Business Environment of Canada

8/9/2019 Business Environment of Canada

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Term Paper

Of

Business Environment

On

Canada

Lovely Professional University

2008-10


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Contents

I. The location of the country

II. Prime Minister of Canada

III. Flag and its relevance

IV. National Animal, Flower , Bird

V. National Capital

VI. People and their Breed

VII. Political Structure

VIII. Economies of the country

IX. Agriculture

X. Other Features

XI. Bibliography


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Canada

I. The Location of the country

1. Latitudinal and Logitudinal Location:

The Latitude and Longitude of Canada is 60 o 00 N and 95 o 00 W. The latitude of

Canada indicates its position in Northern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic Ocean is

bounding the east whereas the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are

bordering the west and the north of Canada.

Entire area of 9,984,670 square kilometers in Northern part of North America is

occupied by Canada. The south eastern part of this terrain is pervaded by lowlands

while the western regions are featured by plain lands and mountains. A significant

climatic alteration is noticed from south and the arctic regions of Canada. The

capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is with 45 o 25' N of latitude and 75 o 40' W oflongitude . The time variation is signified by UTC-5.

2. Nearness to other country:

Canada is second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between

Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is

concentrated within 160 km of the US border.


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3. Height from Sea Level:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

4. Area in square kilometer:

total: 9,984,670 sq km

land: 9,093,507 sq km

water: 891,163 sq km

5. Coastline:202,080 km

6. Discovery:

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in

1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has

developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Canada

faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care

and education services, as well as responding to separatist concerns in predominantly

francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while

maintaining its commitment to the environment.

7. International borders:

The Canada United States border is the internationalborderbetween Canada and the United

States. Officially known as the International Boundary, it is the longest common border in the

world and is unmilitarized. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime

boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts, as well as the Great Lakes) is 8,891

kilometres (5,525 mi) long, including 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) shared with Alaska. It is

Canada's only land border, and Canada is by far the largest country with this distinction.

8. History of Canada:

Inhabited for millennia by First Nations (aboriginals), the history of Canada has evolved from a

group ofEuropeancolonies into abilingual, multiculturalfederation, having peacefully obtained

sovereignty from its last colonial possessor, the United Kingdom. France sent the first large

group of settlers in the 17th century, but the collection of territories and colonies now comprising

the Dominion ofCanada came to be ruled by the British until attaining full independence in the

20th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_land_border_lengthshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_land_border_lengthshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada


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II. Prime Minister of Canada:

The Prime Minister of Canada (French:Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister

of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government ofCanada. The office is not

outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the constitution of Canada;executive authority is formally vested in the Canadian sovereign and exercised on his or her

behalf by the Governor General. The office was initially modelled after the job as it existed in

Britain at time of Confederation in 1867. The British prime ministership, although fully

developed by 1867, was not formally integrated into the British constitution until 1905hence,

its absence from Constitution Act, 1867.

The Prime Ministeris not elected directly, but is almost invariably the leader of the politicalparty that holds the largest number of seats in the House of Commons. According to protocol, allprime ministers are styledRight Honourable(in French: Trs Honorable) for life.Stephen Harperis the current Prime Minister, appointed by Governor General Michalle Jean as the 22nd PrimeMinister of Canada, on February 6, 2006. He is the leader of the Conservative Party.

List of Canadian Prime Ministers

Paul Martin Jean Chrtien Kim Campbell Brian Mulroney John Turner Joe Clark

III. Flag of Canada:

The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and l'Unifoli(French for "theone-leafed"), is a red flag with a white square in its centre, featuring a stylized 11-pointed red

maple leaf. Its adoption in 1965 marked the first time a national flag had been officially adopted

in Canada to replace the Union Flag. The Canadian Red Ensign had been unofficially used since

the 1890s and was approved by a 1945 Order-in-Council for use "wherever place or occasion

may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag". In 1964, Prime MinisterLester B.

Pearson appointed a committee to resolve the issue, sparking a serious debate about a flag
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Campbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Campbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Clarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-in-Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flag_Debatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Campbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Clarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-in-Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flag_Debate


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change. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George F. G. Stanley and John Matheson

based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada was selected. The flag made its first

appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of

Canada Day.

Many different flags have been created for use by Canadian officials, government bodies, andmilitary forces. Most of these flags contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by

having the Canadian flag charged in the canton, or by including maple leaves in the design. The

Royal Union Flag is also an official flag in Canada, used as a symbol of Canada's membership in

the Commonwealth of Nations, and of its allegiance to the Crown. The Union Flag makes a

component of other Canadian flags, including the provincial flags ofBritish Columbia, Manitoba

and Ontario.

IV. National Animal, Flower and Bird.

The Beaver is the national animal of Canada. It can be found on the nickel (the Canadian 5 cent

coin). It is the national animal of Canada because the beaver is one of the main reasons Canada

was explored and colonized. Trappers orLes Couriers De Bois came to Canada for beaver pelts

which were very necessary for the European fashions of the time. the beaver was trapped and

hunted for there fur which was good for Canada because Europe had no beavers so the fur was

send over in return for food and other equipment. The beaver represents industry and

perseverance.

The trillium is Canada's national flower. This flower grows freely in the forests andwoodlands. The White Trillium can be recognized by the three white waxy petals that protrude

from each flower. This flower blooms in April and in May. The Trillium is very sensitive tosunlight. The blossoms are usually facing in the direction of the sun. The Trillium is a protectedspecies of flower, and should not be picked.

The Common Loon is the national bird of Canada. Common loons are migratory birds whichbreed in forested lakes and large ponds in northern North America and parts of Greenland andIceland. They winter all along North Americas Pacific and Atlantic coasts as well as in Europeand Iceland.

V. National Capital

The National Capital Region is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital ofOttawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city ofGatineau,Quebec, and the surrounding area. Alsoknown as Ottawa-Gatineau (or previously Ottawa-Hull), the National Capital Region has atotal population of 1,130,761 (2006), and consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres thatstraddles the boundary between the provinces ofOntario and Quebec.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flag_Debatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Manitobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatineauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flag_Debatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Manitobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatineauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec


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VI. People and their breed

1. Culture:

Canadian culture is a term that encompasses the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, politicaland social elements that are representative of Canada, not only to its own population, but topeople all over the world. Canada's culture has historically been influenced by European cultureand traditions, especially British and French. Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada'sAboriginal peoples and immigrant populations have become incorporated into mainstreamCanadian culture. It has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, economic, andcultural neighbour the United States. These four influences have combined over centuries toform the modern culture of Canada.

