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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bushido, the Soul of Japan, by Inazo itob!

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Title) Bushido, the Soul of Japan

*uthor) Inazo itob!

+elease ate) *pril -., -//0 1EBook 2.-/345

(anguage) English

6haracter set encoding) IS7'8893'.

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HThat "ay7$er the #ountain, "hich "ho stands upon,Is apt to doubt if it be indeed a road

Fhile if he $ie"s it fro# the "aste itself,=p goes the line there, plain fro# base to bro", ot $ague, #istakable FhatCs a break or t"oSeen fro# the unbroken desert either sideK*nd then Lto bring in fresh philosophyMFhat if the breaks the#sel$es should pro$e at lastThe #ost consu##ate of contri$ancesTo train a #anCs eye, teach hi# "hat is faithKH +7BE+T B+7FIG, Bishop Blougra#Cs *pology%

HThere are, if I #ay so say, three po"erful spirits, "hich ha$e fro# ti#e to ti#e, #o$edon the face of the "aters, and gi$en a predo#inant i#pulse to the #oral senti#ents andenergies of #ankind% These are the spirits of liberty, of religion, and of honor%H

<*((*?, Europe in the ?iddle *ges%

H6hi$alry is itself the poetry of life%H S6<(EGE(, Philosophy of <istory%

P+E;*6E

*bout ten years ago, "hile spending a fe" days under the hospitable roof of thedistinguished Belgian jurist, the la#ented ?% de (a$eleye, our con$ersation turned,during one of our ra#bles, to the subject of religion% Ho you #ean to say,H asked the$enerable professor, Hthat you ha$e no religious instruction in your schoolsKH 7n #yreplying in the negati$e he suddenly halted in astonish#ent, and in a $oice "hich I shallnot easily forget, he repeated Ho religion <o" do you i#part #oral educationKH TheNuestion stunned #e at the ti#e% I could gi$e no ready ans"er, for the #oral precepts I



learned in #y childhood days, "ere not gi$en in schools and not until I began to analyzethe different ele#ents that for#ed #y notions of right and "rong, did I find that it "asBushido that breathed the# into #y nostrils%

The direct inception of this little book is due to the freNuent Nueries put by #y "ife as to

the reasons "hy such and such ideas and custo#s pre$ail in Japan%In #y atte#pts to gi$e satisfactory replies to ?% de (a$eleye and to #y "ife, I found that"ithout understanding ;eudalis# and Bushido,1.5 the #oral ideas of present Japan are asealed $olu#e%1.5Pronounced BoO'shee'dohC% In putting Japanese "ords and na#es into English, <epburnCsrule is follo"ed, that the $o"els should be used as in European languages, and theconsonants as in English%

Taking ad$antage of enforced idleness on account of long illness, I put do"n in the order

no" presented to the public so#e of the ans"ers gi$en in our household con$ersation%They consist #ainly of "hat I "as taught and told in #y youthful days, "hen ;eudalis#"as still in force%

Bet"een (afcadio <earn and ?rs% <ugh ;raser on one side and Sir Ernest Sato" andProfessor 6ha#berlain on the other, it is indeed discouraging to "rite anything Japanesein English% The only ad$antage I ha$e o$er the# is that I can assu#e the attitude of a personal defendant, "hile these distinguished "riters are at best solicitors and attorneys% Iha$e often thought,H<ad I their gift of language, I "ould present the cause of Japan in#ore eloNuent ter#sH But one "ho speaks in a borro"ed tongue should be thankful if hecan just #ake hi#self intelligible%

*ll through the discourse I ha$e tried to illustrate "hate$er points I ha$e #ade "ith parallel ea#ples fro# European history and literature, belie$ing that these "ill aid in bringing the subject nearer to the co#prehension of foreign readers%

Should any of #y allusions to religious subjects and to religious "orkers be thoughtslighting, I trust #y attitude to"ards 6hristianity itself "ill not be Nuestioned% It is "ithecclesiastical #ethods and "ith the for#s "hich obscure the teachings of 6hrist, and not"ith the teachings the#sel$es, that I ha$e little sy#pathy% I belie$e in the religion taught by <i# and handed do"n to us in the e" Testa#ent, as "ell as in the la" "ritten in theheart% ;urther, I belie$e that God hath #ade a testa#ent "hich #aybe called HoldH "ithe$ery people and nation,Gentile or Je", 6hristian or <eathen% *s to the rest of #ytheology, I need not i#pose upon the patience of the public%

In concluding this preface, I "ish to epress #y thanks to #y friend *nna 6% <artshornefor #any $aluable suggestions and for the characteristically Japanese design #ade by herfor the co$er of this book%

I*A7 IT7BE%



?al$ern, Pa%, T"elfth ?onth, .833%P+E;*6ET7 T<E TET< * +EISE EITI7

Since its first publication in Philadelphia, #ore than si years ago, this little book has hadan unepected history% The Japanese reprint has passed through eight editions, the presentthus being its tenth appearance in the English language% Si#ultaneously "ith this "ill beissued an *#erican and English edition, through the publishing'house of ?essrs% George<% Putna#Cs Sons, of e" &ork%

In the #eanti#e, Bushido has been translated into ?ahratti by ?r% e$ of >handesh, intoGer#an by ;rQulein >auf#ann of <a#burg, into Bohe#ian by ?r% <ora of 6hicago, intoPolish by the Society of Science and (ife in (e#berg,although this Polish edition has been censured by the +ussian Go$ern#ent% It is no" being rendered into or"egian andinto ;rench% * 6hinese translation is under conte#plation% * +ussian officer, no" a

prisoner in Japan, has a #anuscript in +ussian ready for the press% * part of the $olu#ehas been brought before the <ungarian public and a detailed re$ie", al#ost a#ounting toa co##entary, has been published in Japanese% ;ull scholarly notes for the help ofyounger students ha$e been co#piled by #y friend ?r% <% Sakurai, to "ho# I also o"e#uch for his aid in other "ays%

I ha$e been #ore than gratified to feel that #y hu#ble "ork has found sy#patheticreaders in "idely separated circles, sho"ing that the subject #atter is of so#e interest tothe "orld at large% Eceedingly flattering is the ne"s that has reached #e fro# officialsources, that President +oose$elt has done it undeser$ed honor by reading it anddistributing se$eral dozens of copies a#ong his friends%

In #aking e#endations and additions for the present edition, I ha$e largely confinedthe# to concrete ea#ples% I still continue to regret, as I indeed ha$e ne$er ceased to do,#y inability to add a chapter on ;ilial Piety, "hich is considered one of the t"o "heels of the chariot of Japanese ethics(oyalty being the other% ?y inability is due rather to #yignorance of the Festern senti#ent in regard to this particular $irtue, than to ignorance of our o"n attitude to"ards it, and I cannot dra" co#parisons satisfying to #y o"n #ind% Ihope one day to enlarge upon this and other topics at so#e length% *ll the subjects thatare touched upon in these pages are capable of further a#plification and discussion but Ido not no" see #y "ay clear to #ake this $olu#e larger than it is%

This Preface "ould be inco#plete and unjust, if I "ere to o#it the debt I o"e to #y "ifefor her reading of the proof'sheets, for helpful suggestions, and, abo$e all, for herconstant encourage#ent%

I%%>yoto,;ifth ?onth t"enty'second, .3/9%67TETS



Preface

Preface to the Tenth and +e$ised Edition

Bushido as an Ethical Syste#

Sources of Bushido

+ectitude or Justice

6ourage, the Spirit of aring and Bearing

Bene$olence, the ;eeling of istress

Politenesseracity or Truthfulness

<onor

The uty of (oyalty

Education and Training of a Sa#urai

Self'6ontrol

The Institutions of Suicide and +edress

The S"ord, the Soul of the Sa#urai

The Training and Position of Fo#an

The Influence of Bushido

Is Bushido Still *li$eK

The ;uture of BushidoB=S<I7 *S * ET<I6*( S&STE?%

6hi$alry is a flo"er no less indigenous to the soil of Japan than its e#ble#, the cherry blosso# nor is it a dried'up speci#en of an antiNue $irtue preser$ed in the herbariu# ofour history% It is still a li$ing object of po"er and beauty a#ong us and if it assu#es notangible shape or for#, it not the less scents the #oral at#osphere, and #akes us a"arethat "e are still under its potent spell% The conditions of society "hich brought it forth



and nourished it ha$e long disappeared but as those far'off stars "hich once "ere and arenot, still continue to shed their rays upon us, so the light of chi$alry, "hich "as a child offeudalis#, still illu#inates our #oral path, sur$i$ing its #other institution% It is a pleasureto #e to reflect upon this subject in the language of Burke, "ho uttered the "ell'kno"ntouching eulogy o$er the neglected bier of its European prototype%

It argues a sad defect of infor#ation concerning the ;ar East, "hen so erudite a scholar asr% George ?iller did not hesitate to affir# that chi$alry, or any other si#ilar institution,has ne$er eisted either a#ong the nations of antiNuity or a#ong the #odern 7rientals%1-5 Such ignorance, ho"e$er, is a#ply ecusable, as the third edition of the good octorCs"ork appeared the sa#e year that 6o##odore Perry "as knocking at the portals of oureclusi$is#% ?ore than a decade later, about the ti#e that our feudalis# "as in the lastthroes of eistence, 6arl ?ar, "riting his H6apital,H called the attention of his readers tothe peculiar ad$antage of studying the social and political institutions of feudalis#, asthen to be seen in li$ing for# only in Japan% I "ould like"ise in$ite the Festern historicaland ethical student to the study of chi$alry in the Japan of the present%

1-5<istory Philosophically Illustrated, LDrd Ed% .89DM, ol% II, p% -%

Enticing as is a historical disNuisition on the co#parison bet"een European and Japanesefeudalis# and chi$alry, it is not the purpose of this paper to enter into it at length% ?yatte#pt is rather to relate, firstly, the origin and sources of our chi$alry secondly, itscharacter and teaching thirdly, its influence a#ong the #asses and, fourthly, thecontinuity and per#anence of its influence% 7f these se$eral points, the first "ill be only brief and cursory, or else I should ha$e to take #y readers into the de$ious paths of ournational history the second "ill be d"elt upon at greater length, as being #ost likely tointerest students of International Ethics and 6o#parati$e Ethology in our "ays of thoughtand action and the rest "ill be dealt "ith as corollaries%

The Japanese "ord "hich I ha$e roughly rendered 6hi$alry, is, in the original, #oreepressi$e than <orse#anship% Bu'shi'do #eans literally ?ilitary'>night'Faysthe"ays "hich fighting nobles should obser$e in their daily life as "ell as in their $ocationin a "ord, the HPrecepts of >nighthood,H the noblesse oblige of the "arrior class% <a$ingthus gi$en its literal significance, I #ay be allo"ed henceforth to use the "ord in theoriginal% The use of the original ter# is also ad$isable for this reason, that a teaching socircu#scribed and uniNue, engendering a cast of #ind and character so peculiar, so local,#ust "ear the badge of its singularity on its face then, so#e "ords ha$e a nationalti#bre so epressi$e of race characteristics that the best of translators can do the# butscant justice, not to say positi$e injustice and grie$ance% Fho can i#pro$e by translation"hat the Ger#an HGe#RthH signifies, or "ho does not feel the difference bet"een thet"o "ords $erbally so closely allied as the English gentle#an and the ;renchgentilho##eK

Bushido, then, is the code of #oral principles "hich the knights "ere reNuired orinstructed to obser$e% It is not a "ritten code at best it consists of a fe" #ai#s handeddo"n fro# #outh to #outh or co#ing fro# the pen of so#e "ell'kno"n "arrior or



sa$ant% ?ore freNuently it is a code unuttered and un"ritten, possessing all the #ore the po"erful sanction of $eritable deed, and of a la" "ritten on the fleshly tablets of theheart% It "as founded not on the creation of one brain, ho"e$er able, or on the life of asingle personage, ho"e$er reno"ned% It "as an organic gro"th of decades and centuriesof #ilitary career% It, perhaps, fills the sa#e position in the history of ethics that the

English 6onstitution does in political history yet it has had nothing to co#pare "ith the?agna 6harta or the <abeas 6orpus *ct% True, early in the se$enteenth century ?ilitaryStatutes LBuk! <attoM "ere pro#ulgated but their thirteen short articles "ere taken up#ostly "ith #arriages, castles, leagues, etc%, and didactic regulations "ere but #eagerlytouched upon% Fe cannot, therefore, point out any definite ti#e and place and say, H<ereis its fountain head%H 7nly as it attains consciousness in the feudal age, its origin, inrespect to ti#e, #ay be identified "ith feudalis#% But feudalis# itself is "o$en of #anythreads, and Bushido shares its intricate nature% *s in England the political institutions offeudalis# #ay be said to date fro# the or#an 6onNuest, so "e #ay say that in Japan itsrise "as si#ultaneous "ith the ascendency of &orito#o, late in the t"elfth century% *s,ho"e$er, in England, "e find the social ele#ents of feudalis# far back in the period

pre$ious to Fillia# the 6onNueror, so, too, the ger#s of feudalis# in Japan had beenlong eistent before the period I ha$e #entioned%

*gain, in Japan as in Europe, "hen feudalis# "as for#ally inaugurated, the professionalclass of "arriors naturally ca#e into pro#inence% These "ere kno"n as sa#urai,#eaning literally, like the old English cniht Lknecht, knightM, guards or attendants rese#bling in character the soldurii "ho# 6aesar #entioned as eisting in *Nuitania, orthe co#itati, "ho, according to Tacitus, follo"ed Ger#anic chiefs in his ti#e or, to takea still later parallel, the #ilites #edii that one reads about in the history of ?ediae$alEurope% * Sinico'Japanese "ord Bu'k! or Bu'shi L;ighting >nightsM "as also adopted inco##on use% They "ere a pri$ileged class, and #ust originally ha$e been a rough breed"ho #ade fighting their $ocation% This class "as naturally recruited, in a long period ofconstant "arfare, fro# the #anliest and the #ost ad$enturous, and all the "hile the process of eli#ination "ent on, the ti#id and the feeble being sorted out, and only Harude race, all #asculine, "ith brutish strength,H to borro" E#ersonCs phrase, sur$i$ing tofor# fa#ilies and the ranks of the sa#urai% 6o#ing to profess great honor and great pri$ileges, and correspondingly great responsibilities, they soon felt the need of aco##on standard of beha$ior, especially as they "ere al"ays on a belligerent footingand belonged to different clans% Just as physicians li#it co#petition a#ong the#sel$es by professional courtesy, just as la"yers sit in courts of honor in cases of $iolatedetiNuette, so #ust also "arriors possess so#e resort for final judg#ent on their#isde#eanors%

;air play in fight Fhat fertile ger#s of #orality lie in this pri#iti$e sense of sa$ageryand childhood% Is it not the root of all #ilitary and ci$ic $irtuesK Fe s#ile Las if "e hadoutgro"n itM at the boyish desire of the s#all Britisher, To# Bro"n, Hto lea$e behindhi# the na#e of a fello" "ho ne$er bullied a little boy or turned his back on a big one%H*nd yet, "ho does not kno" that this desire is the corner'stone on "hich #oral structuresof #ighty di#ensions can be rearedK ?ay I not go e$en so far as to say that the gentlestand #ost peace'lo$ing of religions endorses this aspirationK This desire of To#Cs is the



basis on "hich the greatness of England is largely built, and it "ill not take us long todisco$er that Bushido does not stand on a lesser pedestal% If fighting in itself, be itoffensi$e or defensi$e, is, as uakers rightly testify, brutal and "rong, "e can still say"ith (essing, HFe kno" fro# "hat failings our $irtue springs%H1D5 HSneaksH andHco"ardsH are epithets of the "orst opprobriu# to healthy, si#ple natures% 6hildhood

begins life "ith these notions, and knighthood also but, as life gro"s larger and itsrelations #any'sided, the early faith seeks sanction fro# higher authority and #orerational sources for its o"n justification, satisfaction and de$elop#ent% If #ilitaryinterests had operated alone, "ithout higher #oral support, ho" far short of chi$alry"ould the ideal of knighthood ha$e fallen In Europe, 6hristianity, interpreted "ithconcessions con$enient to chi$alry, infused it ne$ertheless "ith spiritual data% H+eligion,"ar and glory "ere the three souls of a perfect 6hristian knight,H says (a#artine% InJapan there "ere se$eral

S7=+6ES 7; B=S<I7,

of "hich I #ay begin "ith Buddhis#% It furnished a sense of cal# trust in ;ate, a Nuietsub#ission to the ine$itable, that stoic co#posure in sight of danger or cala#ity, thatdisdain of life and friendliness "ith death% * fore#ost teacher of s"ords#anship, "henhe sa" his pupil #aster the ut#ost of his art, told hi#, HBeyond this #y instruction #ustgi$e "ay to Aen teaching%H HAenH is the Japanese eNui$alent for the hyna, "hichHrepresents hu#an effort to reach through #editation zones of thought beyond the rangeof $erbal epression%H105 Its #ethod is conte#plation, and its purport, as far as Iunderstand it, to be con$inced of a principle that underlies all pheno#ena, and, if it can,of the *bsolute itself, and thus to put oneself in har#ony "ith this *bsolute% Thusdefined, the teaching "as #ore than the dog#a of a sect, and "hoe$er attains to the perception of the *bsolute raises hi#self abo$e #undane things and a"akes, Hto a ne"<ea$en and a ne" Earth%H1D5+uskin "as one of the #ost gentle'hearted and peace lo$ing #en that e$er li$ed% &et he belie$ed in "ar "ith all the fer$or of a "orshiper of the strenuous life% HFhen I tell you,Hhe says in the 6ro"n of Fild 7li$e, Hthat "ar is the foundation of all the arts, I #ean alsothat it is the foundation of all the high $irtues and faculties of #en% It is $ery strange to#e to disco$er this, and $ery dreadful, but I sa" it to be Nuite an undeniable fact% : : : Ifound in brief, that all great nations learned their truth of "ord and strength of thought in"ar that they "ere nourished in "ar and "asted by peace, taught by "ar and decei$ed by peace trained by "ar and betrayed by peace in a "ord, that they "ere born in "ar andepired in peace%H105(afcadio <earn, Eotics and +etrospecti$es, p% 80%

Fhat Buddhis# failed to gi$e, Shintois# offered in abundance% Such loyalty to theso$ereign, such re$erence for ancestral #e#ory, and such filial piety as are not taught byany other creed, "ere inculcated by the Shinto doctrines, i#parting passi$ity to theother"ise arrogant character of the sa#urai% Shinto theology has no place for the dog#aof Horiginal sin%H 7n the contrary, it belie$es in the innate goodness and God'like purity



of the hu#an soul, adoring it as the adytu# fro# "hich di$ine oracles are proclai#ed%E$erybody has obser$ed that the Shinto shrines are conspicuously de$oid of objects andinstru#ents of "orship, and that a plain #irror hung in the sanctuary for#s the essential part of its furnishing% The presence of this article, is easy to eplain) it typifies the hu#anheart, "hich, "hen perfectly placid and clear, reflects the $ery i#age of the eity% Fhen

you stand, therefore, in front of the shrine to "orship, you see your o"n i#age reflectedon its shining surface, and the act of "orship is tanta#ount to the old elphic injunction,H>no" Thyself%H But self'kno"ledge does not i#ply, either in the Greek or Japaneseteaching, kno"ledge of the physical part of #an, not his anato#y or his psycho'physicskno"ledge "as to be of a #oral kind, the introspection of our #oral nature% ?o##sen,co#paring the Greek and the +o#an, says that "hen the for#er "orshiped he raised hiseyes to hea$en, for his prayer "as conte#plation, "hile the latter $eiled his head, for his"as reflection% Essentially like the +o#an conception of religion, our reflection broughtinto pro#inence not so #uch the #oral as the national consciousness of the indi$idual%Its nature'"orship endeared the country to our in#ost souls, "hile its ancestor'"orship,tracing fro# lineage to lineage, #ade the I#perial fa#ily the fountain'head of the "hole

nation% To us the country is #ore than land and soil fro# "hich to #ine gold or to reapgrainit is the sacred abode of the gods, the spirits of our forefathers) to us the E#peroris #ore than the *rch 6onstable of a +echtsstaat, or e$en the Patron of a 6ulturstaatheis the bodily representati$e of <ea$en on earth, blending in his person its po"er and its#ercy% If "hat ?% Bout#y195 says is true of English royaltythat it His not only thei#age of authority, but the author and sy#bol of national unity,H as I belie$e it to be,doubly and trebly #ay this be affir#ed of royalty in Japan%195The English People, p% .88%

The tenets of Shintois# co$er the t"o predo#inating features of the e#otional life of our racePatriotis# and (oyalty% *rthur ?ay >napp $ery truly says) HIn <ebre" literature itis often difficult to tell "hether the "riter is speaking of God or of the 6o##on"ealth of hea$en or of Jerusale# of the ?essiah or of the nation itself%H145 * si#ilar confusion#ay be noticed in the no#enclature of our national faith% I said confusion, because it "ill be so dee#ed by a logical intellect on account of its $erbal a#biguity still, being afra#e"ork of national instinct and race feelings, Shintois# ne$er pretends to asyste#atic philosophy or a rational theology% This religionor, is it not #ore correct tosay, the race e#otions "hich this religion epressedKthoroughly i#bued Bushido "ithloyalty to the so$ereign and lo$e of country% These acted #ore as i#pulses than asdoctrines for Shintois#, unlike the ?ediae$al 6hristian 6hurch, prescribed to its$otaries scarcely any credenda, furnishing the# at the sa#e ti#e "ith agenda of astraightfor"ard and si#ple type%145H;eudal and ?odern JapanH ol% I, p% .8D%

*s to strictly ethical doctrines, the teachings of 6onfucius "ere the #ost prolific sourceof Bushido% <is enunciation of the fi$e #oral relations bet"een #aster and ser$ant Lthego$erning and the go$ernedM, father and son, husband and "ife, older and younger brother, and bet"een friend and friend, "as but a confir#ation of "hat the race instinct



had recognized before his "ritings "ere introduced fro# 6hina% The cal#, benignant, and"orldly'"ise character of his politico'ethical precepts "as particularly "ell suited to thesa#urai, "ho for#ed the ruling class% <is aristocratic and conser$ati$e tone "as "elladapted to the reNuire#ents of these "arrior states#en% et to 6onfucius, ?enciuseercised an i##ense authority o$er Bushido% <is forcible and often Nuite de#ocratic

theories "ere eceedingly taking to sy#pathetic natures, and they "ere e$en thoughtdangerous to, and sub$ersi$e of, the eisting social order, hence his "orks "ere for along ti#e under censure% Still, the "ords of this #aster #ind found per#anent lodg#entin the heart of the sa#urai%

The "ritings of 6onfucius and ?encius for#ed the principal tet'books for youths andthe highest authority in discussion a#ong the old% * #ere acNuaintance "ith the classicsof these t"o sages "as held, ho"e$er, in no high estee#% * co##on pro$erb ridiculesone "ho has only an intellectual kno"ledge of 6onfucius, as a #an e$er studious butignorant of *nalects% * typical sa#urai calls a literary sa$ant a book's#elling sot%*nother co#pares learning to an ill's#elling $egetable that #ust be boiled and boiled

before it is fit for use% * #an "ho has read a little s#ells a little pedantic, and a #an "hohas read #uch s#ells yet #ore so both are alike unpleasant% The "riter #eant therebythat kno"ledge beco#es really such only "hen it is assi#ilated in the #ind of the learner and sho"s in his character% *n intellectual specialist "as considered a #achine% Intellectitself "as considered subordinate to ethical e#otion% ?an and the uni$erse "ereconcei$ed to be alike spiritual and ethical% Bushido could not accept the judg#ent of<uley, that the cos#ic process "as un#oral%

