Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of...

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Building temporal structure Building temporal structure: Adverbs and times Aniko Csirmaz University of Utah CIL 18 July 21-26, 2008

Transcript of Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of...

Page 1: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Building temporal structure:Adverbs and times

Aniko Csirmaz

University of Utah

CIL 18July 21-26, 2008

Page 2: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Introduction

1 Introduction

2 Time intervals

3 Counting adverbs

4 Adverb iteration and ordering

Page 3: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Introduction

Basic questions

Time intervals in a clause

Times and counting adverbs (multiplicatives, frequencyadverbs and adverbs of quantification)

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Building temporal structure

Introduction

Claims

Articulated structure of times in a clause

Distinction among counting adverbs

Sources of iterative interpretation

Iteration of adverbs and times

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

1 Introduction

2 Time intervals

3 Counting adverbs

4 Adverb iteration and ordering

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Times

Times in a finite clause

Event time(Runtime of the eventuality)

Topic / reference time(Time under discussion (Reichenbach 1947, Klein 1994, a.o.))

Speech time(Time of utterance)

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Times

Possible times

Result time(Time interval during which result state holds)

Iterative time(Time during which iteration (of a type of eventuality) occurs)

Habitual time(Time during which a type of eventuality habitually obtains)

Perfect time(Time interval between times determined by tense (right boundary)

and determined by an argument of an adverb (Iatridou et al. 2001,

a.o.))

Modal time(Time during which modal evaluation obtains (Zagona 1990,

Stowell 2004))

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Positions

Times

(1)

...

speechtime

modaltime

perfecttime

topictime

habitualtime iterative

time eventtime result

time...

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Sources

Introducing a time interval

Speech time: T head

Topic time: Asp head(determining (im)perfective aspect; ordering of event andtopic time)

Event time: verbal predicate

Modal time: Mod head

Perfect time: Perfect head

Habitual time: HAB operator

Iterative time: ITER operator

Result time: predicate of result subevent

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Properties

Properties of predicates of times

Homogeneity and durativity can be determined for anypredicate of times

(Telicity, boundedness)

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Building temporal structure

Time intervals

Properties

For-adverbs and homogeneity

(2) a. Speech time (deictic, no modification)

b. Zed could have escaped for two hours (modal time)

c. Zed has lived here for fifty years (perfect time)

d. Zed was writing that letter for half an hour (topic time)

e. Zed drank for fifty years (habitual time)

f. Zed coughed for ten minutes (iterative time)

g. Zed wrote for two hours (event time)

h. Zed opened the window for an hour (result time)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

1 Introduction

2 Time intervals

3 Counting adverbs

4 Adverb iteration and ordering

Page 13: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Distinction among counting adverbs

Multiplicatives

Frequency adverbs

Adverbs of quantification

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Multiplicatives

Multiplicatives

twice, five times, many times

Cardinality of situations

Introduce iterative time

Introduce iteration (not: multiplicative [ ITER ])

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Multiplicatives

Examples

(3) a. Zed nodded / winked[once / *multiple times; no ITER]

b. Zed nodded twice

(4) Hungarian

a. ZedZ-nom

bol-int-ottnod-semelfactive-past,3sg

‘Zed nodded once / *multiple times’[Semelfactive suffix -int; no ITER]

b. ZedZ-nom

ketszertwice

//

tobbszorseveral times

bol-int-ottnod-sem-past,3sg

‘Zed nodded twice’

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs

Frequency adverbs

frequently, rarely

Frequency of situations in a given time interval

Require a time interval argument

Variable behavior with respect to iteration

Iteration introduced in EnglishNo iteration in Hungarian

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs

Examples

(5) Zed nodded / winked frequently

a. Zed nodded frequently in agreement as Fred lectured

b. He nodded frequently and his face seemedcontemplative

c. He looked in their direction and winked frequently

(6) Hungarian

a. ?? ZedZ-nom

surunfrequently

bol-int-ottnod-sem-past,3sg

‘Zed frequently nodded’ (no iteration)

b. ZedZ-nom

surunfrequently

bol-ogat-ottnod-iter-past,3sg

‘Zed frequently nodded’ (iterative suffix)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Adverbs of quantification

Adverbs of quantification

often, always, sometimes

Quantify over situations

Restrictor: a time interval

Iteration introduced (quantification over multiple situations)

Proportional readings (cf. Swart 1993, a.o.) are ignored here. An interpretationof Zed often drank mango juice not considered is one where it is the proportionof situations of Zed drinking and of Zed drinking mango juice that is specified.The interpretations discussed are those that Swart 1993 refers to as ‘purefrequency’ readings.

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Adverbs of quantification

Examples

(7) Zed often nodded / winked (when ...)

