Buletin Farmasi 102014
Transcript of Buletin Farmasi 102014
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Dengueis one of the most important arthro-pod-borne viral diseases in terms of human
morbidity and mortality. Dengue has become
an important
public health problem. It affects tropical and
subtropical regions around the world, pre-
dominantly in urban and semi urban areas.
Dengue feveralso known as breakbone fe
ver, is a mosquito-borne tropical disease
caused by the dengue virus.Symptoms in-
clude fever,headache,muscle andjoint
pains,and a characteristic skin rash that is
similar to measles.In a small proportion of
cases the disease develops into the life-
threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, re-
sulting in bleeding,low levels of blood plate-
lets and blood plasma leakage, or into den
gue shock syndrome, where dangerously low
blood pressure occurs.
Dengue is transmitted by several species of
mosquito within the genus Aedes,principally
A aegypti.The virus has five different types,
infection with one type usually gives lifelong
immunity to that type, but only short-term
immunity to the others. Subsequent infection
with a different type increases the risk of
severe complications. As there is no com-
mercially available vaccine, prevention is
sought by reducing the habitat and the num-
ber of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to
bites.
DENGUE FEVER(DEMAM DENGGI)
BULETIN FARMASI
UNIT FARMASI, HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS
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Contents :
What is Dengue Fever? 1
Tinta Ketua Pegawai
Farmasi
2
Signs & Symptoms of
Dengue Fever
3
AedesMosquitoes 4
Statistic of Dengue Fe-
ver
5
Causes of Dengue Fever 6
Diagnosis of Dengue
Fever
8
Prevention of Dengue 9
Management of Dengue
Fever
10
Crossword Puzzle 12
Poster 13
New Brand Name of
Medicine Available in
HTA
14
Aktiviti 5S 15
Klik-klik Farmasi HTA 16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito-borne_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbilliformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegyptihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegyptihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegyptihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbilliformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease -
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Assalamualaikum dan Salam Sihat 1 Malaysia.
Alhamdulillah bersyukur kita ke hadrat Allah kerana
dengan izin-Nya Unit Farmasi Hospital Tengku Anis
dapat mengeluarkan bulletin edisi September 2014
untuk tatapan semua. Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan
kepada semua yang telah menyumbangkan idea dan
kreativiti dalam edisi kali ini.
Edisi kali ini bertepatan dengan situasi yang sedang
melanda seluruh negara kita iaitu DENGGI. Sehingga
9 Ogos 2014, sebanyak 59,790 kes dilaporkan di
seluruh negara dan jumlah kematian yang
dilaporkan adalah sebanyak 123 kematian (http://
kpkesihatan.com). Di Kelantan, sehingga 20 Sep-
tember, sebanyak 12,380 kes denggi dilaporkan
berbanding 1,003 kes untuk tempoh yang sama
tahun lalu (berita harian, 23 Sept 2014).
Pelbagai usaha telah dijalankan seperti Ops Mega
dan Kempen Perangi Aedes Habis-habisan yang
melibatkan pelbagai kementerian dan agensi, na-
mun jika tahap kesedaran rakyat tidak ditingkatkan
masalah ini sukar diatasi. Selain daripada ubat-
ubatan, banyak wang telah dibelanjakan untuk
aktiviti pendidikan dan advokasi kesihatanmengenai denggi. Marilah kita bersama-sama be-
rusaha untuk mencegah aedes daripada membiak
dan melindungi orang yang tersayang daripada
menjadi mangsa denggi.
Semoga edisi kali ini dapat memberikan banyak
manfaat kepada kita semua. Akhir kata marilah kita
renungkan kata-kata hikmat daripada Imam Al-
Ghazali untuk dijadikan panduan kita semua:
Menuntut ilmu adalah taqwa, menyampaikan ilmu
adalah ibadah, mengulang-ulang ilmu adalah zikir
dan mencari ilmu adalah jihad.
Sekian, terima kasih.
TINTA KETUA PEGAWAI FARMASI HTA
PAGE 2
PN LIJAH BT OTHMAN
KETUA PEGAWAI FARMASI
HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS
BULETINFARMASI
SEPTEMBER
2014
SIDANG REDAKSI :
PENASIHAT :
PN. LIJAH BT. OTHMAN
KETUA EDITOR :
HASLIZA BT. ABDULLAH
EDITOR :
NURULHUDA BT. ABD. RAFAR
SITI NADIA ADILAH BT. MD. NOR
MOHD. IZZUDIN B MOHD.