2. Languages:

English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%

3. Religions:

Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%,Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%,none 16% (2001 census)

4. Cuisine:

Canadian cuisine varies widely from region to region. Generally, the traditional cuisine ofEnglish Canada is closely related to British and American cuisine, while the traditional cuisine ofFrench Canada has evolved from French cuisine and the winter provisions offur traders.

The basis of both groups is traditionally on seasonal, fresh ingredients, and preserves. Thecuisine includes a lot of baked foods, wild game, and gathered foods. Prepared foods were still anovelty for recent rural generations, so there are some that are well-loved to the point ofobsession and which have come to dominate suburban diets. However, home-made, warming,and wholesome remain key adjectives in what Canadians consider their cuisine. The Chinesesmorgasbord, although found in the U.S. and other parts of Canada, had its origins in earlyGastown, Vancouver.

5. Customs and Traditions

Canada is a vast country, with customs and traditions that vary by region. We also tend to keepmany of the customs and traditions that were brought over when our families immigrated to thiscountry. Canada is a multicultural nations where people can freely keep their customs, traditions,and languages from their homes countries (of the home countries of the ancestors) and blendthem with the customs and traditions of the region in which they live.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coureur_des_boishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coureur_des_boishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver


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6. Festivals celebrated

Top 10 Festivals in Canada

a) Vancouver Symphony of Fire, Vancouver

The largest fireworks competition in the world is held over several nights every summer inVancouver

b) The Calgary Stampede, Calgary

Don your cowboy hat and spurs and head on over to The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth.Each year, more than one million people visit Calgary to partake in this 10-day party held everyJuly.The city of Calgary featrues good old fashioned hospitality combined with culturaldiversity. Drive an hour out of town, and youre in the heart of the Canadian Rockies where aworld of outdoor adventure awaits

c) Edmonton Folk Festival, Edmonton

From its humble beginning in 1980, the Edmonton Festival has grown to be one of the world'spremier folk festivals. Held each August, the festival's lineup is always outstanding and ticketprices reasonable

d) Toronto International Film Festival, Toronto

The Toronto International Film Festivals is one of the leading film festivals in the world, rankingclosely with Cannes and Sundance. Films such as Hotel Rwanda, American Beauty, and The Big

Chill made their premieres at this prominent star-studded event held each September.

e) Winterlude, Ottawa

Canadians celebrate sub-zero temperatures and waist-high snowdrifts by staging great winterfestivals, such as Ottawa's Winterlude. For the first three weekend's every February, the nation'scapital puts on a winter festival that features ice-skating on the world's longest rink, icesculptures, a snow playground, concerts and more.

f) Canada Day Celebrations, July 1st, Ottawa & Canadawide

July 1st celebrations in Canada are akin to the July 4th festivities in the US. Marking Canada'sbirth as a country, July 1st sees Canadians donning their red and white attire and whooping it upwith fireworks and lots of that good Canadian beer. The celebration is nationwide, but Ottawawill show you a particularly good time

g) Montreal Jazz Fest, Montreal


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Every June/July, the Montreal International Jazz Festival offers about 500 concerts, of whichthree-quarters are free of charge, and hosts about 2000 musicians from over 20 countries. About2 million visitors visit an event that has become THE international jazz rendez-vous and alaboratory for the creation of new talent, most recently contributing to the successes of artistssuch as Diana Krall and Norah Jones.

h) Montreal Just For Laughs Comedy Festival, Montreal

Since 1983, the Montreal Comedy Festival, or, Just for Laughs as it is more commonly known,has been inviting people to get together just for fun, just for entertainment -- just for laughs. Thefestival, held every July, has grown in popularity and reputation and today features some of theworld's greatest comedians and spawned a television show that is broadcast internationally

i) Quebec Winter Carnival, Quebec City

The habitants of New France, now Quebec, had a rowdy tradition of getting together just before

Lent to eat, drink and be merry.

Today, the Quebec Winter Carnival is the biggest winter carnival in the world and is celebratedannually at the end of January until mid-February. No sense in fighting the cold -- embrace andcelebrate it.

j) Celtic Colours International Festival

Celtic Colours is held for nine days every October. This unique Cape Breton Island-widecelebration of Celtic culture is the largest of its kind in North America.

7. Population:

33,212,696 (July 2008 est.)

8. Population - Density :

3.2 /KM (219th)

9. Most Populus City

Toronto is the largest city in Canada and theprovincialcapital ofOntario. It is located on thenorth-western shore ofLake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth mostpopulous municipality inNorth America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area(GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in south-central Ontario known as the GoldenHorseshoe which is home to 8.1 million residents. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had apopulation of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006Census.
http://gocanada.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/p/quebec_carnival.htmhttp://gocanada.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/p/quebec_carnival.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_100_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_capitals_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada#Census_metropolitan_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Censushttp://gocanada.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/p/quebec_carnival.htmhttp://gocanada.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/p/quebec_carnival.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_100_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_capitals_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada#Census_metropolitan_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2006_Census


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10. Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 81.16 yearsmale: 78.65 yearsfemale: 83.81 years (2008 est.)

11.Infant mortality rate:

total: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

12. Employment rate

In the first 11 months of 2008, employment increased by 0.8% (+133,000), a slower pace of

growth compared with the 2.2% (+361,000) observed during the same period in 2007.InNovember, the employment declines were concentrated in Ontario (-66,000), where there was alarge drop in full-time work. Nova Scotia (-4,400) also experienced a decline in November,while employment remained relatively stable in the other provinces.The manufacturing sectorwas hard hit in November, with a net employment drop of 38,000. This brings manufacturingdeclines to 388,000 since the peak in 2002. In Ontario, the employment declines in this sectortotalled 42,000 in November.Following gains in October associated with hiring for the federalelection, employment in public administration fell by 27,000 in November.

