Burgess Vulcan Latest Publication 2014

18 November 2014

STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD

Background

Our structural fire engineering research started in 1985, when we were simply attempting to simulate the behaviour of isolated steel elements in furnace tests. We have used several software approaches since then, as the emphasis has shifted from beams and columns in isolation towards the performance of building structures as a whole. A massive stimulus was given to the whole subject by the fire tests on the full-scale composite frame at Cardington during the 1990s.

Our early work was entirely analytical, and the main theme of our research remains in numerical modelling, but several of our major projects have had a substantial experimental component. This was initially done by going into partnership with other institutions with established experimental facilities and expertise, but in more recent work we have developed and used our own purpose-built facilities. The major recent themes have been the robustness of buildings, and the behaviour of thin composite floor slabs, in fire conditions.

The academic members of the group are:

Professor Ian Burgess Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Sir Frederick Mappin Building Mappin Street SHEFFIELD S1 3JD

[email protected]

(+44) (0) 114 22 25060

Dr Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Sir Frederick Mappin Building Mappin Street SHEFFIELD S1 3JD

[email protected] (+44) (0) 114 22 25354

Dr Shan-Shan Huang Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Sir Frederick Mappin Building Mappin Street SHEFFIELD S1 3JD

[email protected]

(+44) (0) 114 22 25727

Professor Roger Plank Emeritus Professor of Architecture and Structural Engineering

[email protected]

Group website: http://www.fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk

Vulcan Solutions website: http://www.vulcan-solutions.com

2 Structural Fire Engineering Research at The University of Sheffield 18 November 2014

Flowchart of projects

18 November 2014 Structural Fire Engineering Research at The University of Sheffield 3

Completed Work and the Research Workers Involved

1985-1988 Oyewole Olawale (PhD)

Steel column behaviour in fire

Analytical study of uniformly heated steel columns in fire, using finite strip and finite element (INSTAF) approaches. Ramberg-Osgood and bilinear stress-strain-temperature relationships were used. The finite strip analysis included the capability to detect local buckling of flanges.

1986-1989 Jamal El-Rimawi (PhD)

A secant approach to the analysis of steel beams in fire

Analytical study of steel beams with uniform and non-uniform temperature profiles. The 2-D secant stiffness software used Ramberg-Osgood material stress-strain-temperature characteristics, and comparisons were made with BS5950 Part 8 predictions and furnace tests.

1987-1990 Hassan Saab (PhD)

Finite element analysis of plane steel frames in fire

Development of an existing 2-D finite element inelastic spread-of-yield frame analysis (INSTAF) to include thermal distributions due to fire. Performed pilot studies on multi-storey rigid sway frames with local fires.

1987-1991 Shaari Abu (PhD)

Behaviour of steel frames in fire

Initial studies for subsequent frame analysis developments, including studies of the relevance of material unloading in zones of strain reversal.

1989-1992 Jamal El-Rimawi (SERC/SCI/BS project)

The influence of connection behaviour on the performance of steel beams in fire

Studies of behaviour of steel beams within multi-storey frames. The 2-D secant stiffness frame software (NARR) was developed to include temperature distributions, the effect of the semi-rigidity of simple beam-column connections, axial expansion of members and effects. A range of studies was conducted on subframes and full plane frames, showing that even simple connections can enhance beam survival in fire, but that column stability must also be ensured.

1990-1994 Samer Najjar (PhD)

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of subframes at high temperatures

Development of the non-linear finite element frame analysis software previously used by Saab) to full 3-D capability for skeletal steel frames in fire. This was originally intended for use with column subframes, and so far has been used mainly to perform isolated column and subframe studies. It is capable of very high-deflection analysis of 3-D frames, including member buckling, but does not include semi-rigid connections.

P


1992-1995 Colin Bailey (PhD)

Further development of 3D frame analysis in fire

This was a major development from Najjar's work, which increased the capabilities of the 3-D analysis to include semi-rigid connection characteristics, lateral-torsional buckling and plate elements to represent slab continuity. This was the software used for the EPSRC study referred to below.

1992-1995 El-Rimawi/Bailey (EPSRC project)

The effects of strain reversal and fire spread on frame behaviour

Study of the behaviour of large multi-storey steel frames under the influence of fires restricted to a local compartment or storey, and of the residual effects and repairability of the structure after these have been extinguished. This is the first study that has considered natural rather than standard fire scenarios, and so the software has been developed to be capable of dealing with strain reversal due to cooling of the steelwork.

1993-1995 Cardington Frame Design Studies (El-Rimawi, Najjar, Bailey)

Cardington Frame Design Studies

As part of the design process for the fire tests on the 8-storey composite frame at Cardington a programme of predictive analyses was carried at several different levels of modelling. Various ways of rationalising the frame and the fire compartments have been used Studies included the influence of test load level, the effect of column protection, load sharing via the secondary structure and connection stiffness, out-of-plane column failure, and slab continuity over supports.

1992-1996 Atilla Oven (PhD)

Partial interaction in composite beams in fire

Study of the behaviour of composite beams with partial interaction between the steel section and the concrete flange through the slip characteristics of the shear connectors. The software was developed to include partial interaction, and the influence on fire survival of various parameters such as beam span, load ratio and degree of interaction between the steel and concrete was examined.

1995-1997 Windows-based User Interface for Vulcan (Supported by British Steel plc)

A highly interactive graphical user interface for Vulcan has been developed by consultants, which makes preparation of subframes for analysis less error-prone and much more efficient. On the output side the interface enables rapid selection and plotting of results generated by the program.

1993-1996 Lee Leston-Jones (PhD, supported by BRE and SERC)

Moment-rotation characteristics of end-plate connections in fire

A programme of experiments on typical semi-rigid connections used in steel and composite construction has been carried out at BRE Garston. The object of these was to determine how the moment-rotation characteristics of connections degrade with temperature rise; only a few indicative tests had previously been done. The study used mainly small UB and UC sections, and attempted to relate the high-


temperature performance to existing data on ambient-temperature behaviour. A general model for connection degradation at high temperatures has been postulated and a sensitivity study has been carried out on the influence of connections on fire survival of frames.

1995-1998 Paul Rose (PhD, supported by ECSC and British Steel)

Modelling of the Cardington full-scale fire tests

The six full-scale Cardington fire tests were studied in detail using Vulcan. In the post-test analyses, measured parameter values were used to refine the precision of the modelling, and sensitivity studies were carried out so that the relative importance to the behaviour of a range of aspects could be gauged. This modelling formed part of an integrated series of numerical analyses, together with complementary studies at TNO (Holland), CTICM (France) and British Steel Swinden Technology Centre. The shell elements used to model slabs were developed to a layered model as part of this project.

1995-1998 Paul Shepherd (PhD, supported by EPSRC)

The effect of restraint on column performance in fire

This was a study of the in-fire performance of restrained columns in multi-storey frame construction, carried out in collaboration with an experimental programme at the University of Ulster. The Ulster tests were analysed in detail, and a model of the mechanisms involved in axial restraint to column expansion in fire was developed. The latter gives some insight into the redistribution of internal forces which takes place in the building when fire-affected columns "collapse"; in most cases this redistribution prevents a real structural collapse.

1996-1998 Ahmed Allam (PhD funded by University of Sheffield Bursary)

Tensile membrane action in slabs at high temperatures

In full-scale fire tests carried out recently there has been a strong indication that concrete slabs survive to very high fire temperatures, maintaining the vertical compartmentation of a building, due to a self-equilibrating membrane action. This occurs at high deflections and represents the true ultimate condition in the fire Limit State. An improved slab formulation which will assist in the modelling of membrane action, was researched and partially implemented.

1996-1998 Neal Butterworth, (Research Assistant supported by EPSRC under ROPA)

Fire protection systems for steel columns

Innovative fire-protection systems for steel columns in multi-storey frame construction were evaluated for thermal and structural effectiveness. It is currently generally accepted that columns must be fire-protected, and this on-site process is both expensive and time-consuming. Systems which offer the prospect of pre-fabrication, cutting out the costly programme delays, were tested computationally first for thermal effectiveness and for structural fire survival. An MPhil has now been awarded.


1998 1998 Vulcan

Our finite element software, which had by now been developed to a massive extent from its origins in INSTAF, was re-named Vulcan in 1998 by the research group.

This is not an acronym - Vulcan is the Roman god of fire and the forge, and his statue stands above Sheffield Town Hall, reflecting the city's long tradition of steelmaking and engineering.

1998-1999 Graham Knapp (MSc(Res) Student, funded by EPSRC)

Design studies based on the Cardington tests

The full-scale Cardington fire tests were used as a basis for the development of a more enlightened approach to the design of composite multi-storey structures than had previously been possible. The development of design documents for this Fire Engineered approach is envisaged as being phased to co-ordinate with numerical modelling over a wide parametric range. This project performed a series of studies to support the development of a "Level 1" design guide which was published by SCI in 2001.

