BUILDING THE GREEN DATA CENTER

BUILDING THE GREEN DATA CENTERTowards Best Practices and Technical Considerations

Rick Bauer, SNIA

Building the Green Data Center© 2008 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. 2

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Abstract

The green data center has moved from the theoretical to the realistic, with IT leaders being challenged to construct new data centers (or retrofit existing ones) with energy saving features, sustainable materials, and other environmental efficiencies in mind. This tutorial will survey the wide variety of options and issues that the data center designer must keep in mind in these matters, as well as illustrate how government regulation and certification will be affecting the data centers of the future. Analysis will include the US Green Building Council LEED standard, as well as other regulatory standards that are driving green data center construction.

Building the Green Data Center© 2008 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

Presentation OutlineBuildings and Data Centers: Energy Drains & Gains What is the Green Data Center? Drivers for Green Data Centers Technology Options for Facilities New & Old What Facilities Folks Wish IT Folks Knew About Building ConstructionWhat IT Folks Wish Facilities Folks Knew About ITEmerging Standards

US, EU, Japan

Up Close: Green Data Center Examples Beyond Greening the Data Center: Toward Sustainable StorageBackup Slides: Bibliography, Links, Sources

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Drains and Gains

Our Buildings: Hungry for PowerSource: US Green Building Council, 2008

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Environmental Impact of Buildings

42

40

30

25

25

20

13

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Energy Use

Atmospheric Emissions

Raw materials use

Solid Waste

Water Use

Water Effluents

Other Releases

Land Use

% of US Annual Impact

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Systematic Evaluation and Assessment of Building Environmental Performance (SEABEP), paper for presentation to"Buildings and Environment", Paris, 9-12 June, 1997. Source: Levin, H. (1997)


The Impact of Buildings in the U.S.

Source: US Green Building Council, 2008

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Data Centers: Hungry for Power*

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*http://www.sustainability.com/SF/home


Concerns of Data Center Managers

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“The Efficient Data Center: Improving Operational Economy & Availability, 2007 Data Center Users Group Conference”, p 2.


The Only Constant is Change

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“The Efficient Data Center: Improving Operational Economy & Availability, 2007 Data Center Users Group Conference”, p 4.


U.S. 2011: $7.4 BILLION

U.S. 2006: $4.5 BILLION

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An Inconvenient Bill:


Storage Growth Versus Power & Cooling Cost Growth (1999-2011)

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“The real costs to power and cool all the worlds external storage” by David Reinsel, Copyright ©2008 IDC, Framingham, MA. All rights reserved.


Worldwide External Enterprise Storage Carbon Footprint, 2006-2011*

From “The real costs to power and cool all the worlds external storage” by David Reinsel, Copyright ©2008 IDC, Framingham, MA. All rights reserved.

*Includes HDDs effectively installed for the purpose of calculations. In other words, not all HDDs were shipped on January 1 of any given year.

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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

HDD installed base (000)* 35,362 42,591 49,329 56,400 65,190 78,400

Average watts/HDD 12.9 12.9 12.3 10.9 9.9 8.6

HDD Billion kilowatt-hours (BkWh) 3.9 4.8 5.5 6.1 6.6 7.1

Additional non-HDD BkWh 3.9 4.8 5.5 6.1 6.6 7.1

Additional BkWh for Cooling 7.8 9.5 11.0 12.2 13.1 14.3

Total BkWh 15.5 19.0 22.0 24.3 26.2 28.5

Worldwide electricity costs/kWh ($) 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09

Total costs of electricity ($B) 1.09 1.33 1.76 1.99 2.36 2.57

Pounds of CO2 (B) 24.1 29.5 34.1 37.7 40.7 44.2


EPA 2006 Report on Data CentersThe creation of standard metrics so data center operators can measure and assess their energy consumption and performance. Calling on the private-sector to conduct energy-efficiency assessments at their companies’ data centers, implement improvements and report energy performance.Distribution of “objective, credible information” on the performance of new technologies and their impact on data center energy consumption/performance.The development of standardized energy performance measures for data center equipment. More research by government and university researchers, along with utilities, to develop technologies and best practices for data center efficiency.The development of federal purchasing specifications for energy performance at outsourced data centers.Considering state and local regulations to measure data center energy consumption.Asking electric utilities to consider offering incentives to companies that run energy-efficient data centers.

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Data Center Power Draws

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Power Flow in the Data Center

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The above data center is said to be 30% efficient, based on the fraction of the input power that actually goesto the IT load. For a more detailed understanding of where the power goes and how the different types ofequipment contribute to the load, consult APC White Paper #113, “Electrical Efficiency Modeling for DataCenters.”