13. Employment Pattern

Ontario has a diverse mix of industries, and each with a unique occupational make-up. Asindustries grow and change, there are corresponding changes in their occupational composition.Next, it looks at emerging and evolving occupations. Emerging occupations and changes inexisting occupations have important implications for the skill and educational requirements oftomorrow's work place. Finally, it looks at expected future trends in the distribution of new jobsacross industry sectors and by occupational groups to the year 2009 .

Like most industrialized economies in the world, Ontario's economy has changed dramaticallyover the past 100 years. The economy has evolved from one based on primary industries to onedominated by manufacturing after World War II to one that today is driven by high technologymanufacturing and services. Over the decades, the kinds of jobs available have undergone

similar changes - away from occupations related to agriculture, forestry or mining to a widevariety of professional, technical and service occupations. Goods are produced by agriculture andother primary industries, manufacturing, construction and utilities. Together these industriesconstitute the so called goods-producing sector. The service-producing sector provides the manydifferent services demanded by today's consumers and businesses, including financial,educational, government and recreation. Figure 1 shows the percent share of employment inOntario by industry sector for 2004. Since the number and the kinds of jobs available to workers


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depend on the goods and services produced in the economy, a closer look at manufacturing andservice-producing industries - the two largest sources of jobs - follows.

Manufacturing industries have the largest share of employment in the goods-producing sector inOntario, producing a variety of consumer and industrial products that are key to Ontario's wealth.

The sector accounts for one-fifth of all economic activity in the province, and about 70 percentof the sector's products are exported to other provinces and countries. In 2004, manufacturingemployed over one million people in the province.

The transportation equipment industry is Ontario's largest manufacturing industry, employing 21percent of manufacturing workers (see Figure 2). In recent years, employment in this industryhas expanded as Ontario's companies have increased production of autos and auto parts to meetthe demands of the U.S. market. The second largest industry group is other manufacturing,including furniture and related products, petroleum and coal products, and non-metallic mineralproducts with 13 percent of manufacturing workers. The chemical, plastics and rubber productsindustry is the third largest industry employing 12 percent of manufacturing workers. The

computer and electronics industry is the eighth largest with a share of 6 percent of manufacturingemployment.

The service-producing sector has been growing rapidly in recent years and employs nearly threequarters of Ontario workers. Service-producing industries cover a wide range of economicactivity. Figure 3 shows each service industry's share of the 4.7 million service sector jobs in2004.


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The four largest industries in this sector are wholesale and retail trade, health care and all kindsof social assistance, professional, scientific and technical services, and finance, insurance andreal estate. Together, they provide 53 percent, or a little over half, of all jobs in the service-producing sector. Some service industries also tend to be more regionalized than others. Forexample, employment in finance, insurance, real estate and leasing is largely concentrated in

Toronto. The same holds true for professional, scientific and technical services, although thisindustry is also prevalent in the Ottawa area. Employment in public administration isconcentrated in Ottawa. Employment in industries such as retail trade, however, is more evenlydistributed around the province in proportion to population.

Since the numbers and kinds of jobs available to workers depend on the goods and servicesproduced by Ontario industries, each industry has a unique occupational profile. Figureillustrates this occupational uniqueness for 2004. The largest share of employment in themanufacturing industry is in occupations that are unique to processing, manufacturing andutilities. In the construction industry, trades, transport and equipment operators represent 73percent of that industry's employment. In the primary industry, 79 percent of employment is

unique to that industry. To a lesser degree, these goods-producing industries also employmanagement, business, finance and administrative (including clerical), natural and appliedscience and sales and service occupations.

FigureOccupational Employment by Industry*

Ontario, 2004

Occupational GroupingManufacturing

Industry%

Service-producingIndustry

%

ConstructionIndustry

%

PrimaryIndustry

%

All Occupations 100 100 100 100

Management 8 10 14 2

Business, Finance and Administration 13 22 9 5

Natural and Applied Sciences 8 7 2 3

Health -- 7 -- --

Social Science, Education, Government Serviceand Religion

-- 10 -- --

Art, Culture, Recreation and Sport 1 4 -- --

Sales and Service 4 30 1 --

Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators 18 9 73 9

Primary Industry** -- 1 -- 79

Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities 49 1 -- --

Note: May not add to 100% due to rounding. -- indicates employment less than 1,500.* Grouped according to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and excluded Utilities** Primary Industry includes Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Oil and Gas.Source: Statisitcs Canada, Labour Force Survey.


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The service-producing industries have a diverse collection of occupations: 10 percent of theiremployment is in management occupations, 22 percent in business, finance and administrativeoccupations, and 30 percent in sales and service occupations. At the same time, all otheroccupational groups are represented to some degree in their employment ranks.

VII. Political Structure1. Government type:

Canada is a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation.Canada's particular Parliamentary system is referred to as a "Westminster Model." This modelwas first developed by the British and is named after the Palace of Westminster, which housesthe British Parliament. Most other nations that draw on this Parliamentary model, includingAustralia and New Zealand, are former British colonies that adopted the British system duringtheir evolution from a colony to independent nation. An important characteristic of WestminsterParliamentary systems is that they are based, in large part, on unwritten constitutional

conventions and customs. These are rules and practices regarding the operation of government,which have been developed incrementally over long periods of time and never formally codifiedin a written document.

2. Independence day:

Canada celebrates the establishment of its federal government on July 1st. Now known asCanada Day, this holiday, previously was known as Dominion Day and Confederation Day. Thisday commemorates the British North America Act of July 1, 1867, that gave Canadians Home

Rule. The national celebration is always observed on the 1st, unless it falls on a Sunday, in whichcase it is observed on the following Monday. Fireworks, parades, picnics and other events markthe occasion and, are often combined with the July 4th events in the states that border Canada.

3. Head of State:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor GeneralMichaelle JEAN (since 27 September 2005)head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February 2006)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among the members of hisown party sitting in Parliament

4. Term of the government:


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The monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of theprime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majorityparty or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automaticallydesignated prime minister by the governor general.