1996-2000 Khalifa Al-Jabri (PhD, partially supported by BRE & DoE under Partners in Technology)

Moment-rotation characteristics of steel and composite connections in fire

This work extended the experimental programme started by Leston-Jones on the high-temperature properties of bolted steelwork connections, in a series of tests on connections typical of those used on the Cardington full-scale frame. These connect much larger beam and column sections than those previously tested, and provide an opportunity to test the connection modelling principles postulated by Leston-Jones. The properties themselves are being used in post-test Cardington studies, and these will provide a guide to the importance of connection characteristics to fire survival of frames. Initial studies were also made in the development of a component-based method of representing connections for fire resistance.

1996-1999 Young Wong (PhD, supported by Health & Safety Laboratories)

Portal frames in fire

This project studied the collapse behaviour in fire of industrial portal frame structures, commonly used for warehousing of highly inflammable organic substances which produce extremely toxic effluents on burning. In the course of the project portal frames were modelled numerically, and two series of fire tests were carried out at HSL Buxton.


1996-1999 Dr Zhaohui Huang, (Research Associate, supported by EPSRC)

A new slab element for Vulcan

The elevated-temperature concrete failure model originally implemented in Vulcan was rather crude in its assumptions, and there were some circumstances in which it provided an unreasonable representation of the slab behaviour. In this project a new failure model for concrete floor slabs at elevated temperatures was developed, and this was implemented in conjunction with a layered slab element which allows thermal distributions within the slab to be represented and progressive cracking and crushing of the concrete to be modelled. Partial interaction at shear studs in composite construction has recently been included. The Cardington fire tests were used to validate these developments and a number of papers have been written.

1998-2001 Ahmed Allam (Research Assistant + PhD, supported by EPSRC )

The effect of restraint on the behaviour of steel beams in fire

This project, which involved collaboration with the University of Manchester, began in February 1998. It involved examination of the effects of in-plane restraint to the fire compartment by adjacent structure for steel-framed buildings using non-composite precast slabs, with an emphasis on the ultimate development of catenary action in the beam grillage. The work included furnace testing at Manchester and frame modelling at Sheffield.

1998-2000 Craig English (PhD)

Risks to structural stability and life safety in fire

This project compared the risks to life [pre-flashover] and the risks of structural failure [post flashover] in low-rise steel-framed office buildings when the alternative fire resistance options [60mins FR and 30mins FR + sprinkler] in Table A2 of Approved Document B are used. A risk comparison approach, as described in PD7 of BS 7974 was adopted. The study used statistical data, event trees and two separate risk models of the Monte Carlo type to calculate these risks. The findings demonstrated that unclad steel framed buildings which only have sprinkler protection provide a much higher level of life safety and structural fire safety than do structures which are designed simply for 60 minutes' fire resistance [the code recommendation] and that further trade-offs in fire safety measures should be given to increase the financial viability of this design option.

1998-2001 Spyros Spyrou (Research Assistant + PhD, funded by EPSRC)

A component model for steel end-plate connections in fire

This project included a programme of furnace tests to identify the degradation of characteristics of the most important parts of typical connections at elevated temperatures, together with detailed finite element studies. These were very successfully used to develop a Component Method to represent the behaviour of steel-to-steel connections at elevated temperature, following the principles used at ambient temperature in Eurocode 3 Annex J. This method allows the connection behaviour in rotation and in thrust to be combined easily in frame modelling.


1998-2002 Jun Cai (Research Student, funded by British Steel/SCI)

A general beam-column element for Vulcan

In the course of this project new elements were devised to represent general beam-column member cross-sections in the Vulcan software. These elements were necessary firstly to model reinforced concrete beams and later to represent cross-sections which are asymmetric, hollow, or contain different materials. They are segmented so that temperatures and material properties can vary as required in two dimensions. Studies were also conducted using these elements on the effect of push-out on the survival in fire of columns in multi-storey buildings during fires.

1999-2000 Dr Zhaohui Huang, (Research Associate, internal support)

A new shell element for Vulcan

In this six-month bridging project a new 9-noded layered flat-shell element with a geometrically non-linear formulation, which embodies the developments made to the previous 4-noded elements, was developed and introduced into the Vulcan software. This was validated wherever possible in a range of comparisons against analytical solutions, independent numerical modelling and test results. This has enabled modelling of the large-deflection behaviour of floor slabs in fire conditions, including both thermal buckling against restraint and tensile membrane action.

1999 Dr Antonio Claret de Gouveia (Visiting Scholar, University of Ouro Preto, Brazil)

Fire resistance of Brazilian steel sections

A finite element study was made of the behaviour in fire conditions of welded I-section beams, of the type produced by Brazilian steel manufacturers. The effects of high residual-stress patterns and of partial protection were the main themes of this work.

2000-2003 Dr Zhaohui Huang, (Research Associate, supported by EPSRC)

Geometrically non-linear analysis of 3-dimensional composite building behaviour in fire

The major objective of this project is to try to shift the basis of fire resistance design from its present dependence on standard fire testing of isolated members to the performance of real building structures in fire. It will investigate the ultimate integrity of fire compartments in multi-storey composite building frames by wholly (material and geometric) non-linear modelling. The project started in April 2000.

2000-2004 Seng-Kwan Choi (Research Student, funded by Metsec Building Products plc.)

Behaviour of long-span composite trusses in fire

In this project the fire resistance of lightweight long-span composite lattice girders was investigated. Such systems are very often used in the United States, to produce commercial multi-storey buildings with column-free beam spans of up to 20m. The systems have so far been rather neglected in the Britain, largely because of the traditional fire protection requirements necessary to achieve normal fire resistance ratings. A series of parametric studies were performed in this project, to identify the fire engineering design strategies necessary in order to make these systems perform to the expected standards when subjected to fires. The modelling was extended to


the composite floor arrangement used in the World Trade Center twin towers in New York, in order to provide some insights about the likely floor system behaviour during the events of 11 September 2001.

2003-2004 Dr Paul Shepherd (Buro Happold) and Dr Zhaohui Huang (University of Sheffield)

Vulcan rewriting and re-validation

The structural modelling software Vulcan, developed for many years by the Group in Fortran code, has been completely rewritten in C++, with a completely integrated Windows graphical user interface. The new interface allows practical 3-dimensional subframes of composite buildings to be created very efficiently, including loading and thermal scenarios. It also allows input data and results to be viewed in perspective, with rendered member and slab surfaces, and results to be transferred directly to Excel for creation of reports.

During 2005 this software was made commercially available to designers as a tool for performance-based fire engineering design of structures. A university spin-off company, Vulcan Solutions Ltd, was set up to handle this commercialisation.

2001-2004 Samantha Foster (Research Student, funded by EPSRC and Arup Fire)

Tensile membrane action in concrete slabs

A new fire-resistance design method for composite slabs, proposed by Professor Colin Bailey of Manchester University and embodied in a recent design document, is based on a simplified model of the enhancement to yield-line slab capacity which is caused by tensile membrane action at high deflections. In fire high deflections are acceptable provided that no structural collapse or loss of compartmentation occurs, so that fire spread beyond the compartment of origin is prevented. In this project the proposed method has been investigated with respect to its own formulation, in comparison with numerical modelling, and finally using a large number of experiments. a system was developed initially to carry out a large number of small-scale ambient-temperature experiments, which were not initially envisaged, during the first phase of the project, and the experimental system was developed to conduct loaded high-temperature tests at model-scale. At this scale it has been possible to perform large numbers of tests, which would have been prohibitively expensive at larger scale, and these can be used to test both the simplified method and advanced modelling approaches. The student was also able to perform modelling studies to rationalise the floor slab behaviour of the final (7th) full-scale fire test at Cardington, which was performed in January 2003.

2003-2007 Marwan Sarraj (Research Student, funded by EPSRC)

Performance of fin-plate beam-column connections in fire

This was a computational investigation of the behaviour and robustness of steel fin-plate joints in fire, under catenary tension together with high rotations. The modelling employed ABAQUS to produce very detailed finite element representations. These were very complex models using contact elements at the bolt/hole interface, and considerable problems with these were overcome in progressing to the stage where a complete connection behaviour could be modelled to very high distortions at ambient and elevated temperatures. It was possible, in collaboration with the Czech Technical University, Prague, to compare the models


predictions with the results of two full-scale fire tests conducted in the Czech Republic. The results of the FE studies were also used as a basis for the development of a simplified component-based approach to be used in global modelling software for performance-based design where fin-plate connections are to be employed.