Electricity & Data Center Design: Separated at Birth?

Traditionally, electrical power usage has not been a typical design criterion for data centers.Expenses for data center power have not been tightly coupled to the data center performance criteria and ROI.According to the Uptime Institute, more than 60 percent of the power used to cool equipment in the data center is completely wasted. “Data centers that used to cost $10 million now cost $100 million,” says Jonathan Koomey, staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “That kind of expenditure gets C-level attention.”

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How Did IT Get this Way?*The billed electrical costs come after the charges are incurred and are not clearly linked to any particular decisions or operating practices. Therefore they are viewed as inevitable.Tools for modeling the electrical costs of data centers are not widely available and are not commonly used during data center design.The billed electrical costs are often not within the responsibility or budget of the data center operating group.The electrical bill for the data center may be included within a larger electrical bill and may not be available separately.Decision makers are not provided sufficient information during planning and purchasing decisions regarding the electrical cost consequences.

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*Neil Rasmussen, Implementing Energy Efficient Data Centers, American Power Conversion, used by permission


What is the “OSI Stack” for a Data Center? Complexity Issues

Applications andPlatforms

Applications

Application Services

Common Operating Environment

Operating Systems

Compute Platforms

Data Center

Data Storage and Retention

Switch Infrastructures

Non-Electric IT Components

Physical IT Spaces

Mechanical & Electrical Distribution

Mechanical & Electrical Supply

Building Architecture

Electrical and Telecomm Utilities

In-Country Real Estate

International Geography

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What is the Green Data Center?

A green data center is a repository for the storage, management, and dissemination of data in which the mechanical, lighting, electrical and computer systems are designed for maximum energy efficiency and minimum environmental impact.

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Reasons to Adopt a Green Data Center Strategy

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Source: Aberdeen Group, January 2008


Tough Choices: Power Reduction Options?

1. Those that avoid energy consumption, but do not reduce power requirements?

2. Those that allow the reduction of installed power capacity?

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Answer? : 2Any avoidance of energy consumption, engineered when configuring total power capacity in the design of a data center, is worth approximately twice as much as temporary consumption avoidance.

--“A watt in time saves…err…two.”


-2.84WReduction

A one watt reduction in a server component results in a 2.84

cascaded wattage reduction in the data center ecosystem

The Cascade Effect

Source: “Energy Logic: Reducing Data Center Energy Consumption byCreating Savings that Cascade Across Systems”, Emerson Network Power, ©2008

Servercomponent

1 Watt saved here

additional .18 Watt here

DC-DC

-1.0W

and .04Watt here

Powerdistribution

-1.49W

and .14Watt here

UPS

-1.53W

and 1.07Watt here

Cooling

-1.67W

and .10 Watt here

BuildingSwitchgear/ Transformer

-2.74W

and .31 Watt here

AC-DC

-1.18W


Technology Options for Data Center Managers

Thermal Zone MappingUtilizing allows for heat exchange options, optimized deployment of coolingOngoing discussions of optimal temperature for equipment

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Storage-specific Power/Cooling data

Each component of a Storage system has Power and Cooling requirements

Understand “Idle” (stand-by) vs. “Loaded” (R/W)Label ratings are usually peak power required

If you design using this data, your power/cooling equipment will be (grossly) over-built (Bad!), and CapEx will suffer.Operating equipment below its rated temperature offers little (no?) benefits (except for Operators!)

Some manufacturers offer better data or design infoIf you really want to know, you have to instrument in order to get real measurements.Or, you could wait to see what SNIA comes out with…


Technology Options for Data Center Managers:

Virtualization software with power resource management features allows the administrator to power down inactive servers during non peak hours so workloads can be migrated and consolidated to fewer servers while the others remain in standby or sleep mode. As a rule of thumb, using virtualization and efficient Power & Cooling techniques and best practices can provide savings of the order of $700/year/workload. In the storage area, following some best practices like data consolidation on fewer higher capacity drives, deduplication, space efficient snapshots and thin provisioning can effectively provide savings upwards of $2250/year/TB of useable data.

