Business economics lecture_3
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Transcript of Business economics lecture_3
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Business Economics (ECO 341)Fall Semester, 2012
Khurrum S. Mughal
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Price Elasticity of Demand
Price Elasticity of Supply
Uses of Elasticities
Theme of the Lecture
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How are price and demand related for a good? (law of demand)
Consumer Demand Theory Qd= f(Px, I, Py,T)
Assuming everything else fixed…………….
Individual Demand
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Demand function faced by a firm
QD= a0+a1Px +a2I+a3N+a4Py+ a5T……………
“a” is coefficient to be estimated with regression
analysis
Demand Faced by A Firm
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Measures responsiveness to changes in quantity demanded
due to changes in price
Percentage change in quantity due to percentage change in price
Different effects of reducing price
Types:
Point Price Elasticity of Demand
Arc Price Elasticity of Demand
Price Elasticity of Demand
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Graphical Representation
Different at different points
Given by coefficient “a” with Price in the
regression equation
Point Price Elasticity of Demand
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Graphical Representation
Used since Point price elasticity differs in
scenarios of price rise and fall
Calculated by average of change in quantity
and price
In general: the price elasticity of demand for
a firm is higher than the price elasticity of
market demand
Arc Price Elasticity of Demand
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Price Elasticity of Demand
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Quantity Supplied and Demanded
Pri
ce
Ed > 1
Ed < 1
Ed = 1
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Polar Extreme Cases of Price Elasticity of Demand
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Quantity Supplied and Demanded
Pri
ce Perfectly Inelastic Demand
Perfectly Elastic Demand
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Price Elasticity, Total Revenue
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P ($) Q Ep TR=P.Q
6 0 -∞ 0
5 100 -5 500
4 200 -2 800
3 300 -1 900
2 400 -0.5 800
1 500 -0.2 500
0 600 0 0
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Effect of decrease in price on Total revenue:
Increases if demand is elastic
Remains Unchanged if Unitary elastic
Decreases if Inelastic
Graphical Representation:
Price Elasticity, Total Revenue
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Availability of Substitutes
Example: Sugar vs Salt
Larger for longer time periods
Example: Petrol vs CNG
Factors Effecting Price Elasticity of Demand
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Price Elasticity of Demand
Price Elasticity of Supply
Uses of Elasticities
Theme of the Lecture
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The quantity sellers are willing to sell at a given price
level
Depends on:Price of the commodity
Prices of inputs
Technology
Opportunity cost
Future expectations
Number of sellers
Supply of a Commodity
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The higher the price, greater is the quantity sellers are willing to sell in the market (law of supply)
Assuming everything else is fixed………
Individual Supply
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Measures responsiveness to changes in quantity
supplied due to changes in pricePercentage change in quantity due to percentage
change in price
Factors Effecting elasticity of supplyAbility to increase production
Time Period
Price Elasticity of Supply
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Polar Extreme Cases of Price Elasticity of Supply
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Perfectly Inelastic Supply
Perfectly Elastic Supply
Quantity Supplied and Demanded
Pri
ce
Quantity Supplied and Demanded
Pri
ce
Initial Demand
New Demand
Initial Demand
New Demand