2003-2007 Florian Block (Research Student, funded by Buro Happold FEDRA)

Component modelling of end-plate beam-column connections

This project followed on from the work of Spyros Spyrou in identifying the degradation of characteristics of the most important components of typical connections at elevated temperatures. The work aimed to fill in important gaps in the list of components which have already been modelled, so that connections in full structural assemblies could be represented properly in numerical modelling. The effect of axial superstructure load on the behaviour of column-web behaviour in the compression zone of an end-plate connection was studied experimentally and analytically. As a final stage in the project a component-based formulation was developed for a steel beam-to-column finite element to be incorporated in global analysis of building structures in fire conditions.

2003-2007 Chaoming Yu (Research Student)

Fire resistance of bi-steel core-walls

This projects focus was on the possibility of using bi-steel concrete-filled walls in the construction of highly robust fire-resistant service cores for use in medium- to high-rise multi-storey buildings. The temperature distributions generated in the concrete and steel cross-section were initially studied. In order to investigate the structural behaviour of the bi-steel cross-section under load and complex temperature distributions, it was necessary to formulate a new 3-dimensional brick element for the software Vulcan, and to implement it in the program code. General-purpose finite element packages had proved to be very fragile in analysing such problems, but the new brick element performed well. Some studies of the performance of bi-steel wall panels were conducted, and it is hoped to use the new element intensively in future projects investigating steel-concrete composite structural systems in fire conditions.

2004-2008 Xinmeng Yu (Research Student)

TDevelopment of a ribbed-slab element for structural fire modelling T

Slabs are seen to perform a key role in enabling the survival of composite buildings in fire, and their behaviour forms the basis of performance-based structural fire engineering design strategies for such buildings. Previous treatments of ribbed slabs in Vulcan tended to neglect the temperature variations between the ribs and troughs. In this project a thermal model was developed for these areas, followed by the development of a slab element which reflects these temperature variations, as well as the changes of slab depth. This was followed by studies which investigated the sensitivity of slab behaviour to this and other effects such as concrete spalling. In the final phase of the project an advanced slab element was developed in which the occurrence and development of localised tension cracking was modelled directly. Since failure of slabs is more often associated with integrity failure than with structural collapse, this is an important development. It will be followed-up in


subsequent projects in order to establish a method of routinely allowing localised cracking to be represented in performance-based design using global modelling of whole structures or large sub-structures.

2005-2008 Dr Hongxia Yu (Research Associate, funded by EPSRC) and Ying Hu (Project Research Student, funded by EPSRC)

Robustness of steel connections in fire

In the aftermath of the New York twin Towers disaster, robustness (avoidance of progressive collapse emanating from localised failures) has become a major issue in the development of performance-based approaches to structural fire engineering design. In multi-storey buildings failure of connections is one of the main potential sources of progressive collapse, as is already recognised in UK structural design codes for other limit states. The robustness in fire conditions of end-plate connections has been investigated in this project, in which we have collaborated with researchers at the University of Manchester. At both centres the investigation involved a mixture of experimental and analytical work. In the Sheffield work the focus was on high-temperature structural behaviour of components and assemblies under combinations of tying and shearing forces. A large number of connection tests to destruction under inclined forces have been performed, at temperatures up to 650C, for four typical beam-column connection types. Modelling using Finite Element analysis has rationalised the test results, and this has subsequently been used to help with the development of simplified component characteristics, to be used in constructing component-based joint elements for global modelling which can feasibly be used in design. Several journal papers have been published; these can be found under Publications. The project's photos and test data sheets can be downloaded from the Groups website

fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/downloads/.

The Manchester group initially focused on the thermal behaviour of connection elements under different heating regimes, and in the final phase performed structural subframe testing which will enable modelling which includes component-based connection simulation to be validated.

2005-2009 Ying Hu (Project Research Student, funded by EPSRC)

Robustness of steel connections in fire: Flexible endplate joints

Within the EPSRC project on Robustness of Steel Connections in Fire (see above )this sub-project concerned the failure of flexible (partial-depth) endplate joints under combinations of vertical and tying forces.

2004-2008 Yuan Yuan Song (Research Student)

Dynamic analysis of structures in fire

The loss of stability of structural elements in a fire can cause dynamic effects, including successive impacts or progressive collapse scenarios such as those which were observed in the September 11 2001 twin towers collapses. Progressive collapse is clearly a subject which is in need of study under hazard loadings of all kinds. Alternatively, unstable behaviour may be capable of regaining stability after either small or large deformations have occurred; an example of this behaviour is the

http://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html


inversion of the roofs of pitched portal frames, which may lead either to collapse or to re-stabilisation depending on the details of the design, the column base conditions and the fire scenario. In order to analyse these situations it is clearly necessary to study structural behaviour dynamically, and in this project the prime objective has been to provide Vulcan with the capability to perform dynamic analysis as well as quasi-static high-deflection, high-temperature modelling. This has been applied to steel portal frames in fire, for which a UK design process based on rather arbitrary assumptions has been in existence for nearly 30 years. The new procedure has been used to develop a new simplified design approach to calculate the final collapse temperatures for portal frames in fire.

2004-2008 Anthony Abu (Research Student, part-funded by Corus Ltd)

Thermal and structural behaviour of concrete slabs at high temperatures

The work on tensile membrane action initiated by Samantha Foster is being taken further in this project, in which the behaviour of heated and loaded slabs will be studied in detail. In particular, the membrane stresses and cracking mechanisms caused by thermal gradients through the slab thickness, acting alone, will be studied before their combination with externally applied loads. If necessary, more model-scale testing can be done to complete the range of validation results.

A detailed comparative study was made between a current simplified analytical/design method for tensile membrane action and modelling of composite slabs using Vulcan. This has highlighted particularly the structural failure case in which edge beams eventually fold, limiting the range within which tensile membrane action acts as the main load-bearing mechanism.

2005-2009 Shan Shan Huang (Dorothy Hodgkin Research Student, funded by Corus Group and EPSRC)

The effects of transient strain on the strength of concrete-filled columns in fire

Pre-compressed concrete has been observed to acquire a large amount of non-recoverable strain when it is heated, a creep-like effect which seems not to occur when heating precedes the application of compressive stress. The objective of this project was to assess how this phenomenon, and concrete creep of other types, affect the buckling resistance of concrete-filled hollow-section columns, as well as slender RC columns, in fire. A fundamental study of the mechanics of buckling of compression members affected by temperature spread and time-dependent straining was carried out, using the classic Shanley model of inelastic buckling as its basis. Both simplified and finite element models of buckling of columns have been developed, and studies of the effects of pre-compression on columns affected by fire heating have shown that transient strain has the capability to reduce buckling loads compared with those predicted by conventional approaches based only on the degradation of ambient-temperature material characteristics due to heating.

2008-11 Vui Yee Bernice Wong (Research Assistant, funded by EPSRC)

Performance of cellular composite floor beams under fire conditions

Despite the current popularity of long-span composite flooring systems, the current structural fire engineering design codes EC3/4 Part 1.2 and BS5950 Part 8 do not


contain rules or guidance on the fire resistance of composite floors employing cellular steel beams. The purpose of this project was to investigate the performance and failure mechanisms of composite cellular floor beams at elevated temperatures, including the influences of both flexure and shear. Emphasis will also be placed on examining the development and influence of the additional compression forces caused by axial restraint to thermal expansion from adjacent structure when a beam is heated in a fire. The research was coordinated with a programme of physical model fire tests at Ulster University, which provided carefully monitored data. A configurable finite element model was developed to demonstrate the 3-dimensional behaviour of composite cellular beams, which was validated against the tests to ensure that all types of failure modes are predicted. An extensive parametric study was carried out, extending the scope of the research beyond the limits of the parameters used in the experimental work and investigating the influence of CB behaviour on membrane action of floor slabs in compartment fires. The project also developed a design methodology for such members in fire.

2008-12 Mariati Taib (Research Student, funded by Universiti Sains Malaysia)

The Performance in Fire of Framed Structures with Fin Plate Connections

The work of Sarraj in developing realistic FE models for fin plate connections in fire, also enabled the creation of a simple component-based model, allowing only horizontal bolt-hole distortions, for a fin plate connection, which was validated against purely rotational furnace tests by Leston-Jones. In order to make such models capable of dealing properly with the combinations of vertical and horizontal forces, together with high rotation, that are experienced by such connections at the ends of beams in real structural fire scenarios, the component-based approach is in need of major development. Although fin plate joints are generally considered as "simple" their behaviour when the steel is highly ductile is actually very complex compared with other types, including distortions at bolt-holes which are in completely different directions. This project has created an integrated component-based element for fin-plate connections which was implemented in the software Vulcan, including the influence of both vertical and horizontal forces at bolt rows, as well as unloading and cooling properties.

