PERPUSTAKAAN UMP

11111111111111111111 0000073587

BUS RAIL TRANSIT AS AN OPTIMUM SOLUTION FOR

MAJILIS BANDARAYA MELAKA BERSEJARAH

FUTURE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION DEMAND

NURULAIN BINTI ZAINI

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND EARTH RESOURCES

ABSTRACT

Transport is a key requirement of human travel or movement from one place to another place without taking into account the distance to the destination. Rail service system bus, which was introduced by the state government of Melaka is one of the efforts to upgrade the existing public transport facilities. Shuttle bus service available is not sufficient demand for the use of an attempt to accommodate a public bus in the present and the future of public services. The purpose of this study was to obtain user feedback on their perception of public transport services. In addition, the purpose of this study was to examine the system of rail-bus service (Melaka Tram), which will start operating in Melaka next year (2013). Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and analyzed statistically. As a whole, the results showed that respondents gave a poor perception of the quality of public bus services in Malacca. In addition, these studies also review how rail bus components can be the backbone of the existing public transport in Melaka. Results from this study indicate that the problem of cloud services (shuttle bus) is not available on time and also not very convenient to the user. In addition, the rail-bus components are designed to increase the quality of public bus services in Melaka is the path rail-bus, ticket payment system that uses machines, stations and intelligent information systems for users' rail-bus. At the end of the study, there are some suggestions to improve the public transportation in Melaka to make sure that the levels of services are same with other public transportation in the other developed countries. Among its recommendations is to apply the bus rail component in the management of the existing public bus. This is because not only can attract the attention of the public to use public services but also can reduce the traffic congestion in Melaka.

VI

ABSTRAK

Pengangkutan adalah merupakan keperluan utama manusia dalam melakukan perjalanan atau pergerakan dari satu tempat ke satu tempat yang lain tanpa mengambil kirajarak ke destinasi yang dituju. Sistem perkhidmatan rel has yang diperkenalkan oleh kerajaan negeri Melaka adalah salah satu daripada usaha untuk menaik taraf kemudahan pengangkutan awam sedia ada. Perkhidmatan has ulang-alik sedia ada tidak mencukupi utuk menampung permintaan terhadap penggunaan has awam pada masa kini dan masa hadapan terhadap perkhidmatan awam. Tujuan kajian mi adalah untuk mendapatkan makiuni balas pengguna mengenai persepsi mereka terhadap perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam. Selain daripada itu, tujuan kajian mi juga untuk mengkaji sistem perkhimatan rel has (Melaka Tram) yang akan mula beroperasi di Melaka tahun hadapan (2013). Set soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada responden dan dianalisis secara statistik. Secara kesuluruhan, hasil kajian menunjukkan responden memberikan persepsi yang kurang memuaskan terhadap mutu perkhidmatan bas awam di Melaka. Selain itu, kajian mi juga mengkaji bagaimana komponen relbas dapat menjadi tulang belakang kepada pengangkutan awam sedia ada di Melaka. Hasil daripada kajian mi menunjukkan bahawa antara masalah perkhidmatan awan (has ulang-alik) sedia ada adalah tidak menepati masa dan juga tidak memberi keselesaan kepada pengguna. Di samping itu, antara komponen rel bas yang dapat menaikkan mutu perkhimatan bas awam di Melaka adalah sistem laluan relbas, sistem pembayaran tiket yang menggunakan mesin, stesen dan sistem makiumat pintar untukpara pengguna rel bas. Di akhir kajian, terdapat beberapa cadagan supaya tahap pengangkutan awam di Melaka setanding dengan negara maju yang lain. Antara cadangannya adalah meñgaplikasikan komponen rel has dalam sistem pengurusan bas awam yang sedia ada. Hal mi kerana bukan saja dapat menarik perhatian orang awam untuk menggunakan perkhidmatan awam tetapi dalam mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas di Melaka.