5. Political parties and leaders:

Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada [Stephen HARPER] (amerger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party); Green Party[Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party [Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

6. Citizenship status and participation on the government

The Parliament of Canada has two chambers. The House of Commons has 308 members, electedfor a maximum five-year term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 105 appointedmembers.Using theplurality voting system, Canadians vote for their local Member of

Parliament (MP), who sits in the House of Commons. Most MPs are members of a federalpolitical party, and generally the leader of the party with the most seats in the House ofCommons becomes the Prime Minister. Canadians do not vote directly for the Prime Minister,nor do they vote for senators, who are appointed by the Prime Minister. Although several partiesare currently represented in Parliament, Canada has two dominant political parties, theConservatives and Liberals, which have governed the country in some form since its formationin 1867.Historically, the Prime Minister could ask the Governor General to call an election atvirtually any time, although one had to be called no later than five years after the return of thewrits the last election undersection 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Thesame provision applies in allprovinces and territories, although some provinces have local lawsthat require elections to be even earlier. However, in 2007 the Conservative-controlled

Parliament passed an act fixing federal election dates every four years, unless the governmentloses the confidence of the House of Commons. Nevertheless, this law is largely symbolic as itdoes not curtail the power of the Prime Minister to request the dissolution of Parliament at anytime, as demonstrated by the same Conservative government's call for elections one year prior tothe legislated date without having lost a confidence motion. Every person who is Canadiancitizen 18 years of age or older is allowed to vote except for the Chief Electoral Officerand theDeputy Chief Electoral Officer. In the Canada Elections Act, inmates serving a sentence of atleast two years are also prohibited from voting, but on October 31, 2002, the Supreme Court ofCanada ruled in Sauv v. Canada that such a law violated the section 3 of the Charter, and wasrendered of no force or effect.Election turn-out has been steadily falling for many decades.Although turnout rose by four percent in the 2006 federal election, the following election saw the

return of the declining trend. Currently, about sixty percent of registered voters vote in federalelections, but this amounts to less than 50% of the eligible, adult population.The most recentelection was held on October 14, 2008.
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7. Prominent political leaders

The Right Honourable

Stephen Harper

Prime Minister of Canada and ConservativeParty Leader

Stphane Dion

Leader of the Liberal Party

Gilles Duceppe

Leader of the Bloc Quebecois

Jack Layton

Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada

RECENT CANADIAN PRIME MINISTERS

Rt. Hon. Paul Martin

Liberal

2003 to 2006


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Rt. Hon. Jean Chretien

Liberal

1993 to 2003

Rt. Hon. Kim Campbell

Progressive Conservative

1993

Rt. Hon. Brian Mulroney

Progressive Conservative

1984 to 1993

VIII. Economies of the country

1. Economy - overview:

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the USin its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards.Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors hastransformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade andeconomic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, andmodern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Top-notch fiscal management hasproduced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over the

equitable distribution of federal funds to the Canadian provinces. Exports account for roughly athird of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the US,which absorbs 80% of Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier ofenergy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. During 2007, Canada enjoyed goodeconomic growth, moderate inflation, and the lowest unemployment rate in more than threedecades.

2. Central Bank of Canada:


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The Bank of Canada is the nation's central bank. It is not a commercial bank and do not offerbanking services to the public. Rather, they have responsibilities for Canada's monetary policy,bank notes, financial system, funds management. Their principal role, as defined in the Bank ofCanada Act, is "to promote the economic and financial welfare of Canada. As the nation's centralbank, the Bank of Canada has five main areas of responsibility:

Monetary Policy

The goal of monetary policy is to contribute to solid economic performance and rising livingstandards for Canadians by keeping inflation low, stable, and predictable. Learn more.

Currency

The Bank of Canada designs and issues bank notes that Canadians can use with the highestconfidence. Learn more.

Financial System

The Bank of Canada actively promotes safe, sound, and efficient financial systems, both within

Canada and internationally, and conducts transactions in financial markets in support of theseobjectives. Learn more.

Funds Management

The Bank of Canada provides high-quality, effective, and efficient funds-management andcentral banking services for the federal government, the Bank, and other clients. Learn more.

Corporate Administration

Corporate Administration supports the sound management of human, financial, information,technology and physical resources and related infrastructure through the development of

corporate policies and the maintenance of cost-effective, integrated systems and practices

3. GDP size and place in the world.
http://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/act_loi_boc_bdc.pdfhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/act_loi_boc_bdc.pdfhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/pdf/mtp_2007-09e.pdfhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/act_loi_boc_bdc.pdfhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/act_loi_boc_bdc.pdfhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/monetary/monetary.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/currency.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/financial.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/about/funds.htmlhttp://www.bank-banque-canada.ca/en/pdf/mtp_2007-09e.pdf


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GDP (purchasing power parity):$1.271 trillion (2007 est.)GDP (official exchange rate):$1.432 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:2.7% (2007 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):$38,600 (2007 est.)GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 2.1%industry: 28.8%services: 69.1% (2007 est.)

Canada ranks 8th in terms of GDP, the United States being at 1st position.

4. GNP:

Candas GNP is 1051.9 billion dollars

5. Per Capita Income:

Per capita income of Canada is 25000 and for USA its 28000. Canada earns a C grade and is 9th

out of 17 peer countries in the GDP per capita country ranking. Norway surpasses the U.S. as thisyears top performer.


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6. National Income

National Income, strictly, is a money measure of the incomes received or accruing to

residents of a country as owners of the agents of production, during a specified period of

time. National income includes wages, rents, interest and profits, not only in the form of cash

payments, but as income from contributions made by employers to pension funds, income of

the self-employed, and undistributed business profits.

In market economies such as Canada's, the measures of national income include (with someexceptions) only those economic activities in which goods or services are sold in markets; thefew exceptions ("imputed values") are illustrated by the inclusion in the estimates of a rentalincome for owner-occupied homes, and by the inclusion in the income of farmers of anestimate of the value of the produce from their own farms consumed by the farm familiesthemselves. At the same time, official and nearly all private estimates do not includeanything for the value of all of the services performed in the household by the unpaid

homemaker .This large omission is serious if national income is being used to measure thewell-being of a country's people.

7. Canada's Exports and Imports

Exports:$431.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)Exports - partners:US 78.9%, UK 2.8%, China 2.1% (2007)Imports:$386.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)Imports - partners:US 54.1%, China 9.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2007)

8. Contribution to world trade

Canada has prospered from this global economy: with the ninth-largest economy in the world,Canada is now the world's ninth-largest single-nation merchandise trader. Canada's totalmerchandise trade exceeded $815 billion in 2005.