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Storage Energy Efficiency Strategies

Increase disk utilizationDynamic provisioning (30-40%, or even > 60%)Reduce or eliminate hot spotsLoad balancingReduce physical resources requiredData compression (2:1 or 3:1)Eliminate redundant dataData de-duplication (up to 20:1)

Optimize cost effectiveness and reduce power requirementsTiered storage managementReduce data retention costs and power requirementsActive archive softwareDecrease power requirement densitySpin-down of inactive disks

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Technology Options for Data Center Managers: Available Today

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Source: Aberdeen Group, January 2008


Energy Savings Actions & ROI

Energy Saving Action

Savings Independent of Other Actions

Energy Savings with the Cascade Effect

ROI

Savings (kW)

Savings (%) Savings (kW) Savings (%) Cumulative

Savings (kW)

Lower power processors 111 10% 111 10% 111 12-18 months

High-efficiency power supplies 141 12% 124 11% 235 5 to 7 months

Power management features 125 11% 86 8% 321 Immediate

Blade servers 8 1% 7 1% 328 TCO reduced 38%*

Server virtualization 156 14% 86 8% 414 TCO reduced 63%**

415V AC power distribution 34 3% 20 2% 434 2 to 3 months

29*Source for blade TCO: IDC*Source for virtualization TCO: VMware


Energy Savings Actions & ROI (cont.)

Energy Saving Action

Savings Independent of Other Actions

Energy Savings with the Cascade EffectROI

Savings (kW)

Savings (%) Savings (kW) Savings (%) Cumulative

Savings (kW)

Cooling best practices

24 2% 15 1% 449 4 to 6 months

Variable capacity cooling: variable speed fan drives

79 7% 49 4% 498 4 to 10 months

Supplementalcooling 200 18% 72 6% 570 10 to 12

months

Monitoring & optimization: Cooling units synchronized

25 2% 15 1% 585 3 to 6 months

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Source: “Energy Logic: Reducing Data Center Energy Consumption by Creating Savings that Cascade Across Systems.” ©2008 Emerson Network Power. Used by permission.


DIY: The DOE Energy Profilerdcpro.ppc.com

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What Facilities Folks Wish IT Folks Knew About Building Construction

We’ve got more than IT to worry about.The world does not revolve around IT.Tell us what you want, what you really, really want.Do you not think we don’t know our jobs?We really ought to talk more often.The only tool our CFO has to manage the power expenses in our facilities is the electric bill.We can’t keep doing this forever.

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Facilities vs. IT in the Datacenter

Who represents IT to the Facilities staff?Right now, the whole conversation is about Servers!Try to find “Storage” mentioned in any recent article on power/cooling problems in the datacenter….Try to find “Storage” mentioned in any Utility program.Can you show that Storage is significant to the power/ cooling load (via modeling or measuring)?

Organizational differences (who owns what?)Do you talk with your Facilities managers?Do your decisions affect each other? (YES!)When will you start planning together?


What IT Folks Wish Facilities Folks Knew About IT

If this thing goes down, people start getting upset.There is a lot of complexity here, and it’s not like throwing a power switch.Our landscape is changing, and (confidentially) I really didn’t get a lot of training in this energy management area.We really ought to talk more often.The only tool our CIO has to manage the power expenses in our facilities is the electric bill, and then he has to meet with the CFO.We can’t keep doing this forever.

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SOX and PCAOB

Basel II / GLB / FIEC

ISO

EU Guidance

NASD / NYSE

HIPAA / ARS

US IRS

US Federal Privacy

ITIL

NIST

FTC ESIGN / FISMA / FISCAM

COSO / CobiT / ISF / ISACA

Credit Card CISP/SDP

Regulatory Domains

ITIL

Basel II / GLB / FIEC


Increasing Green RegulationsAffecting Storage and ITWorldwide Environmental Regulations:• Japan

− Law Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-friendly Goods and Services

− Energy Conservation Policy for Large Companies• China

− RoHS to regulate Hazardous substances • Europe

− WEEE to regulate waste of electronic equipment− RoHS future requirements

• United States − EPA report to Congress on datacenter energy use− AB32 law passed in California

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Emerging Standards: US LEED“Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design”

US Green Building Council (Private Concern)Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignWhat types of buildings can use LEED?How does LEED work?Is LEED training available?How much does it cost to register a project?What is the average LEED certification fee?What are the strengths and weaknesses of LEED for the Data Center?

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Analysis of LEED

Standards around Green Data Centers just emergingOpportunity for SNIA/Green Grid, other standards orgs

Trade-Off Equations Provide Opportunities to “Game the Green” System

“PR Green” v. “Genuine Green”

Need better volunteer engagements from IT professionals (SNIA GSI/Green Grid) to incorporate intensive feedback into its ongoing development

About 250 volunteers on LEED committeesLEED continues to evolve and maintain its relevance while encouraging continuous improvement within the building industry. 38


European CIOs are being pulled into Green IT agenda by industry drivers

PULL

Governments and regulators seek to control spiralling power costs of IT (e.g.