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE

PAGE

TITLE PAGE

1

SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION

11

STUDENT'S DECLARATION

111

DEDICATION

iv

ACNOWLEGDMENT

V

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLES

xlv

1. INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study 1

1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.2 Objective 3

1.3 Scope of Study 4

viii

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Transport and Urban Strucutre 5

2.2 Customer Satisfaction and Services Quality 6

2.3 Public Transportation as Congestion Solution

2.3.1 The Public Transportation 8

2.3.2 Expanding the Public Transportation 9

Commute Benefit

2.3.3 Intelligent Transportation 9

System (ITS)

2.3.4 Location-Efficient Mortgages 9

2.3.5 Public Transportation Promotes 10

Smarter Growth and More Productive

Development

2.4 Bus Rail Transit 10

2.5 Benefit of Bus Rail Transit

2.5.1 Increased Ridership 12

2.5.2 Improved Capital Cost Effective 13

2.5.3 Minimal Passenger Waiting Times 13

2.5.4 Minimal Stopped Time 13

2.5.5 Smooth, Quiet"Ride 14

2.6 Improves Public Transport 14

Need a Developing

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 15

3.2 Technical Visit and Literature Review

3.2.1 Study Area 16

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3.2.2 Site Visit 17

3.3 Questionnaire and Interview

3.3.1 Questionnaire 18

3.3.2 The Qualities of a Good 19

Questionnaire

3.3.3 Interview 20

3.3.4 Type of Interview 21

3.3.5 Preparation for Interview 21

3.3.6 Qualification Criteria for 22

Interviewer

3.3.7 Sequence of Questions 22

3.4 Bus Rail Transit ( BRT)

3.4.1 Running Ways 23

3.4.2 Bus Stop 24

3.4.3 Fare Collection 25

3.4.4 Services and Operation Plan 26

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 Data Collection of Questionnaire Survey 28

4.2.1 Profile of Respondents (Part A) 28

4.2.2 Information of Travel among 31

Respondent (Part B)

4.2.3 Information of current Public 34

Transportation (Part C)

4.2.4 Information of Respondent

Knowledge about Rail Transit (Part D) 37

4.3 Current Public Transportation at Melaka 38

4.3.1 Characteristic of Panorama Bus 39

4.3.2 Bus Route 39

4.4 The Issue of Bus Shuttle in Melaka

4.4.1 Congestion Impacts 42

4.5 Melaka Tram 44

KI

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4.5.1 Melaka Tramway Project 45

4.5.2 Vehicle Specifications 45

4.5.3 Running Ways 46

4.5.4 Station 49

4.5.5 Fare Collection 55

4.5.6 Intelligent Transportation System 56

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 58

5.2 Discussion 59

5.3 •Recommendation 61

5.4 Conclusion 61

REFERENCES 63

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - Map of BRT Route 65

APPENDIX B - Questionnaire 67

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE

PAGE

Figure 2.1: Caused of Transportation Problem

Figure 2.2: Asymmetric Reciprocal Influence between Quality and

Satisfaction at the Encounter and Global Level

7

Figure 2.5.1: City ( Time Data Collected after BRT Implemented)