Bushido #ade light of kno"ledge as such% It "as not pursued as an end in itself, but as a#eans to the attain#ent of "isdo#% <ence, he "ho stopped short of this end "asregarded no higher than a con$enient #achine, "hich could turn out poe#s and #ai#sat bidding% Thus, kno"ledge "as concei$ed as identical "ith its practical application inlife and this Socratic doctrine found its greatest eponent in the 6hinese philosopher,Fan &ang ?ing, "ho ne$er "earies of repeating, HTo kno" and to act are one and thesa#e%H

I beg lea$e for a #o#entCs digression "hile I a# on this subject, inas#uch as so#e of thenoblest types of bushi "ere strongly influenced by the teachings of this sage% Festernreaders "ill easily recognize in his "ritings #any parallels to the e" Testa#ent%?aking allo"ance for the ter#s peculiar to either teaching, the passage, HSeek ye first thekingdo# of God and his righteousness and all these things shall be added unto you,Hcon$eys a thought that #ay be found on al#ost any page of Fan &ang ?ing% * Japanesedisciple1U5 of his saysHThe lord of hea$en and earth, of all li$ing beings, d"elling inthe heart of #an, beco#es his #ind L>okoroM hence a #ind is a li$ing thing, and is e$erlu#inous)H and again, HThe spiritual light of our essential being is pure, and is notaffected by the "ill of #an% Spontaneously springing up in our #ind, it sho"s "hat isright and "rong) it is then called conscience it is e$en the light that proceedeth fro# thegod of hea$en%H <o" $ery #uch do these "ords sound like so#e passages fro# IsaacPennington or other philosophic #ystics I a# inclined to think that the Japanese #ind,as epressed in the si#ple tenets of the Shinto religion, "as particularly open to the



reception of &ang ?ingCs precepts% <e carried his doctrine of the infallibility ofconscience to etre#e transcendentalis#, attributing to it the faculty to percei$e, not onlythe distinction bet"een right and "rong, but also the nature of psychical facts and physical pheno#ena% <e "ent as far as, if not farther than, Berkeley and ;ichte, inIdealis#, denying the eistence of things outside of hu#an ken% If his syste# had all the

logical errors charged to Solipsis#, it had all the efficacy of strong con$iction and its#oral i#port in de$eloping indi$iduality of character and eNuani#ity of te#per cannot begainsaid%1U5?i"a Shissai%

Thus, "hate$er the sources, the essential principles "hich Bushido i#bibed fro# the#and assi#ilated to itself, "ere fe" and si#ple% ;e" and si#ple as these "ere, they "eresufficient to furnish a safe conduct of life e$en through the unsafest days of the #ostunsettled period of our nationCs history% The "holeso#e, unsophisticated nature of our"arrior ancestors deri$ed a#ple food for their spirit fro# a sheaf of co##onplace and

frag#entary teachings, gleaned as it "ere on the high"ays and by"ays of ancientthought, and, sti#ulated by the de#ands of the age, for#ed fro# these gleanings ane"and uniNue type of #anhood% *n acute ;rench sa$ant, ?% de la ?azeliVre, thus su#s uphis i#pressions of the siteenth century)HTo"ard the #iddle of the siteenth century,all is confusion in Japan, in the go$ern#ent, in society, in the church% But the ci$il "ars,the #anners returning to barbaris#, the necessity for each to eecute justice for hi#self, these for#ed #en co#parable to those Italians of the siteenth century, in "ho# Taine praises Cthe $igorous initiati$e, the habit of sudden resolutions and desperateundertakings, the grand capacity to do and to suffer%C In Japan as in Italy Cthe rude#anners of the ?iddle *ges #ade of #an a superb ani#al, "holly #ilitant and "hollyresistant%C *nd this is "hy the siteenth century displays in the highest degree the principal Nuality of the Japanese race, that great di$ersity "hich one finds there bet"een#inds LespritsM as "ell as bet"een te#pera#ents% Fhile in India and e$en in 6hina #ensee# to differ chiefly in degree of energy or intelligence, in Japan they differ byoriginality of character as "ell% o", indi$iduality is the sign of superior races and ofci$ilizations already de$eloped% If "e #ake use of an epression dear to ietzsche, "e#ight say that in *sia, to speak of hu#anity is to speak of its plains in Japan as inEurope, one represents it abo$e all by its #ountains%H

To the per$ading characteristics of the #en of "ho# ?% de la ?azeliVre "rites, let usno" address oursel$es% I shall begin "ith

+E6TIT=E 7+ J=STI6E,

the #ost cogent precept in the code of the sa#urai% othing is #ore loathso#e to hi#than underhand dealings and crooked undertakings% The conception of +ectitude #ay beerroneousit #ay be narro"% * "ell'kno"n bushi defines it as a po"er of resolution H+ectitude is the po"er of deciding upon a certain course of conduct in accordance"ith reason, "ithout "a$eringto die "hen it is right to die, to strike "hen to strike isright%H *nother speaks of it in the follo"ing ter#s) H+ectitude is the bone that gi$es



fir#ness and stature% *s "ithout bones the head cannot rest on the top of the spine, norhands #o$e nor feet stand, so "ithout rectitude neither talent nor learning can #ake of ahu#an fra#e a sa#urai% Fith it the lack of acco#plish#ents is as nothing%H ?enciuscalls Bene$olence #anCs #ind, and +ectitude or +ighteousness his path% H<o"la#entable,H he eclai#s, His it to neglect the path and not pursue it, to lose the #ind and

not kno" to seek it again Fhen #enCs fo"ls and dogs are lost, they kno" to seek forthe# again, but they lose their #ind and do not kno" to seek for it%H <a$e "e not hereHas in a glass darklyH a parable propounded three hundred years later in another cli#e and by a greater Teacher, "ho called <i#self the Fay of +ighteousness, through "ho# thelost could be foundK But I stray fro# #y point% +ighteousness, according to ?encius, is astraight and narro" path "hich a #an ought to take to regain the lost paradise%

E$en in the latter days of feudalis#, "hen the long continuance of peace brought leisureinto the life of the "arrior class, and "ith it dissipations of all kinds and gentleacco#plish#ents, the epithet Gishi La #an of rectitudeM "as considered superior to anyna#e that signified #astery of learning or art% The ;orty'se$en ;aithfulsof "ho# so

#uch is #ade in our popular educationare kno"n in co##on parlance as the ;orty'se$en Gishi%

In ti#es "hen cunning artifice "as liable to pass for #ilitary tact and do"nrightfalsehood for ruse de guerre, this #anly $irtue, frank and honest, "as a je"el that shonethe brightest and "as #ost highly praised% +ectitude is a t"in brother to alor, another#artial $irtue% But before proceeding to speak of alor, let #e linger a little "hile on"hat I #ay ter# a deri$ation fro# +ectitude, "hich, at first de$iating slightly fro# itsoriginal, beca#e #ore and #ore re#o$ed fro# it, until its #eaning "as per$erted in the popular acceptance% I speak of Gi'ri, literally the +ight +eason, but "hich ca#e in ti#e to#ean a $ague sense of duty "hich public opinion epected an incu#bent to fulfil% In itsoriginal and unalloyed sense, it #eant duty, pure and si#ple,hence, "e speak of theGiri "e o"e to parents, to superiors, to inferiors, to society at large, and so forth% In theseinstances Giri is duty for "hat else is duty than "hat +ight +eason de#ands andco##ands us to do% Should not +ight +eason be our categorical i#perati$eK

Giri pri#arily #eant no #ore than duty, and I dare say its ety#ology "as deri$ed fro#the fact that in our conduct, say to our parents, though lo$e should be the only #oti$e,lacking that, there #ust be so#e other authority to enforce filial piety and theyfor#ulated this authority in Giri% ery rightly did they for#ulate this authorityGiri since if lo$e does not rush to deeds of $irtue, recourse #ust be had to #anCs intellect andhis reason #ust be Nuickened to con$ince hi# of the necessity of acting aright% The sa#eis true of any other #oral obligation% The instant uty beco#es onerous% +ight +easonsteps in to pre$ent our shirking it% Giri thus understood is a se$ere task#aster, "ith a birch'rod in his hand to #ake sluggards perfor# their part% It is a secondary po"er inethics as a #oti$e it is infinitely inferior to the 6hristian doctrine of lo$e, "hich should be the la"% I dee# it a product of the conditions of an artificial societyof a society in"hich accident of birth and un#erited fa$our instituted class distinctions, in "hich thefa#ily "as the social unit, in "hich seniority of age "as of #ore account than superiorityof talents, in "hich natural affections had often to succu#b before arbitrary #an'#ade



custo#s% Because of this $ery artificiality, Giri in ti#e degenerated into a $ague sense of propriety called up to eplain this and sanction that,as, for ea#ple, "hy a #other#ust, if need be, sacrifice all her other children in order to sa$e the first'born or "hy adaughter #ust sell her chastity to get funds to pay for the fatherCs dissipation, and the like%Starting as +ight +eason, Giri has, in #y opinion, often stooped to casuistry% It has e$en

degenerated into co"ardly fear of censure% I #ight say of Giri "hat Scott "rote of patriotis#, that Has it is the fairest, so it is often the #ost suspicious, #ask of otherfeelings%H 6arried beyond or belo" +ight +eason, Giri beca#e a #onstrous #isno#er% Itharbored under its "ings e$ery sort of sophistry and hypocrisy% It #ight easilyha$e been turned into a nest of co"ardice, if Bushido had not a keen and correct sense of

67=+*GE, T<E SPI+IT 7; *+IG* BE*+IG,

to the consideration of "hich "e shall no" return% 6ourage "as scarcely dee#ed "orthyto be counted a#ong $irtues, unless it "as eercised in the cause of +ighteousness% In his

H*nalectsH 6onfucius defines 6ourage by eplaining, as is often his "ont, "hat itsnegati$e is% HPercei$ing "hat is right,H he says, Hand doing it not, argues lack of courage%HPut this epigra# into a positi$e state#ent, and it runs, H6ourage is doing "hat is right%HTo run all kinds of hazards, to jeopardize oneCs self, to rush into the ja"s of deaththeseare too often identified "ith alor, and in the profession of ar#s such rashness of conduct "hat Shakespeare calls, H$alor #isbegotHis unjustly applauded but not so in thePrecepts of >nighthood% eath for a cause un"orthy of dying for, "as called a HdogCsdeath%H HTo rush into the thick of battle and to be slain in it,H says a Prince of ?ito, Hiseasy enough, and the #erest churl is eNual to the task but,H he continues, Hit is truecourage to li$e "hen it is right to li$e, and to die only "hen it is right to die,H and yet thePrince had not e$en heard of the na#e of Plato, "ho defines courage as Hthe kno"ledgeof things that a #an should fear and that he should not fear%H * distinction "hich is #adein the Fest bet"een #oral and physical courage has long been recognized a#ong us%Fhat sa#urai youth has not heard of HGreat alorH and the Halor of a illeinKH

alor, ;ortitude, Bra$ery, ;earlessness, 6ourage, being the Nualities of soul "hich appeal#ost easily to ju$enile #inds, and "hich can be trained by eercise and ea#ple, "ere,so to speak, the #ost popular $irtues, early e#ulated a#ong the youth% Stories of #ilitaryeploits "ere repeated al#ost before boys left their #otherCs breast% oes a little boobycry for any acheK The #other scolds hi# in this fashion) HFhat a co"ard to cry for atrifling pain Fhat "ill you do "hen your ar# is cut off in battleK Fhat "hen you arecalled upon to co##it harakiriKH Fe all kno" the pathetic fortitude of a fa#ished little boy'prince of Sendai, "ho in the dra#a is #ade to say to his little page, HSeest thou thosetiny sparro"s in the nest, ho" their yello" bills are opened "ide, and no" see thereco#es their #other "ith "or#s to feed the#% <o" eagerly and happily the little ones eat but for a sa#urai, "hen his sto#ach is e#pty, it is a disgrace to feel hunger%H *necdotesof fortitude and bra$ery abound in nursery tales, though stories of this kind are not by any#eans the only #ethod of early i#buing the spirit "ith daring and fearlessness% Parents,"ith sternness so#eti#es $erging on cruelty, set their children to tasks that called forthall the pluck that "as in the#% HBears hurl their cubs do"n the gorge,H they said%



Sa#uraiCs sons "ere let do"n the steep $alleys of hardship, and spurred to Sisyphus'liketasks% 7ccasional depri$ation of food or eposure to cold, "as considered a highlyefficacious test for inuring the# to endurance% 6hildren of tender age "ere sent a#ongutter strangers "ith so#e #essage to deli$er, "ere #ade to rise before the sun, and before breakfast attend to their reading eercises, "alking to their teacher "ith bare feet in the

cold of "inter they freNuentlyonce or t"ice a #onth, as on the festi$al of a god oflearning,ca#e together in s#all groups and passed the night "ithout sleep, in readingaloud by turns% Pilgri#ages to all sorts of uncanny placesto eecution grounds, togra$eyards, to houses reputed to be haunted, "ere fa$orite pasti#es of the young% In thedays "hen decapitation "as public, not only "ere s#all boys sent to "itness the ghastlyscene, but they "ere #ade to $isit alone the place in the darkness of night and there tolea$e a #ark of their $isit on the trunkless head%

oes this ultra'Spartan syste# of Hdrilling the ner$esH strike the #odern pedagogist "ithhorror and doubtdoubt "hether the tendency "ould not be brutalizing, nipping in the bud the tender e#otions of the heartK (et us see "hat other concepts Bushido had of

alor%The spiritual aspect of $alor is e$idenced by co#posurecal# presence of #ind%TranNuillity is courage in repose% It is a statical #anifestation of $alor, as daring deeds area dyna#ical% * truly bra$e #an is e$er serene he is ne$er taken by surprise nothingruffles the eNuani#ity of his spirit% In the heat of battle he re#ains cool in the #idst ofcatastrophes he keeps le$el his #ind% EarthNuakes do not shake hi#, he laughs at stor#s%Fe ad#ire hi# as truly great, "ho, in the #enacing presence of danger or death, retainshis self'possession "ho, for instance, can co#pose a poe# under i#pending peril orhu# a strain in the face of death% Such indulgence betraying no tre#or in the "riting or inthe $oice, is taken as an infallible inde of a large natureof "hat "e call a capacious#ind L&oyWM, "hich, for fro# being pressed or cro"ded, has al"ays roo# for so#ething#ore%

It passes current a#ong us as a piece of authentic history, that as Xta okan, the great builder of the castle of Tokyo, "as pierced through "ith a spear, his assassin, kno"ingthe poetical predilection of his $icti#, acco#panied his thrust "ith this couplet H*h ho" in #o#ents like these7ur heart doth grudge the light of lifeH

"hereupon the epiring hero, not one "hit daunted by the #ortal "ound in his side,added the lines H<ad not in hours of peace,It learned to lightly look on life%H

There is e$en a sporti$e ele#ent in a courageous nature% Things "hich are serious toordinary people, #ay be but play to the $aliant% <ence in old "arfare it "as not at all rarefor the parties to a conflict to echange repartee or to begin a rhetorical contest% 6o#bat"as not solely a #atter of brute force it "as, as, "ell, an intellectual engage#ent%



7f such character "as the battle fought on the bank of the >oro#o +i$er, late in theele$enth century% The eastern ar#y routed, its leader, Sadato, took to flight% Fhen the pursuing general pressed hi# hard and called aloudHIt is a disgrace for a "arrior tosho" his back to the ene#y,H Sadato reined his horse upon this the conNuering chiefshouted an i#pro#ptu $erse

HTorn into shreds is the "arp of the clothH Lkoro#oM%Scarcely had the "ords escaped his lips "hen the defeated "arrior, undis#ayed,co#pleted the couplet HSince age has "orn its threads by use%H

&oshiie, "hose bo" had all the "hile been bent, suddenly unstrung it and turned a"ay,lea$ing his prospecti$e $icti# to do as he pleased% Fhen asked the reason of his strange beha$ior, he replied that he could not bear to put to sha#e one "ho had kept his presenceof #ind "hile hotly pursued by his ene#y%

The sorro" "hich o$ertook *ntony and 7cta$ius at the death of Brutus, has been thegeneral eperience of bra$e #en% >enshin, "ho fought for fourteen years "ith Shingen,"hen he heard of the latterCs death, "ept aloud at the loss of Hthe best of ene#ies%H It "asthis sa#e >enshin "ho had set a noble ea#ple for all ti#e, in his treat#ent of Shingen,"hose pro$inces lay in a #ountainous region Nuite a"ay fro# the sea, and "ho hadconseNuently depended upon the <YjY pro$inces of the Tokaido for salt% The <YjY prince"ishing to "eaken hi#, although not openly at "ar "ith hi#, had cut off fro# Shingenall traffic in this i#portant article% >enshin, hearing of his ene#yCs dile##a and able toobtain his salt fro# the coast of his o"n do#inions, "rote Shingen that in his opinion the<YjY lord had co##itted a $ery #ean act, and that although he L>enshinM "as at "ar"ith hi# LShingenM he had ordered his subjects to furnish hi# "ith plenty of salt adding, HI do not fight "ith salt, but "ith the s"ord,H affording #ore than a parallel to the"ords of 6a#illus, HFe +o#ans do not fight "ith gold, but "ith iron%H ietzsche spokefor the sa#urai heart "hen he "rote, H&ou are to be proud of your ene#y then, thesuccess of your ene#y is your success also%H Indeed $alor and honor alike reNuired that"e should o"n as ene#ies in "ar only such as pro$e "orthy of being friends in peace%Fhen $alor attains this height, it beco#es akin to

BEE7(E6E, T<E ;EE(IG 7;IST+ESS,

lo$e, #agnani#ity, affection for others, sy#pathy and pity, "hich "ere e$er recognizedto be supre#e $irtues, the highest of all the attributes of the hu#an soul% Bene$olence"as dee#ed a princely $irtue in a t"ofold senseprincely a#ong the #anifoldattributes of a noble spirit princely as particularly befitting a princely profession% Feneeded no Shakespeare to feelthough, perhaps, like the rest of the "orld, "e neededhi# to epress itthat #ercy beca#e a #onarch better than his cro"n, that it "as abo$ehis sceptered s"ay% <o" often both 6onfucius and ?encius repeat the highestreNuire#ent of a ruler of #en to consist in bene$olence% 6onfucius "ould say, H(et but a prince culti$ate $irtue, people "ill flock to hi# "ith people "ill co#e to hi# lands



lands "ill bring forth for hi# "ealth "ealth "ill gi$e hi# the benefit of right uses%irtue is the root, and "ealth an outco#e%H *gain, He$er has there been a case of aso$ereign lo$ing bene$olence, and the people not lo$ing righteousness,H ?encius follo"sclose at his heels and says, HInstances are on record "here indi$iduals attained tosupre#e po"er in a single state, "ithout bene$olence, but ne$er ha$e I heard of a "hole

e#pire falling into the hands of one "ho lacked this $irtue%H *lso,HIt is i#possible thatany one should beco#e ruler of the people to "ho# they ha$e not yielded the subjectionof their hearts%H Both defined this indispensable reNuire#ent in a ruler by saying,HBene$olenceBene$olence is ?an%H =nder the r!gi#e of feudalis#, "hich could easily be per$erted into #ilitaris#, it "as to Bene$olence that "e o"ed our deli$erance fro#despotis# of the "orst kind% *n utter surrender of Hlife and li#bH on the part of thego$erned "ould ha$e left nothing for the go$erning but self'"ill, and this has for itsnatural conseNuence the gro"th of that absolutis# so often called Horiental despotis#,H as though there "ere no despots of occidental history

(et it be far fro# #e to uphold despotis# of any sort but it is a #istake to identify

feudalis# "ith it% Fhen ;rederick the Great "rote that H>ings are the first ser$ants of theState,H jurists thought rightly that a ne" era "as reached in the de$elop#ent of freedo#%Strangely coinciding in ti#e, in the back"oods of orth'"estern Japan, &ozan of&on!za"a #ade eactly the sa#e declaration, sho"ing that feudalis# "as not all tyrannyand oppression% * feudal prince, although un#indful of o"ing reciprocal obligations tohis $assals, felt a higher sense of responsibility to his ancestors and to <ea$en% <e "as afather to his subjects, "ho# <ea$en entrusted to his care% In a sense not usually assignedto the ter#, Bushido accepted and corroborated paternal go$ern#entpaternal also asopposed to the less interested a$uncular go$ern#ent L=ncle Sa#Cs, to "itM% Thedifference bet"een a despotic and a paternal go$ern#ent lies in this, that in the one the people obey reluctantly, "hile in the other they do so "ith Hthat proud sub#ission, thatdignified obedience, that subordination of heart "hich kept ali$e, e$en in ser$itude itself,the spirit of ealted freedo#%H185 The old saying is not entirely false "hich called theking of England the Hking of de$ils, because of his subjectsC often insurrections against,and depositions of, their princes,H and "hich #ade the ;rench #onarch the Hking ofasses, because of their infinite taes and I#positions,H but "hich ga$e the title of Htheking of #enH to the so$ereign of Spain Hbecause of his subjectsC "illing obedience%H Butenough 185Burke, ;rench +e$olution%

irtue and absolute po"er #ay strike the *nglo'Saon #ind as ter#s "hich it isi#possible to har#onize% Pobyedonostseff has clearly set before us the contrast in thefoundations of English and other European co##unities na#ely that these "ereorganized on the basis of co##on interest, "hile that "as distinguished by a stronglyde$eloped independent personality% Fhat this +ussian states#an says of the personaldependence of indi$iduals on so#e social alliance and in the end of ends of the State,a#ong the continental nations of Europe and particularly a#ong Sla$onic peoples, isdoubly true of the Japanese% <ence not only is a free eercise of #onarchical po"er notfelt as hea$ily by us as in Europe, but it is generally #oderated by parental consideration



for the feelings of the people% H*bsolutis#,H says Bis#arck, Hpri#arily de#ands in theruler i#partiality, honesty, de$otion to duty, energy and in"ard hu#ility%H If I #ay beallo"ed to #ake one #ore Nuotation on this subject, I "ill cite fro# the speech of theGer#an E#peror at 6oblenz, in "hich he spoke of H>ingship, by the grace of God, "ithits hea$y duties, its tre#endous responsibility to the 6reator alone, fro# "hich no #an,

no #inister, no parlia#ent, can release the #onarch%HFe kne" Bene$olence "as a tender $irtue and #other'like% If upright +ectitude and sternJustice "ere peculiarly #asculine, ?ercy had the gentleness and the persuasi$eness of afe#inine nature% Fe "ere "arned against indulging in indiscri#inate charity, "ithoutseasoning it "ith justice and rectitude% ?asa#un! epressed it "ell in his oft'Nuotedaphoris#H+ectitude carried to ecess hardens into stiffness Bene$olence indulged beyond #easure sinks into "eakness%H

;ortunately ?ercy "as not so rare as it "as beautiful, for it is uni$ersally true that HThe bra$est are the tenderest, the lo$ing are the daring%H HBushi no nasak!Hthe tenderness

of a "arriorhad a sound "hich appealed at once to "hate$er "as noble in us not thatthe #ercy of a sa#urai "as generically different fro# the #ercy of any other being, but because it i#plied #ercy "here #ercy "as not a blind i#pulse, but "here it recognizeddue regard to justice, and "here #ercy did not re#ain #erely a certain state of #ind, but"here it "as backed "ith po"er to sa$e or kill% *s econo#ists speak of de#and as beingeffectual or ineffectual, si#ilarly "e #ay call the #ercy of bushi effectual, since iti#plied the po"er of acting for the good or detri#ent of the recipient%

Priding the#sel$es as they did in their brute strength and pri$ileges to turn it intoaccount, the sa#urai ga$e full consent to "hat ?encius taught concerning the po"er of(o$e% HBene$olence,H he says, Hbrings under its s"ay "hate$er hinders its po"er, just as"ater subdues fire) they only doubt the po"er of "ater to Nuench fla#es "ho try toetinguish "ith a cupful a "hole burning "agon'load of fagots%H <e also says that Hthefeeling of distress is the root of bene$olence, therefore a bene$olent #an is e$er #indfulof those "ho are suffering and in distress%H Thus did ?encius long anticipate *da#S#ith "ho founds his ethical philosophy on Sy#pathy%

