Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for … Dickenson.pdf · 2018. 6. 26. ·...

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Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for Biofouling Prevention Natasha C. Dickenson 1 , Kelli Hunsucker 2 , Jason Krumholz 3 , Michael Radicone 4 1 Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Rhode Island 2 Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control Florida Institute of Technology 3 McLaughlin Research Corporation 4 I2 Air Fluid Innovation, Inc. 19 th International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling June 26, 2018

Transcript of Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for … Dickenson.pdf · 2018. 6. 26. ·...

Page 1: Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for … Dickenson.pdf · 2018. 6. 26. · Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for Biofouling Prevention.

Bursting the Iodine Vapor Bubble: Iodine Infused Aeration for Biofouling

PreventionNatasha C. Dickenson1, Kelli Hunsucker2, Jason Krumholz3,

Michael Radicone4

1Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Rhode Island2Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control Florida Institute of Technology

3McLaughlin Research Corporation4I2 Air Fluid Innovation, Inc.

19th International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling

June 26, 2018

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Biofouling and the Navy

Hull of the Ex-USS SARATOGA

• Navy vessels susceptible to high fouling pressure.• Increases drag and fuel consumption.• Overall costs (hull cleaning/coatings) for entire Navy

destroyer class ~$56 million/year (Shultz, 2011).• Hard fouling results in greatest operational costs.• Antifouling coatings remain industry standard for hull

fouling prevention.• Need for environmentally friendly methods.

Hull of the Ex-USS INDEPENDENCEHull of the Ex-USS FORRESTAL

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Demonstrate the ability of iodine (I2) infusion aeration technology to reduce fouling of submerged substrates.

2014 -2015: Assess the efficacy of standard and I2 infused aeration at both temperate (Rhode Island) and sub-tropical (Florida) locations.

2016: Assess the efficacy of a scaled-up aeration system on a vessel coated with various antifoulant coatings.*

2017: Determine scalability and identify potential paths to transition the I2 infused aeration anti-fouling technology from demonstration-scale to “real world” application.

Objective

*Natasha C. Dickenson, Jason S. Krumholz, Kelli Z. Hunsucker & Michael Radicone (2017) Iodine-infused aeration for hull fouling prevention: a vessel-scale study, Biofouling, 33:10, 955-969.

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• Physical barrier• push larvae away from surfaces

• Turbulence• dislodge or damage newly

settled juveniles

• Creates unfavorable environment

• super-saturated oxygen

Aeration - Mechanisms Behind Efficacy

Aeration continuous stream of bubbles directed at a surface

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Iodine Vapor Infusion

Biofouling after two months

• Iodine Bubble Infusion technique uses an infusion of air to create bubbles containing low dose elemental iodine.

• I2 vapor surrounding iodinated coated resin beads used as a targeted disinfection agent for surface microbe interaction prevents macrofoulingestablishment.

• Bubbles containing I2 contact an organic surface, transfer I2 across the bubble membrane, and interfere with the microbes:

• oxidative microbiological inactivation• aerobic inactivation• disruption of organic bonds

Un-infused tube

I2 Infused tube

I2 Infused tube

Bubble Infusion Device

(I2 Air Fluid Innovation, Inc.)

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Vessel Scale-Up & Coatings Evaluation• Evaluated vessel scale I2 aeration system on

inactive vessel (~8 m) in Port Canaveral, Florida.

• Sections coated to test effectiveness of I2 infused aeration as a complementary method to foul-release coatings or other biocides.

• Three coatings:• Foul-release coating (Intersleek® IS-1100)• Ablative copper coating (Interspeed® BRA-640)• Epoxy barrier coat

• Constant standard aeration with pulses of I2 for 5 minutes every 15 minutes.

• Monthly underwater monitoring (March - July 2016) to quantify biofouling accumulation.

• Ablation rate monitoring on BRA panels.

2 4 8

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Vessel Scale-Up & Coatings Evaluation

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Vessel Scale-Up & Coatings Evaluation

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Vessel Scale-Up & Coatings Evaluation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Control I2 Aeration Control I2 Aeration Control I2 Aeration

Epoxy Intersleek BRA

Mea

n Pe

rcen

t Cov

er (%

)

HARD SOFT BIOFILM

CoatingHard Fouling Soft Fouling

Control I2-Aerated Control I2-Aerated

Epoxy 38% 6% 60% 71%

Intersleek 17% 2% 24% 13%

BRA 27% 4% 42% 16%

NS

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Vessel Scale-Up & Coatings Evaluation

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

% c

hang

e re

lativ

e to

con

trol

Impact of Aeration on Fouling

Total Fouling Hard Fouling Soft Fouling Biofilm

Epoxy IntersleekBRA

Negative value overall reduction in fouling type relative to the controlsPositive value control panels had less of a specific fouling type than aeration

85%96%94%

NS

70%52%

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• Will aeration reduce lifespan of BRA coatings? • Increased flow/turbulence might accelerate the ablation rate of BRA coating.

• No increased ablation on any of the three stripes painted on BRA panels exposed to aeration.

• Any wear attributed to:• inconsistency in paint application • damage to the coating by barnacles

• Low flow rate of aeration system (4 l/min) not likely sufficient to increase ablation of the coating.

BRA Ablation

• Future quantitative measurements -dry film thickness (DFT)

• Longer term (> 1 year) effects of I2-infused aeration on copper coatings remain unknown.

CONTROL

I2-AERATED

2 4 8 2 4 8

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Confounding Factors

NO SUN SUN

Shading

Grazing

Bubble Dispersion

Mechanical issues

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• Scalability concerns related to full scale/long term deployment:• Compressor size• Delivering air to hull

• Need more information on relative cost-benefit of standard vs. I2 infused aeration

• Environmental benefits vs. environmental concerns• Viable option for niche areas or sensitive equipment where

antifoulant coatings are not an option?

• Other applications?

Scalability & Transition

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• Aerated panels showed 85-96% reductions in hard fouling.

• Soft fouling reduced by ~ 50–70% when aeration was used in conjunction with Intersleek and Interspeed BRA vs. AF coatings alone.

• Benefits of I2-infused aeration:• AF coatings + I2-infused aeration alter fouling community

composition in favor of soft-fouling organisms/biofilms. • Stand-alone or complimentary method to AF coatings. • Effective both as an AF solution when coatings are not feasible (e.g. sea

chests)• Complementary technique to FR coatings which are less effective when

vessels are stationary.

• Aeration did not accelerate the ablation process which could cause paint loss.

Summary

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• Regulatory acceptance of technology and understand environmental impacts of larger scale usage.

• Simulated vessel movement to improve understanding of aeration and FR coating interactions under more realistic conditions.

Future Efforts

FIT’s through-hull panel test consisting of a floating-element drag meter, a pitot-static tube, and a video camera.

Test PanelHigh Def Camera

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Acknowledgments• Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division Newport

Investment Office• Office of Naval Research• Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Center, Florida Institute of

Technology• Michael James, Jesse Belden, and Staci O’Donnell (NUWC)