Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291

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Prehistoric IoniansAuthor(s): J. B. BurySource: The English Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 58 (Apr., 1900), pp. 288-291Published by: Oxford University Press

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288

April

INo/es

and

Documents

PREHISTORIC

IONIANS.

IT

is not the

purpose

of

this

brief

paper

to revive

in

any

shape

that

untenable

hypothesis

of

Curtius

I

(which

had been

anticipated

by

Casaubon 2)

that the

colonisation of

Ionia

was the

work

of

a

people

which had

migrated

from

Ionia

itself to

the

western

shores of

the

Aegean. That

hypothesis,

notwithstanding

the

support

of

Holm's

adhesion,

has

been

definitely refuted,

if

it still

needed

refutation,

by two articles of

E.

Meyer

in

Philologqus.3

It

may

now be

considered as

established,

with almost

universal

consent,

that

the

colonists

who

sailed

from the shores

of

Attica

and

Argolis

to

found

the Greek

city-states

of

Ionia

were men

whose

ancestors

had

come,

not from

beyond

the

sea,

but

from the

northern

regions of

their own

peninsula. But

in

connexion

with

this

colonisation one

difficulty

occurs which has

never

been

satisfactorily met.

The

present

paper

offers a

possible

solution.

The problem

is

the source of

the Ionian name itself.

Whence

did

the Ionian

communities derive that common

name which

marked them off from the Aeolians of the north and the Dorians

of

the south

?

The

most

obvious

answer is that

among

the

settlers

were a

people called

the

Iav6nes,

and

that,

by

some

unrecorded

chance, this

name came

into uise

to

designate all the

Greeks

within

the

Ionic

area.

Like

others,

I

accepted

this

answer,

which

is far

more probable

than the

supposition that there

was,

at the time

of

the

migration,

a western

Ionia,

extending over

Attica,

Euboea, and

Argolis. Yet

the

answer is not

satisfactory. For if

the

Iavones

were a

Greek people

of

sufficient

importance to

impress

their name

on

the

communities

of

Ionia,

it

seems

incredible

that we should

find

no trace of

them

in the

home-country. We

might not

find an

Jonia as we

find

a

Doris, or as

we

find

an Aeolian

territory in

Aetolia,

but

surely

we should find

some

vestige of

their

existence,

some

tradition

pointing to some

place

as their

original home.

It

has

been

supposed,

indeed,

that such a

vestige

exists in

the

deme

'

Die Ionier

vor der ionischen

Wanderung,

1855;

Gdtt.

Gel. Anz.

1856, p. 1152

sqq.,

and

1859, p. 2021:

Hermes, xxv.

(1890),

141 sqq.

' On

Dion

Chrysotom, ii. 465,

ed.

Reiske; see

Curtius,

Griechische

Geschichte

P,

p. 634.

Phiiologuts,

xlviii. (1889),

268

sqq., xlix.

(1890)

479

sqq.







1900

PREHISTORIC IONIANS 289

Ionidae

in Attica;

but

this

carries no conviction.4 The Ionidae

may have been descended

from any immigrant Ion.

Chance,

indeed, plays such a large part in the nomenclature of political

geography

that we

might

well decide to

accept a prehistoric

Ionia

in the west,

notwithstanding

the

improbability of its leaving

no

traces

of its

existence,

not even in

tradition,

if

there were

no other

way out of the difficulty.

But there is another way.

The name

'IJFov,es

has been

compared,

for

its

termination, to

Xaoves

and

Aoves-,

and no one

can show that it could not be Greek.

But

no

obvious

or

persuasive

etymology

of

the word

has

ever

been

suggested. On the other hand it might equally well belong to

other

languages.

It

might

be a

Thraco-Illyrian name,

to be

compared with the Illyrian

HlaiovEs

and

the

Phrygian cIadoves

(MpoveS).

Or it might not be

Aryan at all.

It

might belong to

one

of that

group

of

Asian

languages (k1einasiatischeSprachen)

which

includes the

Lydian,

Carian,

and Lycian.6

It

would

be

a folk-name

of the

same

form as

AVKlaovcs,,

while

for

the initial letter it

might

be

compared

to

Iardanos, Iasos, Ialysos. This,

I

believe,

is the

true

solution.7

The

original Iavones, according

to

my hypothesis, were

a

people

of the Asian

(or

shall we call it

Minorasian

2) group,

brethren

of

the Carians

and the

Lydians,

the

Lycians

and

the

Lycaonians,

and

the rest

of

them.