It is indeed striking ho" closely the code of knightly honor of one country coincides "iththat of others in other "ords, ho" the #uch abused oriental ideas of #orals find theircounterparts in the noblest #ai#s of European literature% If the "ell'kno"n lines,<ae tibi erunt artespacisNue i#ponere #ore#,Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos,

"ere sho"n a Japanese gentle#an, he #ight readily accuse the ?antuan bard of plagiarizing fro# the literature of his o"n country% Bene$olence to the "eak, thedo"ntrodden or the $anNuished, "as e$er etolled as peculiarly beco#ing to a sa#urai%(o$ers of Japanese art #ust be fa#iliar "ith the representation of a priest riding back"ards on a co"% The rider "as once a "arrior "ho in his day #ade his na#e a by'"ord of terror% In that terrible battle of Su#ano'ura, L..80 *%%M, "hich "as one of the#ost decisi$e in our history, he o$ertook an ene#y and in single co#bat had hi# in the



clutch of his gigantic ar#s% o" the etiNuette of "ar reNuired that on such occasions no blood should be spilt, unless the "eaker party pro$ed to be a #an of rank or ability eNualto that of the stronger% The gri# co#batant "ould ha$e the na#e of the #an under hi# but he refusing to #ake it kno"n, his hel#et "as ruthlessly torn off, "hen the sight of a ju$enile face, fair and beardless, #ade the astonished knight rela his hold% <elping the

youth to his feet, in paternal tones he bade the stripling go) H7ff, young prince, to thy#otherCs side The s"ord of >u#agaye shall ne$er be tarnished by a drop of thy blood%<aste and flee oCer yon pass before thy ene#ies co#e in sightH The young "arriorrefused to go and begged >u#agaye, for the honor of both, to despatch hi# on the spot%*bo$e the hoary head of the $eteran glea#s the cold blade, "hich #any a ti#e beforehas sundered the chords of life, but his stout heart Nuails there flashes ath"art his #entaleye the $ision of his o"n boy, "ho this self'sa#e day #arched to the sound of bugle totry his #aiden ar#s the strong hand of the "arrior Nui$ers again he begs his $icti# toflee for his life% ;inding all his entreaties $ain and hearing the approaching steps of hisco#rades, he eclai#s) HIf thou art o$ertaken, thou #ayest fall at a #ore ignoble handthan #ine% 7, thou Infinite recei$e his soulH In an instant the s"ord flashes in the air,

and "hen it falls it is red "ith adolescent blood% Fhen the "ar is ended, "e find oursoldier returning in triu#ph, but little cares he no" for honor or fa#e he renounces his"arlike career, sha$es his head, dons a priestly garb, de$otes the rest of his days to holy pilgri#age, ne$er turning his back to the Fest, "here lies the Paradise "hence sal$ationco#es and "hither the sun hastes daily for his rest%

6ritics #ay point out fla"s in this story, "hich is casuistically $ulnerable% (et it be) allthe sa#e it sho"s that Tenderness, Pity and (o$e, "ere traits "hich adorned the #ostsanguinary eploits of the sa#urai% It "as an old #ai# a#ong the# that HIt beco#ethnot the fo"ler to slay the bird "hich takes refuge in his boso#%H This in a large #easureeplains "hy the +ed 6ross #o$e#ent, considered peculiarly 6hristian, so readily founda fir# footing a#ong us% ;or decades before "e heard of the Gene$a 6on$ention, Bakin,our greatest no$elist, had fa#iliarized us "ith the #edical treat#ent of a fallen foe% In the principality of Satsu#a, noted for its #artial spirit and education, the custo# pre$ailedfor young #en to practice #usic not the blast of tru#pets or the beat of dru#s,Hthosecla#orous harbingers of blood and deathHstirring us to i#itate the actions of a tiger, butsad and tender #elodies on the bi"a,135 soothing our fiery spirits, dra"ing our thoughtsa"ay fro# scent of blood and scenes of carnage% Polybius tells us of the 6onstitution of*rcadia, "hich reNuired all youths under thirty to practice #usic, in order that this gentleart #ight alle$iate the rigors of that incle#ent region% It is to its influence that heattributes the absence of cruelty in that part of the *rcadian #ountains%135* #usical instru#ent, rese#bling the guitar%

or "as Satsu#a the only place in Japan "here gentleness "as inculcated a#ong the"arrior class% * Prince of Shiraka"a jots do"n his rando# thoughts, and a#ong the# isthe follo"ing) HThough they co#e stealing to your bedside in the silent "atches of thenight, dri$e not a"ay, but rather cherish thesethe fragrance of flo"ers, the sound ofdistant bells, the insect hu##ing of a frosty night%H *nd again, HThough they #ay "ound



your feelings, these three you ha$e only to forgi$e, the breeze that scatters your flo"ers,the cloud that hides your #oon, and the #an "ho tries to pick Nuarrels "ith you%H

It "as ostensibly to epress, but actually to culti$ate, these gentler e#otions that the"riting of $erses "as encouraged% 7ur poetry has therefore a strong undercurrent of

pathos and tenderness% * "ell'kno"n anecdote of a rustic sa#urai illustrates a case in point% Fhen he "as told to learn $ersification, and HThe FarblerCs otesH1./5 "as gi$enhi# for the subject of his first atte#pt, his fiery spirit rebelled and he flung at the feet ofhis #aster this uncouth production, "hich ran1./5The uguisu or "arbler, so#eti#es called the nightingale of Japan%HThe bra$e "arrior keeps apartThe ear that #ight listenTo the "arblerCs song%H

<is #aster, undaunted by the crude senti#ent, continued to encourage the youth, until

one day the #usic of his soul "as a"akened to respond to the s"eet notes of the uguisu,and he "roteHStands the "arrior, #ailed and strong,To hear the uguisuCs song,Farbled s"eet the trees a#ong%H

Fe ad#ire and enjoy the heroic incident in >ZrnerCs short life, "hen, as he lay "oundedon the battle'field, he scribbled his fa#ous H;are"ell to (ife%H Incidents of a si#ilar kind"ere not at all unusual in our "arfare% 7ur pithy, epigra##atic poe#s "ere particularly"ell suited to the i#pro$isation of a single senti#ent% E$erybody of any education "aseither a poet or a poetaster% ot infreNuently a #arching soldier #ight be seen to halt,take his "riting utensils fro# his belt, and co#pose an ode,and such papers "ere foundafter"ard in the hel#ets or the breast'plates, "hen these "ere re#o$ed fro# their lifeless"earers%

Fhat 6hristianity has done in Europe to"ard rousing co#passion in the #idst of belligerent horrors, lo$e of #usic and letters has done in Japan% The culti$ation of tenderfeelings breeds considerate regard for the sufferings of others% ?odesty andco#plaisance, actuated by respect for othersC feelings, are at the root of

P7(ITEESS,

that courtesy and urbanity of #anners "hich has been noticed by e$ery foreign tourist asa #arked Japanese trait% Politeness is a poor $irtue, if it is actuated only by a fear ofoffending good taste, "hereas it should be the out"ard #anifestation of a sy#patheticregard for the feelings of others% It also i#plies a due regard for the fitness of things,therefore due respect to social positions for these latter epress no plutocraticdistinctions, but "ere originally distinctions for actual #erit%



In its highest for#, politeness al#ost approaches lo$e% Fe #ay re$erently say, politenessHsuffereth long, and is kind en$ieth not, $aunteth not itself, is not puffed up doth not beha$e itself unsee#ly, seeketh not her o"n, is not easily pro$oked, taketh not account of e$il%H Is it any "onder that Professor ean, in speaking of the si ele#ents of <u#anity,accords to Politeness an ealted position, inas#uch as it is the ripest fruit of social

intercourseKFhile thus etolling Politeness, far be it fro# #e to put it in the front rank of $irtues% If"e analyze it, "e shall find it correlated "ith other $irtues of a higher order for "hat$irtue stands aloneK Fhileor rather becauseit "as ealted as peculiar to the profession of ar#s, and as such estee#ed in a degree higher than its deserts, there ca#einto eistence its counterfeits% 6onfucius hi#self has repeatedly taught that eternalappurtenances are as little a part of propriety as sounds are of #usic%

Fhen propriety "as ele$ated to the sine Nua non of social intercourse, it "as only to beepected that an elaborate syste# of etiNuette should co#e into $ogue to train youth in

correct social beha$ior% <o" one #ust bo" in accosting others, ho" he #ust "alk andsit, "ere taught and learned "ith ut#ost care% Table #anners gre" to be a science% Teaser$ing and drinking "ere raised to a cere#ony% * #an of education is, of course,epected to be #aster of all these% ery fitly does ?r% eblen, in his interesting book,1..5call decoru# Ha product and an eponent of the leisure'class life%H1..5Theory of the (eisure 6lass, %&% .833, p% 04%

I ha$e heard slighting re#arks #ade by Europeans upon our elaborate discipline of politeness% It has been criticized as absorbing too #uch of our thought and in so far afolly to obser$e strict obedience to it% I ad#it that there #ay be unnecessary niceties incere#onious etiNuette, but "hether it partakes as #uch of folly as the adherence to e$er'changing fashions of the Fest, is a Nuestion not $ery clear to #y #ind% E$en fashions Ido not consider solely as freaks of $anity on the contrary, I look upon these as aceaseless search of the hu#an #ind for the beautiful% ?uch less do I consider elaboratecere#ony as altogether tri$ial for it denotes the result of long obser$ation as to the #ostappropriate #ethod of achie$ing a certain result% If there is anything to do, there iscertainly a best "ay to do it, and the best "ay is both the #ost econo#ical and the #ostgraceful% ?r% Spencer defines grace as the #ost econo#ical #anner of #otion% The teacere#ony presents certain definite "ays of #anipulating a bo"l, a spoon, a napkin, etc%To a no$ice it looks tedious% But one soon disco$ers that the "ay prescribed is, after all,the #ost sa$ing of ti#e and labor in other "ords, the #ost econo#ical use of force, hence, according to SpencerCs dictu#, the #ost graceful%

The spiritual significance of social decoru#,or, I #ight say, to borro" fro# the$ocabulary of the HPhilosophy of 6lothes,H the spiritual discipline of "hich etiNuette andcere#ony are #ere out"ard gar#ents,is out of all proportion to "hat their appearance"arrants us in belie$ing% I #ight follo" the ea#ple of ?r% Spencer and trace in ourcere#onial institutions their origins and the #oral #oti$es that ga$e rise to the# but that



is not "hat I shall endea$or to do in this book% It is the #oral training in$ol$ed in strictobser$ance of propriety, that I "ish to e#phasize%

I ha$e said that etiNuette "as elaborated into the finest niceties, so #uch so that differentschools ad$ocating different syste#s, ca#e into eistence% But they all united in the

ulti#ate essential, and this "as put by a great eponent of the best kno"n school ofetiNuette, the 7gasa"ara, in the follo"ing ter#s) HThe end of all etiNuette is to soculti$ate your #ind that e$en "hen you are Nuietly seated, not the roughest ruffian candare #ake onset on your person%H It #eans, in other "ords, that by constant eercise incorrect #anners, one brings all the parts and faculties of his body into perfect order andinto such har#ony "ith itself and its en$iron#ent as to epress the #astery of spirit o$erthe flesh% Fhat a ne" and deep significance the ;rench "ord biensVance1.-5 co#es thusto contain1.-5Ety#ologically "ell'seatedness%

If the pre#ise is true that gracefulness #eans econo#y of force, then it follo"s as alogical seNuence that a constant practice of graceful deport#ent #ust bring "ith it areser$e and storage of force% ;ine #anners, therefore, #ean po"er in repose% Fhen the barbarian Gauls, during the sack of +o#e, burst into the asse#bled Senate and dared pullthe beards of the $enerable ;athers, "e think the old gentle#en "ere to bla#e, inas#uchas they lacked dignity and strength of #anners% Is lofty spiritual attain#ent really possible through etiNuetteK Fhy notK*ll roads lead to +o#e

*s an ea#ple of ho" the si#plest thing can be #ade into an art and then beco#espiritual culture, I #ay take 6ha'no'yu, the tea cere#ony% Tea'sipping as a fine art Fhyshould it not beK In the children dra"ing pictures on the sand, or in the sa$age car$ing ona rock, "as the pro#ise of a +aphael or a ?ichael *ngelo% <o" #uch #ore is thedrinking of a be$erage, "hich began "ith the transcendental conte#plation of a <indooanchorite, entitled to de$elop into a hand#aid of +eligion and ?oralityK That cal#nessof #ind, that serenity of te#per, that co#posure and Nuietness of de#eanor, "hich arethe first essentials of 6ha'no'yu are "ithout doubt the first conditions of right thinkingand right feeling% The scrupulous cleanliness of the little roo#, shut off fro# sight andsound of the #adding cro"d, is in itself conduci$e to direct oneCs thoughts fro# the"orld% The bare interior does not engross oneCs attention like the innu#erable picturesand bric'a'brac of a Festern parlor the presence of kake#ono1.D5 calls our attention#ore to grace of design than to beauty of color% The ut#ost refine#ent of taste is theobject ai#ed at "hereas anything like display is banished "ith religious horror% The $eryfact that it "as in$ented by a conte#plati$e recluse, in a ti#e "hen "ars and the ru#orsof "ars "ere incessant, is "ell calculated to sho" that this institution "as #ore than a pasti#e% Before entering the Nuiet precincts of the tea'roo#, the co#pany asse#bling to partake of the cere#ony laid aside, together "ith their s"ords, the ferocity of the battle'field or the cares of go$ern#ent, there to find peace and friendship%1.D5<anging scrolls, "hich #ay be either paintings or ideogra#s, used for decorati$e purposes%



6ha'no'yu is #ore than a cere#onyit is a fine art it is poetry, "ith articulate gesturesfor rhyth#) it is a #odus operandi of soul discipline% Its greatest $alue lies in this last phase% ot infreNuently the other phases preponderated in the #ind of its $otaries, butthat does not pro$e that its essence "as not of a spiritual nature%

Politeness "ill be a great acNuisition, if it does no #ore than i#part grace to #anners butits function does not stop here% ;or propriety, springing as it does fro# #oti$es of bene$olence and #odesty, and actuated by tender feelings to"ard the sensibilities ofothers, is e$er a graceful epression of sy#pathy% Its reNuire#ent is that "e should "eep"ith those that "eep and rejoice "ith those that rejoice% Such didactic reNuire#ent, "henreduced into s#all e$ery'day details of life, epresses itself in little acts scarcelynoticeable, or, if noticed, is, as one #issionary lady of t"enty yearsC residence once saidto #e, Ha"fully funny%H &ou are out in the hot glaring sun "ith no shade o$er you aJapanese acNuaintance passes by you accost hi#, and instantly his hat is off"ell, thatis perfectly natural, but the Ha"fully funnyH perfor#ance is, that all the "hile he talks

"ith you his parasol is do"n and he stands in the glaring sun also% <o" foolish&es,eactly so, pro$ided the #oti$e "ere less than this) H&ou are in the sun I sy#pathize"ith you I "ould "illingly take you under #y parasol if it "ere large enough, or if "e"ere fa#iliarly acNuainted as I cannot shade you, I "ill share your disco#forts%H (ittleacts of this kind, eNually or #ore a#using, are not #ere gestures or con$entionalities%They are the Hbodying forthH of thoughtful feelings for the co#fort of others%

*nother Ha"fully funnyH custo# is dictated by our canons of Politeness but #anysuperficial "riters on Japan, ha$e dis#issed it by si#ply attributing it to the generaltopsy'tur$yness of the nation% E$ery foreigner "ho has obser$ed it "ill confess thea"k"ardness he felt in #aking proper reply upon the occasion% In *#erica, "hen you#ake a gift, you sing its praises to the recipient in Japan "e depreciate or slander it% Theunderlying idea "ith you is, HThis is a nice gift) if it "ere not nice I "ould not dare gi$e itto you for it "ill be an insult to gi$e you anything but "hat is nice%H In contrast to this,our logic runs) H&ou are a nice person, and no gift is nice enough for you% &ou "ill notaccept anything I can lay at your feet ecept as a token of #y good "ill so accept this,not for its intrinsic $alue, but as a token% It "ill be an insult to your "orth to call the bestgift good enough for you%H Place the t"o ideas side by side and "e see that the ulti#ateidea is one and the sa#e% either is Ha"fully funny%H The *#erican speaks of the #aterial"hich #akes the gift the Japanese speaks of the spirit "hich pro#pts the gift%

It is per$erse reasoning to conclude, because our sense of propriety sho"s itself in all thes#allest ra#ifications of our deport#ent, to take the least i#portant of the# and upholdit as the type, and pass judg#ent upon the principle itself% Fhich is #ore i#portant, to eator to obser$e rules of propriety about eatingK * 6hinese sage ans"ers, HIf you take a case"here the eating is all'i#portant, and the obser$ing the rules of propriety is of littlei#portance, and co#pare the# together, "hy #erely say that the eating is of the #orei#portanceKH H?etal is hea$ier than feathers,H but does that saying ha$e reference to asingle clasp of #etal and a "agon'load of feathersK Take a piece of "ood a foot thick andraise it abo$e the pinnacle of a te#ple, none "ould call it taller than the te#ple% To the



Nuestion, HFhich is the #ore i#portant, to tell the truth or to be politeKH the Japanese aresaid to gi$e an ans"er dia#etrically opposite to "hat the *#erican "ill say,but Iforbear any co##ent until I co#e to speak of

E+*6IT& 7+ T+=T<;=(ESS,

"ithout "hich Politeness is a farce and a sho"% HPropriety carried beyond right bounds,Hsays ?asa#un!, Hbeco#es a lie%H *n ancient poet has outdone Polonius in the ad$ice hegi$es) HTo thyself be faithful) if in thy heart thou strayest not fro# truth, "ithout prayerof thine the Gods "ill keep thee "hole%H The apotheosis of Sincerity to "hich Tsu'tsugi$es epression in the octrine of the ?ean, attributes to it transcendental po"ers,al#ost identifying the# "ith the i$ine% HSincerity is the end and the beginning of allthings "ithout Sincerity there "ould be nothing%H <e then d"ells "ith eloNuence on itsfar'reaching and long enduring nature, its po"er to produce changes "ithout #o$e#entand by its #ere presence to acco#plish its purpose "ithout effort% ;ro# the 6hineseideogra# for Sincerity, "hich is a co#bination of HFordH and HPerfect,H one is te#pted

to dra" a parallel bet"een it and the eo'Platonic doctrine of (ogosto such heightdoes the sage soar in his un"onted #ystic flight%

(ying or eNui$ocation "ere dee#ed eNually co"ardly% The bushi held that his high social position de#anded a loftier standard of $eracity than that of the trades#an and peasant%Bushi no ichi'gonthe "ord of a sa#urai or in eact Ger#an eNui$alent ein +itter"ort "as sufficient guaranty of the truthfulness of an assertion% <is "ord carried such"eight "ith it that pro#ises "ere generally #ade and fulfilled "ithout a "ritten pledge,"hich "ould ha$e been dee#ed Nuite beneath his dignity% ?any thrilling anecdotes "eretold of those "ho atoned by death for ni'gon, a double tongue%

The regard for $eracity "as so high that, unlike the generality of 6hristians "ho persistently $iolate the plain co##ands of the Teacher not to s"ear, the best of sa#urailooked upon an oath as derogatory to their honor% I a# "ell a"are that they did s"ear bydifferent deities or upon their s"ords but ne$er has s"earing degenerated into "antonfor# and irre$erent interjection% To e#phasize our "ords a practice of literally sealing"ith blood "as so#eti#es resorted to% ;or the eplanation of such a practice, I need onlyrefer #y readers to GoetheCs ;aust%

* recent *#erican "riter is responsible for this state#ent, that if you ask an ordinaryJapanese "hich is better, to tell a falsehood or be i#polite, he "ill not hesitate to ans"erHto tell a falsehoodH r% Peery1.05 is partly right and partly "rong right in that anordinary Japanese, e$en a sa#urai, #ay ans"er in the "ay ascribed to hi#, but "rong inattributing too #uch "eight to the ter# he translates Hfalsehood%H This "ord Lin JapaneseusoM is e#ployed to denote anything "hich is not a truth L#akotoM or fact LhontoM% (o"elltells us that Fords"orth could not distinguish bet"een truth and fact, and an ordinaryJapanese is in this respect as good as Fords"orth% *sk a Japanese, or e$en an *#ericanof any refine#ent, to tell you "hether he dislikes you or "hether he is sick at hissto#ach, and he "ill not hesitate long to tell falsehoods and ans"er, HI like you #uch,Hor, HI a# Nuite "ell, thank you%H To sacrifice truth #erely for the sake of politeness "as



regarded as an He#pty for#H Lkyo'reiM and Hdeception by s"eet "ords,H and "as ne$er justified%1.05Peery, The Gist of Japan, p% 84%

I o"n I a# speaking no" of the Bushido idea of $eracity but it #ay not be a#iss tode$ote a fe" "ords to our co##ercial integrity, of "hich I ha$e heard #uch co#plaint inforeign books and journals% * loose business #orality has indeed been the "orst blot onour national reputation but before abusing it or hastily conde#ning the "hole race for it,let us cal#ly study it and "e shall be re"arded "ith consolation for the future%

7f all the great occupations of life, none "as farther re#o$ed fro# the profession of ar#sthan co##erce% The #erchant "as placed lo"est in the category of $ocations,theknight, the tiller of the soil, the #echanic, the #erchant% The sa#urai deri$ed his inco#efro# land and could e$en indulge, if he had a #ind to, in a#ateur far#ing but thecounter and abacus "ere abhorred% Fe kne" the "isdo# of this social arrange#ent%

?ontesNuieu has #ade it clear that the debarring of the nobility fro# #ercantile pursuits"as an ad#irable social policy, in that it pre$ented "ealth fro# accu#ulating in thehands of the po"erful% The separation of po"er and riches kept the distribution of thelatter #ore nearly eNuable% Professor ill, the author of H+o#an Society in the (ast6entury of the Festern E#pire,H has brought afresh to our #ind that one cause of thedecadence of the +o#an E#pire, "as the per#ission gi$en to the nobility to engage intrade, and the conseNuent #onopoly of "ealth and po"er by a #inority of the senatorialfa#ilies%

6o##erce, therefore, in feudal Japan did not reach that degree of de$elop#ent "hich it"ould ha$e attained under freer conditions% The obloNuy attached to the calling naturally brought "ithin its pale such as cared little for social repute% H6all one a thief and he "illsteal)H put a stig#a on a calling and its follo"ers adjust their #orals to it, for it is naturalthat Hthe nor#al conscience,H as <ugh Black says, Hrises to the de#ands #ade on it, andeasily falls to the li#it of the standard epected fro# it%H It is unnecessary to add that no business, co##ercial or other"ise, can be transacted "ithout a code of #orals% 7ur#erchants of the feudal period had one a#ong the#sel$es, "ithout "hich they couldne$er ha$e de$eloped, as they did, such funda#ental #ercantile institutions as the guild,the bank, the bourse, insurance, checks, bills of echange, etc% but in their relations "ith people outside their $ocation, the trades#en li$ed too true to the reputation of their order%

This being the case, "hen the country "as opened to foreign trade, only the #ostad$enturous and unscrupulous rushed to the ports, "hile the respectable business housesdeclined for so#e ti#e the repeated reNuests of the authorities to establish branch houses%Fas Bushido po"erless to stay the current of co##ercial dishonorK (et us see%