Canada's Merchandise Exports and Imports in 2005

Exports Imports


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Rank Country ($ billions) Rank Country ($ billions)

1 U.S. 365.7 1 U.S. 215.1

2 European Union 24.7 2 European Union 45.6

3 Japan 9.2 3 China 29.5

4 China 7.1 4 Mexico 14.65 Mexico 3.3 5 Japan 14.8

Other countries 25.9 Other countries 61.1

All countries 435.9 All countries

One quarter of all Canadian jobs are linked in part to international trade. In 2005, total worldtrade for Canada was $982.3 billion, with trade in goods contributing $840.2 billion and trade inservices contributing $142.1 billion. Each day, Canada trades more than $2.5 billion worth ofgoods and services with the rest of the world. (Statistics Canada, 2006)

The Government of Canada works to ensure that Canada's position in the global economy with

respect to trade and investment is enhanced. Despite the lack of progress in the current Doharound of negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) continues to provide themultilateral trade rules that underpin Canada's commercial relations with the 147 other members.Through Budget 2006, the government announced significant tax measures to help Canadiancompanies become more productive and competitive and to make Canada a magnet for foreigninvestment. Commercialization of new knowledge has become, in fact, a main source ofcompetitive advantage, and Canada will continue to invest in all facets of innovation and toprovide services to business in order to gain or maintain the competitive advantage.

Expanding Canada's market share of current trading partners and exploring new ones is one wayof ensuring Canadians benefit from global prosperity. Canada therefore has free trade

agreements in place with Chile, Costa Rica, and Israel and is currently negotiating free tradearrangements with the Central American Four (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, andNicaragua), the European Free Trade Association, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, the AndeanCommunity Countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela), the CARICOMcountries (Caribbean Community and Common Market), and the Dominican Republic. (ForeignAffairs and International Trade Canada, 2006.

9. Major Exports and Imports:

Exports - commodities:motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment;chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity,aluminum.Imports - commodities:machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durableconsumer goods .
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10. Major industries

Canada's industries are transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessedminerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish products, petroleum and natural gas. Inthe manufacturing sector, the output is distributed as follows: consumer goods,57%, intermediate

goods, 25% and capital goods, 18%. The dominant sub-sectors for consumer goods are still foodand beverage, wearing apparel, footwear and tobacco. For intermediate goods, the demand forpetroleum products and coal for power generation and chemicals for drugs and personal careproducts remains strong. Electronics, including semi-conductors, and iron and steel ledmanufactured capital goods.

The Philippines is rich in mineral resources. The Mining Act of 1995 liberalized the industry,paving the way for the entry of foreign mining firms with a package of incentives, including netoperating loss carry-over and accelerated depreciation.

The main agricultural products are rice, corn, coconut, and

sugar.The Philippines is one of the largest exporters ofcoconut oil and sugar but this comparative advantage hasdeclined over the years due to the development of substitutesand the increase in number of other exporter countries.Poultry and livestock have emerged as the new growth areasof the sector.

The construction industry, which took off in 1994, is expected to sustain its growth. The privatesector is seen as the major mover.Private investors are taking greater interest in infrastructureprojects under the expanded build-operate and transfer (BOT) programs. The demand for officeand residential buildings, as well as shopping malls, subdivision projects and industrial estates

remains strong.

11. Major Strategic reserves

Canada proven oil reserves were estimated at 179 billion barrels (28109 m3) in 2007. This figureincludes oil sands reserves which are estimated by government regulators to be economicallyproducible at current prices using current technology. According to this figure, Canada's reservesare second only to Saudi Arabia. Over 95% of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in theprovince ofAlberta. Alberta contains nearly all of Canada's oil sands and much of itsconventional oil reserves. The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories.Saskatchewan and offshore areas ofNewfoundland in particular have substantial oil production

and reserves. Alberta has 39% of Canada's remaining conventional oil reserves, Saskatchewan27% and offshore Newfoundland 28%, but if oil sands are included, Alberta's share is over 98%.
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12. Major Stock Markets:

From its pre-eminent domestic base, TSX Group's reach extends internationally, providing theglobal financial community with access to Canada's equity capital and energy markets. EachTSX Group operation is connected to and supports the activities of the others; all are focused onproviding exceptional customer service from our offices in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto andMontreal.

Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) - As Canada's senior equities market, TSX provides an efficient,liquid market for a broad cross-section of Canadian issuers. TSX assists about 1,500 issuersthrough services designed to increase retail and institutional investors.

TSX Venture Exchange - Serving the public venture equity market, TSX Venture Exchangeprovides access to capital for companies at the early stages of their growth while offeringinvestors a well-regulated market for making venture investments.

TSX Markets - TSX Markets facilitates trading on TSX and TSX Venture and providesinnovative trading products to increase investor participation, particularly across North America.

Natural Gas Exchange (NGX) - As a leading North American energy exchange, Natural GasExchange connects the buyers and sellers of natural gas and electricity contracts, enabling themto manage the risks inherent in energy trading, and provides the associated clearing andsettlement services.

TSX Datalinx - To meet growing global demand for financial and capital markets information,data is packaged and sold with more than 118,000 subscriptions worldwide via TSX Datalinx,connecting the Canadian capital markets to investors at home and abroad.


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TSX Technologies - Fundamental to these operations is TSX Technologies, which powers theoperations of TSX Group through state-of-the-art trading technology.

Listing, trading and market data - supported by trading technology. These are the key elementsof TSX Group.

IX. Agriculture

1. Size of land under agriculture:

Contemporary Canadian farmers have shared the expansionistspirit of our early settlers. The amount of Canada's cultivatedland expanded 392% during the 20th century. By 2001,Canadians farmed 67.5 million hectares of land. Though thisarea amounts to only 7% of Canada's land mass, it is still three times the size of Great Britain.

These farms dot two main regions of the country: an arc that sweeps across the grasslands ofAlberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and a band of forested lowland, nowhere more than320 kilometres wide, that stretches from the Maritimes, along the St. Lawrence River and intosouthern Ontario.