12

Figure 3.1: Flow Chart of Methodology

15

Figure 3.2.1 : Map of Melaka

16

Figure 3.4.1 (a): Running Ways 21

Figure 3.4.1 (b): Cross section

22

Figure 3.4.2: Bus Stop

23

Figure 4.2.1(a): Pie Chart Gender of Respondent

29

Figure 4.2.1(b): Pie Chart of Age of Respondent

29

Figure 4.2.1(c): Pie Chart of Income of Respondent per Month

30

Figure 4.2.1(d): Pie Chart of District of Respondent

30

Figure 4.2.1(e): Bar Chart of the Respondent Vehicle

31

Figure 4.2.2(a):Bar Chart of Respondent Travel to the to Melaka

32

Figure 4.2.2(b): Bar Chart of Respondent Travel Time to the Melaka Central 33

Figure 4.2.2(c): Pie Chart of Respondent Travel'Choice

33

Figure 4.2.3(a): Bar Chart of Public Transportation that Familiar in Melaka

34

Figure 4.2.3(b): Punctuality of Current Public Bus

35

Figure 4.2.3(c): Bar Chart of Ticket or Frae Price for Public

35

Figure 4.2.3(d): Bar Chart of Satisfaction with the Condition of Public Bus 36

Figure 4.2.4(a): Pie Chart of Respondent Knowledge about Bus Rail Transit 37

Figure 4.2.4(b): Pie Chart of Bus rail transit are suitable solution for the

Traffic congestion at Ayer Keroh Melaka

38

Figure 4.3 : Old Bus Change to Panorama Bus

38

xli

xlii

Figure 4.3.2:Bus Route System at Melaka 4.1

Figure 4.5.2(a):Drawing of Tram from the Side View 45

Figure 4.5.2(b):Drawing of Tram from the Upper View 45

Figure 4.5.3(a): Freeway type of running way 47

Figure 4.5.3(b):Freeway type of running way traffic 48

Figure 4.5.6(a):Enhanced stop 50

Figure 4.5.6(b):Melaka Tram Depot. 51

Figure 4.5.6(c):BRT Route 51

Figure 4.5.6(d):Layout of Bus Stop from Upper View 53

Figure 4.5.6(e):Layout of Bus Stop from Side View 53

Figure 4.5.6(f): Isometric View of Bus 53

Figure 4.5.5:Ticket Machine 55

xlv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

Table 2.3.5 : Benefits of Transit Oriented Development 10

Table 4.3.2: Current Shuttle Bus Route

39

Table 4.4(a): General statistic of population and number of registered vehicles 43

Table 4.5.2: Specification of the Tram 46

Table 4.5.6: BRT Route 52

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Public transportation or public transits are available for use by the general public.

Due to the rapid development of urbanization in Malacca, there existed an increase the

human activities which are indirectly causing an increase in long distance movement. As

we know, Malacca is one of the holiday destinations for tourism from within and outside

the country.

Therefore, many users prefer to use public transport such as bus and taxi and

river taxi. However, all this public transportation' cannot help to decrease the congestion

especially in urban area and during peak hour (Blogger Quah, 2009). Malacca should

take Singapore as an example. This is because the public transportation systems in

Singapore are very successful. By using existing public transportation, it is difficult for

the user to reach their destination on time (Dewan Undangan Negeri Khoo Poay Tiong

(DAP-Ayer Keroh, 26 July 2010).

1

Traffic congestion is getting worse in the city of Malacca will solve by the rail

transport system. The entry of too many private vehicles contributes to the traffic

congestion in the city of Malacca (Utusan Malaysia, Tan Sri Syed Hamid Albar.2010).

Besides public bus and taxi, Malacca needs new types of public transportation that

relevant to the Malacca that known as Malacca is recognized as a World Heritage Site.

1.1 Problem statement

The problems statements of this case study are the current bus in Melaka are not

enough to fulfill future demand for public transportation in Melaka. Performances of the

public bus are unsatisfied. Lack of reliability result in discomfort for the public bus user,

thus reduce its competitiveness to personal vehicle use. User more interested drives their

vehicle, this case of the increasing number of vehicles on the road and will cause the

congestion (Madzlan Napiah, Norfakhriah Yaakob. Preliminary assessment of reliability

ofpublic bus service in Kota Bharu) it compares to Bus Rail Transit (BRT) which is one

of the major trend in the development of public transportation system (Graham Currie,

Monash University).

Since the bus system alone are cannot attract the community to use the public

transportation, therefore a pilot route of BRT which will function as the backbone for

the public transport system is likely to the optimum solution. Many users are not

interested to use the public bus because of the performance of the public bus and the

traffic congestion at street.

2

The quality of service offered by public transit is decreasing and according the

increasing use of the other modes such as car and motorcycle. The car and motorcycle

are contributing most of the motorized modes of transport and share bus is

comparatively less. As a result, the city is facing the decreased levels of performance in

the urban public franslortation sector (Ashim Ratna Bajracharya, March 2008).

As we look toward increasing reliance on public transportation and the criticism

of the public bus, we must recognize that all public transit is not alike. At the same

time, the people need to know the advantages of rail transport may provide a better

service from the bus (Public Transportation, J. Paul Weyrich).

1.2 Objective

Based on the problem statement in the previous section, the following are the

objective of this study:

1. Conduct survey on the current bus system for a study area to identify the

problem and issue.

2. Demonstrate the component and function of a BRT system.

3

1.3 Scope of Study

The scope of this study includes the following procedures:

a) Identify the problem and issue of current bus system.

b) Route Characteristic such as length of the route, number of lanes, location of

bus stop and provision of bus lane.

c) Plan and design BRT system as new public transportation at Melaka.

0

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Transport and Urban Structure Problem

Rapid and expanded urbanization occurring around the world involves an

increased number of trips in urban area. Cities have traditionally responded to growth in

mobility by expanding the transport supply, by build new highways and transit lines. In

the developed world, that has mainly meant building more roads to accommodate an

ever-growing number of vehicles, therefore creating new urban structures. Several urban

spatial structures have accordingly emerged, with the reliance on the automobile being

the most important discriminatory factor (Rodrigue et a!, 2006).

