Bunker Destruction by Tank Cannon

8/12/2019 Bunker Destruction by Tank Cannon

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L l a a ~ -

f S RMY RMOR sc OoLfo T KhO l, r.i. iTUCKY


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OFFI CE OF THE COMMA I G O F r ER

7 Febr uary 1952

SUB CT : Let t e r o f 'rransmi t t a l

TO : Commandanthe lI'mored c hoolort illox , KentuckyT T : Secretary

1 . Trans mi t ted herewith i s a re or t a n t i t led , Bunker estruct i on yTa n k Can . on . his re po r t vas i n i t i a l l i ssued s a Trainin g emorand n byth i s hes ' q ar te rs a nd used f or the t r n o f a n cre s of t i s bat t a l i onin bUlker destruct ion . he re por t , in i t s present f o , has been sub mi t t edto mor for pub l i ca t ion .

2. The inc l osed re por t i s submdtted to the r red c hool f or wha t everus e may be es ired . The au thor aut hor izes the us of his n in c onjunct i onwi t h th e use of t e report i f desired .

C RROL L J\LLS Lt Co lone rCo a nd i n

- LI B ARYUS AR Y ARMOR SCHO ~fOR T ~ O X KE NTUCKY


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pott1t1on wart . . . tIMp'ted by Datil aa4 t r l _ d l y tOl 'U i n

. . . d v t - .t

_ A u t u l a o t 1'51.. ne 4 t 1'IIt em

b u d on te l l t r ~.' . l o a , ' " _ t i c a l . . . 1..,.., ot .. .11 bll11t, cemollfl-..I

. . . . . . . T b t n lNak'era . . . . . nptf!' t1y .1Mc1 aDd were na1"1, . euployed.. , ' . .

;,..: ~ ~ < . ~ ,1M'iUl l t . wbole h i l l to,. ___ bollo_4 out tortr . . . . . o f iAoredlble . t r e q t l l .' 'be tUlJ embrasure" t b. . . . . . 1J8l'e. ,laMa to 8110w . . tual. t i r e sUpport b .-

....D no or more buatau1l J.A be... ",..... Tbe bllakUa were INi l t t o house

end protect troops, auppU . . . aII.4 aapona . Tiley ftl ' ied in 1 _ trca . . . . re-

qtllred for two or ' b r e e to _ _ req,1l1red t eAt.1r. COlllJan1... T . SW1

ohaUeri were designed tor , . . . ~ l e o e _ .. . . . . etllPlo1MDt of weapoaa trOill tbe'

a u b - _ h 1 m e gun 0 the f i e ld p i . . . . .. u.s.," ob ja c t i f t a ttao1ra . 8 1 . - 4 to bPeak ' t u . . . " . . . maiD 1 1 . of

: r e 1 e t ~ ewen ~ h e OIl tat . a t . . at ra l tl:'


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o f ' d . , e Qt :;le B'..ian8l"Y p1"'Obaa YJ'E.1l tented y i t b\ln4ar. I n aOlJll 1aa ta ta . a

taevffl t _.ua1t1on . a ex J . . . . ~ Q U epeclt10 bun.UftI tor , _ sana ftuoa.a.All . . . . " " l e 2 O_ _ 86fit . ' - r ta la . t f 1 0 1 ~ n t_ ~ , G 1 q. . _ret ;'eyelape4 by hut\:

" , . " . . tIiit ~ .. cltti-hl a i 4 - ~ .n.lriaa ' ' ' ' l ~ t ' ~ o t ' t ~O ~ 1. . . ~ ' . . . 6 t . . . . 7 1 r a . , . . . . t f t1i . . . . . . . . . . n I f t l y . . . . m ' i . en t l l "

. . " ' ' ' ; - ~

wi th . . . . . . _ . t I l tt,.. : , , . . . . . . n . . . t i l t . tnial,...,ta . 1 .. t t v._ :......_*Il'ft,. . . . . l D I f t M d _ ~ y 1 . \J

. - ) ~ , . < ; : :- :. . . t i ' . . .

battlelM14 . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . aa ta r . . . . . . - . . ly81 . ot t 'I&I'1ou _ M l . . . . . . .c, ._ _ . . . . . ~ "-' , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.. . 4 . 'rial. pI'OOtt4ure I" ,...,...w. . . , . . . . "_ _ t l t tj.r J s . l o . 1 11 f l l ~t e U Ju.'lM.q ba.htJ.na .

