. However, it turned out that the selection and identification of the most significant events is extremely subjective. Which events we should consider and which not? Why this was important and not that? How you can identify and trace influence of a particular event that happened decades ago? So, this was really challengeable task. That is why we decided to publish first draft and then update it according to the feedback from experts community. Thus, our team will appreciate any help from industry expert on what could be changed or added to it. It’s also very hard to trace precursors of the phenomenon. As I’ve mentioned in the previous post (The History of Business Incubation – Part 2) according to Mr. Chinsomboon any controlled environment that helped businesses to grow could be considered as business incubation environment. We can found a lot of different examples before Batavia Industrial Center of systematic help for new businesses. However, the date of formalization where main components of basic business incubator model were linked together is 1959. Therefore, we agreed to have Batavia Industrial Center Launch as our starting point. So, please enjoy the results of our work and we will appreciate any help and feedback from experts and community! March 2013
Transcript of Business Incubation Timeline (2013)
Batavia Industrial Center was established in the USA
Business incubation programs diffused slowly across the USA
University City Science Centre (UCSC) in Philadelphia was opened
National Science Foundation catalyzed best practices of business
incubation and the concept
Business incubation reached England
First Academic Studies of Business Incubators
Next wave of BI because of plants closures in steel industry
12 Business Incubators were operating in the United States
The rate of incubator diffusion increased significantly
Walter Plosila’s design for the state’s Ben Franklin Partnership Program
First National Study of Business Incubators
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) strongly
promoted incubator development
National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) established in the US
First Chineese business incubator was set up in Wuhan
The Torch Program was implemented by the Ministry of Science and Technology
Academia: Incubator configuration studies and Incubatee development
studies
Phase 1 of China's BIs development was carried out
Idealab! was founded by Bill Gross
Dot-com bubble shifted attitude and media considered incubators as producers of
"Death Stars".Pronounced shift towards for-profit
incubators
3200 business incubators in the
World
Y Combinator was started by Paul GrahamTechStars was launched
9000 business incubators in the World
Phase 2 of China's BIs development was launched
5000 business incubators in the World
Business Incubation industry maturity
900 incubation programs in Western Europe
Loren Schultz started Technology Enterprise Center
in Philadelphia
City Venture Corporation (CVC) developed business incubators in several large and
small cities Business Incubation spread in the UK and Europe through various
related forms
European Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN) officially established by the
EC
Researchers investigated business incubation impact
Major Business Accelerators were estabished
MENAinc and AIN were launched in Africa
Business Incubation TimelineBusiness Incubation Blog http://worldbusinessincubation.wordpress.com/, Author Ryzhonkov Vasily
1959
A local real estate developer Mancusos acquired an 850,000 ft building left vacant after a large corporation exited the area. Massey-Ferguson plant was closed as a result of mergers and consolidations in the farm equipment industry putting almost 2 000 local residents out of work. Unable to find a tenant capable of leasing the entire facility, the developer opted to sublet subdivided partitions of the building to a variety of tenants, some of whom requested business advice and/or assistance with raising capital. Thus, the first business incubator was born. These efforts launched a number of new local ventures, and formalised the concept of business incubation as an economic development tool.
Business Incubation programs diffused slowly across the country, they were mainly government-sponsored being a response to the need for economic restructuring. Notably, in the 1960s interest in incubators-incubation was piqued by the development of University City Science Center (UCSC), a collaborative effort at rational-izing the process of commercializing basic research outputs.
1960s
1970s
Concept of business incubation expanded in the US when a 28-member consortium of colleges, universities and academic health centres opened the University City Science Centre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As part of its efforts, the University City Science Centre initiated a programme to support the establishment and growth of early-stage companies in the research parks facility, thus establishing one of the first US urban research parks and incubators.
In the 1970s interest in the incubator-incubation concept was further catalyzed through the operation of the National Science Foundation’s Innovation Centers Pro-gram, an effort to stimulate and institutionalize best practices in the processes of evaluating and commercializing selected technological inventions.
Leaders started consider it as a viable approach for stimulating, diversifying or even stabilizing local economies. Evidence exists that business incubators were beginning to take hold in England from as early as 1972 the subdivision of older vacant buildings by architects into "working communities" of design-related firms with shared accommodations, services, and management (the first was in 1972 in London designed by David Rock at 5 Dryden Street, Covent Garden
Since the establishment of the first business incubator, most incubators have been established as publicly funded vehicles for job creation, urban economic revitalization, and the commercialization of university innovations, or as privately funded organizations for the incubation of high-potential new ventures . Main topics considered definitions, taxonomies, policy prescriptions. Main questions were "What is an incubator?" , "How do we develop an incubator?", "What life cycle model can be extracted from analysis of business incubators?"