Those "ho are "ell acNuainted "ith our history "ill re#e#ber that only a fe" years after our treaty ports "ere opened to foreign trade, feudalis# "as abolished, and "hen "ith itthe sa#uraiCs fiefs "ere taken and bonds issued to the# in co#pensation, they "ere gi$enliberty to in$est the# in #ercantile transactions% o" you #ay ask, HFhy could they not



bring their #uch boasted $eracity into their ne" business relations and so refor# the oldabusesKH Those "ho had eyes to see could not "eep enough, those "ho had hearts to feelcould not sy#pathize enough, "ith the fate of #any a noble and honest sa#urai "hosignally and irre$ocably failed in his ne" and unfa#iliar field of trade and industry,through sheer lack of shre"dness in coping "ith his artful plebeian ri$al% Fhen "e kno"

that eighty per cent% of the business houses fail in so industrial a country as *#erica, is itany "onder that scarcely one a#ong a hundred sa#urai "ho "ent into trade couldsucceed in his ne" $ocationK It "ill be long before it "ill be recognized ho" #anyfortunes "ere "recked in the atte#pt to apply Bushido ethics to business #ethods but it"as soon patent to e$ery obser$ing #ind that the "ays of "ealth "ere not the "ays ofhonor% In "hat respects, then, "ere they differentK

7f the three incenti$es to eracity that (ecky enu#erates, $iz) the industrial, the political,and the philosophical, the first "as altogether lacking in Bushido% *s to the second, itcould de$elop little in a political co##unity under a feudal syste#% It is in its philosophical, and as (ecky says, in its highest aspect, that <onesty attained ele$ated

rank in our catalogue of $irtues% Fith all #y sincere regard for the high co##ercialintegrity of the *nglo'Saon race, "hen I ask for the ulti#ate ground, I a# told thatH<onesty is the best policy,H that it pays to be honest% Is not this $irtue, then, its o"nre"ardK If it is follo"ed because it brings in #ore cash than falsehood, I a# afraidBushido "ould rather indulge in lies

If Bushido rejects a doctrine of Nuid pro Nuo re"ards, the shre"der trades#an "illreadily accept it% (ecky has $ery truly re#arked that eracity o"es its gro"th largely toco##erce and #anufacture as ietzsche puts it, H<onesty is the youngest of $irtuesH in other "ords, it is the foster'child of industry, of #odern industry% Fithout this #other,eracity "as like a blue'blood orphan "ho# only the #ost culti$ated #ind could adoptand nourish% Such #inds "ere general a#ong the sa#urai, but, for "ant of a #orede#ocratic and utilitarian foster'#other, the tender child failed to thri$e% Industriesad$ancing, eracity "ill pro$e an easy, nay, a profitable, $irtue to practice% Just think, aslate as o$e#ber .88/, Bis#arck sent a circular to the professional consuls of theGer#an E#pire, "arning the# of Ha la#entable lack of reliability "ith regard to Ger#anship#ents inter alia, apparent both as to Nuality and NuantityH no"'a'days "e hearco#parati$ely little of Ger#an carelessness and dishonesty in trade% In t"enty years her#erchants learned that in the end honesty pays% *lready our #erchants are finding thatout% ;or the rest I reco##end the reader to t"o recent "riters for "ell'"eighed judg#enton this point%1.95 It is interesting to re#ark in this connection that integrity and honor"ere the surest guaranties "hich e$en a #erchant debtor could present in the for# of pro#issory notes% It "as Nuite a usual thing to insert such clauses as these) HIn default ofthe repay#ent of the su# lent to #e, I shall say nothing against being ridiculed in publicH or, HIn case I fail to pay you back, you #ay call #e a fool,H and the like%1.95>napp, ;eudal and ?odern Japan, ol% I, 6h% I% +anso#e, Japan in Transition, 6h% III%

7ften ha$e I "ondered "hether the eracity of Bushido had any #oti$e higher thancourage% In the absence of any positi$e co##and#ent against bearing false "itness,



lying "as not conde#ned as sin, but si#ply denounced as "eakness, and, as such, highlydishonorable% *s a #atter of fact, the idea of honesty is so inti#ately blended, and its(atin and its Ger#an ety#ology so identified "ith

<77+,

that it is high ti#e I should pause a fe" #o#ents for the consideration of this feature ofthe Precepts of >nighthood%

The sense of honor, i#plying a $i$id consciousness of personal dignity and "orth, couldnot fail to characterize the sa#urai, born and bred to $alue the duties and pri$ileges oftheir profession% Though the "ord ordinarily gi$en no"'a'days as the translation of<onor "as not used freely, yet the idea "as con$eyed by such ter#s as na Lna#eM #en'#oku LcountenanceM, guai'bun Loutside hearingM, re#inding us respecti$ely of the biblicaluse of Hna#e,H of the e$olution of the ter# HpersonalityH fro# the Greek #ask, and ofHfa#e%H * good na#eoneCs reputation, the i##ortal part of oneCs self, "hat re#ains

being bestialassu#ed as a #atter of course, any infringe#ent upon its integrity "as feltas sha#e, and the sense of sha#e L+en'chi'shinM "as one of the earliest to be cherished in ju$enile education% H&ou "ill be laughed at,H HIt "ill disgrace you,H H*re you notasha#edKH "ere the last appeal to correct beha$ior on the part of a youthful delinNuent%Such a recourse to his honor touched the #ost sensiti$e spot in the childCs heart, asthough it had been nursed on honor "hile it "as in its #otherCs "o#b for #ost truly ishonor a prenatal influence, being closely bound up "ith strong fa#ily consciousness% HInlosing the solidarity of fa#ilies,H says Balzac, Hsociety has lost the funda#ental force"hich ?ontesNuieu na#ed <onor%H Indeed, the sense of sha#e see#s to #e to be theearliest indication of the #oral consciousness of our race% The first and "orst punish#ent"hich befell hu#anity in conseNuence of tasting Hthe fruit of that forbidden treeH "as, to#y #ind, not the sorro" of childbirth, nor the thorns and thistles, but the a"akening ofthe sense of sha#e% ;e" incidents in history ecel in pathos the scene of the first #other plying "ith hea$ing breast and tre#ulous fingers, her crude needle on the fe" fig lea$es"hich her dejected husband plucked for her% This first fruit of disobedience clings to us"ith a tenacity that nothing else does% *ll the sartorial ingenuity of #ankind has not yetsucceeded in se"ing an apron that "ill efficaciously hide our sense of sha#e% Thatsa#urai "as right "ho refused to co#pro#ise his character by a slight hu#iliation in hisyouth Hbecause,H he said, Hdishonor is like a scar on a tree, "hich ti#e, instead ofeffacing, only helps to enlarge%H

?encius had taught centuries before, in al#ost the identical phrase, "hat 6arlyle haslatterly epressed,na#ely, that HSha#e is the soil of all irtue, of good #anners andgood #orals%H

The fear of disgrace "as so great that if our literature lacks such eloNuence asShakespeare puts into the #outh of orfolk, it ne$ertheless hung like a#oclesC s"ordo$er the head of e$ery sa#urai and often assu#ed a #orbid character% In the na#e of<onor, deeds "ere perpetrated "hich can find no justification in the code of Bushido% *tthe slightest, nay, i#aginary insult, the Nuick'te#pered braggart took offense, resorted to



the use of the s"ord, and #any an unnecessary strife "as raised and #any an innocentlife lost% The story of a "ell'#eaning citizen "ho called the attention of a bushi to a flea ju#ping on his back, and "ho "as forth"ith cut in t"o, for the si#ple and Nuestionablereason that inas#uch as fleas are parasites "hich feed on ani#als, it "as an unpardonableinsult to identify a noble "arrior "ith a beastI say, stories like these are too fri$olous to

belie$e% &et, the circulation of such stories i#plies three things L.M that they "erein$ented to o$era"e co##on people L-M that abuses "ere really #ade of the sa#uraiCs profession of honor and LDM that a $ery strong sense of sha#e "as de$eloped a#ongthe#% It is plainly unfair to take an abnor#al case to cast bla#e upon the Precepts, any#ore than to judge of the true teaching of 6hrist fro# the fruits of religious fanaticis#and etra$aganceinNuisitions and hypocrisy% But, as in religious #ono#ania there isso#ething touchingly noble, as co#pared "ith the deliriu# tre#ens of a drunkard, so inthat etre#e sensiti$eness of the sa#urai about their honor do "e not recognize thesubstratu# of a genuine $irtueK

The #orbid ecess into "hich the delicate code of honor "as inclined to run "as strongly

counterbalanced by preaching #agnani#ity and patience% To take offense at slight pro$ocation "as ridiculed as Hshort'te#pered%H The popular adage said) HTo bear "hatyou think you cannot bear is really to bear%H The great Iy!yasu left to posterity a fe"#ai#s, a#ong "hich are the follo"ing)HThe life of #an is like going a long distance"ith a hea$y load upon the shoulders% <aste not% : : : : +eproach none, but be fore$er"atchful of thine o"n short'co#ings% : : : ;orbearance is the basis of length of days%H<e pro$ed in his life "hat he preached% * literary "it put a characteristic epigra# into the#ouths of three "ell'kno"n personages in our history) to obunaga he attributed, HI "illkill her, if the nightingale sings not in ti#eH to <id!yoshi, HI "ill force her to sing for#eH and to Iy!yasu, HI "ill "ait till she opens her lips%H

Patience and long suffering "ere also highly co##ended by ?encius% In one place he"rites to this effect) HThough you denude yourself and insult #e, "hat is that to #eK &oucannot defile #y soul by your outrage%H Else"here he teaches that anger at a petty offenseis un"orthy a superior #an, but indignation for a great cause is righteous "rath%

To "hat height of un#artial and unresisting #eekness Bushido could reach in so#e of its$otaries, #ay be seen in their utterances% Take, for instance, this saying of 7ga"a) HFhenothers speak all #anner of e$il things against thee, return not e$il for e$il, but ratherreflect that thou "ast not #ore faithful in the discharge of thy duties%H Take another of>u#aza"a)HFhen others bla#e thee, bla#e the# not "hen others are angry at thee,return not anger% Joy co#eth only as Passion and esire part%H Still another instance I#ay cite fro# Saigo, upon "hose o$erhanging bro"s Hsha#e is asha#ed to sitHHTheFay is the "ay of <ea$en and Earth) ?anCs place is to follo" it) therefore #ake it theobject of thy life to re$erence <ea$en% <ea$en lo$es #e and others "ith eNual lo$etherefore "ith the lo$e "here"ith thou lo$est thyself, lo$e others% ?ake not ?an thy partner but <ea$en, and #aking <ea$en thy partner do thy best% e$er conde#n others but see to it that thou co#est not short of thine o"n #ark%H So#e of those sayings re#indus of 6hristian epostulations and sho" us ho" far in practical #orality natural religion



can approach the re$ealed% ot only did these sayings re#ain as utterances, but they "erereally e#bodied in acts%

It #ust be ad#itted that $ery fe" attained this subli#e height of #agnani#ity, patienceand forgi$eness% It "as a great pity that nothing clear and general "as epressed as to

"hat constitutes <onor, only a fe" enlightened #inds being a"are that it Hfro# nocondition rises,H but that it lies in each acting "ell his part) for nothing "as easier thanfor youths to forget in the heat of action "hat they had learned in ?encius in their cal#er #o#ents% Said this sage, HCTis in e$ery #anCs #ind to lo$e honor) but little doth he drea#that "hat is truly honorable lies "ithin hi#self and not any"here else% The honor "hich#en confer is not good honor% Those "ho# 6ho the Great ennobles, he can #ake #eanagain%H

;or the #ost part, an insult "as Nuickly resented and repaid by death, as "e shall seelater, "hile <onortoo often nothing higher than $ain glory or "orldly approbation "as prized as the su##u# bonu# of earthly eistence% ;a#e, and not "ealth or

kno"ledge, "as the goal to"ard "hich youths had to stri$e% ?any a lad s"ore "ithinhi#self as he crossed the threshold of his paternal ho#e, that he "ould not recross it untilhe had #ade a na#e in the "orld) and #any an a#bitious #other refused to see her sonsagain unless they could Hreturn ho#e,H as the epression is, Hcaparisoned in brocade%H Toshun sha#e or "in a na#e, sa#urai boys "ould sub#it to any pri$ations and undergose$erest ordeals of bodily or #ental suffering% They kne" that honor "on in youth gro"s"ith age% In the #e#orable siege of 7saka, a young son of Iy!yasu, in spite of his earnestentreaties to be put in the $anguard, "as placed at the rear of the ar#y% Fhen the castlefell, he "as so chagrined and "ept so bitterly that an old councillor tried to console hi#"ith all the resources at his co##and% HTake co#fort, Sire,H said he, Hat thought of thelong future before you% In the #any years that you #ay li$e, there "ill co#e di$ersoccasions to distinguish yourself%H The boy fied his indignant gaze upon the #an andsaidH<o" foolishly you talk 6an e$er #y fourteenth year co#e round againKH

(ife itself "as thought cheap if honor and fa#e could be attained there"ith) hence,"hene$er a cause presented itself "hich "as considered dearer than life, "ith ut#ostserenity and celerity "as life laid do"n%

7f the causes in co#parison "ith "hich no life "as too dear to sacrifice, "as

T<E =T& 7; (7&*(T&,

"hich "as the key'stone #aking feudal $irtues a sy##etrical arch% 7ther $irtues feudal#orality shares in co##on "ith other syste#s of ethics, "ith other classes of people, butthis $irtueho#age and fealty to a superioris its distincti$e feature% I a# a"are that personal fidelity is a #oral adhesion eisting a#ong all sorts and conditions of #en,agang of pickpockets o"e allegiance to a ;agin but it is only in the code of chi$alroushonor that (oyalty assu#es para#ount i#portance%



In spite of <egelCs criticis# that the fidelity of feudal $assals, being an obligation to anindi$idual and not to a 6o##on"ealth, is a bond established on totally unjust principles,1.45 a great co#patriot of his #ade it his boast that personal loyalty "as a Ger#an $irtue%Bis#arck had good reason to do so, not because the Treue he boasts of "as the #onopolyof his ;atherland or of any single nation or race, but because this fa$ored fruit of chi$alry

lingers latest a#ong the people "here feudalis# has lasted longest% In *#erica "hereHe$erybody is as good as anybody else,H and, as the Irish#an added, Hbetter too,H suchealted ideas of loyalty as "e feel for our so$ereign #ay be dee#ed Hecellent "ithincertain bounds,H but preposterous as encouraged a#ong us% ?ontesNuieu co#plainedlong ago that right on one side of the Pyrenees "as "rong on the other, and the recentreyfus trial pro$ed the truth of his re#ark, sa$e that the Pyrenees "ere not the sole boundary beyond "hich ;rench justice finds no accord% Si#ilarly, (oyalty as "econcei$e it #ay find fe" ad#irers else"here, not because our conception is "rong, but because it is, I a# afraid, forgotten, and also because "e carry it to a degree not reachedin any other country% Griffis1.U5 "as Nuite right in stating that "hereas in 6hina6onfucian ethics #ade obedience to parents the pri#ary hu#an duty, in Japan

precedence "as gi$en to (oyalty% *t the risk of shocking so#e of #y good readers, I "illrelate of one H"ho could endure to follo" a fallCn lordH and "ho thus, as Shakespeareassures, Hearned a place iC the story%H1.45Philosophy of <istory LEng% trans% by SibreeM, Pt% I, Sec% II, 6h% I%1.U5+eligions of Japan%

The story is of one of the purest characters in our history, ?ichizan!, "ho, falling a$icti# to jealousy and calu#ny, is eiled fro# the capital% ot content "ith this, hisunrelenting ene#ies are no" bent upon the etinction of his fa#ily% Strict search for hissonnot yet gro"nre$eals the fact of his being secreted in a $illage school kept by oneGenzo, a for#er $assal of ?ichizan!% Fhen orders are dispatched to the school#aster todeli$er the head of the ju$enile offender on a certain day, his first idea is to find a suitablesubstitute for it% <e ponders o$er his school'list, scrutinizes "ith careful eyes all the boys,as they stroll into the class'roo#, but none a#ong the children born of the soil bears theleast rese#blance to his prot!g!% <is despair, ho"e$er, is but for a #o#ent for, behold, ane" scholar is announceda co#ely boy of the sa#e age as his #asterCs son, escorted bya #other of noble #ien% o less conscious of the rese#blance bet"een infant lord andinfant retainer, "ere the #other and the boy hi#self% In the pri$acy of ho#e both had laidthe#sel$es upon the altar the one his life,the other her heart, yet "ithout sign to theouter "orld% =n"itting of "hat had passed bet"een the#, it is the teacher fro# "ho#co#es the suggestion%

<ere, then, is the scape'goatThe rest of the narrati$e #ay be briefly told%7n the dayappointed, arri$es the officer co##issioned to identify and recei$e the head of the youth%Fill he be decei$ed by the false headK The poor GenzoCs hand is on the hilt of the s"ord,ready to strike a blo" either at the #an or at hi#self, should the ea#ination defeat hissche#e% The officer takes up the grueso#e object before hi#, goes cal#ly o$er eachfeature, and in a deliberate, business'like tone, pronounces it genuine%That e$ening in a



lonely ho#e a"aits the #other "e sa" in the school% oes she kno" the fate of herchildK It is not for his return that she "atches "ith eagerness for the opening of the"icket% <er father'in'la" has been for a long ti#e a recipient of ?ichizan!Cs bounties, butsince his banish#ent circu#stances ha$e forced her husband to follo" the ser$ice of theene#y of his fa#ilyCs benefactor% <e hi#self could not be untrue to his o"n cruel #aster

but his son could ser$e the cause of the grandsireCs lord% *s one acNuainted "ith theeileCs fa#ily, it "as he "ho had been entrusted "ith the task of identifying the boyCshead% o" the dayCsyea, the lifeCshard "ork is done, he returns ho#e and as hecrosses its threshold, he accosts his "ife, saying) H+ejoice, #y "ife, our darling son has pro$ed of ser$ice to his lordH

HFhat an atrocious storyH I hear #y readers eclai#,HParents deliberately sacrificingtheir o"n innocent child to sa$e the life of another #anCs%H But this child "as a consciousand "illing $icti#) it is a story of $icarious deathas significant as, and not #orere$olting than, the story of *braha#Cs intended sacrifice of Isaac% In both cases it "asobedience to the call of duty, utter sub#ission to the co##and of a higher $oice, "hether

gi$en by a $isible or an in$isible angel, or heard by an out"ard or an in"ard earbut Iabstain fro# preaching%

The indi$idualis# of the Fest, "hich recognizes separate interests for father and son,husband and "ife, necessarily brings into strong relief the duties o"ed by one to theother but Bushido held that the interest of the fa#ily and of the #e#bers thereof isintact,one and inseparable% This interest it bound up "ith affectionnatural,instincti$e, irresistible hence, if "e die for one "e lo$e "ith natural lo$e L"hich ani#alsthe#sel$es possessM, "hat is thatK H;or if ye lo$e the# that lo$e you, "hat re"ard ha$eyeK o not e$en the publicans the sa#eKH

In his great history, Sanyo relates in touching language the heart struggle of Shige#oriconcerning his fatherCs rebellious conduct% HIf I be loyal, #y father #ust be undone if Iobey #y father, #y duty to #y so$ereign #ust go a#iss%H Poor Shige#ori Fe see hi#after"ard praying "ith all his soul that kind <ea$en #ay $isit hi# "ith death, that he#ay be released fro# this "orld "here it is hard for purity and righteousness to d"ell%

?any a Shige#ori has his heart torn by the conflict bet"een duty and affection% Indeedneither Shakespeare nor the 7ld Testa#ent itself contains an adeNuate rendering of ko,our conception of filial piety, and yet in such conflicts Bushido ne$er "a$ered in itschoice of (oyalty% Fo#en, too, encouraged their offspring to sacrifice all for the king%E$er as resolute as Fido" Findha# and her illustrious consort, the sa#urai #atronstood ready to gi$e up her boys for the cause of (oyalty%

Since Bushido, like *ristotle and so#e #odern sociologists, concei$ed the state asantedating the indi$idualthe latter being born into the for#er as part and parcel thereof he #ust li$e and die for it or for the incu#bent of its legiti#ate authority% +eaders of6rito "ill re#e#ber the argu#ent "ith "hich Socrates represents the la"s of the city as pleading "ith hi# on the subject of his escape% *#ong others he #akes the# Lthe la"s,or the stateM say)HSince you "ere begotten and nurtured and educated under us, dare



you once to say you are not our offspring and ser$ant, you and your fathers before youHThese are "ords "hich do not i#press us as any thing etraordinary for the sa#e thinghas long been on the lips of Bushido, "ith this #odification, that the la"s and the state"ere represented "ith us by a personal being% (oyalty is an ethical outco#e of this political theory%

I a# not entirely ignorant of ?r% SpencerCs $ie" according to "hich political obedience (oyaltyis accredited "ith only a transitional function%1.85 It #ay be so% Sufficient untothe day is the $irtue thereof% Fe #ay co#placently repeat it, especially as "e belie$e thatday to be a long space of ti#e, during "hich, so our national anthe# says, Htiny pebblesgro" into #ighty rocks draped "ith #oss%H Fe #ay re#e#ber at this juncture that e$ena#ong so de#ocratic a people as the English, Hthe senti#ent of personal fidelity to a #anand his posterity "hich their Ger#anic ancestors felt for their chiefs, has,H as ?onsieurBout#y recently said, Honly passed #ore or less into their profound loyalty to the raceand blood of their princes, as e$idenced in their etraordinary attach#ent to the dynasty%H1.85

Principles of Ethics, ol% I, Pt% II, 6h% [%Political subordination, ?r% Spencer predicts, "ill gi$e place to loyalty to the dictates ofconscience% Suppose his induction is realized"ill loyalty and its conco#itant instinct of re$erence disappear fore$erK Fe transfer our allegiance fro# one #aster to another,"ithout being unfaithful to either fro# being subjects of a ruler that "ields the te#poralsceptre "e beco#e ser$ants of the #onarch "ho sits enthroned in the penetralia of ourheart% * fe" years ago a $ery stupid contro$ersy, started by the #isguided disciples ofSpencer, #ade ha$oc a#ong the reading class of Japan% In their zeal to uphold the clai#of the throne to undi$ided loyalty, they charged 6hristians "ith treasonable propensitiesin that they a$o" fidelity to their (ord and ?aster% They arrayed forth sophisticalargu#ents "ithout the "it of Sophists, and scholastic tortuosities #inus the niceties ofthe School#en% (ittle did they kno" that "e can, in a sense, Hser$e t"o #asters "ithoutholding to the one or despising the other,H Hrendering unto 6aesar the things that are6aesarCs and unto God the things that are GodCs%H id not Socrates, all the "hile heunflinchingly refused to concede one iota of loyalty to his dae#on, obey "ith eNualfidelity and eNuani#ity the co##and of his earthly #aster, the StateK <is conscience hefollo"ed, ali$e his country he ser$ed, dying% *lack the day "hen a state gro"s so po"erful as to de#and of its citizens the dictates of their conscience

Bushido did not reNuire us to #ake our conscience the sla$e of any lord or king% Tho#as?o"bray "as a $eritable spokes#an for us "hen he said)H?yself I thro", dread so$ereign, at thy foot%?y life thou shalt co##and, but not #y sha#e%The one #y duty o"es but #y fair na#e,espite of death, that li$es upon #y gra$e,To dark dishonorCs use, thou shalt not ha$e%H

* #an "ho sacrificed his o"n conscience to the capricious "ill or freak or fancy of aso$ereign "as accorded a lo" place in the esti#ate of the Precepts% Such an one "as



despised as nei'shin, a cringeling, "ho #akes court by unscrupulous fa"ning or as ch\'shin, a fa$orite "ho steals his #asterCs affections by #eans of ser$ile co#pliance theset"o species of subjects corresponding eactly to those "hich Iago describes,the one, aduteous and knee'crooking kna$e, doting on his o"n obseNuious bondage, "earing outhis ti#e #uch like his #asterCs ass the other tri##Cd in for#s and $isages of duty,

keeping yet his heart attending on hi#self% Fhen a subject differed fro# his #aster, theloyal path for hi# to pursue "as to use e$ery a$ailable #eans to persuade hi# of hiserror, as >ent did to >ing (ear% ;ailing in this, let the #aster deal "ith hi# as he "ills% Incases of this kind, it "as Nuite a usual course for the sa#urai to #ake the last appeal tothe intelligence and conscience of his lord by de#onstrating the sincerity of his "ords"ith the shedding of his o"n blood%