.lit ... .rt'of' . . fI1%l1l1lu t elm o f 1M " . t i l l e r ) t1f t end a1l'. . . . . . . . , . C. . . . . Coallalnlst tQl'lJ.' ta torea CJ3natrw::te4 t b e l r a i D 11ae of

. ~ t 4 I I M N t. . __ w,ographi.al . . . . . t ot .tcMIbDt tel'res.. I t t. . . . . l1arel.y

. . . 'lIP ,.. .... .1:11. ~ . , ; , _ ; . . . . . . . . . w t ~ . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . 1. . \l'oop . ~ .. 1. . . . . . ' l a . . . . . . WN'e autl1lC'' . . . . . ..l)A u. ... illope. ''IIe' otwa _4 t v a.ftt_ e t Ur the ~ ~ loa , _ ~ h 1 1 ereet . . . . . . . . rrua. 1 _ , . . . . . 4 did _ , tala_ _ _ I .,.\60_. . - 1 . t 1 q ror , part o 4OWW.a t o . U . ~ .aa4 afe" . . . . '10 . . . . , . . . poelU . . . . . lOJlld ..lie PIU"IOd. o f o l . . . . . s.a 8"Ul"i t7

of the melJl batt le . 1 u.on. 1 M pr1.1.., le ot tlW tor1fQ.t d 8 1 . 4et . . . . . tn!lII

t o l l . . . to . . . . . . . . bow.,.,-, ' ' . l o & a t 1 _ of btl. . . . t a lae .aiDruura.

,....,.,. . . dla taDM.e _low ...be topoll"apb1oal u . . . tJ. h l . flit DO ' 8 0 U . ~

aal t . . aati...,..., . . l mae n_l48 aa4 boob, V . . __ 1011aJ'pora t e ~ t 1&to ~ . .

4elttMt,w s : ; ." '" ~ t _ . . . . _de 01 anU,-anlc .2!.lftd. ' 'beae mi . . . . . . .

Iat4 1& 1)l O_1oa an4 wi th DO ~ l l l 4 a r ~l}Ql\U'a i n aU aftauee i ) t IIPpI OILOh .Yell.-

.able 110 tl't.ead17 &rIDOI". 'bluw tbf.. telTa11l would .,.nd.'., .tt-ttu:r.JE cUtobu . . . . .
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III the c o u t ru c U o n o t his .m;>lac.:emenu. the e U I q used tbe tMhD.1que

o t - . - l i D S and ab.oz1..ag Up ra ther tban the tecimique ot excavation. He di4

not, i . 'hi a.ormal pJQOedure with the A.mericu Az81 dig Em emplace_nt fromtbe top 40WA a d cover tbe resul t u g hole wi til loea. earth. saadbelJll and roeiC

. _ : ' - , . ' ' I , ' _ .. - ~ .

I tead be l:WlDe1e4 throup aa en tdU, . - - a t . . . . . t i o u o f the tunMl. .in to e :Mal t e n tIoll1goh ~ ' f t ~ 4 ' .:&,arsed aect1011

aDdtbe t i re , . . . . . . . Ul, ... : ~ : ~ ; l1 . ~ _ . . ( l lau r e 1) Tw.. ' , .... ,... . . ' . . ...~ .

_ ~ q u erenlt le ~ , o f ' aatWN1. .v.aCIJt ea, s s . . . 1. t, I ., .; \ i o ~ ; _"

..: .' . ~ .

Ud * tUatUb . : ' ~ _ . f . " " t 1 a a e 01 sot l and aro-tll o . the tOp a ,,:,.,>, , .wUola _ 11 _ _ fttoa groUDd obaenat cm. 1 J o . ~ .the ~ a l t r _

o t f 1 f t to 1nelude . ~ o f tile bun.la8l'., cCM).4 be . . . 117 p1D-po1

1 f t a \be aU d Q ~ . tile enemy' 8 \laO of bespot l tJooa t n M h n p a aD4 ht e 1 ~to tlaese U"eacl l le t roa - r l a l 011 I t l - a .

11Ia

a.t C. l l t ruc ted bu:Uan a d 0 ' . eDfjl_ _ ta 01 . . . . . lU

a d . 1 _ . , 11 1gI1d tow apec l t i c pvpoae . T_SeMl'a t b o d . tsuuoUoa _ _ iaDdard1ze4 Ud t _ _ Jor i ty 01 the luaJllal'a . - r a l l t t o ~

tbe p1aa lad l ted i n 11, . , . . 2, Fire aact c0RDe4ttq weao were n . .w. ) .yo to 0JI8 h a l t maten. in dep 'h ad aa ly w1de .aoup tor tbe pea.a_ ot a

.1D&1a 10Uier. Iatiy1ctual t1rlng poet t i o _ , . . re looate4 at l n t e r u l a a l - . a

ftra .... MIlI _ , , * ' eovend . 8 0 _ open. Su,pgliee o f SZ'ellade8 wer. place4 a t 1 .