1964
1972
1975
1980
1982
1980s
1984
Next wave of incubator development in the United Kingdom was in response to plant closings, British Steel Corporation established a wholly owned subsidiary. Following British Steel's example, a number of other private corporations,5 as well as local, national, and regional governments, universities, and community organizations have sponsored business incubators in the United Kingdom and Western EuropeAll of them in the industrial Northeast, which
had been hard-hit by plant closures in the previous decade
The rate of incubator diffusion increased significantly when "(a) the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in the U.S. Congress in 1980 decreased the uncertainty associated with commercializing the fruits of federally funded basic research, (b) the U.S. legal system increas-ingly recognized the importance of innovation and intellectual property rights protection, and (c) profit opportunities derived from the commercia-lization of biomedical research expanded." In this environment several incubator development guides as well as non-academic reports and articles with a geographic and normative focus on current or potential business incubation efforts were generated.
first national study of business incubators in 1984, Business Incubator Profiles*—which reported that over half were less than a year old—the number of incubators in operation has increased by one-third to one-half each year
1984 - 1987
Walter Plosila’s design for the state’s Ben Franklin Partnership Program, one of the country’s first comprehensive technology and manufacturing agendas. Program included incubators as a key component, became an early model for other states’ support of business incubation.
Series of regional conferences to disseminate information about incubation. The SBA also published a newsletter and several incubator handbooks during the period resulted in 20 incubator openings annually in 1984 to more than 70 in 1987.
Business incubation leaders formed the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA). This surge in report-generating activity in the early 1980s and the formation of the NBIA in 1985 underscore the growth in popular interest in business incubation in the 1980s. It was established aiming to provide training and tools for assisting start-up and fledgling firms and to serve as a clearinghouse for information on incubator management and development issues 40 members in its first year to approximately 1600 in 2006.
First Chineese business incubator was set up in Wuhan
The Torch's Program mission was to accelerate national technology development, commercialization and internationalization.The main objective of the Torch Program was to create a favorable environment for high-technology industries in terms of policies, financing, information networks, and strategic development the growth of business incubators in China occurred on a national scale, fueled primarily by financial support from the Torch Center
Academia enhanced research of business incubator topic. Main topics at this point of time are conceptual frameworks and incubatee selection.Main questions:1) What are the critical success factors fro incubation?2) How does the incubator-incubation concept work in practice?3) How do incubators select incubatees?4) What is the process of new venture development in an incubator context?5) What is the role of planning and the business incubator manager?
The government of China instituted special policies in support of business incubator development and took responsibility for the provision of basic physical infrastructure and services.This approach was essentially a landlord model of incubation where the government provided physical resources, such as land and buildings, along with access to governmental sources of risk capital with little or no emphasis on value-added services, such as business consulting or networking Incubators during this early phase were almost fully sponsored and supported by government funds and run on a non-profit model in accordance with the Torch Center’s first goal of commercialization of technology.
mid-1980s
1985
1988
1987
1987 - 1990
1987 - 1997
1996
late 1990s
August 1999 and August 2000
Idealab was founded by Bill Gross with a handful of employees to test many ideas at once and turn the best of them into companies, while also attracting the human and financial capital necessary to bring them to market.
In the late 1990s, fueled by irrationally exuberant stock valuations of several for-profit incubators and/or their incubatees, the media popularized a fantasy of business incubators as innovation hatcheries capable of incubating and taking public ‘‘infinitely scaleable, dot-com e-business start-ups’’ less than a year after entering the incubator. This fantasy and the incubator-incubation concept were largely abandoned and left for dead by the popular press after the collapse of the United States’ stock market bubble. However, rumors of the demise of the incubator-incubation concept are ‘‘greatly exaggerated’’. The media reached its negative conclusions regarding incubators-incubation while fixated on for-profit incubators, a relatively small segment ofthe total incubator population.The vast majority of incubators are non-profit entities that continue to incubate below the ‘‘radar screens’’ of most journalists.
During the .com mania there was a pronounced shift towards for-profit incubatorsit is estimated that in the USA, a for-profit internet incubator was being created every other day. Aberdeen Group analyst Dave Wright estimates that the number of for-profit incubators rose from just 37 in January 1998 to more than 400 by July 2000
3200 business incubators in the World:- one-third is located in North America; - 30% in Western Europe and - the rest is dispersed over the Far East (20%), South America (7%), Eastern Europe (5%) and Africa, the Middle East and other regions (5%) (EuropeanCommission, 2002).