(ife being regarded as the #eans "hereby to ser$e his #aster, and its ideal being setupon honor, the "hole

E=6*TI7 * T+*IIG 7;

* S*?=+*I,"ere conducted accordingly%

The first point to obser$e in knightly pedagogics "as to build up character, lea$ing in theshade the subtler faculties of prudence, intelligence and dialectics% Fe ha$e seen thei#portant part aesthetic acco#plish#ents played in his education% Indispensable as they"ere to a #an of culture, they "ere accessories rather than essentials of sa#urai training%Intellectual superiority "as, of course, estee#ed but the "ord 6hi, "hich "as e#ployedto denote intellectuality, #eant "isdo# in the first instance and placed kno"ledge only ina $ery subordinate place% The tripod that supported the fra#e"ork of Bushido "as said to be 6hi, Jin, &u, respecti$ely Fisdo#, Bene$olence, and 6ourage% * sa#urai "asessentially a #an of action% Science "as "ithout the pale of his acti$ity% <e tookad$antage of it in so far as it concerned his profession of ar#s% +eligion and theology"ere relegated to the priests he concerned hi#self "ith the# in so far as they helped tonourish courage% (ike an English poet the sa#urai belie$ed HCtis not the creed that sa$esthe #an but it is the #an that justifies the creed%H Philosophy and literature for#ed thechief part of his intellectual training but e$en in the pursuit of these, it "as not objecti$etruth that he stro$e after,literature "as pursued #ainly as a pasti#e, and philosophy asa practical aid in the for#ation of character, if not for the eposition of so#e #ilitary or political proble#%

;ro# "hat has been said, it "ill not be surprising to note that the curriculu# of studies,according to the pedagogics of Bushido, consisted #ainly of the follo"ing,fencing,archery, jiujutsu or ya"ara, horse#anship, the use of the spear, tactics, caligraphy, ethics,literature and history% 7f these, jiujutsu and caligraphy #ay reNuire a fe" "ords ofeplanation% Great stress "as laid on good "riting, probably because our logogra#s, partaking as they do of the nature of pictures, possess artistic $alue, and also becausechirography "as accepted as indicati$e of oneCs personal character% Jiujutsu #ay be briefly defined as an application of anato#ical kno"ledge to the purpose of offense or



defense% It differs fro# "restling, in that it does not depend upon #uscular strength% Itdiffers fro# other for#s of attack in that it uses no "eapon% Its feat consists in clutchingor striking such part of the ene#yCs body as "ill #ake hi# nu#b and incapable ofresistance% Its object is not to kill, but to incapacitate one for action for the ti#e being%

* subject of study "hich one "ould epect to find in #ilitary education and "hich israther conspicuous by its absence in the Bushido course of instruction, is #athe#atics%This, ho"e$er, can be readily eplained in part by the fact that feudal "arfare "as notcarried on "ith scientific precision% ot only that, but the "hole training of the sa#urai"as unfa$orable to fostering nu#erical notions%

6hi$alry is unecono#ical it boasts of penury% It says "ith entidius that Ha#bition, thesoldierCs $irtue, rather #akes choice of loss, than gain "hich darkens hi#%H on uiotetakes #ore pride in his rusty spear and skin'and'bone horse than in gold and lands, and asa#urai is in hearty sy#pathy "ith his eaggerated confrVre of (a ?ancha% <e disdains#oney itself,the art of #aking or hoarding it% It is to hi# $eritably filthy lucre% The

hackneyed epression to describe the decadence of an age is Hthat the ci$ilians lo$ed#oney and the soldiers feared death%H iggardliness of gold and of life ecites as #uchdisapprobation as their la$ish use is panegyrized% H(ess than all things,H says a current precept, H#en #ust grudge #oney) it is by riches that "isdo# is hindered%H <encechildren "ere brought up "ith utter disregard of econo#y% It "as considered bad taste tospeak of it, and ignorance of the $alue of different coins "as a token of good breeding%>no"ledge of nu#bers "as indispensable in the #ustering of forces as "ell, as in thedistribution of benefices and fiefs but the counting of #oney "as left to #eaner hands%In #any feudatories, public finance "as ad#inistered by a lo"er kind of sa#urai or by priests% E$ery thinking bushi kne" "ell enough that #oney for#ed the sine"s of "ar but he did not think of raising the appreciation of #oney to a $irtue% It is true that thrift"as enjoined by Bushido, but not for econo#ical reasons so #uch as for the eercise ofabstinence% (uury "as thought the greatest #enace to #anhood, and se$erest si#plicity"as reNuired of the "arrior class, su#ptuary la"s being enforced in #any of the clans%

Fe read that in ancient +o#e the far#ers of re$enue and other financial agents "eregradually raised to the rank of knights, the State thereby sho"ing its appreciation of theirser$ice and of the i#portance of #oney itself% <o" closely this "as connected "ith theluury and a$arice of the +o#ans #ay be i#agined% ot so "ith the Precepts of>nighthood% These persisted in syste#atically regarding finance as so#ething lo"lo"as co#pared "ith #oral and intellectual $ocations%

?oney and the lo$e of it being thus diligently ignored, Bushido itself could long re#ainfree fro# a thousand and one e$ils of "hich #oney is the root% This is sufficient reasonfor the fact that our public #en ha$e long been free fro# corruption but, alas, ho" fast plutocracy is #aking its "ay in our ti#e and generation

The #ental discipline "hich "ould no"'a'days be chiefly aided by the study of#athe#atics, "as supplied by literary eegesis and deontological discussions% ery fe"abstract subjects troubled the #ind of the young, the chief ai# of their education being,



as I ha$e said, decision of character% People "hose #inds "ere si#ply stored "ithinfor#ation found no great ad#irers% 7f the three ser$ices of studies that Bacon gi$es, for delight, orna#ent, and ability,Bushido had decided preference for the last, "heretheir use "as Hin judg#ent and the disposition of business%H Fhether it "as for thedisposition of public business or for the eercise of self'control, it "as "ith a practical

end in $ie" that education "as conducted% H(earning "ithout thought,H said 6onfucius,His labor lost) thought "ithout learning is perilous%H

Fhen character and not intelligence, "hen the soul and not the head, is chosen by ateacher for the #aterial to "ork upon and to de$elop, his $ocation partakes of a sacredcharacter% HIt is the parent "ho has borne #e) it is the teacher "ho #akes #e #an%H Fiththis idea, therefore, the estee# in "hich oneCs preceptor "as held "as $ery high% * #an toe$oke such confidence and respect fro# the young, #ust necessarily be endo"ed "ithsuperior personality "ithout lacking erudition% <e "as a father to the fatherless, and anad$iser to the erring% HThy father and thy #otherHso runs our #ai#Hare like hea$enand earth thy teacher and thy lord are like the sun and #oon%H

The present syste# of paying for e$ery sort of ser$ice "as not in $ogue a#ong theadherents of Bushido% It belie$ed in a ser$ice "hich can be rendered only "ithout #oneyand "ithout price% Spiritual ser$ice, be it of priest or teacher, "as not to be repaid in goldor sil$er, not because it "as $alueless but because it "as in$aluable% <ere the non'arith#etical honor'instinct of Bushido taught a truer lesson than #odern PoliticalEcono#y for "ages and salaries can be paid only for ser$ices "hose results are definite,tangible, and #easurable, "hereas the best ser$ice done in education,na#ely, in soulde$elop#ent Land this includes the ser$ices of a pastorM, is not definite, tangible or#easurable% Being i##easurable, #oney, the ostensible #easure of $alue, is ofinadeNuate use% =sage sanctioned that pupils brought to their teachers #oney or goods atdifferent seasons of the year but these "ere not pay#ents but offerings, "hich indeed"ere "elco#e to the recipients as they "ere usually #en of stern calibre, boasting ofhonorable penury, too dignified to "ork "ith their hands and too proud to beg% They "eregra$e personifications of high spirits undaunted by ad$ersity% They "ere an e#bodi#entof "hat "as considered as an end of all learning, and "ere thus a li$ing ea#ple of thatdiscipline of disciplines,

SE(;'67T+7(,

"hich "as uni$ersally reNuired of sa#urai%

The discipline of fortitude on the one hand, inculcating endurance "ithout a groan, andthe teaching of politeness on the other, reNuiring us not to #ar the pleasure or serenity ofanother by #anifestations of our o"n sorro" or pain, co#bined to engender a stoical turnof #ind, and e$entually to confir# it into a national trait of apparent stoicis#% I sayapparent stoicis#, because I do not belie$e that true stoicis# can e$er beco#e thecharacteristic of a "hole nation, and also because so#e of our national #anners andcusto#s #ay see# to a foreign obser$er hard'hearted% &et "e are really as susceptible totender e#otion as any race under the sky%



I a# inclined to think that in one sense "e ha$e to feel #ore than othersyes, doubly#oresince the $ery atte#pt to, restrain natural pro#ptings entails suffering% I#agine boysand girls toobrought up not to resort to the shedding of a tear or the uttering of agroan for the relief of their feelings,and there is a physiological proble# "hether such

effort steels their ner$es or #akes the# #ore sensiti$e%It "as considered un#anly for a sa#urai to betray his e#otions on his face% H<e sho"sno sign of joy or anger,H "as a phrase used in describing a strong character% The #ostnatural affections "ere kept under control% * father could e#brace his son only at theepense of his dignity a husband "ould not kiss his "ife,no, not in the presence ofother people, "hate$er he #ight do in pri$ate There #ay be so#e truth in the re#ark ofa "itty youth "hen he said, H*#erican husbands kiss their "i$es in public and beat the#in pri$ate Japanese husbands beat theirs in public and kiss the# in pri$ate%H

6al#ness of beha$ior, co#posure of #ind, should not be disturbed by passion of any

kind% I re#e#ber "hen, during the late "ar "ith 6hina, a regi#ent left a certain to"n, alarge concourse of people flocked to the station to bid fare"ell to the general and hisar#y% 7n this occasion an *#erican resident resorted to the place, epecting to "itnessloud de#onstrations, as the nation itself "as highly ecited and there "ere fathers,#others, and s"eethearts of the soldiers in the cro"d% The *#erican "as strangelydisappointed for as the "histle ble" and the train began to #o$e, the hats of thousandsof people "ere silently taken off and their heads bo"ed in re$erential fare"ell no "a$ingof handkerchiefs, no "ord uttered, but deep silence in "hich only an attenti$e ear couldcatch a fe" broken sobs% In do#estic life, too, I kno" of a father "ho spent "hole nightslistening to the breathing of a sick child, standing behind the door that he #ight not becaught in such an act of parental "eakness I kno" of a #other "ho, in her last #o#ents,refrained fro# sending for her son, that he #ight not be disturbed in his studies% 7urhistory and e$eryday life are replete "ith ea#ples of heroic #atrons "ho can "ell bearco#parison "ith so#e of the #ost touching pages of Plutarch% *#ong our peasantry anIan ?aclaren "ould be sure to find #any a ?arget <o"e%

It is the sa#e discipline of self'restraint "hich is accountable for the absence of #orefreNuent re$i$als in the 6hristian churches of Japan% Fhen a #an or "o#an feels his orher soul stirred, the first instinct is to Nuietly suppress any indication of it% In rareinstances is the tongue set free by an irresistible spirit, "hen "e ha$e eloNuence ofsincerity and fer$or% It is putting a pre#iu# upon a breach of the third co##and#ent toencourage speaking lightly of spiritual eperience% It is truly jarring to Japanese ears tohear the #ost sacred "ords, the #ost secret heart eperiences, thro"n out in pro#iscuousaudiences% Host thou feel the soil of thy soul stirred "ith tender thoughtsK It is ti#e forseeds to sprout% isturb it not "ith speech but let it "ork alone in Nuietness andsecrecy,H"rites a young sa#urai in his diary%

To gi$e in so #any articulate "ords oneCs in#ost thoughts and feelingsnotably thereligiousis taken a#ong us as an un#istakable sign that they are neither $ery profound



nor $ery sincere% H7nly a po#egranate is heHso runs a popular sayingH"ho, "hen hegapes his #outh, displays the contents of his heart%H

It is not altogether per$erseness of oriental #inds that the instant our e#otions are #o$ed"e try to guard our lips in order to hide the#% Speech is $ery often "ith us, as the

;rench#an defined it, Hthe art of concealing thought%H6all upon a Japanese friend in ti#e of deepest affliction and he "ill in$ariably recei$eyou laughing, "ith red eyes or #oist cheeks% *t first you #ay think hi# hysterical% Presshi# for eplanation and you "ill get a fe" broken co##onplacesH<u#an life hassorro"H HThey "ho #eet #ust partH H<e that is born #ust dieH HIt is foolish to countthe years of a child that is gone, but a "o#anCs heart "ill indulge in folliesH and the like%So the noble "ords of a noble <ohenzollernH(erne zu leiden ohne >lagenHhadfound #any responsi$e #inds a#ong us, long before they "ere uttered%

Indeed, the Japanese ha$e recourse to risibility "hene$er the frailties of hu#an nature are

put to se$erest test% I think "e possess a better reason than e#ocritus hi#self for our*bderian tendency for laughter "ith us oftenest $eils an effort to regain balance ofte#per, "hen disturbed by any unto"ard circu#stance% It is a counterpoise of sorro" orrage%

The suppression of feelings being thus steadily insisted upon, they find their safety'$al$ein poetical aphoris#% * poet of the tenth century "rites, HIn Japan and 6hina as "ell,hu#anity, "hen #o$ed by sorro", tells its bitter grief in $erse%H * #other "ho tries toconsole her broken heart by fancying her departed child absent on his "onted chase afterthe dragon'fly, hu#s,H<o" far to'day in chase, I "onder,<as gone #y hunter of the dragon'flyH

I refrain fro# Nuoting other ea#ples, for I kno" I could do only scant justice to the pearly ge#s of our literature, "ere I to render into a foreign tongue the thoughts "hich"ere "rung drop by drop fro# bleeding hearts and threaded into beads of rarest $alue% Ihope I ha$e in a #easure sho"n that inner "orking of our #inds "hich often presents anappearance of callousness or of an hysterical #iture of laughter and dejection, and"hose sanity is so#eti#es called in Nuestion%

It has also been suggested that our endurance of pain and indifference to death are due toless sensiti$e ner$es% This is plausible as far as it goes% The net Nuestion is,Fhy areour ner$es less tightly strungK It #ay be our cli#ate is not so sti#ulating as the*#erican% It #ay be our #onarchical for# of go$ern#ent does not ecite us as #uch asthe +epublic does the ;rench#an% It #ay be that "e do not read Sartor +esartus aszealously as the English#an% Personally, I belie$e it "as our $ery ecitability andsensiti$eness "hich #ade it a necessity to recognize and enforce constant self'repression but "hate$er #ay be the eplanation, "ithout taking into account long years of disciplinein self'control, none can be correct%



iscipline in self'control can easily go too far% It can "ell repress the genial current of thesoul% It can force pliant natures into distortions and #onstrosities% It can beget bigotry, breed hypocrisy or hebetate affections% Be a $irtue ne$er so noble, it has its counterpartand counterfeit% Fe #ust recognize in each $irtue its o"n positi$e ecellence and follo"its positi$e ideal, and the ideal of self'restraint is to keep our #ind le$elas our

epression isor, to borro" a Greek ter#, attain the state of euthy#ia, "hiche#ocritus called the highest good%

The ac#e of self'control is reached and best illustrated in the first of the t"o institutions"hich "e shall no" bring to $ie" na#ely,

T<E ISTIT=TI7S 7; S=I6IE* +E+ESS,

of "hich Lthe for#er kno"n as hara'kiri and the latter as kataki'uchi M#any foreign"riters ha$e treated #ore or less fully%

To begin "ith suicide, let #e state that I confine #y obser$ations only to seppuku orkappuku, popularly kno"n as hara'kiri"hich #eans self'i##olation bydise#bo"el#ent% H+ipping the abdo#enK <o" absurdHso cry those to "ho# thena#e is ne"% *bsurdly odd as it #ay sound at first to foreign ears, it can not be so $eryforeign to students of Shakespeare, "ho puts these "ords in BrutusC #outhHThyL6aesarCsM spirit "alks abroad and turns our s"ords into our proper entrails%H (isten to a#odern English poet, "ho in his (ight of *sia, speaks of a s"ord piercing the bo"els ofa Nueen)none bla#es hi# for bad English or breach of #odesty% 7r, to take still another ea#ple, look at GuercinoCs painting of 6atoCs death, in the Palazzo +ossa in Genoa%Fhoe$er has read the s"an'song "hich *ddison #akes 6ato sing, "ill not jeer at thes"ord half'buried in his abdo#en% In our #inds this #ode of death is associated "ithinstances of noblest deeds and of #ost touching pathos, so that nothing repugnant, #uchless ludicrous, #ars our conception of it% So "onderful is the transfor#ing po"er of$irtue, of greatness, of tenderness, that the $ilest for# of death assu#es a subli#ity and beco#es a sy#bol of ne" life, or elsethe sign "hich 6onstantine beheld "ould notconNuer the "orld

ot for etraneous associations only does seppuku lose in our #ind any taint ofabsurdity for the choice of this particular part of the body to operate upon, "as based onan old anato#ical belief as to the seat of the soul and of the affections% Fhen ?oses"rote of JosephCs Hbo"els yearning upon his brother,H or a$id prayed the (ord not toforget his bo"els, or "hen Isaiah, Jere#iah and other inspired #en of old spoke of theHsoundingH or the HtroublingH of bo"els, they all and each endorsed the belief pre$alenta#ong the Japanese that in the abdo#en "as enshrined the soul% The Se#ites habituallyspoke of the li$er and kidneys and surrounding fat as the seat of e#otion and of life% Theter# hara "as #ore co#prehensi$e than the Greek phren or thu#os] and the Japaneseand <ellenese alike thought the spirit of #an to d"ell so#e"here in that region% Such anotion is by no #eans confined to the peoples of antiNuity% The ;rench, in spite of thetheory propounded by one of their #ost distinguished philosophers, escartes, that the



soul is located in the pineal gland, still insist in using the ter# $entre in a sense, "hich, ifanato#ically too $ague, is ne$ertheless physiologically significant% Si#ilarly entraillesstands in their language for affection and co#passion% or is such belief #eresuperstition, being #ore scientific than the general idea of #aking the heart the centre ofthe feelings% Fithout asking a friar, the Japanese kne" better than +o#eo Hin "hat $ile

part of this anato#y oneCs na#e did lodge%H ?odern neurologists speak of the abdo#inaland pel$ic brains, denoting thereby sy#pathetic ner$e'centres in those parts "hich arestrongly affected by any psychical action% This $ie" of #ental physiology once ad#itted,the syllogis# of seppuku is easy to construct% HI "ill open the seat of #y soul and sho"you ho" it fares "ith it% See for yourself "hether it is polluted or clean%H

I do not "ish to be understood as asserting religious or e$en #oral justification ofsuicide, but the high esti#ate placed upon honor "as a#ple ecuse "ith #any for takingoneCs o"n life% <o" #any acNuiesced in the senti#ent epressed by Garth,HFhen honorCs lost, Ctis a relief to dieeathCs but a sure retreat fro# infa#y,H

and ha$e s#ilingly surrendered their souls to obli$ion eath "hen honor "as in$ol$ed,"as accepted in Bushido as a key to the solution of #any co#ple proble#s, so that to ana#bitious sa#urai a natural departure fro# life see#ed a rather ta#e affair and aconsu##ation not de$outly to be "ished for% I dare say that #any good 6hristians, ifonly they are honest enough, "ill confess the fascination of, if not positi$e ad#irationfor, the subli#e co#posure "ith "hich 6ato, Brutus, Petronius and a host of otherancient "orthies, ter#inated their o"n earthly eistence% Is it too bold to hint that thedeath of the first of the philosophers "as partly suicidalK Fhen "e are told so #inutely by his pupils ho" their #aster "illingly sub#itted to the #andate of the state"hich hekne" "as #orally #istakenin spite of the possibilities of escape, and ho" he took upthe cup of he#lock in his o"n hand, e$en offering libation fro# its deadly contents, do"e not discern in his "hole proceeding and de#eanor, an act of self'i##olationK o physical co#pulsion here, as in ordinary cases of eecution% True the $erdict of the judges "as co#pulsory) it said, HThou shalt die,and that by thy o"n hand%H If suicide#eant no #ore than dying by oneCs o"n hand, Socrates "as a clear case of suicide% Butnobody "ould charge hi# "ith the cri#e Plato, "ho "as a$erse to it, "ould not call his#aster a suicide%

o" #y readers "ill understand that seppuku "as not a #ere suicidal process% It "as aninstitution, legal and cere#onial% *n in$ention of the #iddle ages, it "as a process by"hich "arriors could epiate their cri#es, apologize for errors, escape fro# disgrace,redee# their friends, or pro$e their sincerity% Fhen enforced as a legal punish#ent, it "as practiced "ith due cere#ony% It "as a refine#ent of self'destruction, and none could perfor# it "ithout the ut#ost coolness of te#per and co#posure of de#eanor, and forthese reasons it "as particularly befitting the profession of bushi%

*ntiNuarian curiosity, if nothing else, "ould te#pt #e to gi$e here a description of thisobsolete cere#onial but seeing that such a description "as #ade by a far abler "riter,"hose book is not #uch read no"'a'days, I a# te#pted to #ake a so#e"hat lengthy



Nuotation% ?itford, in his HTales of 7ld Japan,H after gi$ing a translation of a treatise onseppuku fro# a rare Japanese #anuscript, goes on to describe an instance of such aneecution of "hich he "as an eye'"itness)

HFe Lse$en foreign representati$esM "ere in$ited to follo" the Japanese "itness into the

hondo or #ain hall of the te#ple, "here the cere#ony "as to be perfor#ed% It "as ani#posing scene% * large hall "ith a high roof supported by dark pillars of "ood% ;ro# theceiling hung a profusion of those huge gilt la#ps and orna#ents peculiar to Buddhistte#ples% In front of the high altar, "here the floor, co$ered "ith beautiful "hite #ats, israised so#e three or four inches fro# the ground, "as laid a rug of scarlet felt% Tallcandles placed at regular inter$als ga$e out a di# #ysterious light, just sufficient to let allthe proceedings be seen% The se$en Japanese took their places on the left of the raisedfloor, the se$en foreigners on the right% o other person "as present%

H*fter the inter$al of a fe" #inutes of anious suspense, Taki Aenzaburo, a stal"art #anthirty't"o years of age, "ith a noble air, "alked into the hall attired in his dress of

cere#ony, "ith the peculiar he#pen'cloth "ings "hich are "orn on great occasions% <e"as acco#panied by a kaishaku and three officers, "ho "ore the ji#baori or "ar surcoat"ith gold tissue facings% The "ord kaishaku it should be obser$ed, is one to "hich our"ord eecutioner is no eNui$alent ter#% The office is that of a gentle#an) in #any casesit is perfor#ed by a kins#an or friend of the conde#ned, and the relation bet"een the#is rather that of principal and second than that of $icti# and eecutioner% In this instancethe kaishaku "as a pupil of Taki Aenzaburo, and "as selected by friends of the latter fro#a#ong their o"n nu#ber for his skill in s"ords#anship%

HFith the kaishaku on his left hand, Taki Aenzaburo ad$anced slo"ly to"ards theJapanese "itnesses, and the t"o bo"ed before the#, then dra"ing near to the foreignersthey saluted us in the sa#e "ay, perhaps e$en "ith #ore deference in each case thesalutation "as cere#oniously returned% Slo"ly and "ith great dignity the conde#ned#an #ounted on to the raised floor, prostrated hi#self before the high altar t"ice, andseated1.35 hi#self on the felt carpet "ith his back to the high altar, the kaishakucrouching on his left hand side% 7ne of the three attendant officers then ca#e for"ard, bearing a stand of the kind used in the te#ple for offerings, on "hich, "rapped in paper,lay the "akizashi, the short s"ord or dirk of the Japanese, nine inches and a half inlength, "ith a point and an edge as sharp as a razorCs% This he handed, prostrating hi#self,to the conde#ned #an, "ho recei$ed it re$erently, raising it to his head "ith both hands,and placed it in front of hi#self%1.35Seated hi#selfthat is, in the Japanese fashion, his knees and toes touching the groundand his body resting on his heels% In this position, "hich is one of respect, he re#aineduntil his death%