_ &18alona t 1 n t .reacb". I b18 was d o _ hol lowbg n t 1 ~ . spaces i n tbeaide_ of ,be veDell aeer 11;8 bottom. S1ae. th< so11 011 the . . s t centJ 'al trr()Jlt

' troop, supply aad SUA chamberll ~ . r e re inforced by l e y e n or 10&8 Ut1Ua1.a& beaYY

loge eupportiaa hama . J,. miniwm t na i l a were usecl$ t. logs ana SUj ,W_ t 1l1a3


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_ _ . . . . . . . . . tob14 to t end _ 4 . . 4 i n to place . The t1lllDel from ,be OODlllUli

oat io l l_DCA to the tl"oep or supply s b e l t e r and tlut t u p e l trom tbe troop or

npply 0 . 1 _ to tbe gtUl oMliber e i ther s t r a l p t and 1 . f t l or o t t . . t , aiS

u a e 4 114 .laIlte4. 'l 'u . . . . 1 trom tile wOOp or supply abel ter to tbe aua

0 . - ' . . . 11 . 7 s l . . te4 upwer4. Normally t _ _ 1e . . . . wide . . . . . . 1l to permt

. . . . . . ' . : - V ' - f i l l l . - . t . ~ . ~ : - S _ . i .0Ua1a to al10 . .. . .

801dlel, ' n :'\M _ _ , . . . _ . w e i by onwUaa only., ' ,.. . ) . " ' . ' ; . ,

ftIt ~ t -. . . . . . . _ , _ ~ .. r e . . . u.ae. ' ; : . _ ~ ; _ - . . , ,\ . , . . . .

WOOP . . . . _ . . . . . . '. . . . . . i . . t i U _ to.t. . . . , 1 . . . . . . . tor . . . . tbltb e . T J . ~ . ,. . . , : , ~ ~ ~ ~. . ~ ...,.. . . . . , . n 4 ~ eq Jleer e u p p u . . , ' ~ .... " ~ - ~

. . . . . . . ~ . :i t .. . ula f t been . . x t to impossible to ge t i t ~ poal Uoa _;;. ! .

4 . f e _ . , . ~ 1.t tJpOlt occupation t a poei t loa tbe 8U1D1' cOIIIDeued theI O . t n O t ; IJJd bUDlaU'8. I f be oou14 . . ed the area vi ta l to )a1.

',' ' , '

d . t . . . . . . . . .,1114 aGcept . . . . . I t , . . . ana oon t ia_ . . . . . uat\er !teaTY a r U l b r J

t1r t . 1lJ, l ' .DWftI ' , m . o t _ _ oo u t lonwark . . . d . . at n1&'l' . ' 1 '

_ . . . . . . . allT :repa1re4 II . . . . to h i . _ . . , l ao ._ .N oaued by f r l .D d l , v U l -

1 . , . , an4 11f t end a i r . v i ' a tac t whioh I N t be cOIIIIl4erec1 by ~

-as . . " in tb t . &Ok and 4 sS t n o t i o n 01 bunkers .' lU 1 1 tf.a1 pro'lam coatrontta.g troop. oomm1 te4 to , be attack o t

t e U l f t *7 . . . . 00-.0-84 o t buakere 111 tbe loGahoD. t tbe malll 11 _ t re . l e

nd t bunlIrtn, iD4iri4uall :r a d c o l l e c U f t ly., r a l loca loa o t ,lit . t n l1ae o t rea l . l ance in EOl"ea w e 4etermiaec1

i I l . 'he a o r a l r aDd A1aaea1u'bed '0 assaul t t roop. by higber headquarters .

, . . . u t 100&'10. ( a d 41apoalt lea t troop. the re in ) t the main 1 1 _ t r e

a la n t l l eu . . . . . . . . aetend . . a by tbe v o o p o p e r a t 1 A 8 in t ba t . . . . ..,.u 4 . ,01lp11 4 by p a t r o l a . both diaJlOUllted aDd t ank- in t an t ry, aer ia l pho'*o-

It.


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&rap_.~ .W1ee. aer ia l rec:ozmalesAnce. ground o b r Y ~ t i o aaDd pnaOMr 8 of. . . . . ta. loeaUbD o t individual buni


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t1.1 1 MIl . r t a t t i f t . u t lU.s ,na HE. tIlse qulck,and , . abel la , 1 . an o t b u e t t ecUve

tuae t . . . . . . ailnU1l1 t ioa . ft t* ,bou14 n01"81l;y be dODe oaly if ' other . n aa n . . . . . 1a ' l e - . . . . . o f t ~ '.... 1111'&8 s q t e D U tuJ: '8ot 8DIDWli t lon .

. . ............ C[,.....Ir1 .u . . . . .t lb1J

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. Z J ; ~ - , . .N m t m 4 he eJib.tasute. . . ,......u_... , t o p p l q . 01 1'11'8,poee4 . . . . x l . . . . . 1.a. . . . , . . . . . . . trom

fAD7 - - . o a 1 - . . . , . " . . . . . . . . . . l ~ W \he 4eli , . . . , . or cl1r . . , t u kI , -

CannoJ l I1N iate;, . ( , . . . . . . . . . " . - , . . .... ek.1a . . e 4 in1 t iaW. t o l l o .