(8) Hungarian

ZedZ-nom

gyakranoften

bol-int-ottnod-sem-past,3sg

‘Zed often nodded’

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Previous approaches

Van Geenhoven 2005, Johannsdottir 2005, 2007

Strict distinction between the two types of adverbs, specificcriteria (esp. Johannsdottir 2005)

Frequency adverbs

Affect event timeCan affect homogeneity (diagnosed by for-adverbs)Are pluractional operators

Adverbs of quantification

Affect the topic timeCannot affect homogeneity

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Previous approaches

(9) Frequency adverbs (in the scope of a for-adverb)

a. John was constantly discovering fleas on his dog for awhole month

b. Joe discovered a flea on his dog every now and thenfor a month

(10) Adverbs of quantification (cannot be in the scope of afor-adverb)

a. * John was often finding fleas on his dog for a wholemonth

b. * Mary always / usually discovered a flea on her dog fora month

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Challenging the view

Frequency adverbs

Do not always affect the event time directlyAffect homogeneity (yield a homogeneous predicate)Are not necessarily pluractional operators; they can requiremultiple, iterated events

Adverbs of quantification

Do not affect the topic timeCan affect homogeneity (yield a homogeneous predicate)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Pluractional operators?

Frequency adverbs are not pluractional operators

They can yield pure iteration, with the same participantsThey cannot always yield iterated interpretation (semelfactiveverbs in Hungarian)They cannot modify unique, once-only descriptions (only aniterated interpretation is possible)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Pluractional operators?

(11) Jim hit a golf ball into the lake for an hour(same golf ball; # different golf balls)

(12) Jim hit a golf ball into the lake every five minutes for anhour(same golf ball; different golf balls)(Van Geenhoven 2004, 2005)

(13) Jim hit a golf ball frequently into the lake for an hour(same golf ball; # different golf balls)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Homogeneous predicates

(14) Frequency adverbs

a. Zed coughed frequently for an hour

b. For an hour, Zed coughed frequently

(15) Adverbs of quantification

a. * Mary always / usually discovered a flea on her dogfor a month

b. For a (whole) month, Mary often / alwaysdiscovered a flea on her dog (when she checked)

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Homogeneous predicates

Compare topic time modification (with flexible durativeorders) and for-modification of a non-homogeneous predicate

(16) Topic time

a. (%) Zed didn’t arrive for two hours

b. (%) For two hours, Zed didn’t arrive

(17) Non-homogeneous predicate

a. * Zed finished the picture for two hours

b. * For two hours, Zed finished the picture

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Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification

Times affected

(18) Frequency adverbs

a. Zed frequently arrived late (event time)

b. Zed frequently knocked twice (iterative time)

(19) Adverbs of quantification

a. Zed often arrived late (event time)

b. Zed often knocked twice (iterative time)

c. Zed always spoke frequently (in class) (iterative time)

Page 28: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Counting adverbs

Three types

Counting adverbs

Multiplicatives

CardinalityCan introduce iteration

Frequency adverbs

Frequency with respect to some time intervalVariable behavior with respect to iteration

Adverbs of quantification

Quantify over situationsIntroduces iteration, possibly with distinct participants

Page 29: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

1 Introduction

2 Time intervals

3 Counting adverbs

4 Adverb iteration and ordering

Page 30: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration of times

No adverbs

Unique time intervals

Speech time (T head)Topic time (Asp head)Event time (verb)Modal time (Mod)Perfect time (Perf)Result time (result predicate)

Introduced by a head or predicate; no iteration

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration of times

No adverbs

Iterable time intervals?

ITER, HABEmpty operators cannot be iterated (recoverability?)

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration of times

No adverbs

(20) Zed jumped

a. once

b. multiple times (ITER)

c. habitually (HAB)

d. *repeatedly, each time multiple times (ITER (ITER))

Page 33: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration of adverbs and times

Adverbs

Iteration possible with counting adverbs

Multiple adverbs, multiple timesRestriction on iteration: coercionCountability (non-homogeneity) is required by countingadverbs; complex structure containing an adverb may behomogeneous (e.g. Zed was often late)

Page 34: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration of adverbs and times

Adverbs

(21) MultiplicativeZed knocked [twice] [three times] on my door

(22) Frequency adverbZed [frequently] wrote to his cousin [regularly]

(23) Adverb of quantificationThe modem light [usually] [always] flickers

Page 35: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration and times

Time introduced by an adverb

Time interval introduced

Multiplicatives: iterative

Frequency adverbs: iterative or habitual

Adverbs of quantification: iterative or habitual

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration and times

Iterative time

(24) Frequency adverb and adverb of quantificationZed frequently / often coughed yesterday