H*fter another profound obeisance, Taki Aenzaburo, in a $oice "hich betrayed just so#uch e#otion and hesitation as #ight be epected fro# a #an "ho is #aking a painfulconfession, but "ith no sign of either in his face or #anner, spoke as follo"s)



CI, and I alone, un"arrantably ga$e the order to fire on the foreigners at >obe, and againas they tried to escape% ;or this cri#e I dise#bo"el #yself, and I beg you "ho are present to do #e the honor of "itnessing the act%C

HBo"ing once #ore, the speaker allo"ed his upper gar#ents to slip do"n to his girdle,

and re#ained naked to the "aist% 6arefully, according to custo#, he tucked his slee$esunder his knees to pre$ent hi#self fro# falling back"ard for a noble Japanesegentle#an should die falling for"ards% eliberately, "ith a steady hand he took the dirkthat lay before hi# he looked at it "istfully, al#ost affectionately for a #o#ent hesee#ed to collect his thoughts for the last ti#e, and then stabbing hi#self deeply belo"the "aist in the left'hand side, he dre" the dirk slo"ly across to his right side, andturning it in the "ound, ga$e a slight cut up"ards% uring this sickeningly painfuloperation he ne$er #o$ed a #uscle of his face% Fhen he dre" out the dirk, he leanedfor"ard and stretched out his neck an epression of pain for the first ti#e crossed hisface, but he uttered no sound% *t that #o#ent the kaishaku, "ho, still crouching by hisside, had been keenly "atching his e$ery #o$e#ent, sprang to his feet, poised his s"ord

for a second in the air there "as a flash, a hea$y, ugly thud, a crashing fall "ith one blo" the head had been se$ered fro# the body%

H* dead silence follo"ed, broken only by the hideous noise of the blood throbbing out ofthe inert head before us, "hich but a #o#ent before had been a bra$e and chi$alrous#an% It "as horrible%

HThe kaishaku #ade a lo" bo", "iped his s"ord "ith a piece of paper "hich he hadready for the purpose, and retired fro# the raised floor and the stained dirk "as sole#nly borne a"ay, a bloody proof of the eecution%

HThe t"o representati$es of the ?ikado then left their places, and crossing o$er to "herethe foreign "itnesses sat, called to us to "itness that the sentence of death upon TakiAenzaburo had been faithfully carried out% The cere#ony being at an end, "e left thete#ple%H

I #ight #ultiply any nu#ber of descriptions of seppuku fro# literature or fro# therelation of eye'"itnesses but one #ore instance "ill suffice%

T"o brothers, Sakon and aiki, respecti$ely t"enty'four and se$enteen years of age,#ade an effort to kill Iy!yasu in order to a$enge their fatherCs "rongs but before theycould enter the ca#p they "ere #ade prisoners% The old general ad#ired the pluck of theyouths "ho dared an atte#pt on his life and ordered that they should be allo"ed to die anhonorable death% Their little brother <achi#aro, a #ere infant of eight su##ers, "asconde#ned to a si#ilar fate, as the sentence "as pronounced on all the #ale #e#bers ofthe fa#ily, and the three "ere taken to a #onastery "here it "as to be eecuted% * physician "ho "as present on the occasion has left us a diary fro# "hich the follo"ingscene is translated% HFhen they "ere all seated in a ro" for final despatch, Sakon turnedto the youngest and saidCGo thou first, for I "ish to be sure that thou doest it aright%C=pon the little oneCs replying that, as he had ne$er seen seppuku perfor#ed, he "ould



like to see his brothers do it and then he could follo" the#, the older brothers s#iled bet"een their tears)CFell said, little fello" So canst thou "ell boast of being ourfatherCs child%C Fhen they had placed hi# bet"een the#, Sakon thrust the dagger into theleft side of his o"n abdo#en and askedC(ook, brother ost understand no"K 7nly,donCt push the dagger too far, lest thou fall back% (ean for"ard, rather, and keep thy knees

"ell co#posed%C aiki did like"ise and said to the boyC>eep thy eyes open or else thou#ayst look like a dying "o#an% If thy dagger feels anything "ithin and thy strength fails,take courage and double thy effort to cut across%C The child looked fro# one to the other,and "hen both had epired, he cal#ly half denuded hi#self and follo"ed the ea#ple sethi# on either hand%H

The glorification of seppuku offered, naturally enough, no s#all te#ptation to itsun"arranted co##ittal% ;or causes entirely inco#patible "ith reason, or for reasonsentirely undeser$ing of death, hot headed youths rushed into it as insects fly into fire#ied and dubious #oti$es dro$e #ore sa#urai to this deed than nuns into con$entgates% (ife "as cheapcheap as reckoned by the popular standard of honor% The saddest

feature "as that honor, "hich "as al"ays in the agio, so to speak, "as not al"ays solidgold, but alloyed "ith baser #etals% o one circle in the Inferno "ill boast of greaterdensity of Japanese population than the se$enth, to "hich ante consigns all $icti#s ofself'destruction

*nd yet, for a true sa#urai to hasten death or to court it, "as alike co"ardice% * typicalfighter, "hen he lost battle after battle and "as pursued fro# plain to hill and fro# bushto ca$ern, found hi#self hungry and alone in the dark hollo" of a tree, his s"ord blunt"ith use, his bo" broken and arro"s ehausteddid not the noblest of the +o#ans fallupon his o"n s"ord in Phillippi under like circu#stancesKdee#ed it co"ardly to die, but "ith a fortitude approaching a 6hristian #artyrCs, cheered hi#self "ith an i#pro#ptu$erse)H6o#e e$er#ore co#e,&e dread sorro"s and pains*nd heap on #y burdenCd backThat I not one test #ay lack 7f "hat strength in #e re#ainsH

This, then, "as the Bushido teachingBear and face all cala#ities and ad$ersities "ith patience and a pure conscience for as ?encius1-/5 taught, HFhen <ea$en is about toconfer a great office on anyone, it first eercises his #ind "ith suffering and his sine"sand bones "ith toil it eposes his body to hunger and subjects hi# to etre#e po$ertyand it confounds his undertakings% In all these "ays it sti#ulates his #ind, hardens hisnature, and supplies his inco#petencies%H True honor lies in fulfilling <ea$enCs decreeand no death incurred in so doing is igno#inious, "hereas death to a$oid "hat <ea$enhas in store is co"ardly indeed In that Nuaint book of Sir Tho#as Bro"neCs, +eligio?edici there is an eact English eNui$alent for "hat is repeatedly taught in our Precepts%(et #e Nuote it) HIt is a bra$e act of $alor to conte#n death, but "here life is #oreterrible than death, it is then the truest $alor to dare to li$e%H * reno"ned priest of these$enteenth century satirically obser$edHTalk as he #ay, a sa#urai "ho neCer has died



is apt in decisi$e #o#ents to flee or hide%H *gain<i# "ho once has died in the botto#of his breast, no spears of Sanada nor all the arro"s of Ta#eto#o can pierce% <o" near"e co#e to the portals of the te#ple "hose Builder taught Hhe that loseth his life for #ysake shall find itH These are but a fe" of the nu#erous ea#ples "hich tend to confir#the #oral identity of the hu#an species, not"ithstanding an atte#pt so assiduously #ade

to render the distinction bet"een 6hristian and Pagan as great as possible%1-/5I use r% (eggeCs translation $erbati#%

Fe ha$e thus seen that the Bushido institution of suicide "as neither so irrational nor barbarous as its abuse strikes us at first sight% Fe "ill no" see "hether its sisterinstitution of +edressor call it +e$enge, if you "illhas its #itigating features% I hopeI can dispose of this Nuestion in a fe" "ords, since a si#ilar institution, or call it custo#,if that suits you better, has at so#e ti#e pre$ailed a#ong all peoples and has not yet beco#e entirely obsolete, as attested by the continuance of duelling and lynching% Fhy,has not an *#erican captain recently challenged Esterhazy, that the "rongs of reyfus be

a$engedK *#ong a sa$age tribe "hich has no #arriage, adultery is not a sin, and only the jealousy of a lo$er protects a "o#an fro# abuse) so in a ti#e "hich has no cri#inalcourt, #urder is not a cri#e, and only the $igilant $engeance of the $icti#Cs people preser$es social order% HFhat is the #ost beautiful thing on earthKH said 7siris to <orus%The reply "as, HTo a$enge a parentCs "rongs,Hto "hich a Japanese "ould ha$e addedHand a #asterCs%H

In re$enge there is so#ething "hich satisfies oneCs sense of justice% The a$enger reasons) H?y good father did not deser$e death% <e "ho killed hi# did great e$il% ?y father, ifhe "ere ali$e, "ould not tolerate a deed like this) <ea$en itself hates "rong'doing% It isthe "ill of #y father it is the "ill of <ea$en that the e$il'doer cease fro# his "ork% <e#ust perish by #y hand because he shed #y fatherCs blood, I, "ho a# his flesh and blood, #ust shed the #urdererCs% The sa#e <ea$en shall not shelter hi# and #e%H Theratiocination is si#ple and childish Lthough "e kno" <a#let did not reason #uch #oredeeplyM, ne$ertheless it sho"s an innate sense of eact balance and eNual justice H*n eyefor an eye, a tooth for a tooth%H 7ur sense of re$enge is as eact as our #athe#aticalfaculty, and until both ter#s of the eNuation are satisfied "e cannot get o$er the sense ofso#ething left undone%

In Judais#, "hich belie$ed in a jealous God, or in Greek #ythology, "hich pro$ided a e#esis, $engeance #ay be left to superhu#an agencies but co##on sense furnishedBushido "ith the institution of redress as a kind of ethical court of eNuity, "here peoplecould take cases not to be judged in accordance "ith ordinary la"% The #aster of theforty'se$en +onins "as conde#ned to deathhe had no court of higher instance toappeal to his faithful retainers addressed the#sel$es to engeance, the only Supre#e6ourt eisting they in their turn "ere conde#ned by co##on la",but the popularinstinct passed a different judg#ent and hence their #e#ory is still kept as green andfragrant as are their gra$es at Sengakuji to this day%



Though (ao'tse taught to reco#pense injury "ith kindness, the $oice of 6onfucius "as$ery #uch louder, "hich counselled that injury #ust be reco#pensed "ith justiceandyet re$enge "as justified only "hen it "as undertaken in behalf of our superiors and benefactors% 7neCs o"n "rongs, including injuries done to "ife and children, "ere to be borne and forgi$en% * sa#urai could therefore fully sy#pathize "ith <annibalCs oath to

a$enge his countryCs "rongs, but he scorns Ja#es <a#ilton for "earing in his girdle ahandful of earth fro# his "ifeCs gra$e, as an eternal incenti$e to a$enge her "rongs onthe +egent ?urray%

Both of these institutions of suicide and redress lost their raison dC^tre at the pro#ulgationof the cri#inal code% o #ore do "e hear of ro#antic ad$entures of a fair #aiden as shetracks in disguise the #urderer of her parent% o #ore can "e "itness tragedies of fa#ily$endetta enacted% The knight errantry of ?iya#oto ?usashi is no" a tale of the past% The"ell'ordered police spies out the cri#inal for the injured party and the la" #etes out justice% The "hole state and society "ill see that "rong is righted% The sense of justicesatisfied, there is no need of kataki'uchi% If this had #eant that Hhunger of the heart "hich

feeds upon the hope of glutting that hunger "ith the life'blood of the $icti#,H as a e"England di$ine has described it, a fe" paragraphs in the 6ri#inal 6ode "ould not soentirely ha$e #ade an end of it%

*s to seppuku, though it too has no eistence de jure, "e still hear of it fro# ti#e to ti#e,and shall continue to hear, I a# afraid, as long as the past is re#e#bered% ?any painlessand ti#e'sa$ing #ethods of self'i##olation "ill co#e in $ogue, as its $otaries areincreasing "ith fearful rapidity throughout the "orld but Professor ?orselli "ill ha$e toconcede to seppuku an aristocratic position a#ong the#% <e #aintains that H"hen suicideis acco#plished by $ery painful #eans or at the cost of prolonged agony, in ninety'ninecases out of a hundred, it #ay be assigned as the act of a #ind disordered by fanaticis#, by #adness, or by #orbid ecite#ent%H1-.5 But a nor#al seppuku does not sa$or offanaticis#, or #adness or ecite#ent, ut#ost sang froid being necessary to its successfulacco#plish#ent% 7f the t"o kinds into "hich r% Strahan1--5 di$ides suicide, the+ational or uasi, and the Irrational or True, seppuku is the best ea#ple of the for#ertype%1-.5?orselli, Suicide, p% D.0%1--5Suicide and Insanity%

;ro# these bloody institutions, as "ell as fro# the general tenor of Bushido, it is easy toinfer that the s"ord played an i#portant part in social discipline and life% The saying passed as an aio# "hich called

T<E SF7+ T<E S7=( 7; T<ES*?=+*I,

and #ade it the e#ble# of po"er and pro"ess% Fhen ?aho#et proclai#ed that HThes"ord is the key of <ea$en and of <ell,H he only echoed a Japanese senti#ent% ery early



the sa#urai boy learned to "ield it% It "as a #o#entous occasion for hi# "hen at the ageof fi$e he "as apparelled in the paraphernalia of sa#urai costu#e, placed upon a go' board1-D5 and initiated into the rights of the #ilitary profession by ha$ing thrust into hisgirdle a real s"ord, instead of the toy dirk "ith "hich he had been playing% *fter this firstcere#ony of adoptio per ar#a, he "as no #ore to be seen outside his fatherCs gates

"ithout this badge of his status, e$en if it "as usually substituted for e$ery'day "ear by agilded "ooden dirk% ot #any years pass before he "ears constantly the genuine steel,though blunt, and then the sha# ar#s are thro"n aside and "ith enjoy#ent keener thanhis ne"ly acNuired blades, he #arches out to try their edge on "ood and stone% Fhen bereaches #anCs estate at the age of fifteen, being gi$en independence of action, he can no" pride hi#self upon the possession of ar#s sharp enough for any "ork% The $ery possession of the dangerous instru#ent i#parts to hi# a feeling and an air of self'respectand responsibility% H<e beareth not his s"ord in $ain%H Fhat he carries in his belt is asy#bol of "hat he carries in his #ind and heart(oyalty and <onor% The t"o s"ords,the longer and the shortercalled respecti$ely daito and shoto or katana and "akizashi ne$er lea$e his side% Fhen at ho#e, they grace the #ost conspicuous place in study or

parlor by night they guard his pillo" "ithin easy reach of his hand% 6onstantco#panions, they are belo$ed, and proper na#es of endear#ent gi$en the#% Being$enerated, they are "ell'nigh "orshiped% The ;ather of <istory has recorded as a curious piece of infor#ation that the Scythians sacrificed to an iron sci#itar% ?any a te#ple and#any a fa#ily in Japan hoards a s"ord as an object of adoration% E$en the co##onestdirk has due respect paid to it% *ny insult to it is tanta#ount to personal affront% Foe tohi# "ho carelessly steps o$er a "eapon lying on the floor1-D5The ga#e of go is so#eti#es called Japanese checkers, but is #uch #ore intricate thanthe English ga#e% The go'board contains D4. sNuares and is supposed to represent a battle'fieldthe object of the ga#e being to occupy as #uch space as possible%

So precious an object cannot long escape the notice and the skill of artists nor the $anityof its o"ner, especially in ti#es of peace, "hen it is "orn "ith no #ore use than a crosier by a bishop or a sceptre by a king% Shark'skin and finest silk for hilt, sil$er and gold forguard, lacNuer of $aried hues for scabbard, robbed the deadliest "eapon of half its terror but these appurtenances are playthings co#pared "ith the blade itself%

The s"ords#ith "as not a #ere artisan but an inspired artist and his "orkshop asanctuary% aily he co##enced his craft "ith prayer and purification, or, as the phrase"as, Hhe co##itted his soul and spirit into the forging and te#pering of the steel%H E$erys"ing of the sledge, e$ery plunge into "ater, e$ery friction on the grindstone, "as areligious act of no slight i#port% Fas it the spirit of the #aster or of his tutelary god thatcast a for#idable spell o$er our s"ordK Perfect as a "ork of art, setting at defiance itsToledo and a#ascus ri$als, there is #ore than art could i#part% Its cold blade, collectingon its surface the #o#ent it is dra"n the $apors of the at#osphere its i##aculateteture, flashing light of bluish hue its #atchless edge, upon "hich histories and possibilities hang the cur$e of its back, uniting eNuisite grace "ith ut#ost strengthallthese thrill us "ith #ied feelings of po"er and beauty, of a"e and terror% <ar#less "ereits #ission, if it only re#ained a thing of beauty and joy But, e$er "ithin reach of the



hand, it presented no s#all te#ptation for abuse% Too often did the blade flash forth fro#its peaceful sheath% The abuse so#eti#es "ent so far as to try the acNuired steel on so#ehar#less creatureCs neck%

The Nuestion that concerns us #ost is, ho"e$er,id Bushido justify the pro#iscuous

use of the "eaponK The ans"er is uneNui$ocally, no *s it laid great stress on its properuse, so did it denounce and abhor its #isuse% * dastard or a braggart "as he "ho brandished his "eapon on undeser$ed occasions% * self'possessed #an kno"s the rightti#e to use it, and such ti#es co#e but rarely% (et us listen to the late 6ount >atsu, "ho passed through one of the #ost turbulent ti#es of our history, "hen assassinations,suicides, and other sanguinary practices "ere the order of the day% Endo"ed as he once"as "ith al#ost dictatorial po"ers, repeatedly #arked out as an object for assassination,he ne$er tarnished his s"ord "ith blood% In relating so#e of his re#iniscences to a friendhe says, in a Nuaint, plebeian "ay peculiar to hi#)HI ha$e a great dislike for killing people and so I ha$enCt killed one single #an% I ha$e released those "hose heads shouldha$e been chopped off% * friend said to #e one day, C&ou donCt kill enough% onCt you eat

pepper and egg'plantsKC Fell, so#e people are no better But you see that fello" "asslain hi#self% ?y escape #ay be due to #y dislike of killing% I had the hilt of #y s"ordso tightly fastened to the scabbard that it "as hard to dra" the blade% I #ade up #y #indthat though they cut #e, I "ill not cut% &es, yes so#e people are truly like fleas and#osNuitoes and they bitebut "hat does their biting a#ount toK It itches a little, thatCsall it "onCt endanger life%H These are the "ords of one "hose Bushido training "as triedin the fiery furnace of ad$ersity and triu#ph% The popular apotheg#HTo be beaten is toconNuer,H #eaning true conNuest consists in not opposing a riotous foe and HThe best"on $ictory is that obtained "ithout shedding of blood,H and others of si#ilar i#port "ill sho" that after all the ulti#ate ideal of knighthood "as Peace%

It "as a great pity that this high ideal "as left eclusi$ely to priests and #oralists to preach, "hile the sa#urai "ent on practicing and etolling #artial traits% In this they "entso far as to tinge the ideals of "o#anhood "ith *#azonian character% <ere "e #ay profitably de$ote a fe" paragraphs to the subject of

T<E T+*IIG * P7SITI7 7;F7?*%

The fe#ale half of our species has so#eti#es been called the paragon of paradoes, because the intuiti$e "orking of its #ind is beyond the co#prehension of #enCsHarith#etical understanding%H The 6hinese ideogra# denoting Hthe #ysterious,H Htheunkno"able,H consists of t"o parts, one #eaning HyoungH and the other H"o#an,H because the physical char#s and delicate thoughts of the fair se are abo$e the coarse#ental calibre of our se to eplain%

In the Bushido ideal of "o#an, ho"e$er, there is little #ystery and only a see#ing parado% I ha$e said that it "as *#azonian, but that is only half the truth% Ideographicallythe 6hinese represent "ife by a "o#an holding a broo#certainly not to brandish itoffensi$ely or defensi$ely against her conjugal ally, neither for "itchcraft, but for the



#ore har#less uses for "hich the beso# "as first in$entedthe idea in$ol$ed being thusnot less ho#ely than the ety#ological deri$ation of the English "ife L"ea$erM anddaughter Lduhitar, #ilk#aidM% Fithout confining the sphere of "o#anCs acti$ity to >Rche,>irche, >inder, as the present Ger#an >aiser is said to do, the Bushido ideal of"o#anhood "as pree#inently do#estic% These see#ing contradictionso#esticity

and *#azonian traitsare not inconsistent "ith the Precepts of >nighthood, as "e shallsee%

Bushido being a teaching pri#arily intended for the #asculine se, the $irtues it prized in"o#an "ere naturally far fro# being distinctly fe#inine% Finckel#ann re#arks that Hthesupre#e beauty of Greek art is rather #ale than fe#ale,H and (ecky adds that it "as truein the #oral conception of the Greeks as in their art% Bushido si#ilarly praised those"o#en #ost H"ho e#ancipated the#sel$es fro# the frailty of their se and displayed anheroic fortitude "orthy of the strongest and the bra$est of #en%H1-05 &oung girlstherefore, "ere trained to repress their feelings, to indurate their ner$es, to #anipulate"eapons,especially the long'handled s"ord called nagi'nata, so as to be able to hold

their o"n against unepected odds% &et the pri#ary #oti$e for eercises of this #artialcharacter "as not for use in the field it "as t"ofoldpersonal and do#estic% Fo#ano"ning no suzerain of her o"n, for#ed her o"n bodyguard% Fith her "eapon sheguarded her personal sanctity "ith as #uch zeal as her husband did his #asterCs% Thedo#estic utility of her "arlike training "as in the education of her sons, as "e shall seelater%1-05(ecky, <istory of European ?orals II, p% D8D%

;encing and si#ilar eercises, if rarely of practical use, "ere a "holeso#ecounterbalance to the other"ise sedentary habits of "o#an% But these eercises "ere notfollo"ed only for hygienic purposes% They could be turned into use in ti#es of need%Girls, "hen they reached "o#anhood, "ere presented "ith dirks Lkai'ken, pocket poniardsM, "hich #ight be directed to the boso# of their assailants, or, if ad$isable, totheir o"n% The latter "as $ery often the case) and yet I "ill not judge the# se$erely% E$enthe 6hristian conscience "ith its horror of self'i##olation, "ill not be harsh "ith the#,seeing Pelagia and o#nina, t"o suicides, "ere canonized for their purity and piety%Fhen a Japanese irginia sa" her chastity #enaced, she did not "ait for her fatherCsdagger% <er o"n "eapon lay al"ays in her boso#% It "as a disgrace to her not to kno"the proper "ay in "hich she had to perpetrate self'destruction% ;or ea#ple, little as she"as taught in anato#y, she #ust kno" the eact spot to cut in her throat) she #ust kno"ho" to tie her lo"er li#bs together "ith a belt so that, "hate$er the agonies of death#ight be, her corpse be found in ut#ost #odesty "ith the li#bs properly co#posed% Isnot a caution like this "orthy of the 6hristian Perpetua or the estal 6orneliaK I "ouldnot put such an abrupt interrogation, "ere it not for a #isconception, based on our bathing custo#s and other trifles, that chastity is unkno"n a#ong us%1-95 7n thecontrary, chastity "as a pre'e#inent $irtue of the sa#urai "o#an, held abo$e life itself%* young "o#an, taken prisoner, seeing herself in danger of $iolence at the hands of therough soldiery, says she "ill obey their pleasure, pro$ided she be first allo"ed to "rite aline to her sisters, "ho# "ar has dispersed in e$ery direction% Fhen the epistle is



finished, off she runs to the nearest "ell and sa$es her honor by dro"ning% The letter shelea$es behind ends "ith these $erses H;or fear lest clouds #ay di# her light,Should she but graze this nether sphere,The young #oon poised abo$e the height

oth hastily betake to flight%H1-95;or a $ery sensible eplanation of nudity and bathing see ;inckCs (otos Ti#e in Japan, pp% -84'-3U%