. 4 b y . tn .. .. .. 1' r. . . . .d . l87 , . . tIP to 0 l U . . amug I n n ' "tile . . . . . . . trow tID ~ beY. w1 t h d r a a 1n to tbe eormeo u.s ~ ~ ' Of . . . .OJ 17 1'

. , . . . . . ot.tlle t ~ i s begun. 'l'lae requirement tor aileuci . . eD.elll1 weapou i l l

oth8.r ..rio . . . _.., delay th ia prooeclun ' l ' . . . MM@UIl . . . . . . . . po .a ib l e

to p l ' . . . . ' J'eoocupaUoll ot , _ &UJl obaJlkr _ . . . . . . , . l o ayoicl WM. ot . . .

. 1 Hon. tanlt cre . . lI IUat be la fo . rad as to the en" ' l" a _ 'bocIa o f lOU"Nottoa

_ 4 t r a t . . . . in the tecr.lcjlle ot bunlIN . der iruoUon ,-riOV M the C>pe.hU_.

The problea p f t M a . 4 18 tlWPltl' dea t rucU. ~ the ooU.-pM o f 1lMt

roo t aDd ,lie underm181aa ot $111 sun oGamber t l ~ wi'th ,he end I . . u l t b e i q

. . . . o f evth_ ' in4 1 0 . ooouP7i88 tile ii p taue tbe cbailber . . . loo&Md. SlMe 11. 01011 are a e U f t h d di ree t ly l . t o t_embraIuJ'. M7 ~ e e d1&.0 tbe w.._ 1 betOft a p l ' 1 . . . . . . mbraaure l u o l t 1 . Dot the M r g e t . l n a - . a d ~

. . . . deUY8red a t heMp Gt tbe e m V U U N and from t b r H to t h e t ee t below tbe. . b ra a u n (Figure 3). Thi . wil l weeken OZ' destroy tbe I'OOt aad uD4erm1Ae the

11001 f t8u) . t las in eo l l . pee ot the ent1l'e ebamber or _.et lan thereot . The pr o

j e t t i lea . bou l4 aUilce tllP. t a rge t on an 1aolined p l o 6T014 t.beir propu18i_,
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i a to tbe aOJUllOt1q tua.a..l p r l o r to impact ( F i F e 1) .

T1w _ I l l tioD to be used i a combination of APe aad HF t tuae delq .

and 1s a.U.ftrea . . followsl

OM w more rounde ot 0 .1. 41ftoted u.41ate l : r abow tbe

buaor ~ t o l 1 5 ~bY one or . . . . . . . . . ortaUe otBE. del.,. ., . ,- , , . , '

, .. ' ~ N ~ t ; ' ' ' ; ' -d o ' ' ' 6rJftf \ . . t l i ' l i f te o ; f t , . ' ~ f - , , - . , ' , '" .

......

low - t l1 , . ~ ctof


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t a k a , ill addl t lo . to o t . 1 ' ela1snei lIIla81oas. alaoald be ~ A l ~ 1 I I t d0 keep ~ r e

01OM4 1a ,peaU1c ..... a. "tace t h e enemy l.WUtil.l,. p a i r s hie poel U:),Q,8 a t n1[b

tb t taQk . . . . . . , CU.tu l ly Gall'.l;i- t t a d i p d area i l t t 1 ra t l i g h t &ud .\ ecloee

a U . . . . . . . . . . . _ 4 a r l a g ,tat . . . . . . . 14 ot t1J lh 1a 1a tbe .our..o f a rt" ,l e a ' . . . . . . . , . ' . . . , . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . e v i ta l 4IW1Qi . ,Up t. ~ . ,.....J.I._'l l . [ i [ ' r ' . _ ~ N, ~ . da;i.

~ , ; , , ' . , . ' , .. - '. < , ' . " : i' ';.' , ' . . :

'T'uU ~ , ' , _ _ _ -.Wi .nu r.n..u,. trQQf8 lave over-rua. aDd .1-. , ~ ,.l ,"f ~ u . . " . ~ , ' , ~ ' . .

'I'M . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . fA ' . . . . . \S . . o t . . . . OIlthe . . . , o a ~ i t ~ i. . l ' ~ ' l i _-Jan " o t t _ h e 00II4u.te4.. . ' . . ,-, '. - . .

ha4 obJItoulT _1 lcao. . . . . . . ' tba ' tbe projeOt11e . . . too U p t t o r . . .tats. AI t . . . . . . . . . , . 1 1 t nq,ulI ea .,,1 1t a l c . . .,.114a b e n y volume ot

' - - , . - ,

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_ D i . U ~WI , J 8 p l ~ ,_ _ o t Ntgun wbetl. ~ l h . 9 ~ .p u on tbe ~ 6. " . . . . . . . u.taetcry . . . . 1. . boo . . . . o t the bean_ en- l i . iotA 1.55

l t ~ U M aad . 1aeb. 1 t ...p r ~ l l e dho1l1tZt ' l"8_n . . . . . . 1& . 'hI b ~ . r" .. ~ . . ,4 e s t r s ' ..,.1.... 1W wre 'emlleoe4 ~ 9-11ft t ) J f diU.,. . . , o f 41.rMt t 1 ~ .