2005
2000
2006
20071997 - present
In March 2005, one of the top seed accelerators in the US (Y combinator) started it's activity. Y combinator provided small amount of seed investment and hosted startups in it's 3 months-program. Main services are networking, advice on business from experienced entrepreneurs.In 2013, the average valuation of Y Combinator-backed companies, according to co-founder Paul Graham, is $45.2 million. As of 2013, Y Combinator has funded over 500 companies in over 30 different markets.
TechStars was launched as a mentorship-driven startup accelerator. It was founded by David Cohen, Brad Feld, David Brown, and Jared Polis. Business accelerator developed as a 13 week programs for startups in Boulder, New York City, Boston, Seattle, and San Antonio. Out of the 114 companies that have completed the TechStars program, 92% are active and profitable.
9000 business incubators exists in the World in 2007 :North America - 1400USA - 1250Western Europe – 1000Germany – 200+UK – 300Eastern Europe - 300South America - 400+Asia – 1000Africa – 50+Mid East – 50+Australia & Pacific Area – no info
Development of more specialized, industry-specific incubators that targeted specific sectors in high technology, such as new materials, software, environmental technologies, Pre- and post-incubation services were also pro-vided by some of the more progressive incubators. Local, regional and national incubator networks were developed in this period with the intent of sharing resources and knowledge and continue to grow to this daydiversified funding sources, i.e. mix of government, private and university/research institutes, indigenized incubators Profit-oriented models of incubation were created in China, particularly in the South such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou where the environment is more market-oriented.
2013
5000 business incubators existed in the World in 2007 :North America - 1000Western Europe - 900South America - 400+Asia - 1000, China - 540Mid East, Africa, Australia – no information
The industry has matured the types of businesses incubated has significantly broadened. Incubation is a highly adaptable business intervention form, and today’s incubators target diverse industries such as biotechnology, clean energy, ceramics technologies, the internet, software and telecommunications, high technology, and the arts. The industry services high-growth, venture-backed businesses as well as micro enterprises; women and minority owned businesses; and rural, suburban and urban environments
2002A study funded by the European Commission in 2002 identified around 900 incubation environments in Western Europe
Loren Schultz has started first Technology Enterprise Center in 1976 in a suburb of Philadelphia. Main aim was to house companies involved with technology-related businesses and new technology-based products. Later over a dozen center programs were launched.
1976
Control Data Corporation, under the direction of company founder William Norris, became one of the earliest supporters of the business incubation industry. With a belief that large companies should work with government and other sectors to address major societal needs, Norris formed City Venture Corporation (CVC), a Control Data division that developed business incubators in several large and small cities. Several successful incubators that were initially developed with assistance from CVC – including the Entrepreneurial Center in Birmingham, Ala., and the Pueblo Business & Technology Center in Pueblo, Colo. – still exist today.
Incubation spread to the UK and Europe through various related forms (e.g. innovation centres, pépinières d’entreprises, technopoles/science parks).
Business Incubation Timeline
1st EC-Business Innovation Centre (B.I.C.) opened in Liège, BelgiumEuropean Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN) officially established by the EC and industry leaders such as British Steel (industry), Cockerill-Sambre, Natwest, IRI Group, Générale de Belgique, Fiat, Control Data Corp., EVCA, Philips, Barclays etc. The first chairman of EBN was Viscount Etienne Davignon, while Romano Prodi, Lord Carr and Alain Minc were other influential Board members.
1990 – 1999
Researches were concerned about following topics: 1) Levels and units of analysis2) Outcomes and measures of successMain questions:1) Do incubators achieve what their stakeholders assert they do?2) How can business incubation program outcomes be evaluated?3) Have business incubators impacted new venture survival rates, job creationrates, industrial innovation rates?4) What are the economic and fiscal impacts of an incubator?
Major Business Accelerators were established such as Y Combinator by Paul Graham, TechStars by David Cohen, Brad Feld, David Brown, and Jared Polis, 500startups by Dave McClure, DreamIt Ventures, etc..
2005 - 2011
Business Incubation Blog http://worldbusinessincubation.wordpress.com/, Author Ryzhonkov Vasily
MENAinc is a regional network of business incubators and technology parks as well as their supporting organizations and stakeholders for Middle East and North Africa (MENA). MENAinc is part of the global network of infoDev.African Incubation Network (AIN) included groups that planned and opened incubators with infoDev support.