It "ould be unfair to gi$e #y readers an idea that #asculinity alone "as our highest idealfor "o#an% ;ar fro# it *cco#plish#ents and the gentler graces of life "ere reNuired ofthe#% ?usic, dancing and literature "ere not neglected% So#e of the finest $erses in ourliterature "ere epressions of fe#inine senti#ents in fact, "o#en played an i#portantrole in the history of Japanese belles lettres% ancing "as taught LI a# speaking ofsa#urai girls and not of geishaM only to s#ooth the angularity of their #o$e#ents% ?usic

"as to regale the "eary hours of their fathers and husbands hence it "as not for thetechniNue, the art as such, that #usic "as learned for the ulti#ate object "as purificationof heart, since it "as said that no har#ony of sound is attainable "ithout the playerCsheart being in har#ony "ith herself% <ere again "e see the sa#e idea pre$ailing "hich"e notice in the training of youthsthat acco#plish#ents "ere e$er kept subser$ient to#oral "orth% Just enough of #usic and dancing to add grace and brightness to life, butne$er to foster $anity and etra$agance% I sy#pathize "ith the Persian prince, "ho, "hentaken into a ball'roo# in (ondon and asked to take part in the #erri#ent, bluntlyre#arked that in his country they pro$ided a particular set of girls to do that kind of business for the#%

The acco#plish#ents of our "o#en "ere not acNuired for sho" or social ascendency%They "ere a ho#e di$ersion and if they shone in social parties, it "as as the attributes of a hostess,in other "ords, as a part of the household contri$ance for hospitality%o#esticity guided their education% It #ay be said that the acco#plish#ents of the"o#en of 7ld Japan, be they #artial or pacific in character, "ere #ainly intended for theho#e and, ho"e$er far they #ight roa#, they ne$er lost sight of the hearth as the center%It "as to #aintain its honor and integrity that they sla$ed, drudged and ga$e up theirli$es% ight and day, in tones at once fir# and tender, bra$e and plainti$e, they sang totheir little nests% *s daughter, "o#an sacrificed herself for her father, as "ife for herhusband, and as #other for her son% Thus fro# earliest youth she "as taught to denyherself% <er life "as not one of independence, but of dependent ser$ice% ?anCs help#eet,if her presence is helpful she stays on the stage "ith hi#) if it hinders his "ork, sheretires behind the curtain% ot infreNuently does it happen that a youth beco#esena#ored of a #aiden "ho returns his lo$e "ith eNual ardor, but, "hen she realizes hisinterest in her #akes hi# forgetful of his duties, disfigures her person that her attractions#ay cease% *dzu#a, the ideal "ife in the #inds of sa#urai girls, finds herself lo$ed by a#an "ho, in order to "in her affection, conspires against her husband% =pon pretence of joining in the guilty plot, she #anages in the dark to take her husbandCs place, and thes"ord of the lo$er assassin descends upon her o"n de$oted head%



The follo"ing epistle "ritten by the "ife of a young dai#io, before taking her o"n life,needs no co##ent)H7ft ha$e I heard that no accident or chance e$er #ars the #arch of e$ents here belo", and that all #o$es in accordance "ith a plan% To take shelter under aco##on bough or a drink of the sa#e ri$er, is alike ordained fro# ages prior to our birth%

Since "e "ere joined in ties of eternal "edlock, no" t"o short years ago, #y heart hathfollo"ed thee, e$en as its shado" follo"eth an object, inseparably bound heart to heart,lo$ing and being lo$ed% (earning but recently, ho"e$er, that the co#ing battle is to be thelast of thy labor and life, take the fare"ell greeting of thy lo$ing partner% I ha$e heard that>Y'u, the #ighty "arrior of ancient 6hina, lost a battle, loth to part "ith his fa$orite Gu%&oshinaka, too, bra$e as he "as, brought disaster to his cause, too "eak to bid pro#ptfare"ell to his "ife% Fhy should I, to "ho# earth no longer offers hope or joy"hyshould I detain thee or thy thoughts by li$ingK Fhy should I not, rather, a"ait thee on theroad "hich all #ortal kind #ust so#eti#e treadK e$er, prithee, ne$er forget the #any benefits "hich our good #aster <ideyori hath heaped upon thee% The gratitude "e o"ehi# is as deep as the sea and as high as the hills%H

Fo#anCs surrender of herself to the good of her husband, ho#e and fa#ily, "as as"illing and honorable as the #anCs self'surrender to the good of his lord and country%Self'renunciation, "ithout "hich no life'enig#a can be sol$ed, "as the keynote of the(oyalty of #an as "ell as of the o#esticity of "o#an% She "as no #ore the sla$e of#an than "as her husband of his liege'lord, and the part she played "as recognized as aijo, Hthe inner help%H In the ascending scale of ser$ice stood "o#an, "ho annihilatedherself for #an, that he #ight annihilate hi#self for the #aster, that he in turn #ight obeyhea$en% I kno" the "eakness of this teaching and that the superiority of 6hristianity isno"here #ore #anifest than here, in that it reNuires of each and e$ery li$ing soul directresponsibility to its 6reator% e$ertheless, as far as the doctrine of ser$icethe ser$ing of a cause higher than oneCs o"n self, e$en at the sacrifice of oneCs indi$iduality I say thedoctrine of ser$ice, "hich is the greatest that 6hrist preached and is the sacred keynote of his #issionas far as that is concerned, Bushido is based on eternal truth%

?y readers "ill not accuse #e of undue prejudice in fa$or of sla$ish surrender of$olition% I accept in a large #easure the $ie" ad$anced "ith breadth of learning anddefended "ith profundity of thought by <egel, that history is the unfolding andrealization of freedo#% The point I "ish to #ake is that the "hole teaching of Bushido"as so thoroughly i#bued "ith the spirit of self'sacrifice, that it "as reNuired not only of"o#an but of #an% <ence, until the influence of its Precepts is entirely done a"ay "ith,our society "ill not realize the $ie" rashly epressed by an *#erican eponent of"o#anCs rights, "ho eclai#ed, H?ay all the daughters of Japan rise in re$olt againstancient custo#sH 6an such a re$olt succeedK Fill it i#pro$e the fe#ale statusK Fill therights they gain by such a su##ary process repay the loss of that s"eetness ofdisposition, that gentleness of #anner, "hich are their present heritageK Fas not the lossof do#esticity on the part of +o#an #atrons follo"ed by #oral corruption too gross to#entionK 6an the *#erican refor#er assure us that a re$olt of our daughters is the truecourse for their historical de$elop#ent to takeK These are gra$e Nuestions% 6hanges #ust



and "ill co#e "ithout re$olts In the #eanti#e let us see "hether the status of the fairse under the Bushido regi#en "as really so bad as to justify a re$olt%

Fe hear #uch of the out"ard respect European knights paid to HGod and the ladies,H the incongruity of the t"o ter#s #aking Gibbon blush "e are also told by <alla# that

the #orality of 6hi$alry "as coarse, that gallantry i#plied illicit lo$e% The effect of6hi$alry on the "eaker $essel "as food for reflection on the part of philosophers, ?%Guizot contending that ;eudalis# and 6hi$alry "rought "holeso#e influences, "hile?r% Spencer tells us that in a #ilitant society Land "hat is feudal society if not #ilitantKMthe position of "o#an is necessarily lo", i#pro$ing only as society beco#es #oreindustrial% o" is ?% GuizotCs theory true of Japan, or is ?r% SpencerCsK In reply I #ighta$er that both are right% The #ilitary class in Japan "as restricted to the sa#urai,co#prising nearly -,///,/// souls% *bo$e the# "ere the #ilitary nobles, the dai#io, andthe court nobles, the kug!these higher, sybaritical nobles being fighters only in na#e%Belo" the# "ere #asses of the co##on people#echanics, trades#en, and peasants "hose life "as de$oted to arts of peace% Thus "hat <erbert Spencer gi$es as the

characteristics of a #ilitant type of society #ay be said to ha$e been eclusi$ely confinedto the sa#urai class, "hile those of the industrial type "ere applicable to the classesabo$e and belo" it% This is "ell illustrated by the position of "o#an for in no class didshe eperience less freedo# than a#ong the sa#urai% Strange to say, the lo"er the socialclassas, for instance, a#ong s#all artisansthe #ore eNual "as the position ofhusband and "ife% *#ong the higher nobility, too, the difference in the relations of thesees "as less #arked, chiefly because there "ere fe" occasions to bring the differencesof se into pro#inence, the leisurely noble#an ha$ing beco#e literally effe#inate% ThusSpencerCs dictu# "as fully ee#plified in 7ld Japan% *s to GuizotCs, those "ho read his presentation of a feudal co##unity "ill re#e#ber that he had the higher nobilityespecially under consideration, so that his generalization applies to the dai#io and thekug!%

I shall be guilty of gross injustice to historical truth if #y "ords gi$e one a $ery lo"opinion of the status of "o#an under Bushido% I do not hesitate to state that she "as nottreated as #anCs eNual but until "e learn to discri#inate bet"een difference andineNualities, there "ill al"ays be #isunderstandings upon this subject%

Fhen "e think in ho" fe" respects #en are eNual a#ong the#sel$es, e%g%, before la"courts or $oting polls, it see#s idle to trouble oursel$es "ith a discussion on the eNualityof sees% Fhen, the *#erican eclaration of Independence said that all #en "ere createdeNual, it had no reference to their #ental or physical gifts) it si#ply repeated "hat =lpianlong ago announced, that before the la" all #en are eNual% (egal rights "ere in this casethe #easure of their eNuality% Fere the la" the only scale by "hich to #easure the position of "o#an in a co##unity, it "ould be as easy to tell "here she stands as to gi$eher a$oirdupois in pounds and ounces% But the Nuestion is) Is there a correct standard inco#paring the relati$e social position of the seesK Is it right, is it enough, to co#pare"o#anCs status to #anCs as the $alue of sil$er is co#pared "ith that of gold, and gi$e theratio nu#ericallyK Such a #ethod of calculation ecludes fro# consideration the #osti#portant kind of $alue "hich a hu#an being possesses na#ely, the intrinsic% In $ie" of



the #anifold $ariety of reNuisites for #aking each se fulfil its earthly #ission, thestandard to be adopted in #easuring its relati$e position #ust be of a co#positecharacter or, to borro" fro# econo#ic language, it #ust be a #ultiple standard% Bushidohad a standard of its o"n and it "as bino#ial% It tried to guage the $alue of "o#an on the battle'field and by the hearth% There she counted for $ery little here for all% The treat#ent

accorded her corresponded to this double #easure#entas a social'political unit not#uch, "hile as "ife and #other she recei$ed highest respect and deepest affection% Fhya#ong so #ilitary a nation as the +o#ans, "ere their #atrons so highly $eneratedK Fasit not because they "ere #atrona, #othersK ot as fighters or la"'gi$ers, but as their#others did #en bo" before the#% So "ith us% Fhile fathers and husbands "ere absentin field or ca#p, the go$ern#ent of the household "as left entirely in the hands of#others and "i$es% The education of the young, e$en their defence, "as entrusted tothe#% The "arlike eercises of "o#en, of "hich I ha$e spoken, "ere pri#arily to enablethe# intelligently to direct and follo" the education of their children%

I ha$e noticed a rather superficial notion pre$ailing a#ong half'infor#ed foreigners, that

because the co##on Japanese epression for oneCs "ife is H#y rustic "ifeH and the like,she is despised and held in little estee#% Fhen it is told that such phrases as H#y foolishfather,H H#y s"inish son,H H#y a"k"ard self,H etc%, are in current use, is not the ans"erclear enoughK

To #e it see#s that our idea of #arital union goes in so#e "ays further than the so'called6hristian% H?an and "o#an shall be one flesh%H The indi$idualis# of the *nglo'Saoncannot let go of the idea that husband and "ife are t"o personshence "hen theydisagree, their separate rights are recognized, and "hen they agree, they ehaust their$ocabulary in all sorts of silly pet'na#es andnonsensical blandish#ents% It soundshighly irrational to our ears, "hen a husband or "ife speaks to a third party of his otherhalfbetter or "orseas being lo$ely, bright, kind, and "hat not% Is it good taste tospeak of oneCs self as H#y bright self,H H#y lo$ely disposition,H and so forthK Fe think praising oneCs o"n "ife or oneCs o"n husband is praising a part of oneCs o"n self, andself'praise is regarded, to say the least, as bad taste a#ong us,and I hope, a#ong6hristian nations too I ha$e di$erged at so#e length because the polite debase#ent ofoneCs consort "as a usage #ost in $ogue a#ong the sa#urai%

The Teutonic races beginning their tribal life "ith a superstitious a"e of the fair seLthough this is really "earing off in Ger#anyM, and the *#ericans beginning their sociallife under the painful consciousness of the nu#erical insufficiency of "o#en1-45 L"ho,no" increasing, are, I a# afraid, fast losing the prestige their colonial #others enjoyedM,the respect #an pays to "o#an has in Festern ci$ilization beco#e the chief standard of#orality% But in the #artial ethics of Bushido, the #ain "ater'shed di$iding the good andthe bad "as sought else"here% It "as located along the line of duty "hich bound #an tohis o"n di$ine soul and then to other souls, in the fi$e relations I ha$e #entioned in theearly part of this paper% 7f these "e ha$e brought to our readerCs notice, (oyalty, therelation bet"een one #an as $assal and another as lord% =pon the rest, I ha$e only d"eltincidentally as occasion presented itself because they "ere not peculiar to Bushido%Being founded on natural affections, they could but be co##on to all #ankind, though in



so#e particulars they #ay ha$e been accentuated by conditions "hich its teachingsinduced% In this connection, there co#es before #e the peculiar strength and tendernessof friendship bet"een #an and #an, "hich often added to the bond of brotherhood aro#antic attach#ent doubtless intensified by the separation of the sees in youth,aseparation "hich denied to affection the natural channel open to it in Festern chi$alry or

in the free intercourse of *nglo'Saon lands% I #ight fill pages "ith Japanese $ersions ofthe story of a#on and Pythias or *chilles and Patroclos, or tell in Bushido parlance ofties as sy#pathetic as those "hich bound a$id and Jonathan%1-45I refer to those days "hen girls "ere i#ported fro# England and gi$en in #arriage for so#any pounds of tobacco, etc%

It is not surprising, ho"e$er, that the $irtues and teachings uniNue in the Precepts of>nighthood did not re#ain circu#scribed to the #ilitary class% This #akes us hasten tothe consideration of

T<E I;(=E6E 7; B=S<I7on the nation at large%

Fe ha$e brought into $ie" only a fe" of the #ore pro#inent peaks "hich rise abo$e therange of knightly $irtues, in the#sel$es so #uch #ore ele$ated than the general le$el ofour national life% *s the sun in its rising first tips the highest peaks "ith russet hue, andthen gradually casts its rays on the $alley belo", so the ethical syste# "hich firstenlightened the #ilitary order dre" in course of ti#e follo"ers fro# a#ongst the #asses%e#ocracy raises up a natural prince for its leader, and aristocracy infuses a princelyspirit a#ong the people% irtues are no less contagious than $ices% HThere needs but one"ise #an in a co#pany, and all are "ise, so rapid is the contagion,H says E#erson% osocial class or caste can resist the diffusi$e po"er of #oral influence%

Prate as "e #ay of the triu#phant #arch of *nglo'Saon liberty, rarely has it recei$edi#petus fro# the #asses% Fas it not rather the "ork of the sNuires and gentle#enK erytruly does ?% Taine say, HThese three syllables, as used across the channel, su##arize thehistory of English society%H e#ocracy #ay #ake self'confident retorts to such astate#ent and fling back the NuestionHFhen *da# del$ed and E$e span, "here then"as the gentle#anKH *ll the #ore pity that a gentle#an "as not present in Eden The first parents #issed hi# sorely and paid a high price for his absence% <ad he been there, notonly "ould the garden ha$e been #ore tastefully dressed, but they "ould ha$e learned"ithout painful eperience that disobedience to Jeho$ah "as disloyalty and dishonor,treason and rebellion%

Fhat Japan "as she o"ed to the sa#urai% They "ere not only the flo"er of the nation butits root as "ell% *ll the gracious gifts of <ea$en flo"ed through the#% Though they keptthe#sel$es socially aloof fro# the populace, they set a #oral standard for the# andguided the# by their ea#ple% I ad#it Bushido had its esoteric and eoteric teachings



these "ere eude#onistic, looking after the "elfare and happiness of the co##onalty,"hile those "ere aretaic, e#phasizing the practice of $irtues for their o"n sake%

In the #ost chi$alrous days of Europe, >nights for#ed nu#erically but a s#all fractionof the population, but, as E#erson saysHIn English (iterature half the dra#a and all the

no$els, fro# Sir Philip Sidney to Sir Falter Scott, paint this figure Lgentle#anM%H Frite in place of Sidney and Scott, 6hika#atsu and Bakin, and you ha$e in a nutshell the #ainfeatures of the literary history of Japan%

The innu#erable a$enues of popular a#use#ent and instructionthe theatres, the story'tellerCs booths, the preacherCs dais, the #usical recitations, the no$elsha$e taken fortheir chief the#e the stories of the sa#urai% The peasants round the open fire in their hutsne$er tire of repeating the achie$e#ents of &oshitsun! and his faithful retainer Benkei, orof the t"o bra$e Soga brothers the dusky urchins listen "ith gaping #ouths until the laststick burns out and the fire dies in its e#bers, still lea$ing their hearts aglo" "ith the talethat is told% The clerks and the shop'boys, after their dayCs "ork is o$er and the

a#ado1-U5 of the store are closed, gather together to relate the story of obunaga and<id!yoshi far into the night, until slu#ber o$ertakes their "eary eyes and transports the#fro# the drudgery of the counter to the eploits of the field% The $ery babe just beginningto toddle is taught to lisp the ad$entures of ?o#otaro, the daring conNueror of ogre'land%E$en girls are so i#bued "ith the lo$e of knightly deeds and $irtues that, likeesde#ona, they "ould seriously incline to de$our "ith greedy ear the ro#ance of thesa#urai%1-U57utside shutters%

The sa#urai gre" to be the beau ideal of the "hole race% H*s a#ong flo"ers the cherry isNueen, so a#ong #en the sa#urai is lord,H so sang the populace% ebarred fro#co##ercial pursuits, the #ilitary class itself did not aid co##erce but there "as nochannel of hu#an acti$ity, no a$enue of thought, "hich did not recei$e in so#e #easurean i#petus fro# Bushido% Intellectual and #oral Japan "as directly or indirectly the "ork of >nighthood%

?r% ?allock, in his eceedingly suggesti$e book, H*ristocracy and E$olution,H haseloNuently told us that Hsocial e$olution, in so far as it is other than biological, #ay bedefined as the unintended result of the intentions of great #enH further, that historical progress is produced by a struggle Hnot a#ong the co##unity generally, to li$e, but astruggle a#ongst a s#all section of the co##unity to lead, to direct, to e#ploy, the#ajority in the best "ay%H Fhate$er #ay be said about the soundness of his argu#ent,these state#ents are a#ply $erified in the part played by bushi in the social progress, asfar as it "ent, of our E#pire%

<o" the spirit of Bushido per#eated all social classes is also sho"n in the de$elop#entof a certain order of #en, kno"n as otoko'dat!, the natural leaders of de#ocracy% Staunchfello"s "ere they, e$ery inch of the# strong "ith the strength of #assi$e #anhood% *tonce the spokes#en and the guardians of popular rights, they had each a follo"ing of



hundreds and thousands of souls "ho proffered in the sa#e fashion that sa#urai did todai#io, the "illing ser$ice of Hli#b and life, of body, chattels and earthly honor%H Backed by a $ast #ultitude of rash and i#petuous "orking'#en, those born HbossesH for#ed afor#idable check to the ra#pancy of the t"o's"orded order%

In #anifold "ays has Bushido filtered do"n fro# the social class "here it originated, andacted as lea$en a#ong the #asses, furnishing a #oral standard for the "hole people% ThePrecepts of >nighthood, begun at first as the glory of the elite, beca#e in ti#e anaspiration and inspiration to the nation at large and though the populace could not attainthe #oral height of those loftier souls, yet &a#ato a#ashii, the Soul of Japan,ulti#ately ca#e to epress the olksgeist of the Island +eal#% If religion is no #ore thanH?orality touched by e#otion,H as ?atthe" *rnold defines it, fe" ethical syste#s are better entitled to the rank of religion than Bushido% ?otoori has put the #ute utterance ofthe nation into "ords "hen he sings) HIsles of blest JapanShould your &a#ato spirit

Strangers seek to scan,Sayscenting #ornCs sun'lit air,Blo"s the cherry "ild and fairH

&es, the sakura1-85 has for ages been the fa$orite of our people and the e#ble# of ourcharacter% ?ark particularly the ter#s of definition "hich the poet uses, the "ords the"ild cherry flo"er scenting the #orning sun%1-856erasus pseudo'cerasus, (indley%

The &a#ato spirit is not a ta#e, tender plant, but a "ildin the sense of natural gro"th it is indigenous to the soil its accidental Nualities it #ay share "ith the flo"ersof other lands, but in its essence it re#ains the original, spontaneous outgro"th of ourcli#e% But its nati$ity is not its sole clai# to our affection% The refine#ent and grace ofits beauty appeal to our aesthetic sense as no other flo"er can% Fe cannot share thead#iration of the Europeans for their roses, "hich lack the si#plicity of our flo"er% Then,too, the thorns that are hidden beneath the s"eetness of the rose, the tenacity "ith "hichshe clings to life, as though loth or afraid to die rather than drop unti#ely, preferring torot on her ste# her sho"y colors and hea$y odorsall these are traits so unlike ourflo"er, "hich carries no dagger or poison under its beauty, "hich is e$er ready to departlife at the call of nature, "hose colors are ne$er gorgeous, and "hose light fragrancene$er palls% Beauty of color and of for# is li#ited in its sho"ing it is a fied Nuality ofeistence, "hereas fragrance is $olatile, ethereal as the breathing of life% So in allreligious cere#onies frankincense and #yrrh play a pro#inent part% There is so#ethingspirituelle in redolence% Fhen the delicious perfu#e of the sakura Nuickens the #orningair, as the sun in its course rises to illu#ine first the isles of the ;ar East, fe" sensationsare #ore serenely ehilarating than to inhale, as it "ere, the $ery breath of beauteous day%

Fhen the 6reator hi#self is pictured as #aking ne" resolutions in his heart upons#elling a s"eet sa$or LGen% III, -.M, is it any "onder that the s"eet's#elling season of



the cherry blosso# should call forth the "hole nation fro# their little habitationsK Bla#ethe# not, if for a ti#e their li#bs forget their toil and #oil and their hearts their pangsand sorro"s% Their brief pleasure ended, they return to their daily tasks "ith ne" strengthand ne" resolutions% Thus in "ays #ore than one is the sakura the flo"er of the nation%

Is, then, this flo"er, so s"eet and e$anescent, blo"n "hithersoe$er the "ind listeth, and,shedding a puff of perfu#e, ready to $anish fore$er, is this flo"er the type of the &a#atospiritK Is the Soul of Japan so frailly #ortalK

IS B=S<I7 STI(( *(IEK

7r has Festern ci$ilization, in its #arch through the land, already "iped out e$ery traceof its ancient disciplineK

It "ere a sad thing if a nationCs soul could die so fast% That "ere a poor soul that couldsuccu#b so easily to etraneous influences% The aggregate of psychological ele#ents