- . l ~........ ...t . ~ ~, , ~ , c ; . \ , \ I t . . \ . , '1M . . . . . . . 01 . . . . . ' . I ' . , . . . . . . to. at.rens$n of Wlyl4U1 .b ~ l . ~. . . . . A t e r r i f ic yo11l . ,, .11 . . 4 unUl , _ et t_ lc bed OI)l P......t i n . . . . e . . . . . . , . to a l e . awq , be oal'lJO'Jtla31 . ' 4eatt'oy , . buAJ.fe.....0hi 11 . l oae ~ . , . . It, u l * . 1 ~ c 1_.UIl\lOU;,th '9b: 'oa au-plaMa, ~ q .

t rtiller, . . aDd Mavy .laf'M'l"Y " a ; o u , top Ap,..cad.matel,y .hJtu 0 before 1

a ( l l g u n 4 ) .

To fIOt;t . t t" '"," '17 4 ~ 0 1b. . . . rs . kok or ;u i hsYe . s l dee

\ a l l f t WornaUvn "oeolbl.. oo.aoeftl . . _ looat1:>a o f tbe bwliIClU AA4 the .u:&e:J3

.,.;bod o f buJ11c'8l 9o. t l ' \ lo t lon cad JllU8t r H o 1 . p ~ c l t i cva la1q 1ll b\a"fe:E' d e

&Uttctioapr1er t . _ t u a l attae.lc . w. . be two raqu tn .aYl a r. _ ' . ,
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o f 1 t . DIIlDeuvera'b111ty &ad I t . a b 1 U t 1 to pJ'OYlde n t r c m e l l aocuraM d i r e c t~ ~

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fir from n armo r P f t o : ~ , .. . . ~ .

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A oo -rteC\chB.. l . 9 Qu. iers , S-rp '.sc Gu I Chll m bey.

a S ~


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LEGEN

po .r pGc.-t


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' " ' '

HEAD 1U.,RT: 'RS~ I G H I HmUT:wD S T h l ~..2.RiY KOREA ElSni )

Arrll0r Sect ion 1 'PO 301

~ _ The follO'.':ing , rUcle , Bunker Destruct ion by Tank Cnnr..or:-Il submit ted by I t Col Car r o l l i icFal ls J r , CO 70th TankBat t a l i on (i.ied), i s a repor t on t J e met hods employee i n des-t r oy i ng bunkers by the 70th Tank Bat ta l ion eled) during thecourse of operat ions i n ~ \ o r e a .

u2. I t i s reproduced and disseminated i n i t s o r ig in a l formfo r t l ~ in fo rmat ional value i t may have i n a s s i s t i n g any a r - mored uni ts in .wUS . K 11ho may f i n d themselves confronted by Vi

s imi l a r s i t u : t i o n s .

3. In order tl'Bt m i t s may fu r th e r p r o f i t by tl13 ex p er i -ence o f o t he r s , i t i s reques ted t h a t COLlments on t h i s repor tand repor t s concerning combL-t lessons learned , be sul::mittedt o t I n s off ice _or co l l a t i o n and diss8.l ' lination.

4 Contents :

a . 3ECTla.J I G J : ; N ~

b. S.J:TlOiJ I I - D1SCiUPTICN

c . S.::..CTICN I I I - I l l T : : ; 1 L I G . u l ~ C E

d. S ~ C n C NIV - NL GTl-U-I.LU ..TlaJ AIID D : . : : s T ~ , U C T IQIre. S:::;CTION V - l , i I S C E L L r u ~ ~ O U S
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I s C a r r o l l l ; ; rel ls hL t Colonc;l rmor

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1 . ? o s ~ t i o n1 , . ' u rL , re ' ds ccopteu by both Ci18IE:; a n l , + : l ' ~ E ' ; ; l G . ' 1 e l L , y. rd sof t h e 'C,cl'bC+:'. Ir:::..tlal1.,", El.1.T : C1i.:;',lG.::litJcn 1 'C . '\ " C L ~ . , Lo:,'; _, _ , : ,. . -' :"n, ~01' tan; , ::::re',':s ;n the t r ; c ~ ' n i ~ j u ' . . ;(J 0 1 . : ' : 1 " ' l ; ~ 'GF;c;vyuCt:.Oll \ i i t ~ ; : ~ ] . = 1:' >:-"0l Jlec c 0o f tile gW111