The size of the typical Canadian farm has increased dramatically over the last 100 years. In 1901,the number of census farms dotting the landscape totalled 511,100, peaking at 732,800 some 40years later. As machines made it possible to do more work with fewer people, census farmsdecreased in number. By 2001, there were 246,923 census farms, down almost 11% since 1996.

Total farm area, land tenure and land in crops, by province (Census

of Agriculture, 1986 to 2006)

(Canada)

1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Number

Canada

Total number of farms 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Total farm area

Area in hectares1 67,825,757 67,753,700 68,054,956 67,502,446 67,586,739

Farms reporting 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Average area in hectaresper farm reporting 231 242 246 273 295

Total area owned

Field, St. Jacobs near Waterloo,Ont.Photo: C.A. Clarke
http://www43.statcan.ca/03/03b/img/extra/03b_002_1.htm


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Area in hectares1 43,218,905 42,961,352 43,060,963 42,265,706 41,377,673

Farms reporting 273,963 264,837 262,152 235,131 220,513


Total area rented orleased from others2

Area in hectares1 24,606,852 24,792,348 24,993,993 25,236,740 26,209,066

Farms reporting 118,735 111,387 111,718 103,484 97,989


Land in crops (excluding

Christmas tree area)

Area in hectares1

33,181,235 33,507,780 34,918,733 36,395,150 35,912,247

Farms reporting 264,141 248,147 237,760 215,581 194,717


1. Conversion factor: 1 hectare equals 2.471 054 13 acres.2. Total area rented or leased from others includes land; leased from governments, rented or leased fromothers and crop-shared from others.Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.Last modified: 2008-10-31.

2. Major Crops and their yield

Area of fruit, berries and nuts, vegetables, sod, nursery and

greenhouse products, by province (Census of Agriculture, 1986 to

2006)

(Canada)

1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Canada

Total number of farms 293,089 280,043 276,548 246,923 229,373

Total fruit, berries andnuts

Area in hectares1 87,317 91,628 99,191 104,504 110,069

Farm reporting 15,191 13,491 14,302 12,158 12,447


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Percentage of total farms 5.2 4.8 5.2 4.9 5.4


Total vegetables

(excluding greenhousevegetables)

Area in hectares1 116,573 122,594 127,697 133,851 125,181

Farm reporting 11,758 10,708 11,440 9,829 9,499



Sod

Area in hectares1

20,074 26,797 21,964 22,467 27,960

Farm reporting 410 498 422 359 404



Total nursery products

Area in hectares1 13,575 19,689 21,521 22,776 24,953

Farm reporting 2,284 3,846 4,844 4,530 3,825



Total greenhouseproducts

Area in square metres2 7,188,571 8,438,666 12,740,665 17,933,961 21,963,257

Farm reporting 4,874 4,986 6,422 6,071 5,613


Average area in squaremetres per farm reporting 1,475 1,692 1,984 2,954 3,913

1. Conversion factor: 1 hectare equals 2.471 054 13 acres.2. Conversion factor: 1 square metre equals 10.763 91 square feet.Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.Last modified: 2008-10-29.


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3.Agricultural Exports

The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all

Canadian food exports. Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S.

agricultural goods with nearly 20% of American food exports going to its

Northern neighbor. Nearly two-thirds ofCanada's forest products, including pulpand paper, are exported to the United States; 72% ofCanada's total newsprint

production also is exported to the U.S.

At $73.6 billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy

trading relationship, with the overwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports

from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy trade with Canada are

petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil

supplier and the fifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada

provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of total U.S. consumption of natural

gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked and both

countries share hydro power facilities on the Western borders.

4. Dairy Yield National and per animal

Production of milk and cream, by province

(Canada)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Kilolitres

Canada

Quantity 7,522,676 7,674,713 7,579,128 7,435,149 7,593,300

$ thousands

Value 4,480,779 4,601,909 4,852,249 4,843,231 5,206,643

Note: Comprises the volume of milk and cream sold off farm.Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, tables (for fee) 003-0008 and 003-0011, and Catalogue no.23-001-XIB.Last modified: 2008-11-14.

Certified organic products, by province (2001 and 2006 Census of

Agriculture)

(Canada)
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2001 2006 2001 to2006

2001 2006

As a proportion offarms

reporting certified

organicproducts

number % change %

Canada

All farms 246,923 229,373 -7.1

Farms reporting certified organic

products1 2,230 3,555 59.4

Type of certified organic

product:

Hay or field crops 1,442 2,462 70.7 64.7 69.3

Fruits, vegetables or greenhouseproducts 614 916 49.2 27.5 25.8

Animals or animal products 381 673 76.6 17.1 18.9

Maple products 129 299 131.8 5.8 8.4

Other (herbs, etc.) 211 190 -10.0 9.5 5.3

1. The total number of farms reporting certified organic products does not equal the sum of the partsbecause a farm could report more than one category.

Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.Last modified: 2008-10-02.

Production of poultry, by province

(Canada)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

thousand birds

Canada

Chickens 615,939 613,527 626,251 622,261 640,342

Turkeys 19,834 19,526 20,492 21,172 21,756

$ thousands

Chickens 1,526,484 1,579,768 1,615,208 1,547,270 1,748,663

Turkeys 262,844 268,015 271,695 278,668 320,407


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Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, tables (for fee) 003-0018 and 003-0019, and Catalogue no.23-015-X.Last modified: 2008-05-28.

Agricultural activity is found throughout virtually all of the settled Canadian landscape, from Windsor,

Ontario to Hay River, Northwest Territories and from the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia to

St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador. Despite this wide spread of coverage little more than 7% of

Canadas land area is used for farming (and almost 40% of the farmland total is found in Saskatchewan).

The Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba dominate Canadas agricultural landscape.

They contain 80% of Canadas farmland and 50% of the total number of farms. The average Prairie farm

is at least three times larger than that found anywhere else in Canada. Alberta has the most land in

pasture, and the most cattle of any province, while between them Saskatchewan and Manitoba have more

land in crops than the rest of Canada combined.

Agricultural activity is more scattered in other parts of Canada. British Columbia has less than 8% of the

farms and under 4% of the farm land. Over half of British Columbia's farmland is used for pasture.

