Bush and Clinton. Iran-Iraq War: 1980-88 Iraq invades Iran in 1980 following the Iranian Revolution...
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![Page 1: Bush and Clinton. Iran-Iraq War: 1980-88 Iraq invades Iran in 1980 following the Iranian Revolution in 1979 – Iraq hoped to take advantage of situation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddb5503460f94ad2758/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bush and Clinton
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Iran-Iraq War: 1980-88• Iraq invades Iran in 1980 following the Iranian Revolution in 1979
– Iraq hoped to take advantage of situation in Iran but had very little success
– Hoped to establish Iraq as most powerful Persian Gulf State• Comparisons to WWI
– Trench warfare, chemical weapons, destruction• Iraqis and Americans had extensive political and military
cooperation• US focused on isolating Iran and maintaining freedom of
navigation
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Invasion of Kuwait
• Iraq has 4th largest army in the world
• 1990: Saddam Hussein orders his army across the border of Kuwait
• If Iraq occupies Kuwait, Saudi Arabia is threatened– If S.A. falls, Iraq would
own 1/2 of worlds oil supply
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Operation Desert Shield
• Defense of Saudi Arabia• 500K American troops placed in Saudi Arabia• UN Security Council forms coalition to fight
Saddam militarily– USSR did not veto b/c looking for support from
Western Europe due to internal changes
• Ultimatum to Saddam: leave Kuwait by January 15, 1991 or face full attack
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Operation Desert Storm• Bombed Iraq’s military targets for
several weeks– 2500 missions– Iraq launches Scud missiles at
American military• February 24 the ground war began
– Liberate Kuwait within 100 hours
– Enter Iraq?• Would allies support it• If Saddam falls, would
entire nation dissolve into civil war
• Iraq agrees to ceasefire
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Aftermath
• Iraq detonates explosives at many Kuwait oil wells causing mass destruction
• Iraq dumped oil into Persian Gulf• 100K+ Iraqis dead; 148 Americans killed• Television event that allowed people to see
war in a whole new way• American confidence in military and
technological edge skyrocketed
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Election of 1992• Bush 89% approval rating after Persian Gulf
War• Recession and rising deficits caused popularity
to plummet– Raised taxes
• Bush 38 v Clinton 43 v Perot 19
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“New” Democrat
• Move away from traditional Democratic policies
• Move people off welfare and call for growth in private business to help economic progress
• Embrace liberal and conservative ideals to modernize liberalism
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REFORM
Health Care• Hillary Rodham Clinton
head of health care reform plan to guarantee affordable health care for all Americans
• Never voted on by Congress
Balanced Budget• 1997 - Agreed with R to
balance budget– Cut spending, lowered taxes,
programs to help children and improve health care
• 1998 – first surplus in 30 years
• Economy boomed– Unemployment fell, stock
market soared, tax revenues rose, fewer people received public aid
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REFORM
Welfare• 1996 – Law passed to limit
how long people could receive benefits
• Block grants established for states: set amount of federal money they could spend on welfare
Crime• Call for tougher gun control
and decrease in exposure to violent imagery
• 1993 – bombing at World Trade Center
• 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing
• 1999 – Columbine• 2001 – 9/11
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Foreign Policy• Relations with Former Cold War Foes– Russia intervened in Chechnya and US in Yugoslavia– Clinton granted China permanent trade rights
• Troops Abroad– 1991 – Yugoslavia breaks into 5 nations and Serbs in
Bosnia begin ethnic cleansing; US sends troops in 95– 1994 – force military ruler in Haiti to step down– 1998 – US launches air attack of Serb after attacking
Albanians in Kosovo• Trade and Global Economy– NAFTA: pros and cons?