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1. In d.l1 e L o r t to ,ninLlize the effec t o f f r i en d ly i l r t i l l e y f i r e 2mr i r s t r i l ( e s , the C h ~ n e s eCOIILlc:nist forces in ; ~ c r e 3c8nst ructe( t h e i r inc.in L n eo f r es i s t " n ce on the topogra.)hic&l cres t of cOIT.iClant t e r r a i n fe" t ure8. . .d re ly

i a s the reverSE: s lo )e oI a t t ; r ~a.in fe, 'tl' .re org.::nlzed _0: cefen;:;e. i-iovkver,ex tensive t r o o ~ )cino- supply s h e l t e r s , nc cOJThnunicc:::.ticn t renches ,'Jere const ructedon the reverse s ~ . o p e ,2nd were of ten used fOl' deiense o i t e r t hE main pos i t i onson the to)ogra . ' )h ica l :::rest ' ~ e r eoverrun. The fOr'VkL.-d s lopes diG contair. extens ive e m p ~ , J c e m e n t sco n s i s t in g for the most ) 2 r t of covered foxholes and a fewautomc:tic 1')e, )On3 )os i t ions employee; for the ~ ) u r p o s e sor' c l ose - i n s e c u r i t y c f t h emain bat t10 p o s i t i o n . The p r in c ip l e of the fO '1/' ard slq:.c defense "a s .1. ollowed tosome cegree , hOi',ever> by- the l oca t i on o ~ bun.:er i.irin,:. eI:1brJsures c.t voryingdist&nce-s belo;, the topogl'Clphical c r e s t . Ll t t l e or no t a c t i c a l ; i r e and feu a .n t ipersonnel mine f i e , d c...nd b o o b ~ ,trci)S .Jere incorporated i n t o the cefens i ve s;Y3tem.J oxpert use vias maoe of 2nt i - tdnk mines. These ..u n es e r e la iG i n profusion dnd'with no standc.rd p a t t e rn i n a l l avenues of appro,-ch ava i l ab l e t o f r i e n d l ~ 'a rmor.

1 here the t e r r a i n ,ould. p e r, l i t , sn t i - t a i l k d i t ch es were co n s t ru c ted .

2 . In ti1e co n s t ru c t io n of ius elllpJ..Clcelilents, the ene.ilY used the teChniqueof t u n n e lm g and shor ing up r a th e r than the techni"lue of e ~ c d . v a t i o n .He d ~ dno t ,as i s the n o n ~ l a . l.)l 'ocedure 11ith the . ..me_ican Ji.rmy, dit':, 211 eHlplace,.lnt from thetop dmn and cover the r esu l t i n g hole , i t h logs , e a r t h , sanGbags and roc;;:. 1n;s t ead , he tunneled t h ro u h a.no. e n t i r e hi L , enlar;..oing sec t i ons of t i l l tunne l i n t os h e l t e r s c..nd f i r i n g chambers. He t h m re in fo rced the enla.rged sec t io n s , and t hee n t i r e emplacement i necessary, i l i t h l aye r s of 1"[;8. ( f igure 1) This techniquer esu l t ed in an ailplacement 01 grea t n2tura l s t reng th and, s ince i t a id not d i s t m 'bthe na t u r a l camouflage of s o i l


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4 The enen" cons t ruc tec iu s e r . ~ p l c c e : l e n t s"i::.h::ough the use a f f r o n t - l i mt roops 2nd indigenous le.bor. He utilizeG. ; rnc to;) ls ","lC, e x ~ l o s i v e sfo r even t h eheavies t t e of cons t ruc t ion . ~ n ~ i n e e l 't ro o ) s c:ne; he?v;,/ eng inee r SO.) l iGS ande:::ui)l!li:mt 1,'erO no t ,::'v2ila)le to the ene'-1:. ~ v e l 1i ~ ' ne2vy enGineer equi;,Jment 'I.:as

3 ; .M.fter t:18 exac t locat . ion o f b u n ~ : e r s2 . n e ~t l : . e ir f i r in [ ; eLlorasw.'es havebeen c:e ter tine( t;le ini'orI:12ti,:;n i s cou.-;iJ.e( c . n C l o t t e c ~on a s : ~ e t c h ,overla= o r