They

lived north of the

Leleges,

between the Maeander and

Hermus, occupying part of the historical

Ionia.

When

the

Greek

settlers

came,

the Iavones suffered the

same fate as the

pre-Greek

inhabitants

of Greece

proper.

They

were

weaker,

or

they

clave less

obstinately

to their

ethnical

identity,

than their brethren,

the

Lycians,

the

Carians,

the

Lydians;

and

they coalesced completely with the Greek invaders. The original

non-Greek

Iavonia

thus became

a country

consisting

of

several

inde-

pendent Greek communities,

in

all of

which

there was an

Iavonian

element; and,

while each

community

had its

own

city-name,

the

name

lavones did not

fall

out of

use

along

with

the old

lavonian

language, but was applied

to all the inhabitants of these com-

munities, which, though of Greek

speech,

were

of

mixed

race.

The

circumstance that these cities were

founded

by Greeks who

were

4

The view of WilamoNNitz-Mollendorff,onnecting the Ionians with the south-

western

Peloponnesus, would

deserve

the greatest consideration

if

there were

clear

proofs of

Iavones west of the

Aegean; but,

it

may

be

observed,

there is

no

strong

evi-

dence of

such a

connexion,

apart from the Neleid

traditions;

and

the

manufacture

of

the

Neleid

traditions

can

be otherwise

explained

(Aristoteles

und

Athen,

ii.

142).

5

'A&ves,

Xao'ves,

according to

Herodian.

See Eur.

Phoen.

644;

Pausan. ix.

5, 1;

Thucyd.

ii. 68. I

am not,

indeed,

quite satisfied

that these

peoples and

their

names

are

Greek.

The

Chaones

may obviously

have

been

Illyrians;

and as

for

the

Aones,

there is other

evidence that

Illyrian

elements crept

into the

midst

of

Greece.

6

Kretschmer,

Einleitung in

die

Geschichte der

griechischen

Sprache.

7

The

possibility

that the

Iavones were of

Phrygian stock does

not

recomnmend

itself, on account of the absence of names of Phrygian character in Ionia; nor have

there

been

discovered

archmeological emains

pointing

to

Phrygia.

VOL.

XV.-NO. LVIII.

U







2'90

PREHISTORIC

IONVIANS

April

closely

akin,

and had much to mark them off from other

portions

of the

Greekrace, in addition to the admixture of Iavonian

blood,

rendered a common distinctive appellation convenient and

necessary.

It was

quite

natural that the

application

of the name

should

presently

be extended to take in

adjacent

communities

which

were

outside

the

boundaries

f

prehistoric

Iavonia,

whether n

the

north or in the

south,

but which had been settled

by

Greeks

of

similar

speech

and similar cults.

This

view

cannot,

of

course,

be

demonstrated.

But,

while

it

explains the

fact that no trace of the

Ionian name is found

west of

the Aegean,it wins considerableprobability rom the explanations

which

it furnishes

of

two historical

problems.

1. It

is

easier

to

understand the

rapid

development

of

the

Ionians

in

early times,

and

their

differentiation

in

many points

from

their Greek

brethren, if,

in

addition

to

difference

of circum-

stances

which

does

not seem

fully

to

account for the

facts,

there was

also an

ethnical

difference in

consequence

of

fusion with the

Iavones.

The

Iavonian

admixture

may

have

supplied the

force

necessaryfor

the

Ionian

development.

2. A passage in Egyptian history receives elucidation. The

names

of the allies

of

the

Hittites

who

attacked

Egypt under

Ramses

II

in the

thirteenth

century

B.C.

were

as

follows :

(1)

Ruka, (2)

Dardeny, 3)

Masa, (4) Yevanna

or Yevan,

(5)

Pidasa,

(6)

Karakisha.8 No

significance

can

be

attached

to

identifications

which

rest on

verbal similarities

alone;

it is

perfectly useless

to

wander

from

Syria

to

Sardinia

in

search of

like-sounding

names.

Such

similarities

acquire

significance

only

wvhen

hey

have

geo-

graphicalprobability o support hem. It canhardly be questioned

that W.

MIax

AMiller

s

right

in

layinig

down

the

principle that

these

allies of

the

Hittites must be

sought

in

Asia Minor.

The

Ruka,

who appear

in

other

lists too, are,

it is generally

agreed,

the

Lycians.