DEFRA/MTP find that ICT accounts for 4% of UK CO2 and will grow by 180%

between 2008-2010)

New standards drive energy efficiency in data centre design: building standards LEED in

US and BREEM in UK, UK Market Transformation Programme (MTP)

Client concerns of power consumption of high performance IT systems (e.g. blade

servers)

Industry groups (e.g. Uptime Institute, UK’s Environmental IT Leadership, EU ) design

new IT standards for procurement evaluation such as “performance per watt”

Refresh infrastructure to replace ageing and energy-sapping systems

Government tax/power utility incentives to assist in energy efficient solutions (e.g. Pacific Gas

+ Electric Rebates with Sun)

Companies commit to carbon reduction targets to appease investor demands for

sustainable businesses

CIO’s set energy efficiency targets for IT cost avoidance

PUSH

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Emerging Standards: JapanTokyo Climate Change Strategy by Tokyo Metropolitan Gov’t.

CO2 Emission Reduction ProgramTargeting business

1,300 Energy intensive industries and office. Using more than 1,500kl fuel or more than 6 million kWh

Set a target; Reduction RatePlanning Stage Evaluation

Reduction Rate > 5%: AAReduction Rate > 2%: A+Full cover “TMG selected basic 12 measurement”: ACover only operational measure: BNot cover even operational measures: C

Final Stage EvaluationOutstanding case: AAAAchievement of Reduction Rate: AAFull cover operational measurement: AOthers: B, C 40


First US LEED Certified Data Center: Fannie Mae Technology Center

247,000 square-foot data center and office building (Urbana, MD—metro Washington DC area), first LEED certification to a data center, August 5, 2005."By forging the way for green data centers, Fannie Mae [has] pioneered a new building type for sustainability," said Max Zahniser, LEED New Construction Certification manager of the USGBC. “Designing a data center to meet LEED requirements set forth unique challenges… we had to be creative in boosting the sustainability factor in every aspect of this project from selecting only the most energy efficient systems to recycling construction waste at the project's end," said Joseph Lauro, senior project architect. "We were able to reduce overall energy consumption by 20%."

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Datacenter Wins Green Enterprise IT Award from Uptime Institute

360 racks @ 8 kW/rackPUE ratio = 1.37$465,000/year savings vs. 1.78 PUECO2 reduced by 7100 tons/year = emissions of 1200 cars/yearModulating dampers supply enclosed pressure-controlled roomsReduced air mixing

Reduced fan horsepowerGreater cooling capacityElimination of hot spots

Infrared shows very uniform temperaturesWarm areas from not covering empty rack space


Best Practices

Suggested Best PracticesHot & Cold aisles

Eliminate gaps in rows

Use longer rows

Use blanking panels

Orient AC units perpendicular to hot aisles

Use 0.8m to 1.0m high floors

Seal cable cutouts

Use high/low density areas matching airflow requirements.

Deploy power efficient platforms

Enable power management features

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Anticipated BenefitLower server/storage temperatures

Better system reliability

Better uptime

Extends life of current data centre

Increased reliability of your servers/storage

Lower TCO

Lower energy usage

Maximizes server /storage density


Toward Sustainable Storage

Sustainable digital storage is designing, manufacturing, deploying, managing, and recycling digital information storage in a manner that meets the information needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own information needs.*

*Adapted from World Commission on Environment and Development, commonly known as the Bruntland Commission, 1987.

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Optimized benefits for

all

The Broader Perspective: Sustainable Storage

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Uses resources

well

Ensures social equity

Runs on renewable

energy

Supports living

systems

Alignsincentives


Sustainable Storage: A Global Perspective

Runs on clean, renewable energy. Is powered by natural, perpetual flows of energy - principally, like virtually all life on earth, from the constant energy of the sun.Uses all resources productively. Eliminates the concept of waste. Emphasizes services over products.Supports healthy living systems. Maintains and restores the health of people and natural systems.Aligns market incentives with long-term social good. Aligns structural incentives to encourage the pursuit of economic, social, and environmental ambitions. Makes economic systems honestly account for value created and lost.Ensures social equity. Generally embodies a broad definition of democracy.

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Closing thoughts

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“Being green is a journey.

As technology plays an important role it is even more important that the individual be aware and be responsible of his actions.

Hopefully our grandchildren will still look up and see a blue sky.”

Lee-An TanGeneral ManagerDatacraft Asia


Q&A / Feedback

Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to [email protected]

Many thanks to the following individuals for their contributions to this tutorial.