"hich constitute a national character, is as tenacious as the Hirreducible ele#ents ofspecies, of the fins of fish, of the beak of the bird, of the tooth of the carni$orous ani#al%HIn his recent book, full of shallo" asse$erations and brilliant generalizations, ?%(eBon1-35 says, HThe disco$eries due to the intelligence are the co##on patri#ony ofhu#anity Nualities or defects of character constitute the eclusi$e patri#ony of each people) they are the fir# rock "hich the "aters #ust "ash day by day for centuries, before they can "ear a"ay e$en its eternal asperities%H These are strong "ords and"ould be highly "orth pondering o$er, pro$ided there "ere Nualities and defects ofcharacter "hich constitute the eclusi$e patri#ony of each people% Sche#atizing theoriesof this sort had been ad$anced long before (eBon began to "rite his book, and they "ereeploded long ago by Theodor Faitz and <ugh ?urray% In studying the $arious $irtuesinstilled by Bushido, "e ha$e dra"n upon European sources for co#parison andillustrations, and "e ha$e seen that no one Nuality of character "as its eclusi$e patri#ony% It is true the aggregate of #oral Nualities presents a Nuite uniNue aspect% It isthis aggregate "hich E#erson na#es a Hco#pound result into "hich e$ery great forceenters as an ingredient%H But, instead of #aking it, as (eBon does, an eclusi$e patri#ony of a race or people, the 6oncord philosopher calls it Han ele#ent "hich unitesthe #ost forcible persons of e$ery country #akes the# intelligible and agreeable to eachother and is so#e"hat so precise that it is at once felt if an indi$idual lack the ?asonicsign%H1-35The Psychology of Peoples, p% DD%

The character "hich Bushido sta#ped on our nation and on the sa#urai in particular,cannot be said to for# Han irreducible ele#ent of species,H but ne$ertheless as to the$itality "hich it retains there is no doubt% Fere Bushido a #ere physical force, the#o#entu# it has gained in the last se$en hundred years could not stop so abruptly% Fereit trans#itted only by heredity, its influence #ust be i##ensely "idespread% Just think, as?% 6heysson, a ;rench econo#ist, has calculated, that supposing there be threegenerations in a century, Heach of us "ould ha$e in his $eins the blood of at least t"enty



#illions of the people li$ing in the year ./// *%%H The #erest peasant that grubs thesoil, Hbo"ed by the "eight of centuries,H has in his $eins the blood of ages, and is thus a brother to us as #uch as Hto the o%H

*n unconscious and irresistible po"er, Bushido has been #o$ing the nation and

indi$iduals% It "as an honest confession of the race "hen &oshida Shoin, one of the #ost brilliant pioneers of ?odern Japan, "rote on the e$e of his eecution the follo"ingstanza H;ull "ell I kne" this course #ust end in deathIt "as &a#ato spirit urged #e onTo dare "hateCer betide%H

=nfor#ulated, Bushido "as and still is the ani#ating spirit, the #otor force of ourcountry%

?r% +anso#e says that Hthere are three distinct Japans in eistence side by side to'day,

the old, "hich has not "holly died out the ne", hardly yet born ecept in spirit and thetransition, passing no" through its #ost critical throes%H Fhile this is $ery true in #ostrespects, and particularly as regards tangible and concrete institutions, the state#ent, asapplied to funda#ental ethical notions, reNuires so#e #odification for Bushido, the#aker and product of 7ld Japan, is still the guiding principle of the transition and "ill pro$e the for#ati$e force of the ne" era%

The great states#en "ho steered the ship of our state through the hurricane of the+estoration and the "hirlpool of national reju$enation, "ere #en "ho kne" no other#oral teaching than the Precepts of >nighthood% So#e "riters1D/5 ha$e lately tried to pro$e that the 6hristian #issionaries contributed an appreciable Nuota to the #aking of e" Japan% I "ould fain render honor to "ho# honor is due) but this honor can hardly beaccorded to the good #issionaries% ?ore fitting it "ill be to their profession to stick to thescriptural injunction of preferring one another in honor, than to ad$ance a clai# in "hichthey ha$e no proofs to back the#% ;or #yself, I belie$e that 6hristian #issionaries aredoing great things for Japanin the do#ain of education, and especially of #oraleducation)only, the #ysterious though not the less certain "orking of the Spirit is stillhidden in di$ine secrecy% Fhate$er they do is still of indirect effect% o, as yet 6hristian#issions ha$e effected but little $isible in #oulding the character of e" Japan% o, it"as Bushido, pure and si#ple, that urged us on for "eal or "oe% 7pen the biographies ofthe #akers of ?odern Japanof Saku#a, of Saigo, of 7kubo, of >ido, not to #entionthe re#iniscences of li$ing #en such as Ito, 7ku#a, Itagaki, etc%)and you "ill find thatit "as under the i#petus of sa#uraihood that they thought and "rought% Fhen ?r% <enry or#an declared, after his study and obser$ation of the ;ar East,1D.5 that only therespect in "hich Japan differed fro# other oriental despotis#s lay in Hthe ruling influencea#ong her people of the strictest, loftiest, and the #ost punctilious codes of honor that#an has e$er de$ised,H he touched the #ain spring "hich has #ade ne" Japan "hat sheis and "hich "ill #ake her "hat she is destined to be%1D/5



Speer ?issions and Politics in *sia, (ecture I, pp% .83'.3/ ennis) 6hristian ?issionsand Social Progress, ol% I, p% D-, ol% II, p% U/, etc%1D.5The ;ar East, p% DU9%

The transfor#ation of Japan is a fact patent to the "hole "orld% In a "ork of such#agnitude $arious #oti$es naturally entered but if one "ere to na#e the principal, one"ould not hesitate to na#e Bushido% Fhen "e opened the "hole country to foreign trade,"hen "e introduced the latest i#pro$e#ents in e$ery depart#ent of life, "hen "e beganto study Festern politics and sciences, our guiding #oti$e "as not the de$elop#ent ofour physical resources and the increase of "ealth #uch less "as it a blind i#itation ofFestern custo#s% * close obser$er of oriental institutions and peoples has "ritten)HFeare told e$ery day ho" Europe has influenced Japan, and forget that the change in thoseislands "as entirely self'generated, that Europeans did not teach Japan, but that Japan ofherself chose to learn fro# Europe #ethods of organization, ci$il and #ilitary, "hichha$e so far pro$ed successful% She i#ported European #echanical science, as the Turks

years before i#ported European artillery% That is not eactly influence,H continues ?r%To"nsend, Hunless, indeed, England is influenced by purchasing tea of 6hina% Fhere isthe European apostle,H asks our author, Hor philosopher or states#an or agitator "ho hasre'#ade JapanKH1D-5 ?r% To"nsend has "ell percei$ed that the spring of action "hich brought about the changes in Japan lay entirely "ithin our o"n sel$es and if he had only probed into our psychology, his keen po"ers of obser$ation "ould easily ha$e con$incedhi# that that spring "as no other than Bushido% The sense of honor "hich cannot bear being looked do"n upon as an inferior po"er,that "as the strongest of #oti$es%Pecuniary or industrial considerations "ere a"akened later in the process oftransfor#ation%1D-5?eredith To"nsend, *sia and Europe, %&%, .3//, -8%

The influence of Bushido is still so palpable that he "ho runs #ay read% * gli#pse intoJapanese life "ill #ake it #anifest% +ead <earn, the #ost eloNuent and truthfulinterpreter of the Japanese #ind, and you see the "orking of that #ind to be an ea#pleof the "orking of Bushido% The uni$ersal politeness of the people, "hich is the legacy ofknightly "ays, is too "ell kno"n to be repeated ane"% The physical endurance, fortitudeand bra$ery that Hthe little JapH possesses, "ere sufficiently pro$ed in the 6hina'Japanese"ar%1DD5 HIs there any nation #ore loyal and patrioticKH is a Nuestion asked by #any andfor the proud ans"er, HThere is not,H "e #ust thank the Precepts of >nighthood%1DD5*#ong other "orks on the subject, read Eastlake and &a#ada on <eroic Japan, andiosy on The e" ;ar East%

7n the other hand, it is fair to recognize that for the $ery faults and defects of ourcharacter, Bushido is largely responsible% 7ur lack of abstruse philosophy"hile so#eof our young #en ha$e already gained international reputation in scientific researches,not one has achie$ed anything in philosophical linesis traceable to the neglect of#etaphysical training under BushidoCs regi#en of education% 7ur sense of honor is



responsible for our eaggerated sensiti$eness and touchiness and if there is the conceit inus "ith "hich so#e foreigners charge us, that, too, is a pathological outco#e of honor%

<a$e you seen in your tour of Japan #any a young #an "ith unke#pt hair, dressed inshabbiest garb, carrying in his hand a large cane or a book, stalking about the streets "ith

an air of utter indifference to #undane thingsK <e is the shosei LstudentM, to "ho# theearth is too s#all and the <ea$ens are not high enough% <e has his o"n theories of theuni$erse and of life% <e d"ells in castles of air and feeds on ethereal "ords of "isdo#% Inhis eyes bea#s the fire of a#bition his #ind is athirst for kno"ledge% Penury is only asti#ulus to dri$e hi# on"ard "orldly goods are in his sight shackles to his character% <eis the repository of (oyalty and Patriotis#% <e is the self'i#posed guardian of nationalhonor% Fith all his $irtues and his faults, he is the last frag#ent of Bushido%

eep'rooted and po"erful as is still the effect of Bushido, I ha$e said that it is anunconscious and #ute influence% The heart of the people responds, "ithout kno"ing thereason "hy, to any appeal #ade to "hat it has inherited, and hence the sa#e #oral idea

epressed in a ne"ly translated ter# and in an old Bushido ter#, has a $astly differentdegree of efficacy% * backsliding 6hristian, "ho# no pastoral persuasion could help fro#do"n"ard tendency, "as re$erted fro# his course by an appeal #ade to his loyalty, thefidelity he once s"ore to his ?aster% The "ord H(oyaltyH re$i$ed all the noble senti#entsthat "ere per#itted to gro" luke"ar#% * band of unruly youths engaged in a longcontinued HstudentsC strikeH in a college, on account of their dissatisfaction "ith a certainteacher, disbanded at t"o si#ple Nuestions put by the irector,HIs your professor a bla#eless characterK If so, you ought to respect hi# and keep hi# in the school% Is he"eakK If so, it is not #anly to push a falling #an%H The scientific incapacity of the professor, "hich "as the beginning of the trouble, d"indled into insignificance inco#parison "ith the #oral issues hinted at% By arousing the senti#ents nurtured byBushido, #oral reno$ation of great #agnitude can be acco#plished%

7ne cause of the failure of #ission "ork is that #ost of the #issionaries are grosslyignorant of our historyHFhat do "e care for heathen recordsKH so#e sayandconseNuently estrange their religion fro# the habits of thought "e and our forefathersha$e been accusto#ed to for centuries past% ?ocking a nationCs historyas though thecareer of any peoplee$en of the lo"est *frican sa$ages possessing no record"erenot a page in the general history of #ankind, "ritten by the hand of God <i#self% The$ery lost races are a pali#psest to be deciphered by a seeing eye% To a philosophic and pious #ind, the races the#sel$es are #arks of i$ine chirography clearly traced in blackand "hite as on their skin and if this si#ile holds good, the yello" race for#s a precious page inscribed in hieroglyphics of gold Ignoring the past career of a people, #issionariesclai# that 6hristianity is a ne" religion, "hereas, to #y #ind, it is an Hold, old story,H"hich, if presented in intelligible "ords,that is to say, if epressed in the $ocabularyfa#iliar in the #oral de$elop#ent of a people"ill find easy lodg#ent in their hearts,irrespecti$e of race or nationality% 6hristianity in its *#erican or English for#"ith#ore of *nglo'Saon freaks and fancies than grace and purity of its founderis a poorscion to graft on Bushido stock% Should the propagator of the ne" faith uproot the entirestock, root and branches, and plant the seeds of the Gospel on the ra$aged soilK Such a



heroic process #ay be possiblein <a"aii, "here, it is alleged, the church #ilitant hadco#plete success in a#assing spoils of "ealth itself, and in annihilating the aboriginalrace) such a process is #ost decidedly i#possible in Japannay, it is a process "hichJesus hi#self "ould ne$er ha$e e#ployed in founding his kingdo# on earth% It behoo$esus to take #ore to heart the follo"ing "ords of a saintly #an, de$out 6hristian and

profound scholar)H?en ha$e di$ided the "orld into heathen and 6hristian, "ithoutconsidering ho" #uch good #ay ha$e been hidden in the one, or ho" #uch e$il #ayha$e been #ingled "ith the other% They ha$e co#pared the best part of the#sel$es "iththe "orst of their neighbors, the ideal of 6hristianity "ith the corruption of Greece or theEast% They ha$e not ai#ed at i#partiality, but ha$e been contented to accu#ulate all thatcould be said in praise of their o"n, and in dispraise of other for#s of religion%H1D051D05Jo"ett, Ser#ons on ;aith and octrine, II%

But, "hate$er #ay be the error co##itted by indi$iduals, there is little doubt that thefunda#ental principle of the religion they profess is a po"er "hich "e #ust take into

account in reckoningT<E ;=T=+E 7; B=S<I7,

"hose days see# to be already nu#bered% 7#inous signs are in the air, that betoken itsfuture% ot only signs, but redoubtable forces are at "ork to threaten it%

;e" historical co#parisons can be #ore judiciously #ade than bet"een the 6hi$alry ofEurope and the Bushido of Japan, and, if history repeats itself, it certainly "ill do "iththe fate of the latter "hat it did "ith that of the for#er% The particular and local causes for the decay of 6hi$alry "hich St% Palaye gi$es, ha$e, of course, little application toJapanese conditions but the larger and #ore general causes that helped to under#ine>nighthood and 6hi$alry in and after the ?iddle *ges are as surely "orking for thedecline of Bushido%

7ne re#arkable difference bet"een the eperience of Europe and of Japan is, that,"hereas in Europe "hen 6hi$alry "as "eaned fro# ;eudalis# and "as adopted by the6hurch, it obtained a fresh lease of life, in Japan no religion "as large enough to nourishit hence, "hen the #other institution, ;eudalis#, "as gone, Bushido, left an orphan, hadto shift for itself% The present elaborate #ilitary organization #ight take it under its patronage, but "e kno" that #odern "arfare can afford little roo# for its continuousgro"th% Shintois#, "hich fostered it in its infancy, is itself superannuated% The hoarysages of ancient 6hina are being supplanted by the intellectual par$enu of the type ofBentha# and ?ill% ?oral theories of a co#fortable kind, flattering to the 6hau$inistictendencies of the ti#e, and therefore thought "ell'adapted to the need of this day, ha$e been in$ented and propounded but as yet "e hear only their shrill $oices echoingthrough the colu#ns of yello" journalis#%

Principalities and po"ers are arrayed against the Precepts of >nighthood% *lready, aseblen says, Hthe decay of the cere#onial codeor, as it is other"ise called, the



$ulgarization of lifea#ong the industrial classes proper, has beco#e one of the chiefenor#ities of latter'day ci$ilization in the eyes of all persons of delicate sensibilities%HThe irresistible tide of triu#phant de#ocracy, "hich can tolerate no for# or shape oftrustand Bushido "as a trust organized by those "ho #onopolized reser$e capital ofintellect and culture, fiing the grades and $alue of #oral Nualitiesis alone po"erful

enough to engulf the re#nant of Bushido% The present societary forces are antagonistic to petty class spirit, and 6hi$alry is, as ;ree#an se$erely criticizes, a class spirit% ?odernsociety, if it pretends to any unity, cannot ad#it Hpurely personal obligations de$ised inthe interests of an eclusi$e class%H1D95 *dd to this the progress of popular instruction, ofindustrial arts and habits, of "ealth and city'life,then "e can easily see that neither thekeenest cuts of sa#uraiCs s"ord nor the sharpest shafts shot fro# BushidoCs boldest bo"scan aught a$ail% The state built upon the rock of <onor and fortified by the sa#eshall"e call it the Ehrenstaat or, after the #anner of 6arlyle, the <eroarchyKis fast fallinginto the hands of Nuibbling la"yers and gibbering politicians ar#ed "ith logic'choppingengines of "ar% The "ords "hich a great thinker used in speaking of Theresa and*ntigone #ay aptly be repeated of the sa#urai, that Hthe #ediu# in "hich their ardent

deeds took shape is fore$er gone%H1D95 or#an 6onNuest, ol% , p% 08-%

*las for knightly $irtues alas for sa#urai pride ?orality ushered into the "orld "ith thesound of bugles and dru#s, is destined to fade a"ay as Hthe captains and the kingsdepart%H

If history can teach us anything, the state built on #artial $irtuesbe it a city like Spartaor an E#pire like +o#ecan ne$er #ake on earth a Hcontinuing city%H =ni$ersal andnatural as is the fighting instinct in #an, fruitful as it has pro$ed to be of noble senti#entsand #anly $irtues, it does not co#prehend the "hole #an% Beneath the instinct to fightthere lurks a di$iner instinct to lo$e% Fe ha$e seen that Shintois#, ?encius and Fan&ang ?ing, ha$e all clearly taught it but Bushido and all other #ilitant schools of ethics,engrossed, doubtless, "ith Nuestions of i##ediate practical need, too often forgot duly toe#phasize this fact% (ife has gro"n larger in these latter ti#es% 6allings nobler and broader than a "arriorCs clai# our attention to'day% Fith an enlarged $ie" of life, "ith thegro"th of de#ocracy, "ith better kno"ledge of other peoples and nations, the 6onfucianidea of Bene$olencedare I also add the Buddhist idea of PityK"ill epand into the6hristian conception of (o$e% ?en ha$e beco#e #ore than subjects, ha$ing gro"n to theestate of citizens) nay, they are #ore than citizens, being #en%

Though "ar clouds hang hea$y upon our horizon, "e "ill belie$e that the "ings of theangel of peace can disperse the#% The history of the "orld confir#s the prophecy the Hthe#eek shall inherit the earth%H * nation that sells its birthright of peace, and backslidesfro# the front rank of Industrialis# into the file of ;ilibusteris#, #akes a poor bargainindeed

Fhen the conditions of society are so changed that they ha$e beco#e not only ad$erse but hostile to Bushido, it is ti#e for it to prepare for an honorable burial% It is just as



difficult to point out "hen chi$alry dies, as to deter#ine the eact ti#e of its inception%r% ?iller says that 6hi$alry "as for#ally abolished in the year .993, "hen <enry II% of;rance "as slain in a tourna#ent% Fith us, the edict for#ally abolishing ;eudalis# in.8U/ "as the signal to toll the knell of Bushido% The edict, issued t"o years later, prohibiting the "earing of s"ords, rang out the old, Hthe unbought grace of life, the cheap

defence of nations, the nurse of #anly senti#ent and heroic enterprise,H it rang in the ne"age of Hsophisters, econo#ists, and calculators%H

It has been said that Japan "on her late "ar "ith 6hina by #eans of ?urata guns and>rupp cannon it has been said the $ictory "as the "ork of a #odern school syste# butthese are less than half'truths% oes e$er a piano, be it of the choicest "ork#anship ofEhrbar or Stein"ay, burst forth into the +hapsodies of (iszt or the Sonatas of Beetho$en,"ithout a #asterCs handK 7r, if guns "in battles, "hy did not (ouis apoleon beat thePrussians "ith his ?itrailleuse, or the Spaniards "ith their ?ausers the ;ilipinos, "hosear#s "ere no better than the old'fashioned +e#ingtonsK eedless to repeat "hat hasgro"n a trite saying that it is the spirit that Nuickeneth, "ithout "hich the best of

i#ple#ents profiteth but little% The #ost i#pro$ed guns and cannon do not shoot of theiro"n accord the #ost #odern educational syste# does not #ake a co"ard a hero% oFhat "on the battles on the &alu, in 6orea and ?anchuria, "as the ghosts of our fathers,guiding our hands and beating in our hearts% They are not dead, those ghosts, the spirits of our "arlike ancestors% To those "ho ha$e eyes to see, they are clearly $isible% Scratch aJapanese of the #ost ad$anced ideas, and he "ill sho" a sa#urai% The great inheritanceof honor, of $alor and of all #artial $irtues is, as Professor 6ra#b $ery fitly epresses it,Hbut ours on trust, the fief inalienable of the dead and of the generation to co#e,H and thesu##ons of the present is to guard this heritage, nor to bate one jot of the ancient spiritthe su##ons of the future "ill be so to "iden its scope as to apply it in all "alks andrelations of life%

It has been predictedand predictions ha$e been corroborated by the e$ents of the lasthalf centurythat the #oral syste# of ;eudal Japan, like its castles and its ar#ories, "illcru#ble into dust, and ne" ethics rise phoeni'like to lead e" Japan in her path of progress% esirable and probable as the fulfil#ent of such a prophecy is, "e #ust notforget that a phoeni rises only fro# its o"n ashes, and that it is not a bird of passage,neither does it fly on pinions borro"ed fro# other birds% HThe >ingdo# of God is "ithinyou%H It does not co#e rolling do"n the #ountains, ho"e$er lofty it does not co#esailing across the seas, ho"e$er broad% HGod has granted,H says the >oran, Hto e$ery people a prophet in its o"n tongue%H The seeds of the >ingdo#, as $ouched for andapprehended by the Japanese #ind, blosso#ed in Bushido% o" its days are closingsadto say, before its full fruitionand "e turn in e$ery direction for other sources ofs"eetness and light, of strength and co#fort, but a#ong the# there is as yet nothingfound to take its place% The profit and loss philosophy of =tilitarians and ?aterialistsfinds fa$or a#ong logic'choppers "ith half a soul% The only other ethical syste# "hich is po"erful enough to cope "ith =tilitarianis# and ?aterialis# is 6hristianity, inco#parison "ith "hich Bushido, it #ust be confessed, is like Ha di#ly burning "ickH"hich the ?essiah "as proclai#ed not to Nuench but to fan into a fla#e% (ike <is<ebre" precursors, the prophetsnotably Isaiah, Jere#iah, *#os and <abakkuk



Bushido laid particular stress on the #oral conduct of rulers and public #en and ofnations, "hereas the Ethics of 6hrist, "hich deal al#ost solely "ith indi$iduals and <is personal follo"ers, "ill find #ore and #ore practical application as indi$idualis#, in itscapacity of a #oral factor, gro"s in potency% The do#ineering, self'asserti$e, so'called#aster'#orality of ietzsche, itself akin in so#e respects to Bushido, is, if I a# not

greatly #istaken, a passing phase or te#porary reaction against "hat he ter#s, by #orbiddistortion, the hu#ble, self'denying sla$e'#orality of the azarene%

6hristianity and ?aterialis# Lincluding =tilitarianis#Mor "ill the future reduce the# tostill #ore archaic for#s of <ebrais# and <ellenis#K"ill di$ide the "orld bet"eenthe#% (esser syste#s of #orals "ill ally the#sel$es on either side for their preser$ation%7n "hich side "ill Bushido enlistK <a$ing no set dog#a or for#ula to defend, it canafford to disappear as an entity like the cherry blosso#, it is "illing to die at the first gustof the #orning breeze% But a total etinction "ill ne$er be its lot% Fho can say thatstoicis# is deadK It is dead as a syste# but it is ali$e as a $irtue) its energy and $italityare still felt through #any channels of lifein the philosophy of Festern nations, in the

jurisprudence of all the ci$ilized "orld% ay, "here$er #an struggles to raise hi#selfabo$e hi#self, "here$er his spirit #asters his flesh by his o"n eertions, there "e see thei##ortal discipline of Aeno at "ork%

Bushido as an independent code of ethics #ay $anish, but its po"er "ill not perish fro#the earth its schools of #artial pro"ess or ci$ic honor #ay be de#olished, but its lightand its glory "ill long sur$i$e their ruins% (ike its sy#bolic flo"er, after it is blo"n to thefour "inds, it "ill still bless #ankind "ith the perfu#e "ith "hich it "ill enrich life%*ges after, "hen its custo#aries shall ha$e been buried and its $ery na#e forgotten, itsodors "ill co#e floating in the air as fro# a far'off unseen hill, Hthe "ayside gaze beyondHthen in the beautiful language of the uaker poet,HThe tra$eler o"ns the grateful sense7f s"eetness near he kno"s not "hence,*nd, pausing, takes "ith forehead bareThe benediction of the air%H

End of Project GutenbergCs Bushido, the Soul of Japan, by Inazo itob!

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