Ontario and Quebec account for nearly 40% of farms but only 13% of the farmland. Both provinces use

more farmland for crops than pasture. The Atlantic Provinces account for less than 2% of the farmland

and under 4% of the farms.

5. Contribution of Agriculture in Exports

Exports of all agricultural products were $20 billion in 1996, just over 7% of all Canadian trade.

Total grains and oilseeds made up almost $11 billion of agricultural exports. A further $5 billion

was made up of live animals and red meats, both predominately cattle. The top four destinations

of agricultural exports were: United States 51%, Japan 11%, European Union 7% and China

6%.In 1999 agricultural exports rose to $21.7 billion, almost 6% of total trade. Almost $10

billion of agricultural trade was made up of grains and oilseeds. Live animals and red meats, both

predominately cattle, made up $4.5 billion of trade. The top five destinations were United States

61%, Japan 9%, European Union 6%, and China 3%.

6. Percentage of people involved in Agriculture

The Census of Agriculture records the number of people involved in primary agriculture activity.

Farm operators are defined as those persons responsible for day to day management decisions

made in the operation of a census farm or agricultural operation. There can be more than one

farm operator on a single farm and farm operators can generate employment income from off-

farm work.
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There were 274 955 farms in 1996, a drop of 1.8% from the total number in 1991. Total farm

cash receipts were $29.2 billion in 1996. They totalled $30.4 billion in 1999. In 1996, 48% of all

farm cash receipts came from crops while 47% of receipts came from livestock and related

products. In 1999 crops accounted for 43%, while livestock and related products rose to 49% of

all farm cash receipts. Operating expenses after rebates were $22.7 billion for 1996. In 1999 they

rose to $24.3 billion.The total net income for farm operators was $4.4 billion in 1996. By 1999

the total net income had fallen to $2.9 billion. In 1996, there were 387 550 farm operators of

which only 230 195 were considered to have an agricultural occupation. There were 425 500

people 15 years of age and over employed in the agriculture industry in 1996, just over 3% of all

employed people. By 1999 this had fallen to 410 100 people, just under 3% of all employed

people.

X. Other features like

1. Transportation System

Canada has one of the most modern and highly developed transportation infrastructures in theworld. In fact, according to the World Economic forums 1997 Global Competitiveness Report,Canadas transportation infrastructure is ranked first among G-7 countries. This ranking, basedon the extent to which a countrys transportation infrastructure meets the requirements of aninternationally competitive business, measures the adequacy of roads, railroads, air transport andport access. This achievement is truly remarkable given the sheer size of Canadas landmass anditschallenging landscape.

By sea

Canada is a maritime nation with access to three oceans, the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic,and to the worlds longest inland waterway open to ocean shipping, the Great Lakes/St.Lawrence Seaway System. In addition, 300 commercialports and harbours handle many goodsshipped in and through Canada. The St. Lawrence Seaway, a marine highway as long as theAtlantic Ocean is wide, handles some 200 million tonnes of cargo each year, with over 100million tonnes passing through ports along the St. Lawrence River. Vital to Canadasinternational competitiveness, the Seaway provides a direct route to the industrial heart of NorthAmerica.

By air

Canada has a highly developed air transportation system that includes 10 major internationalairportsover 300 smaller airports. Canadas two main airline carriers, Air Canada and CanadianAirlines International, have comprehensive domestic and international route networks andaffiliation with smaller regional carriers that link all parts of the country to transcontinental andinternational route systems. In addition, both airlines have strategic alliances with the worldsmajor carriers allowing easy connection to the rest of the world.
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By road

Canada has more than 900,000 kilometres of public roads. The 7,300-kilometre Trans CanadaHighway is the countrys major east-west route, linking all 10 provinces. The road networkincludes a large number ofcrossing pointswith the US, 18 of which are major trade gateways.In

recent years, the increase in truck traffic generated by the growth in Canada-US trade andjust-in-time manufacturing have placed added demands on the road system and have focused greaterattention on road safety, including the quality of infrastructure. As a result, Canada invests alarge amount of money on road maintenance and upgrades.

By rail

Railways are the backbone of Canadas transportation system, providing the most economicalmethod of moving containers and bulk commodities over great distances. Canadian railwaysmove some 270 million tonnes of freight annually.

Like the air industry, Canadas rail industry is dominated by two major players: CanadianNational Railways (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railways (CP). CN and CP have strong domesticnetworks, significant links into the US, including ownership of several US rail lines, and agrowing number of regional railway affiliates from which to serve North American markets.They also have easy access to Canadas major ports and to interior communities, either directlyor indirectly, through truck-rail intermodal service

Superior integration

With a billion dollars in trade crossing the Canada-US border everyday by sea, air, road and rail,the integration of north-south transportation linkages has always been important to Canadians.

Its become even more so with the advent of the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) and theOpen Skies bilateral air agreement, and with their corresponding increases incross-border traffic. With the Open Skies agreement, direct flights to the US from the 8 majorcanadian airports have increase significantly:Vancouver,Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg,Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal (Dorval & Mirabel) and Halifax.

Innovative transportation technology

Containerized shipping is not the only transportation industry to benefit from innovation andadvanced technology. Canada is making the most of recent research into intelligenttransportation systems (ITS), which incorporate advanced navigation, route guidance,

communication, sensor and computer technologies. Canada is applying ITS to a broad range oftransportation systems to improve accessibility, sustainability, productivity and safety.Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technology, which speeds the movement of truck trafficacross borders, is one example of how ITS is being applied.Potentially, this same technologycould also be used to monitor traffic or weight violations.

2. The Canadian Educational System
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In Canada, education does not fall within the scope of federal jurisdiction it is the singularresponsibility of each province or territory. Under the British North America Act of 1867, eachprovince and territory has the power to establish its own autonomous education system and tomake all decisions regarding schools, teachers and curriculum pertaining to education within thespecific province/territory. A distinct feature of the Canadian educational system is that religiousschools are included within the public system. In the provinces of Ontario, Alberta andSaskatchewan, and the territories of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, provisionshave been made for denominational minorities to operate separate school systems, the majority

of which are Roman Catholic. In addition, there are a number of private schools, as well asschools which operate under the jurisdiction of the Aboriginal bands in the provinces andterritories.