- SNIA Education Committee

Juergen Arnold Jeffrey Hill

Rachel Barrett Markus Ismael

Mark Carlson Richie Lary

Gene Chesser Neil Rasmussen

Tom Conroy Denise Ridolfo

Data Center User’s Group David Reinsel

James Dow Andrew Schaeffer

Shinobu Fujihara Lee An Tan

Mike Glodo Sol Squire

SNIA Green Storage TWG SW Worth

mailto:[email protected]


Other Green Tutorials at SNW

Green Storage I: Economics, Environment, Energy and EngineeringSW WorthSr. Standards Program Manager, Microsoft Corporation

Green Storage II: Metrics and Measurements Erik Riedel, PhDDirector, Seagate ResearchPatrick Chu, PhDResearch Staff Member, Seagate Research

Software Technologies for Green StorageAlan Yoder, PhDSenior Technical Staff, NetApp

BACKUP SLIDESBibliography

Additional Topics


Bibliography

Texts & Scholarly ArticlesAbernathy, William J., and James M. Utterback. "Patterns of Innovation in Industry." Technology Review, Vol. 80, No. 7, June-July 1978, pp. 40-47.Anderson, Ray. Mid-Course Correction Towards a Sustainable Enterprise: The Interface Model Chelsea Green Publishing, 1998.Ausubel, Jesse H. "Will The Rest of the World Live Like America?" Technology in Society, Vol. 26, 2004, pp. 343-360.Benyus, Janine M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. William Morrow and Company, 1997.Bash, C.E.; Patel, C.D.; Sharma, R.K.: “Dynamic Thermal Management of Air Cooled Data Centers,” Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems, San Diego, California, June 2006.Billatos, Samir B., and Nadia A. Basaly. Green Technology and Design for the Environment. Washington: Taylor & Francis, 1997.Brundtland, Gro Harlem (editor). Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987.Budnik, LeRoy, “Green Hype – Getting to the Heart of the Problem.” Posted in Untagged , at http://www.storagenetworkingnews.comChristensen, Clayton. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms To Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.

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Christensen, Clayton. The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003.Dow, Dr. James. “Understanding the Data Center.” SIFMA Data Center Panel, CS Technology.Emerson Network Power. Energy Logic: Reducing Data Center Energy Consumption by Creating Savings that Cascade Across Systems.” ©2008 Emerson Network Power.Fussier, Claude with James, Peter. Driving Eco Innovation: A Breakthrough Discipline for Innovation and Sustainabity. Pitman Publishing, 1996.Hart, Stuart L. Capitalism at the Crossroads: The Unlimited Business Opportunities in Solving the World's Most Difficult Problems. Upper Saddle River, N J: Wharton School Press, 2005.The Green Grid. 2007. Green Grid Metrics: Describing Data Center Power Efficiency. The Green Grid, Technical Committee. February 20. http://www.thegreengrid.org/downloads/Green_Grid_Metrics_WP.pdf.Hill, Jeffrey. “Green Initiatives: Lowering Costs and Increasing Efficiency in the Data Center.” ©February 2008 by Aberdeen Group. Used with permissionIMEX Research. Next Generation Data Centers: Power and Cooling Report, 2007. IMEX Research Company, 1474 Camino Robles, San Jose, CA 95120.


Bibliography

Koomey, Jonathan, Christian Belady, Henry Wong, Rob Snevely, Bruce Nordman, Ed Hunter, Klaus-Dieter Lange, Roger Tipley, Greg Darnell, Matthew Accapadi, Peter Rumsey, Brent Kelley, Bill Tschudi, David Moss, Richard Greco, and Kenneth Brill. 2006. Server Energy Measurement Protocol. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. November 3. http://energystar.gov/ia/products/downloads/Finalserverenergyprotocol-v1.pdf Koomey, Jonathan, Chris Calwell, Skip Laitner, Jane Thornton, Richard E. Brown, Joe Eto, Carrie Webber, and Cathy Cullicott. 2002. "Sorry, wrong number: The use and misuse of numerical facts in analysis and media reporting of energy issues." In Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 2002. Edited by R. H. Socolow, D. Anderson and J. Harte. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. (also LBNL-50499). 119-158 pp. Koomey, Jonathan, Huimin Chong, Woonsien Loh, Bruce Nordman, and Michele Blazek. 2004. Network electricity use associated with wireless personal digital assistants. The ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems. vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 131-137 (also LBNL-54105). September. Koomey, Jonathan G. 2007. Estimating Total Power Consumption by Servers in the U.S. and the World. February 15. http://enterprise.amd.com/Downloads/svrpwrusecompletefinal.pdf. Koomey, Jonathan, Kaoru Kawamoto, Bruce Nordman, Mary Ann Piette, and Richard E. Brown. 1999. Initial comments on 'The Internet Begins with Coal'. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBNL-44698. December 9. http://enduse.lbl.gov/projects/infotech.html.