2009-12 Shan Shan Huang (Post-doctoral Research Associate, funded by the European Commission under RFCS)

COMPFIRE: Robustness of connections to composite columns in fire

This was a European-funded (RFCS) project in which we worked with teams at Manchester, Coimbra, Lulea and Prague, as well as Tata Steel Ltd. It concerned the behaviour and robustness in fire of practical connections between steel or composite beams and two types of composite column - concrete-filled hollow sections and partially-encased H-sections. Tests were carried out at various scales, accompanied by detailed FE modelling, and a component-based approach has been developed. The Sheffield group conducted a total of 20 tests, in a setup similar to that used for steel-to-steel connections by Yu, at ambient and elevated temperatures, on end-plate connections to partially encased H-columns and on reverse-channel connections to both square and circular concrete-filled hollow-section columns. Reverse-channel connections in particular showed a considerable degree of ductility

http://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#MarwanSarrajhttp://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#LeeJoneshttp://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#HongxiaYu


both in rotation and in push-pull, which offers great potential for their use as robust connections in fire conditions. The tests were used mainly to develop connection component models to enable connection interaction to be modelled in whole-structure modelling.

2008-12 Rui Rui Sun (Research Student)

A dynamic analysis for structural robustness modelling in fire

This project forms a significant advance on the work done previously by Song in setting up a dynamic formulation to analyse steel portal frames beyond an initial loss of stability. In this case the emphasis was on developing a general capability to model alternately both the static and dynamic behaviour of steel, concrete and composite buildings during both local and global progressive collapse caused by fire attack. The analysis is intended to follow the structural behaviour from static response through local failure of components. At each stage when an instability is caused by a local fracture the subsequent dynamic behaviour is modelled using an explicit scheme until re-stabilization occurs. This kind of model is necessary in order to determine whether progressive collapse ensues or a re-stabilised state occurs, and will thus allow fire engineering designs to be assessed for robustness. It has been used already with a component-based connection model to track a sequence of local failures leading to a final collapse.

2009-14 Yuan Tian (Research student, funded by Tata Steel Ltd)

Tensile membrane action in non-rectangular composite slab panels

The Bailey-BRE design method for composite rectangular slab panels in fire presents a simplified model of tensile membrane action (TMA), the strength enhancements it gives as a function of displacement, and integrity failure by tensile fracture of the slab at a limiting deflection. This project aims to investigate TMA in non-rectangular slab panels, which could directly allow the simplified method to be extended to such slabs, so that performance-based fire engineering design can be used for buildings with irregular column grids. The first task in the project was to implement general boundary conditions linking degrees of freedom of the system. This has been implemented in Vulcan, and now allows numerical analysis of panels with local rather than global boundary conditions, which may be necessary either because internal panels need to be subject to credible continuity conditions, or because slabs have non-orthogonal overall shapes. A complete simplified tensile membrane action method is given for triangular slabs at high deflections, and initial work has been done in developing a similar method for trapezoidal slab panels.

http://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#YuanyuanSong


Current Work and the Research Workers

2008- Tad Song Kho (Research Student, funded by Buro Happold Ltd)

Development of a new procedure to model localisation of tensile cracking of concrete slabs in fire

All of the software currently used to perform practical non-linear analysis of the behaviour of large-scale floor systems in fire treats concrete as a homogeneous material, and treats cracking when the tensile peak strain is exceeded as being smeared, both horizontally and through the layer system used in the slab model. This is practical but fallacious. Concrete does not smear cracks in zones of high and largely uni-directional principal tensile strain it relieves the stresses which would be created by forming large localised cracks.

High membrane tension above the protected beams, and at the interface between a slab and a core-wall, is caused by the combination of high angles of rotation with restraint to the differential edge movements which would be created in an isolated slab by high deflection in its central zone and low deflections at its protected edges. Stress patterns normal to the slab edges adopt a pattern with high membrane tension in the mid-edge region and balancing compression near the corners. The cracking above the protected beams and at the core-wall interface is caused by the normal tensile stresses described above. In addition to these locations, the occurrence of a central tension crack across the short span of an individual bay is the typical end-point of tensile membrane action in an isolated rectangular slab which is vertically supported around its edges. This is modelled in the simplified methods, although without any firm justification in terms of the material properties of either concrete or reinforcement.

2009- Gang Dong (Research Assistant/research student, funded part-time by the European Commission under RFCS)

COMPFIRE: Robustness of connections to composite columns in fire

This project addresses one of the work packages of COMPFIRE, which is based on the creation of a general-purpose component-based representation of the connections to composite columns, partly using component characteristics which have been developed in previous projects (see Spyrou, Block, Yu, Hu), but also developing new components for the reverse-channel connection type. The objective has been to represent the column-face "connection" zone with an element which has two external nodes but can contain internally any number of rows of components with temperature-dependent properties including both force-reversal and failure. The principles developed are applicable to different connection types and to implementation in different software packages. Within COMPFIRE the component-based element has been informed by tests and detailed FE analysis, which have aided both its development and its validation. When implemented in the static-dynamic development (Sun) of Vulcan, this component-based element has been able to model the progressive collapse process due to the sequential fracture of bolt rows of connections as temperatures increase.

2009- Lucy Johnson (Research student, jointly supervised with Engineering Materials, funded through the CDT in Advanced Metallic Systems)

http://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#SpyrosSpyrouhttp://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#FlorianBlockhttp://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#LeeJoneshttp://fire-research.group.shef.ac.uk/completed.html#AndyHu


Microstructural characterisation and performance of steels used in structural bolting assemblies in fire

Bolted connections are key components which tie structural members together. When a steel structure is subjected to elevated temperatures during a fire the forces applied by highly deflected beam members must be transferred to adjacent cold members through the connection to avoid collapse. During a fire connections are subjected to both compressive and tensile axial forces due to thermal expansion and subsequent contraction of beam members during cooling. Connections are thus subjected to a complex combination of rotation, extension and shear bending and shear. These complex loading conditions, coupled with an insufficient understanding of the mechanical properties of bolts at elevated temperatures means that bolting assemblies can often be the weak link in structural frames in fire. Bolt failure in fire generally occurs as ductile necking in the bolt thread, thread stripping in the nut and bolt or shear failure through the bolt thread or shank. At ambient temperature, bolt failure is designed out; other more ductile modes of failure are designed to be critical, thus ensuring adequate ductility. Recent research has demonstrated that this is not the case in fire situations when the bolt becomes critical. In this project the performance in fire conditions of nuts and bolts will be investigated by looking at the effects of manufacturing processes on their microstructure and thus on the way this affects performance under normal and elevated-temperature conditions.

2012- Mohammad Javaheriafif (Research student)

Characterisation of the slab component for component-based connection elements at elevated temperatures

This project aims to produce a simplified model of the behaviour of the component-zone which represents the continuing concrete slab and its reinforcement in modelling beam-column and beam-beam connections. This part of the connection clearly provides considerable stiffness to the connection which is important to its rotational behaviour in ambient-temperature semi-rigid design. However it is not yet established that its ductility is adequate to play a significant part in the robustness of composite buildings in fire. In later stages the problem of continuity of slabs beyond the immediate connection zone and their behaviour across beams on the column grid will be addressed.

2012- Guan Quan (Research student, funded by EPSRC & China Scholarship Council)

Shear buckling in the vicinity of beam-column connections in fire

The Cardington composite frame fire tests indicated that shear buckling of beams, as well as beam bottom flange buckling, in the vicinity of the beam-column joints, is very prevalent under fire conditions. These phenomena can have significant effects on both the force redistribution between the bolt rows at the face of the column and beam deflections at high temperatures.

This research is currently aimed at investigating the local buckling behaviour in the vicinity of beam-column joints at elevated temperature. The behaviour being studied includes shear buckling of the beam, local buckling of the bottom flange of the beam and shear buckling of the column. Theoretical models will be created for the three buckling zones at elevated temperature. On this basis, three corresponding


component-based models will be created and implemented in the software Vulcan, in order to study their influences on the behaviour of the whole structure, and particularly on its progressive collapse in fire.


Group Publications to Date

1988

1. Burgess, I.W., El-Rimawi, J. and Plank, R.J., 'A secant stiffness approach to the fire analysis of steel beams', J. Constr. Steel Research, 11, (1988) pp105-120.

2. Olawale, A.O. and Plank, R.J., 'The collapse analysis of steel columns in fire using a finite strip method', Int. J. Num. Methods Eng., 26, (1988) pp2755-2764.

3. Olawale, A.O., 'Collapse Behaviour of Steel Columns in Fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1988.

1989

4. El-Rimawi, J.A., The Behaviour of Flexural Members under Fire Conditions, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989.

1990

5. Burgess, I.W., El-Rimawi, J. and Plank, R.J., 'Analysis of beams with non-uniform temperature profile due to fire exposure', J. Constr. Steel Research, 16, (1990) pp169-192.

6. Saab, H.A., 'Nonlinear finite element analysis of steel frames in fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990.