Some Features of Canadas Educational System

The Canadian educational system is famous for its high standards. Each province hasits own system which is very much like the state system in Germany. After kindergartenand elementary school students attend secondary school and then High School.

More than 90% of all students attend the Public High Schools The rest either opt forprivate schools or decide on home schooling.

High Schools offer a wide range of educational courses, programs and extracurricular activities.

All high schools are day schools with an identical structure Schools in Canada follow the standard educational system set by the provincial

government. The guidelines are determined by the ministry of education in each singleprovince. These schools can only select school books and teaching material from a set listapproved by the provincial authorities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train-classroom.jpg


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After 12 years of successful schooling the students get a graduation certificate. For this,the students have to pass special graduation programs in the 11th and 12th standards andpass the examination set by the provincial educational board. This examination is aprerequisite for further studies in an affiliated college or university in Canada.

Some schools offerAdvanced Placement Courses (AP) and International

Baccalaureate Program (IB) Canada has two official languages: English and French. In Alberta, British Columbia

and Newfoundland English is the language of instruction (except for French). But inevery school French is offered as the first foreign language.

The schools also offerFrench Immersion. This means, French could also be chosen asthe language of instruction for some or all the subjects.

A school year starts in September and ends in June of the following year. It is comprisedof two semesters of five months each.

Most of the schools offer classes in a so called Semester-System. The students takeclasses in 8 different subjects in one school year. Each student has to select two mainsubjects and two elective subjects per semester. The main subjects comprise English,

Mathematics, natural sciences and social sciences, and the elective could be from a widerange of other courses. In the afternoon there are various sports and extra curricularactivities .

4.Medical facilities

Canadas medical care is of a high standard but is government controlled and rationed. The level

of public health and sanitation in Canada is high. Quick and easy access to ongoing medical care

is difficult for temporary visitors who are not members of each provinces government run health

care plans. Many physicians will not take new patients. Access to a specialist is by referral from

a general practitioner only and even with a referral it may take months to obtain an appointment

with a specialist. Emergency room waits are very long. No Canadian health care provideraccepts U.S. domestic health insurance. Visitors who seek any medical attention in Canada

should be prepared to pay in cash in full at the time the service is rendered. Travelers medical

insurance is highly recommended even for visits to Canada. Some health care professionals in

the province of Quebec might only speak French.

5. Police Public Ratio

A police board is an appointed form oflocal government charged with the responsibility of

overseeing a territorialpolice department in Canada - the term is also used for the same functionin Scotland. Every municipality in Canada that operates their own police force is required to

establish such a board. The legislation ofPolice Boards is in the jurisdiction of each provincial

legislature. All municipalities with a population over 5,000 are required by the British Columbia

Police Actto provide for a police service. Municipalities in this category have two options:

contract with theprovincial government for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or create an

independent police department. There are currently 11 police boards in British Columbia:
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City ofVancouver, British Columbia - population: 569,814 - number ofpolice officers:

1,124 - police to population ratio is 1:507

City ofAbbotsford, British Columbia - population: 127,712 - number ofpolice officers:

158 - police to population ratio is 1:808

District ofSaanich, British Columbia - population: 107,964 - number ofpolice officers:


District ofDelta, British Columbia - population: 100,576 - number ofpolice officers: 141

- police to population ratio is 1:713

City ofVictoria, British Columbia - population: 93,097 - number ofpolice officers: 211 -

police to population ratio is 1:441 (includes Township ofEsquimalt, British Columbia)

City ofNew Westminster, British Columbia - population: 59,426 - number ofpolice

officers: 106 - police to population ratio is 1:561

District ofWest Vancouver, British Columbia - population: 45,212 - number ofpolice

officers: 77 - police to population ratio is 1:587

City ofPort Moody, British Columbia - population: 26,690 - number ofpolice officers:


District ofOak Bay, British Columbia - population: 18,207 - number ofpolice officers:


District ofCentral Saanich, British Columbia - population: 16,091 - number ofpoliceofficers: 21 - police to population ratio is 1:766

City ofNelson, British Columbia - population: 9,630 - number ofpolice officers: 17 -

police to population ratio is 1:566

6. Social Security System

Canada's social security system has evolved gradually in response to a variety of social,

economic, and political factors. From a modest beginning in 1927, a system has developed thatconsists of virtually universal benefits, social insurance plans, social assistance programs, and awide array of health and social services. Canada's retirement income system has threelevels.Under the Canadian constitution, the federal and provincial governments shareresponsibility for social security. Both play an important role in planning, administering,delivering, and financing income security, health, and social service programs.

Canadian Benefits
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimalt,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moody,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saanich,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimalt,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Vancouver,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moody,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Saanich,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_British_Columbia


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Old Age Security:If you have lived in Canada for ten years after reaching age 18, youmay qualify for the Old Age Security pension or Allowance.If you have lived in Canadafor at least 20 years after reaching age 18, you may collect the Old Age Security pensionoutside Canada.

Canada Pension Plan:If you have contributed to the Canada Pension Plan for a certain

number of years (between 3 and 10, depending on the type of benefit and age of thecontributor), you may qualify for a disability pension, and the members of your familymay qualify for survivor or child benefits.You do not need an agreement to qualify forthe Canada Pension Plan retirement pension. This is because you can receive a monthlyretirement pension at any time after your 60th birthday if you have made at least onevalid contribution to the Plan. The amount of the benefit depends on how long and howmuch you have contributed to the Plan.

Minimum Requirements:Perhaps you have not lived and worked in Canada long enoughto qualify for a Canadian pension. If so, Canada counts your pension credits from theother country to help you qualify for a pension.

Pension Amount:Once you qualify, your pension will be based on your residence or your

contributions in Canada. This applies to both the Old Age Security Program and theCanada Pension Plan.

Canada Military Strength

PERSONNEL

Total Population: 33,212,696 [2008]


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Population Available: 15,885,472 [2008]

Fit for Military Service: 13,064,205 [2008]

Reaching Military Age Annually: 442,991 [2008]

ARMY

NAVY

Merchant Marine Strength: 175 [2008]

AIR FORCE

Serviceable Airports: 1,343 [2007]

FINANCES (USD)

Foreign Exch

Business Environment of Canada

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