JAAFFAR
NIK MOHD FADHIL B. NIK MAT
FATHIEN NAJJIHAH BT A. AZIZ
SITI NURSAFARINA BT MOHD. SABRI
ANGGOTA UNIT FARMASI,
HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS
SEKAPUR SIREH SEULAS PINANG
Berdiri dari kiri : Wan Hamidah, Roshita, Amran, Mohd. Izzuddin,
Md. Asyraf, Nik Mohd Fadhil, Arzehar, Zainul Abidin
Duduk dari kiri : Fathien Najjihah, Hasliza, Lijah, Nurulhuda,
Siti Nadia Adilah, Siti Nursafarina
http://kpkesihatan.com/http://kpkesihatan.com/http://kpkesihatan.com/http://kpkesihatan.com/http://kpkesihatan.com/ -
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PAGE 4AEDESMOSQUITOES
Can any type of mosquito carry dengue? The dengue virus is carried and spread by
mosquitoes in the genus Aedes, which includes a number of mosquito species. Of
these species, the primary vector of the dengue virus is the speciesAedes ae-
gypti. It is the principal dengue vector responsible for dengue transmission and
dengue epidemics. Other mosquito species in the genusAedesinclud-
ingAedes albopictus,Aedes polynesiensis, andAedes scutellarishave a lim-
ited ability to serve as dengue vectors.Aedes aegyptiis a small, dark mosquito that can be identified by the white bands
on its legs and a silver-white pattern of scales on its body . Where are these mos-
quitoes found?Aedes aegyptidwell in tropical and subtropical regions all over
the world, mainly between the latitudes of 35N and 35S where the winter tem-
perature is no colder than 10C. Although some mosquitoes may travel farther
north or south of these latitudes, they are unable to survive cold winters. Because
How Is Dengue Transmitted to Humans?
The dengue virus is spread through a human-to-mosquito-to-human cycle of transmission. Typical-
ly, four days after being bit by an infectedAedes
aegyptimosquito, a person will develop viremia, a
condition in which there is a high level of the den-
gue virus in the blood. Viremia lasts for approxi-
mately five days, but can last as long as twelve
days. On the first day of viremia, the person gener-
ally shows no symptoms of dengue. Five days after
being bit by the infected mosquito, the person de-
velops symptoms of dengue fever, which can last
for a week or longer.
Dengue Transmission : The dengue virus is
spread through a human-to-mosquito-to-
human cycle of transmission
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PAGE 5STATISTICS OF DENGUE FEVER
KES DENGGI DILAPORKAN PADA MINGGU 25/2014 (15 hingga 21 Jun 2014)
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PAGE 6
C USES OF DENGUE FEVER
Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmit-
ted by mosquitoes.
The dengue mosquito, orAedes aegypti, is the main type of
mosquito that transmits dengue fever and is found in many
tropical countries around the world.
Aedes aegypti
DENGUE VIRUS
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PAGE 7
AEDES MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE
AEDES VIRUS LIFE CYCLE
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PAGE 8DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER
The diagnosis of dengue fever is usually made when a patient exhibits the typical
clinical symptoms
1.Headache 2.Fever 3.Eye pain,
4.Severe muscle aches 5.Petechial rash
and has a history of being in an area where dengue fever is endemic
W RNING SIGNS
Abdominal pain or tenderness
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation (pleural effu-sion, ascites)
Mucosal bleed
Restlessness or lethargy
Liver enlargement > 2 cm
Laboratory : Increase in HCT with rapid decrease in platelet
Dengue fever can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms overlap with those
of many other viral illnesses, such as West Nile virus , Cikungunya, Leptospirosis,
Typhoid fever, Yellow fever, Scarlet Fever,Rocky Mountain spotted fever,Menin-
gococcemia and several others if the patient has severe symptoms.
EX MS ND TESTS
Tests that may be done to diagnose Dengue Fever include:
Antibody titerfor dengue virus types
Complete blood count (CBC)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for
dengue virus types
Liver function tests
PAGE 8DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER
http://www.medicinenet.com/eye_pain/symptoms.htmhttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=122761http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=100221http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/antibody-titer/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/antibody-titer/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/cbc/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/cbc/overview.htmlhttp://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/antibody-titer/overview.htmlhttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=100221http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=122761http://www.medicinenet.com/eye_pain/symptoms.htm -
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PAGE 9PREVENTION OF DENGUE FEVER
-There is no vaccine to prevent dengue.