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “High-Performance Buildings for High-Tech Industries, Data Centers. “Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters.htmlLerner, Steve. Eco-Pioneers: Practical Visionaries Solving Today's Environmental Problems. MIT Press, 1998.Liedtka, Jeanne M. "If Managers Thought Like Designers." Batten Briefings (From The Darden School of Business Administration), Winter 2005, pp 2-6.Loper, Joe, and Sara Parr. 2007. Energy Efficiency in Data Centers: A New Policy Frontier. Washington, DC: Alliance to Save Energy. January. http://www.ase.org/files/3581_file_data_center_energy.pdf. Loper, Joe, Lowell Ungar, David Weitz, and Harry Misuriello. 2005. Building on Success: Policies to Reduce Energy Waste in Buildings. Washington, DC: Alliance to Save Energy. July. http://www.ase.org/images/lib/buildings/Building%20on%20Success.pdf.McDonough, William and Michael Braungart, “The Cradle-to-Cradle Alternative”, from State of the World 2004(Worldwatch / W.W. Norton, 2004)McDonough, William and Michael Braungart, “Remaking the Way We Make Things”, from The Handbook of Environmental Technology (Edward Elgar, 2004)

http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters.html

http://www.ase.org/images/lib/buildings/Building on Success.pdf

http://www.ase.org/images/lib/buildings/Building on Success.pdf


Bibliography

Sharma, R.K.; Bash, C.E.; and Patel, C.D.: “Dimensionless parameters for evaluation of thermal design and performance of large-scale data centers,” 8th ASME/AIAA Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, AIAA-2002-3091, St. Louis, Missouri, June 2002.Speth, James Gustave. Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004.Tschudi, William, Tengfang Xu, Dale Sartor, and Jay Stein. 2003. High Performance Data Centers: A Research Roadmap. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBNL-53483. http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/DataCenters_Roadmap_Final.pdf.Waage, Sissel (editor). Ants, Galileo, & Gandhi: Designing the Future of Business through Nature, Genius, and Compassion. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2003.Ziff-Davis Custom Publishing, “Data Center Power and Heat Management: Ready or Not?” Research sponsored by AMD. Available at http://enterprise.amd.com/Downloads/Ziff_Power_and_Cooling_IT_DC_survey2_en.pdf

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Papanek, Victor. The Green Imperative: Natural Design for the Real World. Thames and Hudson, Inc., 1995.Patel, C.D.; Bash, C.E.; and Belady, C.: “Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of High Compute Density Data Centers to Assure System Inlet Air Specifications,” The Pacific Rim/ASME International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition, Kauai, Hawaii, USA, July 8–13, 2001.Patterson, M. K., A. Pratt, and P. Kumar. 2006. From UPS to Silicon: an End-to-End Evaluation of Data Center Efficiency. Santa Clara, CA: Enterprise Servers and Data Centers: Opportunities for Energy Savings Conference. January 31. http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/downloads/MPatterson_APratt_Case_Study.pdf.Rasmussen, Neil. 2006. Electrical Efficiency Modeling of Data Centers. APC. White paper #113. http://www.apc.com.Rasmussen, Neil. “Electrical Efficiency Measurement for Data Centers” (White Paper #154). ©2007 American Power Conversion.Schmidt, Roger, and Don Beaty. 2005. ASHRAE Committee Formed to Establish Thermal Guidelines for Datacom Facilities. Electronics Cooling, February.


Links and Sources

Regulatory InformationUS LEED Program: http://www.usgbc.orgTokyo Municipal Government: Tokyo Environmental Finance Project; http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.j p/

Economic Factors in Planning• “Costing Green: A Comprehensive Database and Budgeting

Methodology” Lisa Matthiessen, Peter Morris, Davis Langdon, 2004 http://www.davislangdon.us/USA/Research/ResearchFinder/2004-Costing-Green-A-Comprehensive-Cost-Database-and-Budgeting-Methodology“LEED Cost Study” prepared for the U.S. General Services Administration, 2004 http://www.wbdg.org/newsevents/news_040105.php“The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings: A Report to California’s Sustainable Building Task Force” Greg Kats, Capital E, 2003 http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Design/CostBenefit/Report.pdf

Publicationseco-structure Magazine—A bi-monthly magazine dedicated to improving the environmental performance of buildings and their surroundings. e design Online—The journal of the Florida Design InitiativeEnvironmental Building NewsEnvironmental Design & Construction MagazineField Guide for Sustainable Construction by the Pentagon Renovation and Construction Program Office, Department of Defense. 2004. Green Building Costs and Financial Benefits by Gregory Kats. 2003. Green Buildings—Guidelines for Creating High-Performance Green Buildings by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 1999. Greening Federal Facilities Guide by U.S. Department of Energy. 2001. GSA LEED® Applications GuideGSA LEED® Cost StudyHigh Performance Building Guidelines by New York City Department of Design and Construction. April 1999.