It

has been

pointed out

that

Pidasa

corresponds

closely

to

71T8aa-a

nd

Karlakisba

to

KopaKc'utov.9 Dardeny

and

Masa

suggested

obviously

Dardanians and

MIysians;and there is

no

8

W.

Max

Miiller,

Asiem

uncd

Eutr-opa,

p.

354

sqq.

It has struck me that in the case also of the invaciers of Egypt in the reigns

of

Mernptah

and

Ramses

III

the

names

of some of

the

tribes

mentioned

may

survive

in

the

names of

places.

Thus the

Turusha

of the

Mernptah

invasion

might

be

referred to

Tarsus;

but

the

association

of

the

Danona

(who

appear

under

Ramses

III)

with

'

islands'

is

against

the

suggestion

of

Adana. The

Puirasati,

or

Pursati,

'

from

the

middle of

the

sea,'

might

represent men

of

Praesus,

in

Eastern

Crete.

It

has

sometimes occurred to me

to

suspect that the

name

'ETEO'Kp?TreS

Od. xix.

176)

was

not

an

entirely

original

invention

of

a

primitive

ethnographer,

but

arose,

by

a

process of

TVolksetymologie,

rom the

actual name

of

an old

Cretan

community.

Such

a

name

might

have been the

Takkara,

who

are associated in

Egyptian

documents

with

the

Pursatl.

It

is

conceivable

that

Greeks

might

have made

the

speaking

name

'ETrO'Kp7rEs

out of a Cretan name which Egyptians might have represented as

Takkara.







1900

PREHISTORIC IONIANS

291

reason for supposing that the

migration of

a

branch

of

the Mysians

from Europe into Asia was

later

than the

thirteenth century

B.C.

Champollion identified Yevan with the Iavones (Hebrew tl'). All

these

identifications, none

of

which can be

called forced,

mutually support one another. The likelihood

of one depends

upon the

cumulative likelihood

of all. But hitherto there has been

a

serious difficulty

in

the case

of

the Ionians.

According to the

traditional

view, which represents the

Ionian

migration as subse-

quent to

the Dorian invasion,

there

were

no Iavones in Asia Minor

in

the

thirteenth century, unless, indeed, that

view were supple-

mented by the untenable theory of pre-Ionian Ionian Greeks

in

Asia, as held by Curtius. Nor

does the

difficulty disappear for

those

who

hold-as

I

hold

myself-that the Ionian

migration began

before the

Dorian invasion. The

Achaean or

Aeolian settlements

were older

than the

Ionian,

and

there

is

no

likelihood

that

the

Aeolian

migration began

at

an earlier

period than the thirteenth

or the Ionians

at an earlier than the

twelfth

century. The hypo-

thesis which

has been

put

forward in this

paper

easily solves the

difficulty.

The Yevan

chief

and his

followers

who

went to Syria as

mercenary soldiers of the Hittites were not Ionian Greeks, but non-

Greek

Iav6nes,

of the same race as the

Lycians

and

Coracesians.

J.

B.

BURY.

ON SOME

POEMS ASCRIBED

TO

ALDHELM.

DtMMLER'S edition of the letters

of Boniface and

Lull in

the 'Monu-

menta

Germaniae Historica

'

(epistt.

tom.

iii.)

includes a

number of

pieces which clearly belong to an earlier period and to England.

The

reason

for

their

being

given

in

this

inappropriate

place

is

that;

they

are

taken from the Vienna

MS.

of

the

Moguntine

letters, and

have been

printed

along

with

these

by

former

editors.

Among

these

pieces is a series of five

poems

(if

they

may

be

called

by that

name),

written

in

rhyming

and

alliterative,

but

unrhythmical,

octosyllabic

lines.'

All

the

poems,

except

the

fourth,

which

is

written

continuously

with the

third,

have in the

manuscript

the

heading

incipit

carmen

al; and at the end of the first of them is the sentence finit carmen

Aldhelmi.

This first

poem,

thus

doubly

attributed

to

Aldhelm,

begins

with the

following enigmatic

couplet:

Lector

casses

catholicae

atque

obses

anthletice.

In

Jafe's

edition

2 the

text has

undergone

very

heroic

treatment,

lector

being

'

corrected'

into

rector,

casses

into

casae.

obses into

I

Or

hemistichs,

according

to the

view

of modern

scholars;

but

eEthilwald,

the

author

of at

least

one

of

the

poems

(and,

in

my

opinion,

of

all of

them), says

that it

is in versutsof eight syllables each.

2

Monum.

Mogunt.

p.

38.

u 2





Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291

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