m a ~ ; J .This inforr.kt,io; 'l i s ti"Bn d l s s e H i n , t ~ 3 dto t h e t ro o p s ' ho are t o be e n ~ l o y e o .i n tl:.is ared ' . l tholl t )n t : : i s l a s t p ~ ' o c e ( ' u : , . ' ei s 02.sic, t i s violatec: or hcl)haz , - ~ r c ; . 2 . y6ccO!TI?lished on m ~ . l 1 ~ rOCCilSlons. 1\.s d. l ' e s c l t , t.roolJS Cl.re co,1l1ittec'c to theolttack ' . ' ; i thout c clea l ' Lno' led;,e o f t;1e 10 ca t ion of O l J l ~ ~ 8 r SIn t ;):;ir 2rec , a lthou-;h the in fo rma t ion i s ' . a i lo .bie 3 t t ; , e i r paren t unit : le(}dcuarters. '1':le obViOl'S f a c t t l k C the c ' , s s a \ j ~ t l l 1 c ,fo rces [,illSt .Q10 the 10ce.tiJn of b\ill;:ers in t h e i ra rea cannot ~ : J es t r e s sed to 0 ;,lUC;l. '1; ~ i s lnformcl t i o n loS v i t a l t.) them. Concurr e n t l y , l i t h t e ac t ud l l o ca t io n of bm::ers on t h e c i s s e 1 ~ l i n , ' t l o n ' . rt;l. : ' t i n f o rmation , a bunker C:estructiGn C 2 J . l ~ J , ~ i g ni s 111ltic:ted. l.hlS c 2 . . i ' l ~ a i g ns):culci. beginsev e ra l 0ays l J r ior to tile actl lc;l :::;ror,c. a s s u l t cl.nc' s;lOuld contitlU8 th:COW':;;10Ut thao )e ra t io n , . .

1 The i n i t L , l )robl8!J ce,nfro"Ging tan.( eTe.; eOH.cittec1 to a bt.n.:er ( e s t r u c t i o n 'Jll.ssion i s t;', eXc1ct, ) i n - p o i n t locc : t ion O ~ tI le f i r i n " i J . 1 0 r a s u ~ e .Since
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the eLlbrasure i s usua12_'y cClf,10uf12ged., i t i s :c i r s t necessar=' to renove a l l Dc.tur a l gro11 th from t h3 ,-,rea In \ ;1ich the 'oW11:er has been located.. T;1is miss ion l-:l2.ybe uccomplished b ~ other '. 2d)Ons. Air s t r i ( es f rcn f r i e n d y cil 'c: taft .elllployingnapaill i s hig; l ly effec t i v e clS i t bu;."ns t 11 C;ro't;l frOG a lE YEe are2.. r t i l l e r yand mor t a r f i r e , u t i l i z i n g Ho-J, fuse odc].;: a n d ? sh e l l s , i s a no the r e f f e c t i v emethod of re.iTIoving c2.Llouflage. In Uie c osence of otller nore e f f e c t i v e me..: ns ,t a nks cCJ.n remove camouflase b:;- d21iver ing l I r e on the suspected area us ing HE,fuse quick d.nd ~ . P ci.(fkcUJ1ition. ' l ' l lis shou1( norma.113T be done o n l ~ -i f o th e r meansare W1dvailaole because oi' t he necessar:;- la rge expen0i ture of O J i l ~ l u n i t i o n .

2 . ; . f t e r t he n , . tura l grO'.it:1 or c2IlOu':lc'.ge ItS been removed , 111(' t he embrasurexposed UE next cons ider : , t ion i s t:,ov81 1l '.l.'be -PC trClvelin',: ,:'t t e r r i f i cspeed snashes i n t o the roof a1'1c: f l o o r end loosens t ; ~ e e r t ; ~and 1 0 ~ ; s . TIle 101lon ing HE blov]s tile 100se_18c', I i l : t e r i e l c ~ o \ ; l 1 1 " a r ddnd u)1Jard ( ~ l o n ~tIle pa t h of l e a s tr es i s t an ce , the ~ ; u ncl1;:''ll1cer. 1 ':lis tecImi,_ue ;12S l)roven s - , i f t , ef . f ic ie l1 t and f -f e c t i ve i n the des t r uc t i on or ~ ) u . l 1 . k e rb: ; tan:c f i r e . l 'o te ; 8 :e t h a t onl ' the ,;sunchamber ~ J a s ( e s t r o J " ' 8 c ~ .1nsof21' as ass::lult t r o o , s 0.1'8 concc::rnec. t ; l l S i s the {::osti J ~ p o r t a n tf e a t u r e of t;12 bt'nker. r;;le d . e s t r u C ' t l ~ n0:' ser ious (JI13.;,C::: of t roop ors u ~ p l 3 's h e l t e r s ; became o ~ ClAir l oca t l on dee,' hls ide : 1 0 telT3.hl fc.::ture; i sv i r t u a l l y i "pos s i b l e u s i n . : . . ~i:,:1e r e l a t i v e l : E::;l:t co:nn:::.n o ~ Lle t 'Lll:. t : a s a t -t enpted on sevei.",:l OCCc.Slons a110 des ) i te 2 t l'e,:',211C'OUS e ~ ~ ) e i 1 c : . i t u i o eof 0.::1 :un i t ion ,
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c1. ;;-,,, _ ~ aFilDunition, used i n _:12ce 0:::- _.'C, l S , l U C t ~_"orl; el:,:'ecGi-:e. 13ccause 01 i t s C03t , i : , : - B )o ss ib i l i t y i : . :L t 8i .e_: 'G2 . iLS ; , L : ~ -be enccun"erec: 2nd thesmull number of :;'1- . ' rounds cc:tTieC i n th", 1Jc'sic l o ~ ( of dI J .._:lliution of an i n d ividl.'-cll t c . n ~ : ,i t s use s : ,oul( be i . 'cstr icted to o n : : ~ i : . _ i enos t heavll , / cons t ruc tedb u n l ~ e r siillct t;1en only ;;.i't8r ;\PC ;123 ~ ) e e i 1usee: uns u c c e s s f l l l ~ .