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http://www.davislangdon.us/USA/Research/ResearchFinder/2004-Costing-Green-A-Comprehensive-Cost-Database-and-

http://www.davislangdon.us/USA/Research/ResearchFinder/2004-Costing-Green-A-Comprehensive-Cost-Database-and-

http://www.wbdg.org/newsevents/news_040105.php

http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Design/CostBenefit/Report.pdf

http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Design/CostBenefit/Report.pdf

http://www.eco-structure.com/

http://sustainable.state.fl.us/fdi/edesign/

http://fcn.state.fl.us/fdi/

http://fcn.state.fl.us/fdi/

http://www.buildinggreen.com/

http://www.edcmag.com/

http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/browse_doc.php?d=4161

http://www.cap-e.com/ewebeditpro/items/O59F3481.pdf

http://www.gggc.state.pa.us/gggc/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=151854

http://www.gggc.state.pa.us/gggc/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=151854




http://home.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/ddcgreen/highperf.html


Links & Sources

PublicationsInnovative Workplace Strategies by U.S. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office of Real Property. Dec 2003. Managing Your Environmental Responsibilities: A Planning Guide for Construction and Development by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Minnesota Sustainable Design Guide by Regents of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Real Property Sustainable Development Guide by U.S. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office of Real Property. Sustainable Building Rating Systems SummarySustainable Building Technical Manual by U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Sustainable Development and Society by U.S. General Services Administration, Office of Governmentwide Policy, Office of Real Property. Oct 2004. Sustainable Facilities Guide by U.S. Air Force Sustainable Federal Facilities: A Guide to Integrating Value Engineering, Life-Cycle Costing, and Sustainable Developmentby Federal Facilities Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. UB High Performance Building Guidelines by the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. 2004.

Relevant Codes and StandardsANSI/TIA/EIA-568 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling StandardANSI/TIA/EIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunication Pathways and SpacesANSI/TIA J-STD-607-A Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for TelecommunicationsFIPS PUB 174 Federal Building Telecommunications Wiring StandardFIPS PUB 175 Federal Building Standard for Telecommunication Pathways and SpacesTIA TSB72 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling GuidelinesTIA TSB75 Additional Horizontal Cabling Practices for Open Offices

Organizations/AssociationsThe American Institute of Architects (AIA):

AIA Edges Newsletter of the TAPAIA Integrated Practice pageAIA Technology in Practice (TAP) Knowledge Community page

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE):The Building Technology Roadmaps Program: for DOE technology research into various building components and building types

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http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/Innovative Workplace Strategies_R2E-c-aQ_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/constructmyer.html

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/constructmyer.html

http://www.sustainabledesignguide.umn.edu/

http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/sus_dev_guide_R2O1X_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf



http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_DOCUMENT/Sustainable Development and Society_R2O1X_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf

http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/arch/rfg/index.html

http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10093.html

http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10093.html

http://wings.buffalo.edu/ubgreen/guidelines.html

http://www.wbdg.org/references/ihs_l.php?d=tia 568







http://www.wbdg.org/references/ihs_l.php?d=fips pub 174




http://www.wbdg.org/references/ihs_l.php?d=tia tsb72



http://www.aia.org/tap_nwsltr_current

http://www.aia.org/ip_default

http://www.aia.org/tap_default

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tech/roadmaps.html


The “EQ” (Energy Quotient) TestDo You Know the Following? (Self score)

1. The monthly/annual power draw of your data center(s)? [10 green points]2. I see my data center(s) power bills(s) on a regular basis [5 green points]3. Relationship of peak power your provider can supply and your current peak

levels? [10 green points]4. What your provider’s strategic plans are to address growing energy demands in

your grid(s) [15 green points]5. Had an extended discussion with senior management about power and capacity

limits in your organization? Yes [10 green points]6. Energy costs and relationship to OpEx for your organization [10 green points]7. Date when, at your current IT growth rate, you:

• Run out of space? [ 5 green points] Run out of power? [ 10 green points]• Run out of HVAC? [ 5 green points]

8. What does PUE and DCIE stand for? [5 green points each]• PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) = Total facility power/IT equipment power• DCIE (Data Center Infrastructure Efficiency) = IT equipment power/Total facility power

9. Are there currently any technologies SELLING TODAY that can reduce my power draw? [10 green points]

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The “EQ” (Energy Quotient) Test:Scoring Your “EQ”

80-100 Green Points:You are a green dynamo! Please consider submitting a tutorial for the next SNW. Furthermore, we would like you to consider joining SNIA’s Green Storage Initiative as an end-user or vendor company representative. Please take this score to your management for pay raise considerations.