The best way to prevent geng the dis-
ease is to avoid being bien by an in-
fected mosquito.
Avoid being bien by a mosquito by:
using insect repellent through the
day and night to avoid being bien
products containing N-
diethylmetatoluamide (DEET) are eec-
ve, but products containing this ingre-
dient should not be used in babies
younger than two years old
eliminate the places where the
mosquito lays her eggs, like arcial
containers that hold water in and
around the home.
wearing loose-ng but protecve
clothingmosquitoes are able to bite
through ght-ng clothes; trousers,
long-sleeved shirts and socks and shoes
(not sandals) are ideal
sleeping under a mosquito netto
avoid being bien at night
be aware of your environment
mosquitoes that cause dengue breed in
standing water in crowded urban envi-
ronments; this can range from commu-
nal toilets to water that gathers inside a
stack of old res
Prevenng insect bites and sngs
There are a number of precauons you can take to
avoid being bien or stungby insects.
move away slowlyand don't panic if you en-
counter wasps, hornets or bees don't wave your
arms around or swat at them
cover exposed skin if you're outside at a me
of day when insects are parcularly acve, such as
sunrise or sunset, cover your skin by wearing long
sleeves and trousers
wear shoes when outdoors
apply insect repellent to exposed areas of skin,
parcularly in summer or early autumn, when sngs are most likely to occur
repellents that contain diethyltoluamide (DEET) are most eecve
avoid using products with strong perfumes, such as soaps, shampoos and
deodorants they can aract insects
avoid owering plants, outdoor areas where food is served, rubbish and
compostregularly and carefully remove any fallen fruit in your garden and
keep a well-ng lid on dustbins
never disturb insect nests wasps build nests in sheltered areas such as
trees and roof spaces; if a nest is in or near your house, arrange to have it re-
moved
avoid camping near water, such as ponds and swampsmosquitoes and
horseies are commonly found near water
keep food and drink covered when eang or drinking outside, parcularly
sweet thingswasps or bees can also get into open drink boles or cans you're
drinking from
keep doors and windows closed or put thin neng or door beads over
themto prevent insects geng inside the
PAGE 9PREVENTION OF DENGUE FEVER
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PAGE 10
MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE FEVER
1) Monitoring-Treatment is mainly supportive thus monitoring is essential. Parameters that
should be monitor closely are hydration status, mental status, hemodynamic status,
skin colour, extremities-cold @warm, capillary rell (normal < 2 seconds), pulse rate
and volume, blood pressure and pulse pressure, respiratory status (respiratory rate,
oxygen saturation), urine output, bleeding tendency, abdominal tenderness, ascites,
pleural eusion and laboratory parameters: such as full blood count and haematocrit.
-The frequency or intensity of monitoring depend on which phase the patient is in.
Closer monitoring for 24-48 hours is needed for patients who are in critical phase.
2) General measures
-Antipyretics: paracetamol. Avoid giving aspirin and NSAIDs to reduced bleeding
tendency.
-Hydration with intravenous isotonic crystalloid solution: eg : normal saline to keep
optimal pulse volume and uid status.
3. Treatment of severe dengue
-Assessment of uid status plays the main role in management.
-Fluid decit is the result of third space loss through plasma leakage and should be
managed with uid resuscitation.
-Whole blood, platelet and FFP transfusion may be needed in cases with signicant
haemorrhages.
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1) DIET
Patients are recommended to drink plenty of water at
least 3litres per day or any liquid juices , coconut wa-ter, ORS etc to prevent dehydration
2) FOODS THAT CAN HELP TO INCREASE
PLATELET COUNTS
Leafy green vegetables.They are high in Vitamin K, calcium and oth-
er minerals that have been shown to help blood to clot.
Sesame oil has been found to be especially helpful in increasing platelet count.
Papaya leaves are rich in complex vitamins and are known to contain high amounts of Vita-
min A, C, E, K, and B.It is also known to increase the white blood cells and helps in the pro-
duction of platelets when taken in the form of juice
Fruits containing anti-oxidants such as berries, pomegranates,oranges,tomatoes, brocco-
li, cashew nuts, and grapesare rich in minerals and vitamins. They help in the eliminating
the free radicals in the blood.