1991

7. Abu, S., 'Analysis of Steel Frame Structures in Fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1991.

8. Burgess, I.W., El-Rimawi, J. and Plank, R.J., 'Studies of the behaviour of steel beams in fire', J. Constr. Steel Research, 19 (1991) pp285-312.

9. Burgess, I.W., Olawale, A.O. and Plank, R.J., 'Failure of steel columns in fire', Fire Safety Journal,18,(1991) pp183-201.

10. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The analysis of steel beams in fire', Proc. International Conference on Steel and Aluminium Structures, Singapore, 1991, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp161-171.

11. Saab, H.A. and Nethercot, D.A., 'Modelling Steel Frame Behaviour Under Fire Conditions', Engineering Structures, 13 (4), (1991) pp 371-382.

1992

12. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Use of Simplified Temperature Profiles within Steel Beams in Fire', Constructional Steel Design: World Developments, Proc. World Conference, Acapulco (1992) pp 82-85.

13. El-Rimawi, J.A., Burgess, I.W. & Plank, R.J., 'Fire Analysis of Steel Frames by Personal computer', Stress Analysis and the Personal Computer, Institute of Physics, (1992).

14. Najjar, S.R. and Burgess, I.W, 'Perry Analysis and the Failure of Steel Columns in Fire', Stress Analysis and the Personal Computer, Institute of Physics, (1992).


1993

15. El Rimawi, J.A., 'NARR: A Program for the Structural Analysis of 2-D Frames at Elevated Temperatures', Research Report, University of Sheffield, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, January 1993.

16. El-Rimawi, J.A., Burgess, I.W. & Plank, R.J., 'Modelling the behaviour of steel frames and subframes with semi-rigid connections in fire', Proc. Third CIB/W14 Workshop on Fire Modelling, Rijswijk, 1993, ed. L. Twilt. pp 152-168.

Internal Research Report

17. Najjar, S.R., Burgess, I.W. and Plank R.J., 'Non-Linear Studies of the Cardington Composite frame in Fire Conditions Using 3DFIRE', Research Report DCSE/93/S/05, University of Sheffield, (1993).

1994

18. Burgess, I.W. and Najjar, S.R., 'A simple approach to the behaviour of steel columns in fire', J. Construct. Steel Research, 31, (1994) pp 115-134.

19. Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Numerical Modelling of Steel Structures in Fire', New Steel Construction, 3(1), pp.37-39 (1994).

20. Burgess, I.W., El-Rimawi, J. and Plank, R.J., 'Effects of Fire on Steel-Framed Buildings', Building and Civil Engineering Research Focus, 16, (1994).

21. Burgess, I.W., Najjar, S.R. and Plank, R.J., 'Towards rational approaches to the design of steel structures for fire resistance', 4th Kerensky International Conference on Structural Engineering, Singapore, pp 87-94, 1994.

22. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Model Studies of Composite Building Frame Behaviour in Fire', Ottawa Conference on Fire Safety Science, 1994.

23. Najjar, S.R., 'Three-dimensional analysis of steel frames and subframes in fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, (1994).

1995

24. Bailey, C.G., Simulation of the Structural Behaviour of Steel Framed Buildings in Fire, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995.

25. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Behaviour of Steel Framed Structures Subjected to Local Fire Conditions', Nordic Steel Construction Conference 1995, Malmo, Sweden.

26. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Analysis of Semi-Rigid Frames in Fire - A Secant Approach', J. Construct. Steel Research, , 33, (1995) pp 125-146.

1996

27. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J.,Modelling the Behaviour of Steel Framed Building Structures by Computer,2nd Cardington Conference, March 1996.

28. Najjar, S. R. and Burgess, I. W., 'A non-linear analysis for three-dimensional steel frames in fire conditions', Engineering Structures, 18 (1), (1996) pp 77-89.


29. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Computer Simulation of a Full-Scale Structural Fire Test', The Structural Engineer, 74 (6), (1996) pp 93-100. (IStructE Henry Adams Award)

30. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Unrestrained Steel Beams in Fire', J. construct. Steel Research, 36 (2), (1996) pp 101-119.

31. Leston-Jones, L.C., Lennon, T., Plank, R.J., and Burgess, I.W., Influence of Connections on the Performance of Steel Framed Structures in Fire, Conference on Structural Assessment: The Role of Large & Full Scale Testing., July 1996.

32. Oven, V.A., The Behaviour of Composite Beams with Partial Interaction at Elevated Temperatures , PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996.

33. Leston-Jones, L.C., Burgess, I.W., and Plank, R.J., The Behaviour of Real Connections in Steel-Framed Construction in Fire Conditions, SSRC IC/Brasil 96 - 5th Colloquium on Structural Stability, Rio de Janeiro, August 1996.

34. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Structural Simulation of Fire Tests on a Full-Scale Composite Building Frame , SSRC IC/Brasil 96 - 5th Colloquium on Structural Stability, Rio de Janeiro, August 1996.

35. Oven, V.A., Burgess, I.W., and Plank, R.J., Modelling Partially Interactive Composite Beam Behaviour in Fire , SSRC IC/Brasil 96 - 5th Colloquium on Structural Stability, Rio de Janeiro, August 1996.

36. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J.,Analyses of the Effects of Cooling and Fire Spread on Steel-Framed Buildings, Fire Safety Journal, 26, (1996) pp 273-293.

37. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Treatment of Strain Reversal in Structural Members during the Cooling Phase of a Fire', J. Construct. Steel Research, 37 (2), (1996) pp 115-135.

Internal Research Reports

38. Shepherd, P.G., Burgess, I.W., and Plank, R.J., The effects of axial restraint on steel columns at elevated temperatures, Research Report DCSE/96/F/3, University of Sheffield, (1996).

39. Shepherd, P.G., Burgess, I.W., and Plank, R.J., Addendum to Report DCSE/96/F/3: High-restraint spring model, Research Report DCSE/96/F/3a, University of Sheffield, (1996).

40. Shepherd, P.G., Burgess, I.W., and Plank, R.J., Numerical modelling of an unrestrained column fire test, Research Report DCSE/96/F/4, University of Sheffield, (1996).

41. Allam, A.M., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Fire modelling of the Queensberry House project, Research Report DCSE/96/F/5, University of Sheffield, (1996).

42. Rose, P.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Numerical simulations of the Cardington restrained beam fire test, Research Report DCSE/96/F/6, University of Sheffield, (1996).

43. Rose, P.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., A slab thickness survey of the Cardington test frame, Research Report DCSE/96/F/7, University of Sheffield, (1996).


1997

44. Oven, V.A., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J. and Abdul Wali, A.A., 'An Analytical Model for the Analysis of Composite Beams with Partial Interaction', Computers And Structures, 62 (3), (1997) pp 493-504.

45. Leston-Jones, L.C., Lennon, T., Plank, R.J., and Burgess, I.W., Elevated Temperature Moment-Rotation Tests on Steelwork Connections, Proc Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 122, (1997) pp 410-419.

46. Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J.,Bridging and Restraint Effects of Localised Fires in Composite Frames, IABSE International Conference, Innsbruck, (1997) pp 379-384.

47. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Influence of Connection Stiffness on the Behaviour of Steel Beams in Fire, J. Construct. Steel Research, 43 (1-3), (1997) pp 1-15.

48. Shepherd, P.G., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J. and OConnor, D.J., The performance in fire of restrained steel columns in multi-storey construction, Kerensky International Conference, Hong Kong, (1997) pp 333-342.

49. Rose, P.S., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J. and Bailey, C.G., The influence of floor slabs on the structural behaviour of composite frames in fire, Kerensky International Conference, Hong Kong, (1997) pp 511-520.

50. Leston-Jones, L.C., The Influence of Semi-Rigid Connections on the Performance of Steel Framed Structures in Fire, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997.


51. Rose, P.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Subframe selection for the computer simulation of the Cardington restrained beam test, Research Report DCSE/97/F/1, University of Sheffield, (1997).

52. Rose, P.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Modelling of British Steel Fire Tests on the Cardington Full-Scale Frame, Report for ECSC Contract 7210/CA806, Research Report DCSE/97/F/5, University of Sheffield, (1997).

53. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Behaviour of Steel and Composite Beam-to-Column Connections in Fire. Volume 2: Appendices, Research Report DCSE/98/F/7, University of Sheffield, (1998).

1998

54. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Layered Slab Elements in Modelling of Composite Frame Behaviour in Fire, Second Int. Conf. on Concrete under Severe Conditions, Troms, Norway (1998), pp785-794.

55. Al-Jabri, K.A., Lennon, T.R., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Behaviour of Steel and Composite Beam-Column Connections in Fire, Second World Conference on Constructional Steel Design, San Sebastian, J. Construct. Steel Research, 46:1-3, Paper No. 180 (1998).