60-80 Green Points:Acceptable score. You are aware of these issues, and have spent some time engaging with stakeholders about their impact(s). Sorry, no raise just yet!

40-60 Green Points:Glad you are with us today. We hope you will learn some useful information to take back to management. Dust off resume.

Under 40 Green Points:Okay, you get credit for honesty (unlike the others). That and $5.00 will get you a latté in the lobby.

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Our Buildings: The Total Impact

39% of total energy consumption

71% of electricity consumption

39% CO2 emissions

30% of raw materials use

30% of waste output

12% of potable water consumption


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Global Impact of Facilities

17% of fresh water withdrawals

71% of the global wood harvest

39% CO2 emissions

30% material and energy use


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A Growing Green Perspective

89% choose brands aligned with social cause

74% listen to brands aligned with social cause

69% shop for brands aligned with social cause

66% recommend brands aligned with social cause


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Approaches to “Greening” Challenges and Expenses: Leave Town

1. Sioux Falls, S.D. $9,684,282

2. Winston-Salem, N.C. $9,799,928

3. San Antonio, Texas $10,314,249

4. Birmingham, Ala. $10,340,534

5. Ames, Iowa $10,378,916

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The ten least expensive cities by estimated annual operating costs*:

6. Charlotte, N.C. $10,440,123

7. Indianapolis, Ind. $10,451,796

8. Tulsa, Okla. $10,452,228 9. Des Moines, Iowa

$10,480,298 10. Columbus, Ohio

$10,499,09

*Source: SearchStorage.com, October 2007


How Green is the EU?

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Datacenter: Proposals and Solutions

REDUCE Performance whenever possible

“Underclocking”: reducing performance-state of CPU reduces power/cooling needs for Servers

Out-of-band mgmt (BMC) = no OS tuningManagement via OS gives more granular control

What is the equivalent for Storage? TAPE or Optical? (trade-off response time vs. energy)Disk drives and RAID arrays

Slower drives where possible (Design choice vs. Dynamic)Power off selected drives: MAID (Massive Array of Idle Disks)


Advantages in Building Green

8-9% decrease in operating costs

7.5% increase in building values

6.6% improvement in ROI

3.5% increase in occupancy

3% rent increase


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Example: HP Dynamic Smart Cooling

• Increased available cooling capacity for additional IT loads

• Reduced cooling energy costs up to 45%

• Can retrofit or spec for new construction applications

Bridging Facilities and IT to realize Adaptive Infrastructure

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Retention timeframes by industry

Life Science/Pharmaceutical

Healthcare HIPAA

Financial services

OSHA

Sarbanes - Oxley

Processing food

Developing drugs

Developing biologics

Original records

Medical records <18

Full life patient care

Financial statements

Member registration

Trading accounts

Personnel records

Financial records

2 years after commercial release

3 years after distribution

5 years after manufacturing of product

Original correspondence 4 years after financial audit

30 years from end of audit

End of account + 6 years

End-of-life of enterprise

3 years

Length of patient’s life + 2 years

From birth to 21 years

5 year minimum for all records

1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 50

Regulatory Drivers: Unfunded Governmental Mandates

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2001 2006

50 TB

500 TB

Primary data copies

Data that will NEVER be accessed

Data not accessedin last 90 days

The Real Cost of Digital Toxic Waste

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Datacenter Options: (Mech, Elec, Plumbing)

Convert from AC to DC distributionCan be partial conversion (DC arrays available)

Run at higher voltage (240 vs. 120)Increase Power Supply efficiency

80 PLUS program (www.80plus.org/servers.htm)

Operate Cooling effectivelyLeverage sensors, Follow basic rules (hot/cold aisles)Computational Fluid Dynamics (get some help!)

Run Generator-testing for Peak-shavingNegotiate with your power supplier for discounts

http://www.80plus.org/servers.htm

BUILDING THE GREEN DATA CENTER

Business

Transcript of BUILDING THE GREEN DATA CENTER