L . 1 . f t e r J O l U 1 : ~ e r:1.15 '.Jeen desi:.royeci. ( ~ n di t s ; i : : i n g cdbr2s ure closec,)s t e ~ , - : s. r : ~ l l . S t'02 t2 kell t c il'J.S1L"8 t ; : . = : ~: t l ~ : o J ( .: ' ' S ~ J - . , i : . 'GC: O:i" f T 2 ~ J ~.. i T 2 d t:i t, . i . ~ lredest royed . Because of thc Clccur2.c;{ o i. G3nk cam;.on f i r e an6. the ~ ~ : ~ .~ o r ) l ' o t ect i on 2va i l ab l e t o L;e cre ' l , t:1e tor:l, i s 1:.:18 '.Jest i . l e ~ n sa.vailable fo r t : n s : ~ 1 i s s i o n.-i .fter bunker eflbrasures have oelm closeG.) e l t ; l e r b ~ ' t c . n : ~or o t he r -, 'o,.)ons, tanks ,i n ac.ctition to other assiGned Llissiol1s, should be i . : s s i G n e c ~to ; ::ee.J bl'nlcers c l osed i n , ' . spec_'.:"lC area . Slnce the en en: usuc.lly r e ~ X : . i l ' shis ~ ) o s i t i o n s2.t n ig h t ,the tcnlc crew l-;1.U)t ca.refuL_y eXaI.line t : le c..ssic;ned area a t f i r s t l i g h t a n c ~rec losea l l ej:lbrasures 0}8ned clt.:.ling L18 ni.:,ht. s o f t l d es in ICor82. i n the course o f aviolent e n e a g e , ~ e n t ,the ene,.1=" :1O.1S attel,lpt:;d t o r e y i r d vit2.1 bunker during dayl iGht }10 urs , tanlcs should cont inue to Cl18C:: and r ec l osc bunlcers throughout t hed & ~ . T a n l ~ ss}loulC: abandon t l l i s IlYlatcl1dog ll r o l e o n l ~ ,Qi'tcr l . r iendl J' t roops haveoverrun, and e i t h e r occu;Jied or des t royed , the ) o s i t i o n .

1 . The tanlcs there nere success fuU2' meG. i:1 the c l e s ~ r u c t i o no f b t " , " 1 ' ~ e r sonthe ' \ lest , c e n t r a l f r o n t of I(ore3 clur::U1c, t:le l ir. l i te6. object ive o ffensive c o n c ~ u c t e di n the Autur.ll1 o 1 S 51 1'18 re tile l i 4 i - . 3 ~ 8 ,j,lOunt m:;, t :1C 76rl .i.l g Ll1. I'c, -,I""S )l 'oven ( i thad obvious13- been lmo'm before) th8.t 'c,;'le 76clf.1,gun 1.'as too l iGht for the tasle._,It:10u:,;h succes s f c l i t reqd1'ec. eaC:l t2.n\ to eXlJenc: G. h ? 2 V ~ 'VOllIlle 0:C aLnuni t ionu i t : l r e s t J . t a n t ra.)icl1:e2.r of tile _,lYe t U ~ J e s .1':18 90G_l ,,,;,n 011 t h e ~ , J . ' - L , 6tanl: S c ~ v emore s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s because 0:1. the heavie r s : -e l l . :"'oth 1 5 5 , l J ; ~se l f - )1 'opoll e d guns and 8 li1Cll self-prOlJellecl l1011i k e r s I:ere used in tile bunker c les t ruc t ionc3.f.lpaign. The;T , :ere e.l)Llccd to allor, ' the del i .very o f Giroct f i r e .

2 . The s t r e n g t h 01. tl }2 e n e : ~ l = T f slX':'1kcr Syst8::1, .:J.11( the s t re l1s th o f incQvidl'.al bunkers 1ias not r e a l i z e d m t i l t:1e at'cec:': ;la(' cO:l.lencec',. t e r r i f i c V 0 1 U j ~ 1 8o ff i r e ,we necessary t:J c l e a r c'.1 2y t h e c n ; . l o u f 1 a ~ e,"ne


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1 '

1 -TrenchB-Living ~ u r t e r s Suppl iesC-Gu.u h lYl b e r Figure 1D-Embr8sure

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TOPLeg en d:- Trench

B-Living u ~ t s Suppl iasC-tJun h L mberD- m brcsure

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Bunker Destruction by Tank Cannon

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