56. Rose, P.S., Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J.,The Influence of Floor Slabs on the Structural Performance of the Cardington Frame in Fire, Second World Conference on Constructional Steel Design, San Sebastian, J. Construct. Steel Research, 46:1-3, Paper No. 181 (1998).


57. Allam, A.M., Green, M.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J.,Fire Engineering Design of Steel-Framed Structures - Integration of Design and Research, Second World Conference on Constructional Steel Design, San Sebastian, J. Construct. Steel Research, 46:1-3, Paper No. 170 (1998).

58. Ali, F., OConnor, D.J., Simms, W.I., Randall, M., Shepherd, P.G. and Burgess, I.W., The Effect of Axial Restraint on the Fire Resistance of Steel Columns, Second World Conference on Constructional Steel Design, San Sebastian, J. Construct. Steel Research, 46:1-3, Paper No. 71 (1998).

59. El-Rimawi, J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Studies of the behaviour of steel subframes with semi-rigid connections in fire, J. Construct. Steel Research, 49 (1), (1998), pp83-98.

60. Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Modelling the Fire Tests on the Cardington Full-Scale Frame', Proc. 3rd Cardington Conference, November 1998.


61. Jun Cai, Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Preliminary analyses of Cardington corner test column subframes, Research Report DCSE/98/F/4, University of Sheffield, (1998).

62. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Material and Geometrical Properties for Elevated-Temperature Beam-Column Connection Tests, Research Report DCSE/98/F/5, University of Sheffield, (1998).

63. Wong, S.Y., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., First Series of Portal Frame Fire Tests, Research Report DCSE/98/F/6, University of Sheffield, (1998).

1999

64. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Fire, ACI Structures Journal, 96, (1) (1999) pp127-135

65. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W., Lennon, T.R. and Plank, R.J., The Performance of Frame Connections in Fire, Paper 197, Eurosteel 99, Prague. Also Acta Polytechnica, 39, (5), (1999) pp65-76.

66. Fahad, M.K., Allam, A.M., Liu, T.C.H., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Effects of Restraint on the Behaviour of Steel Frames in Fire, Paper 64, Eurosteel 99, Prague.

67. Wong, S.Y., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J and Atkinson, G.A., The Response of Industrial Portal Frames to Fires, Paper 72, Eurosteel 99, Prague. Also Acta Polytechnica, 39, (5), (1999) pp169-182.

68. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Finite Element Modelling of Composite Frame Behaviour Subjected to Fire, Paper 73, Eurosteel 99, Prague.

69. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Three-Dimensional Modelling of Two Full-Scale Fire Tests on a Composite Building, Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs., 134, (1999) pp243-255.

70. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Influence of Shear Connectors on the Behaviour of Composite Steel-Framed Buildings in Fire, J. Construct. Steel Research, 51 (3), (1999) pp219-237.

71. Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Steel Frame Analysis in Fire, Invited Paper, Second International Symposium on Steel Structure in Civil Construction, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.


72. Rose, P.S., Simulation of Steel/Concrete Composite Structures in Fire, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999.

73. Shepherd, P.G., The Performance in Fire of Restrained Columns in Steel-Framed Construction', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999.


74. Claret, A.M., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Studies of the Behaviour of Welded Steel Beams in Fire, Research Report DCSE/99/F/5, University of Sheffield, (1999).

75. Knapp, G.A., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Assessment by Computer Modelling of a New Structural Fire Engineering Design Method', Research Report DCSE/99/F/7, University of Sheffield, (1999).

76. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Use of Sub-Structuring in Modelling of Building Response to Compartment Fires, Research Report DCSE/99/F/8, University of Sheffield, (1999).

2000

77. Al-Jabri, K.S., The Behaviour of Steel and Composite Beam-to-Column Connections in Fire, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000.

78. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Three-Dimensional Analysis of Composite Steel-Framed Buildings in Fire, Journal of Struct Engineering, ASCE, 126,(3), (2000) pp 389-397.

79. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Effective Stiffness Modelling of Composite Concrete Slabs in Fire, Engineering Structures, 22 (9), (2000) pp1133-1144.

80. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B. and Burgess, I.W., 'Experimental and Analytical Studies of Steel T-Stubs at Elevated Temperatures', Article in Abnormal Loading on Structures, Ed. K.S. Virdi et al., ISBN 0-419-25960-0, E. & F.N. Spon, London, (2000) pp306-316.

81. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Non-linear Modelling of Three Full-Scale Structural Fire Tests, Proc. First International Workshop on Structures in Fire, Copenhagen, (2000) pp53-70.

82. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Influence of Adjacent Cool Structure on the Behaviour of Composite Floors in Fire, Paper 03.07, Proc. International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000s, Istanbul, (2000).

83. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Recent Developments in the Behaviour of Steel and Composite Connections in Fire, Proc. International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000s, Istanbul, (2000).

84. Allam, A.M., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Simple Investigations of Tensile Membrane Action in Composite Slabs Fire, Paper 03.02, Proc. International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000s, Istanbul, (2000) pp327-332.

85. Jun Cai, Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Effect of Push-Out of Perimeter Building Columns on their Survival in Fire, Paper 09.08, Proc. International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000s, Istanbul, (2000) pp345-350.

86. Wong, S.Y., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Simplified Estimation of Critical Temperatures of Portal Frames in Fire, Paper 09.03, Proc. International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000s, Istanbul, (2000).


87. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Ultimate Behaviour of Composite Frames in Fire Conditions, Proc. Third International Symposium on Steel Structure in Civil Construction, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, (2000) pp333-338.


88. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W and Plank, R.J., Postulation of the Elevated Temperature Moment-Rotation Characteristics for the Cardington Frame Connections, Research Report DCSE/00/F/1, University of Sheffield, (2000).

2001

89. Spyrou, S. and Davison, J.B., Displacement Measurement in Studies of Steel T-Stub Connections, J. Construct. Steel Research, 57 (6), (2001) pp649-661.

90. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Influence of Connection Characteristics on the Behaviour of Beams in Fire, Proc. International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, Cape Town, (2001) pp1087-1094.

91. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Influence of Tensile Membrane Action on the Behaviour of Composite Steel-Framed Buildings in Fire., Proc. ASCE Structures Congress 2001(CD publication), Washington DC, (2001), 14pp.

92. Allam, A.M., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Large-Deflection Behaviour of Steel and Composite Frames in Fire, Proc. SFPE International Conference on Engineered Fire Protection Design, San Francisco, (2001).

93. Wong, S.Y., 'The Structural Response of Industrial Portal Frame Structures in Fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001

94. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J., and Bailey, C.G., Strategies for Fire Protection of Large Composite Buildings, Proc. Interflam 2001, Edinburgh, (2001) pp395-406.

95. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Non-linear Structural Modelling of a Fire Test Subject to High Restraint, Fire Safety Journal, 36 (8), (2001) pp795-814.

96. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Analysis of Composite Floors with Different Fire Protection Regimes Subject to Compartment Fires.', Proc. International Seminar on Steel structures in Fire, Shanghai, November 2001, pp150-165.

97. Burgess, I.W., Huang, Z. and Plank, R.J., 'Non-linear Modelling of Steel and Composite Structures in Fire', Proc. International Seminar on Steel structures in Fire, Shanghai, November 2001, pp1-15.

2002

98. Jun Cai, Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Modelling of Asymmetric Cross-Section Members for Fire Conditions, J. Construct. Steel Research. 58 (3),(2002) pp389-412.

99. Jun Cai, 'Developments in Modelling of Composite Building Structures in Fire', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002.

100. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W., Plank, R.J. and Bailey, C.G., Comparison of BRE Simple Design Method for Composite Floor Slabs in Fire with Non-Linear FE Modelling, Fire and Materials, 28 (2-4), (2004) pp127-138.


101. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Experimental and Analytical Studies of Steel Joint Components at Elevated Temperatures, Fire and Materials, 28 (2-4), (2004) pp83-94.

102. Spyrou, S., 'Development of a Component-Based Model of Steel Beam-to-Column Joints at Elevated Temperatures', PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002.

103. Butterworth, N.A., 'New Fire Protection Systems for Steel Columns', MPhil Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002.

104. Allam, A.M., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Performance-Based Simplified Model for a Steel Beam at Large Deflection in Fire, Proc. 4 PthP International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, Melbourne, Australia, (2002).

105. Plank, R.J. and Burgess, I.W., Effects of Fire on the Structure of Buildings, Proc. International Seminar on the Technology of Structural Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Buildings, Barcelona (2002) pp65-79.

106. Burgess, I.W., 'Fire Resistance of Framed Buildings', Physics Education, 37 (5), (2002) pp390-399.

107. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Component-Based Studies on the Behaviour of Steel Joints at Elevated Temperatures, 3 PrdP European Conference on Steel Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, (2002) pp1469-1478.

108. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Structural Behaviour of Unrestrained Composite Truss Systems in Fire, 3 PrdP European Conference on Steel Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, (2002) pp1459-1468.

109. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Component Studies for Steelwork Connections in Fire, 5 PthP International Conference on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, Budapest, Hungary, (2002) pp769-776.

110. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Modelling of Six Full-Scale Fire Tests on a Composite Building', The Structural Engineer, 80 (19), (2002) pp30-37.

2003

111. Jun Cai, Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., A Generalised Steel/Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Element Model for Fire Conditions, Engineering Structures, 25 (6), (2003) pp 817 833.

112. Allam, A.A., The Large-Deflection Behaviour of Structural Frames in Fire, PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003.

113. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Modelling Membrane Action of Concrete Slabs in Composite Buildings in Fire. Part I: Theoretical Development, Journal of Struct Engineering, ASCE, 129 (8), (2003) pp 1093-1102. (ASCE Raymond C. Reese Prize 2005)

114. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Modelling Membrane Action of Concrete Slabs in Composite Buildings in Fire. Part II: Validations, Journal of Struct Engineering, ASCE, 129 (8), (2003) pp 1103-1112. (ASCE Raymond C. Reese Prize 2005)

115. Green, M., Butterworth, N.A., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Practical Case Studies in Performance-Based Structural Fire Engineering Design, ASCE Specialty conference: Designing Structures for Fire, Baltimore, (Oct 2003) pp 259-266.


116. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., The Behaviour of Lightweight Composite Floor Trusses in Fire, ASCE Specialty Conference: Designing Structures for Fire, Baltimore, (Oct 2003) pp 24-32.

117. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Predicting the Collapse Behaviour of Light Steel Floor Trusses in Fire, Paper SD23, CIB-CTBUH International Conference on Tall Buildings, Kuala Lumpur, (Oct 2003).

2004

118. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Fire Resistance of Composite Floors Subject to Compartment Fires', J. Construct. Steel Research. 60 (2),(2004) pp 339-360.

119. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Prediction of the Degradation of Connection Characteristics at Elevated Temperature, (orig. 3PrdP European Conference on Steel Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, (2002) pp1391-1400), .J. Construct. Steel Research. 60 (3-5), (2004) pp 771-781.

120. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Compression Zone Component within a Steel Joint at Elevated Temperatures, J. Construct.Steel Research, 60 (6), (2004) pp841-865.

121. Spyrou, S., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Tension Zone Component within a Steel Joint at Elevated Temperatures, J. Construct.Steel Research, 60 (6), (2004) pp 867-896.

122. Block, F.M., Burgess, I.W. and Davison, J.B., Numerical and Analytical Studies of Joint Component Behaviour in Fire, Paper S7-4, Third International Workshop on Structures in Fire, Ottawa, Canada, (May 2004) pp383-395.

123. Foster, S.J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., High-Temperature Experiments on Model-Scale Concrete Slabs at High Displacement, Paper S5-5, Third International Workshop on Structures in Fire, Ottawa, Canada, (May 2004) pp259-270.

124. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 3D Modelling of Beam-Columns with General Cross-Sections in Fire, Paper S6-5, Third International Workshop on Structures in Fire, Ottawa, Canada, (May 2004) pp323-334.

125. Block, F.M., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., A Component Approach to Modelling Steelwork Connections in Fire: Behaviour of Column Webs in Compression, ASCE Structures Congress, Nashville, USA (2004). ISBN 0-7844-0700-2.

126. Foster, S.J., Bailey, C.G., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Experimental Behaviour of Concrete Floor Slabs at Large Displacements, Engineering Structures, 26 (9), (2004) pp 1231-1247.

127. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Structural Performance of Long-Span Composite Truss and Beam Systems in Fire, Proc. Second International Conference on Steel and Composite Structures: ICSCS 04, Seoul, Korea (Sep 2004) pp1236-1244. ISBN 89-89693-13-6-98530.

128. Foster, S.J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Experimental Behaviour of Model-Scale Concrete Floor Slabs at Large Displacements and High Temperatures, Proc. Second International Conference on Steel and Composite Structures: ICSCS 04, Seoul, Korea (Sep 2004) pp1268-1282. ISBN 89-89693-13-6-98530.


129. Choi, S.K., The Structural Behaviour of Composite Truss Systems in Fire, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004.

2005

130. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W., Lennon, T. and Plank, R.J., MomentRotationTemperature Curves for Semi-Rigid Joints, .J. Construct. Steel Research. 61 (3), (2005) pp 281303.

131. Block, F.M., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'High-Temperature Experiments on Joint Components', Proc. 4 PthP European Conference on Steel Structures, Maastricht, Netherlands, (2005).

132. Huang, Z.., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Use of Sub-Structuring in Modelling of Composite Building Response to Compartment Fires, Proc. ICASS '05, Shanghai, China, (2005) pp 1029-1034. ISBN 0 00 8446 37 X.

133. Block, F.M., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'High-Temperature Experiments on Joint Component Behaviour', Proc. ICASS '05, Shanghai, China, (2005) pp 1041-1046. ISBN 0 00 8446 37, Advances in Steel Structures, 2, (2005) pp 1041-1046.

134. Foster, S.J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Investigation of Membrane Action in Model-Scale Slabs Subject to High Temperatures', Proc. ICASS '05, Shanghai, China, (2005) pp 933-940. ISBN 0 00 8446 37 X.

135. Burgess, I.W., Performance and Design of Multi-Storey Composite Buildings in Fire, Proc. KICT 2005 Annual Conference/CUFER Annual Technical Seminar, Seoul, Korea, (2005) pp 89-109.

136. Al-Jabri, K.S., Burgess, I.W., Lennon, T. and Plank, R.J., Spring Stiffness Model for Flexible End-Plate Bare-Steel Joints in Fire, .J. Construct. Steel Research. 61 (12), (2005) pp 16721691.

137. Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Joints under Fire Conditions', TSteel DetailsT, Ch. 12, BCSA Publication 41/05, BCSA, London, 2005. T(ISBN 0 85073 049 X)T.

2006

138. Foster, S.J., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Modelling Membrane Action of Model-Scale Slabs at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures, Structures in Fire Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, (2006) pp 635-646.

139. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Fire, Structures in Fire Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, (2006) pp 561-572.

140. Abu, A.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Effects of Thermal Gradients on Membrane Stresses in Thin Slabs, Structures in Fire Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, (2006) pp 671-681.

141. Yu, C.M., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 3D Modelling of Bi-Steel Structures Subject to Fire, Structures in Fire Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, (2006) pp 393-404.

142. Yu, X.M., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Thermal and Structural Behaviour of Orthotropic Slabs in Fire, Structures in Fire Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, (2006) pp 825-836.

143. Foster S. J., Tensile Membrane Action of Reinforced Concrete Slabs at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006.


144. Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Efficient Modelling of Composite Building Response to Compartment Fires, Advanced Steel Construction, 2, (2006) pp37-52.

145. Block, F.M., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B.and Plank, R.J., 'A Component-Based Approach for Modelling the Effect of Fire on Steel Joints', 19th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Canterbury, New Zealand (2006).

146. Block, F.M., 'Development of a Component-Based Finite Element for Steel Beam-to-Column Connections at Elevated Temperatures',PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006.


147. Yu, X.M., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Concrete Spalling in Fire: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge, Report to KICT, Korea. Research Report DCSE/06/F/01, University of Sheffield, (2006).

2007

148. Abu, A.K., Burgess, I.W. & Plank, R.J., 'Analysis of Tensile Membrane Action in Composite Slabs in Fire', Pacific Structural Steel Conference 2007: Steel Structures in Natural Hazards, (2007) Wairakei, New Zealand.

149. Burgess I.W., 'Connection modelling in fire',Proc. COST C26 Workshop "Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events", Prague, (2007) pp 25-34.

150. Foster, S.J., Chladna, M., Hsieh, Y.-C., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Thermal and Structural Behaviour of a Full-Scale Composite Building Subject to a Severe Compartment Fire, Fire Safety Journal, 42, (2007) pp 183-199.

151. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Behaviour of Lightweight Composite Trusses in Fire A Case Study, Steel and Composite Structures, 7 (2), (2007) pp 105-118.

152. Sarraj, M., The Behaviour of Steel Fin Plate Connections in Fire, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007.

153. Yu, C.M., Three-Dimensional Analysis of Composite Structural Elements at Elevated Temperatures, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007.

154. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., 'Experimental Investigation of the Behaviour of Fin Plate Connections in Fire', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 541-548.

155. Hu, Y., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Comparative study of the behaviour of BS 4190 and BS EN ISO 4014 bolts in fire', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 587-592.