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Partisan Politics and ImpeachmentRepublicans Control Congress• Newt Gingrich turns voters
to Republican support with ‘Contract with America’– Congressional term limits,
balanced budget amendment, tax cuts, tougher crime laws, welfare reform
• 1994 – R win both houses of Congress for first time since 1954
Impeachment• Improperly using $$ from
land deal to fund 1984 gubernatorial reelection campaign
• Improper relationship with Monica Lewinsky
• Charged with perjury and obstruction of justice; faced trial but never received 2/3 majority in Senate
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2000 Election: Gore v Bush
Confusion on Election Night• TV claimed Gore won
Florida, Penn., and Michigan
• Then said Florida was up in the air
• Bush won by 500 votes in Florida and won electoral votes even though 500,000 fewer popular votes
• Gore calls for recount
On to Court• Manual Recounting begins
on November 12• Republicans sue to have
recount stopped• On Dec 12, Supreme Court
votes 5-4 to stop recounts making Bush president
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Bush Administration
Antiterrorist Measures• Antiterrorism Bill in Oct. 01• Created Department of
Homeland Security• Bombs Afghanistan in 2001
b/c gov’t was harboring Osama Bin Laden
• 2002 – broke up al-Qaeda• Afghanistan holds free
election and Hamid Karzai is president
War Against Iraq• Iraq agreed to stop production
of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons but Hussein only cooperated partly
• Bush claims Hussein supporting al-Qaeda
• No WMD but Hussein didn’t cooperate and US invades in March 2003
• Defeated quickly but no WMD found
• Hussein captured and executed
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Bush Administration
Domestic Agenda• No Child Left Behind: more
accountability by states for students’ success
• Enron and WorldCom lead to Sarbanes-Oxley Act: creates regulatory board to oversee accounting industry and its involvement with corporations
• Investors lose faith and economy suffers
Re-elected in 2004• Still criticized for invasion of
Iraq• Administration allowed
torture of terrorists• Criticized for response to
Hurricane Katrina• 2006 – Democrats regain
control of House and Senate
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2008 Presidential Election
• Obama v McCain• Collapse of financial
markets in 08• Obama Wins– Stimulus package to
combat recession– Plans to end combat
operations in Iraq and Afghanistan
– Health Care reform bill
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Communications Revolution
• Information Superhighway: network of communication devices linking people and institutions across nation and world
• 1994 – Gore oversees government participation in development
• Internet
• 2009 – 228 million Americans use Internet regularly and in 97% of classrooms
• Telecommute – work from a location of their choice
• Telecommunications Act of 1996 – removed barriers that had prevented one type of communications company from starting up
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Scientific Advances
Simulation and Robotics• Virtual Reality and Artificial
Intelligence– Flight Simulators– Tour of patients lungs– Long-distance surgery– Architects and engineers– Meteorologists
Space Exploration• 1997 – NASA’s Pathfinder
and Sojourner provide pictures of surface of Mars
• International Space Station (ISS) – zero-gravity lab for research
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Scientific Advances
Biotechnology• Human Genome Project• 1997 – Dolly the Sheep is
cloned and then two Rhesus monkeys
• Genetic Engineering: artificial changing of the molecular biology of organisms cells to alter an organism
Medical Progress• Cancer survival rates
improve• Track spread of HIV• Magnetic Resonance
Imaging• Nanosensors and Nanobots
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Shifting Economy
More Service, Less Security• Growth in service sector (part of
economy that provides services to consumers)
• Low paying jobs grow fastest• Temps hired to help downsize
(trim payrolls to streamline operations to increase profits)
• Young people left without jobs
Farms and Factories• Manufacturing sector
plummeted– Robots!
• Unions start to disappear– High-tech and professional
workers don’t need them– Low wage workers worried
about a strike
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“The New Economy”
• Price of doing business would fall b/c of Internet and worldwide productivity would jump
• Bill Gates• NASDAQ – stock index on Wall Street that is
technology dominated– Enron and WorldCom– Threat of terrorism– Increase in dotcoms most went out of business
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Change and the Global Economy
• Global Trade Accounts for 25-30% of economy• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):
lowered trade barriers, such as tariffs, and established WTO to resolve trade disputes
• International Competition– Outside countries produce same at lower costs– 100,000 jobs lost in US due to NAFTA– Competition helped maintain low wages and
decrease benefits
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Changing Face of America• Urban Flight: Americans leaving cities to move to the suburbs
– Overcrowding leads to crime and decaying houses– Space, privacy and security– Newer, less crowded schools– Industries relocated to suburbs– Downtown districts fell into disrepair
• Gentrification: purchased and rehabilitated deteriorating urban property, displacing lower income people– Old industrial sites– Young, single professional
• Suburban Living– Competition between suburbs creates incentives to companies to locate
within borders
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Changing Face of America
Aging of America• 2008 Median Age: 36.8• Increase in demands for
programs that care for elders– 1/3 of National Budget– Medicare and Social Security– How do we handle increasing
number of retirees?
Shifting Population• Since 1960s, 30%
immigrants from Asia and 50% from Western Hemisphere
• 1994 – 95 1 million Mexicans lose jobs due to devalue of peso
• Majority-Minority• Proposition 187 in 1994• Immigration Laws in Arizona
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Questions
• Which area of technological change do you think is most important for the country?
• Why is genetic engineering a source of controversy?
• How was the immigrations that occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s similar to and different from earlier waves of immigrations?
• How can workers best prepare themselves for the future?