5

Urban Expansion

Transportation

Prabem

Increasing Traffic rban Congestion Population

Figure 2.1 : Caused of Transportation Problem

Cities are locations that have high level of accumulation and concentration of

economic activities and complex spatial structures that are supported by the transport

system. The most important transport problems are often related to urban areas, when

transport system, for a variety reasons, cannot satisfy numerous requirements of urban

mobility.Urban productivity is highly depending on the efficiency of its transportation

system to move labor, consumers and freight between multiple origins and destinations.

Among the most notable urban transport problems are:

1. Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.

2. The decrease of use public transportation.

3. Land consumption.

2.2 Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality

All organizations already understand the importance of customer satisfaction.

For many organizations in the public sector, customer satisfaction will it be the measure

of success. Satisfaction is defined as the customer's fulfillment. It is a judgment that a

6

services feature provided a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment,

including levels of under or over fulfillment.

The relationship between quality and satisfaction is complex due to the intricate

interplay between performance dimension used in quality judgments and those used in

satisfaction judgments and due to the different between encounter-specific and global

judgment. Thus, the relationship between the two is as shown in figure 2.2. Quality is

hypothesized as one dimension on which satisfaction is based and satisfaction is one

potential on global quality perceptions.

ENCOUNTER . GLOBAL

Quality ....: QUALITY 1 >< V SATt5ACTION .. Satisfaction

Very strong Influence

Part ar partial Influence

Very weak or no influence

Figure 2.2 : Asymmetric Reciprocal Influence

There is several studies regarding satisfaction and dissatisfaction in public

transportation have been conducted to develop and create attractive public transport.

Conduct a survey by sending a questionnaire in several areas of the city. One factor was

labeled as "feeling unsafe" which contain the behavior of other passengers, feeling

unsafe while travelling at night and feeling unsafe while waiting buses. Another factor

was labeled as preference of walking and cycling and also use their own transportation

as car and motorcycle because of overcrowded passengers, other passenger smoking 7

habit and another annoyed person's behavior on the bus. The users are not satisfied with

the services of public transportation nowadays because of bored cause of delays and

waiting time.

Importance to understand the timetable information in bus stop and in a local

newspaper in order to make user awake of the existence of the service. The simple

ticketing arrangement is also important in order to make them use public transportation

(UK Department for transport 2003)

2.3 Public Transportation as Congestion Solution

Urban economists have long realized that transportation has a major impact of

land use development patterns; in many situations improved accessibility can stimulate

development location and type.

2.3.1 The Public Transportation / Land-Use Connection

As a strategy in relieving congestion, public transportation can be more effective

with policies and action that expand "transit oriented development". For increase the

density of user, mixed-use and pedestrian deign in development in major public

transportation corridors.

8

2.3.2 Expanding the Public Transportation Commute Benefit

To help reduce roadway congestion, employers can offer employees a tax free

transit pass per month. The cost of this commute benefit is deductible as a normal

business expense. Alternatively, the transit commute benefit can be provided through

payroll deductions, with employer and employee sharing the cost.

2.3.3 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

New technologies applied to both public transportation and highways can help

relieve congestion. A universal fare system based on "smart card" technology; real time,

on street customer information; and integrated scheduling and dispatching system can

dramatically enhance the attractiveness of public transportation use.

2.3.4 Location-Efficient Mortgages

Proximity to public transportation can reduce the cost of auto-oriented

transportation, freeing household income for other uses, such as home mortgages.

9

2.3.5 Public Transportation Promotes Smarter Growth and More Productive

Development.

Public transpoitation drastically reduces the amount of land needed for cars. The

Urban rail system can provide more capacity in a 100 foot right of way than a six-lane

freeway requiring a 300 foot right of way. Required parking spaces can be reduced 30

and 50 percent, respectively, for office and retail development in transit-intensive

development transit intensive areas.

Table 2.3.5 : Benefits of Transit Oriented Development

Economic Social Environmental

• Reduce development • Improved • Green space and and public service costs. transportation choice, wildlife habitat

• Consumer particularly for non preservation. transportation cost drivers, • Reduced air pollution. savings. • Improved housing • Reduce resources

• Economics of cohesion consumption. agglomeration. • Community cohesion a Reduce water pollution.

• More efficient transpiration.

2.4 Bus Rail Transit

Bus Rail Transit (BRT) is an approach to providing high quality rapid transit

services with railing system. BRT system can offer many of the same features as rail

transit which is high frequency, high capacity, high quality and high reliability, along

providing riders a sense of permanence but it is with greater flexibility and

comparatively lowers costs.