156. Yu, C., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., '3D thermal and structural analyses of Bi-Steel composite panels in fire', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 627-632.

157. Abu, A. K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Effects of slab panel vertical support on tensile membrane action', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 647-652.

158. Sarraj, M., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Development of a Component Model approach to fin-plate connections in fire', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 549-556.

159. Song, Y., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The behaviour of single-storey industrial steel frames in fire ', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 687-692.

160. Tan, K. H., Qian, Z. H. and Burgess, I.W., 'Experimental investigation of steel beam-to-column joints at elevated temperatures', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 565-570.


161. Huang, S.S., Burgess, I.W., Huang, Z. and Plank, R.J., 'Implications of Transient Thermal Strain for the Buckling of Slender Concrete-Filled Columns in Fire', ICSCS 2007, Manchester, pp 639-645.

162. Sarraj, M., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., Finite Element Modelling of Steel Fin Plate Connections in Fire, Fire Safety Journal, 42 (2007) pp 408415.

163. Block, F.M., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., The Development of a component-based connection element for endplate connections in fire, Fire Safety Journal, 42 (2007) pp 498506.

164. Yu, H.X., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Experimental Investigation of the Robustness of Fin Plate Connections in Fire', Proc. ICASS 2007, Singapore, pp 722-727.

165. Song, Y.Y., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Design of Pitched-Roof Steel Portal Frames Against Fire', Proc. ICASS 2007, Singapore, pp 728-733.

166. Huang, Z.., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Effects of Spalling on the Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Fire', Fib Workshop: Fire Design of Concrete Structures - from Materials Modelling to Structural Performance, Coimbra, Portugal, November 2007.

167. Huang, S.S., Burgess, I.W., Huang, Z. and Plank, R.J., 'The Buckling of Slender Concrete and Concrete-Filled Columns in Fire', Fib Workshop: Fire Design of Concrete Structures - from Materials Modelling to Structural Performance, Coimbra, Portugal, November 2007.

168. Yu,X.M., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Modelling Localised Failure of Reinforced Concrete Slabs in Fire', Fib Workshop: Fire Design of Concrete Structures - from Materials Modelling to Structural Performance, Coimbra, Portugal, November 2007.

2008

169. Yu, X.M., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Non-Linear Analysis of Orthotropic Composite Slabs in Fire, Engineering Structures, 30 (2008), pp 67-80.

170. Al-Jabri, K.S., Davison, J.B. and Burgess, I.W., 'Performance of Beam-to-Column Joints in Fire-A Review', 43 (1), (2008) pp 50-62.

171. Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., Performance in Fire of Long-Span Composite Truss Systems', Engineering Structures, 30 (3), (2008), pp 683-694.

172. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W. Davison, J.B., and Plank, R.J., 'Numerical Simulation of Bolted Steel Connections in Fire Using Explicit Dynamic Analysis', J. Construct. Steel Research, 64 (2008) pp515525.

173. Qian, Z.H., Tan, K.H. and Burgess, I.W., 'Behaviour of Steel Beam-to-Column Joints at Elevated Temperature: Experimental Investigation', Acc. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 134 (5), (2008) pp713-726.

174. Huang, S.S., Burgess, I.W., Huang, Z. and Plank, R.J., 'Effect of Transient Thermal Strain on the Buckling of Slender Concrete and Concrete-Filled Columns in Fire', Proc. Structures in Fire Workshop, Singapore, pp594-605.


175. Hu, Y., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., ''Modelling of Flexible End Plate Connections in Fire Using Cohesive Elements', Proc. Structures in Fire Workshop, Singapore, pp127-138.

176. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W. Davison, J.B., and Plank, R.J., 'Experimental Investigation of the Behaviour of Flush Endplate Connections in Fire', Proc. Structures in Fire Workshop, Singapore, pp150-157.

177. Abu, A. K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Effects of Edge Support and Reinforcement Ratios on Slab Panel Failure in Fire', Proc. Structures in Fire Workshop, Singapore, pp380-391.

178. Song, Y.Y., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'A New Design Method for Industrial Portal Frames in Fire', Proc. Structures in Fire Workshop, Singapore, pp302-312.

179. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., ''Experimental Investigation of the Tying Capacity of Web Cleat Connections in Fire', Proc. 5th European Conference on Steel Structures, Graz, Austria 2008, pp1013-1018.

180. Hu, Y., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., ''Experimental Study on Flexible End Plate Connections in Fire', Proc. 5th European Conference on Steel Structures, Graz, Austria 2008, pp1007-1012.

181. Abu, A. K., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Slab Panel Vertical Support and Tensile Membrane Action in Fire', Steel and Composite Structures, 8 (3), (2008) pp217-230

182. Burgess, I.W., Santiago, A. and Wald, F., "Behaviour of Steel and Composite Joints in Fire", Datasheet 1.11, Proc. Proc. COST C26 Symposium: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events, Malta, pp57-62. ISBN 978-99909-40-2.

183. Burgess, I.W., Santiago, A. and Wald, F., "Component-Based Approaches to Steel and Composite Joints in Fire", Datasheet 1.12, Proc. Proc. COST C26 Symposium: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events, Malta, pp63-68. ISBN 978-99909-40-2.

184. Burgess, I.W., Santiago, A. and Wald, F., "Design Procedures for Steel and Composite Joints in Fire", Datasheet 1.13, Proc. COST C26 Symposium: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events, Malta, pp69-74. ISBN 978-99909-40-2.

185. Yu, X.M. and Huang, Z., 'An embedded FE model for modelling reinforced concrete slabs in fire', Engineering Structures, 30 (11), (2008) pp3228-3238.

2009

186. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W. Davison, J.B., and Plank, R.J., 'Experimental Investigation of the Behaviour of Fin Plate Connections in Fire', J. Construct. Steel Research, 65, (2009) pp 723736.

187. Abu, A.K.A., Behaviour of Composite Floor Systems in Fire, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009.

188. Song, Y.Y., Analysis of Industrial Steel Portal Frames under Fire Conditions, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009.

189. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W. Davison, J.B., and Plank, R.J., 'Tying Capacity of Web Cleat Connections in Fire. Part 1: Test and Finite Element Simulation', Engineering Structures, 31 (3), (2009) pp 651-663.


190. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W. Davison, J.B., and Plank, R.J., 'Tying Capacity of Web Cleat Connections in Fire. Part 2: Development of Component-Based Model', Engineering Structures, 31 (3), (2009) pp 697-708.

191. Song, Y.Y., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'A New Design Method for Industrial Portal Frames in Fire', Proc. International Conference: Application of Structural Fire Engineering, Prague, 2009. Acta Polytechnica, 49 (1), (2009) pp 56-59.

192. Abu, A.K., Block, F.M., Butterworth, N.A. and Burgess, I.W., 'Structural Fire Engineering Assessments of the FRACOF and Mokrsko Fire Tests: An Engineering Prediction', Proc. International Conference: Application of Structural Fire Engineering, Prague, 2009.

193. Qian, Z.H., Tan, K.H. and Burgess, I.W., 'Numerical and Analytical Investigations of Steel Beam-to-Column Joints at Elevated Temperatures', J. Construct. Steel Research, 65 (5), (2009) pp 1043-1054.

194. Yu, H.X., Burgess, I.W., Davison, J.B. and Plank, R.J., 'Development of a Yield-Line Model for Endplate Connections in Fire, J. Construct. Steel Research, 65 (6), (2009) pp1279-1289.

195. Wong, V.Y.B, Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Behaviour of Composite Cellular Steel - Concrete Beams at Elevated Temperatures', International Journal of Steel Structures, 9, (2009) pp1-15.

196. Hu, Y., Davison, J.B., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Component Modelling of Flexible End-plate Connections in Fire ', International Journal of Steel Structures, 9, (2009) pp 29-38.

197. Burgess I.W., 'The Robustness of Steel Connections in Fire', Proc. ASCCS 2009, Leeds, pp 103-114.

198. Song, Y.Y., Huang, Z., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'The Behaviour of Single-Storey Industrial Steel Frames in Fire', Advanced Steel Construction: an International Journal, 5 (3), (2009) pp 289-302.

199. Burns, R., Hanley, D., Choi, S.K., Burgess, I.W. and Butterworth, N.A., 'Development of a Light-weight Composite Lattice Joist for Fire Resistance', Proc. Nordic steel Conference 2009, Malmo, pp 188-195.

200. Wang, Y.C., Burgess, I.W., Wald, F, and Gillie, M., 'Recent Developments in Performance Based Fire Engineering Research on Steel and Composite Structures in Europe', Proc. Protect '09, Japan, 2009.

201. Huang, Z.., Burgess, I.W. and Plank, R.J., 'Three-Dimensional Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Structures in Fire'. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 135 (10), (2009) pp 1201-1212.

2010

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