Vitamin C tablets dissolved in water can easily be absorbed by the body which quickly helps
restore the platelet count.
According to a study that appeared in the September 1999 issue ofThe American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, researchers found that antioxidants such as vitamin E and phytoestrogens
found in whole grains appear to increase blood platelet levels by reducing the platelet-
aggregating eects of the blood.
Omega-3 fatty acid foods boost your immune system and can naturally increase your platelet
level count.
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BULETINFARMASI
SEPTEMBER2
014
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Bil Generic Name Trade Name Previous Brand Current Brand
1 Amlodipine 10mg Tab Norvasc Vamlo 10 Hovasc 10
2 Amlodipine 5mg Tab Norvasc Vamlo 5 Hovasc 5
3
Amoxycillin + Clavulanic Acid 1.2g Inj
Augmenn
Clavicin 1.2g
Co-Amoxiclav 1.2g
4 Calcium Polystyrene Sulphonate Powder Kalimate Kalimate 5g Resincalcio 5g
5 Cefuroxime 125mg Tab Zinnat Zinnat Auroxel
6 Clopidogrel 75mg Tab Plavix Clopivid Clopi-75
7 Donepezil HCL 5mg Tab Aricept Aricept Torpezil
8 Doxazosin Mesylate 4mg MR Tablet Cardura XL Cardura XL Kamiren XL
9 Ethinyloestradiol 30mcg & Desogestrel 150mcg Tab Marvelon Marvelon Desolon
10 Ethinyloestradiol 30mcg & Levonogestrel 150mcg Tablet Rigevidon Rigevidon Oralcon
11 Finasteride 5mg Tab Proscar Proscar Finaintas
12
Flumazenil 0.5mg/5ml Inj
Romazicon
Antabenz
Flumazenil-Hameln
13 Heparin 50ii in 5ml NaCl 0.9% Inj Heparin Saline Heparin Saline Heparinol 10
14 Ipratropium Br. 0.25mg+Salbutamol 2.5mg UDV Combivent UDV Ipramol UDV Combivent UDV
15 Latanoprost 0.005% Eye Drops Xalatan Xalatan Latandrop
16 Leveracetam 500mg Tab Keppra Keppra Torleva
17 Losartan 50mg + HCTZ 12.5mg Tab Hyzaar Hyzaar Acetan
18 Losartan 50mg Tab Cozaar Cozaar Losartan-Winthrop
19 Mecobalamin 500mcg Tab Methycobal Mecomin Vecobal
20 Meormin 500mg+Glibenclamide 5mg Tab Glucovance Glucovance Diamide
21
Montelukast 10mg Tab
Singulair
Singulair
Airlukast
22 Nystan 100,000 units/ml Susp Mycostan Tystan Mikosat
23 Recombinant Human Synthec Insulin Biphasic Inj Mixtard Mixtard Insuman Combo
24 Recombinant Human Synthec Insulin Intermediate Acng Insulatard Insulatard Insuman Basal
25 Recombinant Human Synthec Insulin Short Acng Inj Actrapid Actrapid Insuman Rapid
26 Sod. Bicarb., Citric Acid, Sod. Cit., Tartaric Acid Granules Ural U-Lite Ux
27 Tramadol HCL 50mg Cap Tramal Acugesic Pangesic
28 Vitamin B1, B6, B12 Tab Neurobion Neurobine Vitbion
NEW BRAND NAME OF MEDICINES AVAILABLE AT HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS
2014
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LOGO 5S UNIT FARMASI HTAAKTIVITI
AKTIVITI S
GOTONG-ROYONG 5S
SEBELUM 5S SELEPAS 5S
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PAGE 16
BULETINFARMASI
SEPTEMBER2014
PAMERAN KENALI UBAT ANDA & PENGGUNAAN UBAT BERKUALITI
SEMPENA PROGRAM SEMARAK KOMUNITI 1 MALAYSIA DAN PELANCARAN
UNIT KOMUNIKASI BELIA RAKAN IT NEGERI KELANTAN
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BULETINFARMASI
SEPTEMBER
2014
Salam Takziah kepada keluarga Allahyarham En. Arzeharbin Mohd Yakzan, Penolong Pegawai Farmasi HTA yang
telah kembali ke rahmatullah pada 4 September 2014.
Semoga Allahyarham ditempatkan bersama-sama orang
yang beriman.
ALFATIHAH