Besides that, BRT provides a premium level of services with fewer stop, faster

[services, and enhanced reliability, higher quality amenities and special branded buses 10

and stations compared to local bus service. BRT system can combine Intelligent

Transportation System (ITS) technology, as well as signals and roadway design priority

treatments for transit, with cleaner and quieter vehicles, rapid and convenient fare

collection, and enhanced integration between station and adjacent land uses.

On the other hand BRT services may operate in a range of environment, such as

mixed traffic lanes, designated bus-only arterial lanes, or on its own transit way. BRT is

typical implemented on longer corridors dotted with higher density activity centers of

development nodes linking cities or providing connections between large city centers ant

outlying residential and commercial centers.

When transit-preferential operating facilities are in place, such as a bus only

lane, BRT travel times can compete with the automobile on congested urban corridors,

which helps to attract choice riders.

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2.5 Benefit of BRT

2.5.1 Increased Ridership

The integration of system elements has demonstrated that BRT can attract

riders and greatly increase corridor ridership. Ridership gains of 20% to 96% in BRT

corridors have been noted in practice as in the chart below:

Net Corridor Ridership Gains with BRT

120

100

I E 20

0

- 4

Figure 2.5.1: City (Time Data Collected after BRT Implemented)

From the chart, Boston Silver Line Phase 1 : a 96% increase in weekday

corridor ridership with 1/4 of new riders previously using other modes. Then Pittsburgh

West Bus way : 1/3 of the rides use an automobile previously and the San Pablo Rail

Bus accounted for a 42.7% increase of corridor ridership.

12

2.5.2 Improved Capital Cost Effectiveness

BRT system can use less costly or existing infrastructures and reduce fleet

requirements with better vehicle utilization.

Overall capital costs are less than other rapid transit modes, such as light rail

(LRT) or heavy rail (HRT).

2.5.3 Minimal Passenger Waiting Times

Service is frequent and predictable; ideally, service at least during peak

periods is so frequent that passengers feel no need to refer to timetables or to time their

arrival at stations. At other times of day, service should be on time and preferably at

easily remembered "clock-face" times, for example, on the hour, quarter hour, half hour,

and so forth. Both LRT and BRT can fulfill this requirement, especially if operating

mainly in reserve right of way, with traffic signal priority, and with advanced-

technology operations management. BRT typically uses a smaller capacity vehicle than

LRT's individual vehicles or trains, so service frequency tends to be higherand waiting

times less.

2.5.4 Minimal Stopped Time

As little time as possible is lost due to stop time at stations, traffic signals, or

other traffic conflicts. Stopped time at stations can be minimized by collecting fares on

station platforms rather than as passengers enter vehicles, by providing a station

platform level with car floors, for rapid entry and exit, by meeting requirements of the

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) without resort to bridging plates, wheelchair

lifts, or other mechanical devices, by the use of vehicles with multiple doors, and by

avoiding excessive crowding on vehicles LRT typically meets all these requirements,

13

especially if low-floor vehicles are used. BRT has these capabilities, possibly including

the use of automated guidance at stations to position vehicles precisely in relation to

station platform edges. Traffic management methods apply equally to LRT and BRT.

2.5.5 Smooth, Quiet Ride

The system is attractive to passengers and not an imposition on

neighborhoods through which it passes. Ride comfort is ample and both in-vehicle and

external noise levels are well within accepted limits. LRT achieves these requirements.

Bus technology is addressing these requirements through developments such as

automated vehicle guidance by mechanical, optical, or magnetic means, and the

introduction of better sound suppression including use of electric drive motors in hybrid

or all-electric applications. The running surface is also a key variable in ride quality, for

buses, much more manageable in a reserved right of way than with ordinary in-street

operation.

2.6 Improves Public Transport Need of a Developing

Buses are the predominant mode of public transportation in many developing

countries which are suffering from the worst traffic congestion in urban cities. This

congestion needs urgent transit policy implementation. Rail-based systems are superior

in relieving congestion, but need a dedicated right-of-way, and have very high

construction costs. Many agencies are thinking that BRT is capable of carrying more

passengers and possess an appealing modern image but there is no big difference

between BRT and bus service with a few improvements on the number of passengers

carried, in a single corridor.

Firstly, what needs to be considered for BRT. Different organizations define the

BRT system in different ways. Diaz and Scbneckl 1 defined BRT as "distinct from

conventional bus transit in a way it combines technology, the operational plan, and the

customer interface to create a higher quality of service".

14