(25) MultiplicativeZed coughed twice yesterday

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Iteration and times

Habitual time

(26) Adverb of quantificationZed often ate a sandwich around four

(27) Frequency adverbZed frequently drank mango juice(a custom; habitually recurs during a (long) time span)

(28) MultiplicativeZed drank mango juice twice(not a custom; cannot recur habitually)

‘Frequency’ of drinking mango juice can be fairly low, but high compared to a

contextually determined standard (with ‘frequently’ being false within a smaller

time interval, with possibly no occurrences)

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Other approaches to iteration

Limited iteration

No iteration

No adverb iteration (Van Geenhoven 2005, Johannsdottir2005, 2007)

Motivates distinction between frequency adverbs and adverbsof quantification in terms of times

Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification can cooccurbecause they affect distinct time intervals (event time vs.topic time)

At most two adverbs of each type

Cinque 1999

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Ordering

Order and scope

With iterated adverbs, the interpretation follows from scoperelations

(29) Zed often always drinks mango juice(There is a period t during which there are many subintervals t’

of t such that at all (relevant) subintervals of t’ there is a

situation of Zed drinking mango juice)

(30) Zed always drinks mango juice often(There is a period t such that at all (relevant) subintervals t’ of t

there are many situations of Zed drinking mango juice)

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Ordering

Variation in ordering

Adverb ordering can vary crosslinguistically

Availability of coercion operators (yielding non-homogeneouspredicates)Constraints on scope and syntactic / linear position

Adverb ordering postverbally: independent variation

English: inverse scopeHungarian: either surface or inverse scope postverbally (freeordering)(cf. Csirmaz (submitted), E. Kiss (submitted))

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Ordering

Variation in ordering

(31) a. Take one capsule twice daily

b. ?? Take one capsule daily twice

(32) a. EGYone

KAPSZULATcapsule-acc

kellmust

bein

vennitake-inf

napontadaily

ketszertwice

‘It is a capsule that must be taken twice daily’ (daily>2)

b. EGYone

KAPSZULATcapsule-acc

kellmust

bein

vennitake-inf

ketszertwice

napontadaily

‘It is a capsule that must be taken twice daily’ (daily>2)

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Building temporal structure

Adverb iteration and ordering

Ordering

Variation in ordering

Times introduced by the adverb

Position of times

Independent, general considerations of ordering and scope

Page 43: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

Times and adverbs

Times and adverbs

Times

Time intervals in a clausePosition, source, homogeneity of times

Counting adverbs

Three-way distinction among counting adverbsPossible iteration of adverbsTimes introduced by adverbs

Page 44: Building temporal structure: Adverbs and timesCounting adverbs Frequency adverbs and adverbs of quantification Previous approaches Van Geenhoven 2005, J´ohannsd´ottir 2005, 2007

Building temporal structure

References

References

Cinque, G. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-LinguisticPerspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Csirmaz, A. (submitted). Multiplicatives, frequency and quantification adverbs:

Flexibility and rigidity. in K. E. Kiss (ed) Adverbs and adverbial modifiers at theinterfaces

E. Kiss, K. (submitted). Syntactic, semantic and prosodic factors determining

the position of adverbial adjuncts. in K. E. Kiss (ed) Adverbs and adverbialmodifiers at the interfaces

Hornstein, N. 1990. As Time Goes By: Tense and Universal Grammar.Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books and MIT Press

Iatridou, S., E. Anagnostopoulou and R. Izvorski. 2001. Observations on theform and meaning of the perfect. In M. Kenstowicz (ed) Ken Hale: A Life inLanguage. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Reprinted in A. Alexiadou, M. Rathertand A. von Stechow (eds) Perfect Explorations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Johannsdottir, K. 2005. Temporal adverbs in Icelandic: Adverbs ofquantification vs. frequency adverbs. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 76

Johannsdottir, K. 2007. Temporal adverbs in Icelandic: Adverbs ofquantification vs. frequency adverbs. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 30

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Building temporal structure

References

References

Klein, W. 1994. Time in Language. London: Routledge

Reichenbach, H. 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. London: Collier-MacMillan

Stowell, T. 2004. Tense and modals. in J. Gueron and J. Lecarme (eds) TheSyntax of Time Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Swart. H. de. 1993. Adverbs of Quantification: A Generalized QuantifierApproach. New York: Garland in 1993

Van Geenhoven, V. 2004. For-adverbials, frequentative aspect, andpluractionality. Natural Language Semantics 12

Van Geenhoven, V. 2005. Atelicity, pluractionality and adverbial quantification.in H. Verkuyl, H. de Swart and A. van Hout (eds) Perspectives on Aspect.Dordrecht: Springer

Zagona, K. (1990). Times as Temporal Argument Structure. ms, University ofWashington, Seattle

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Building temporal structure

Aniko [email protected]


Advanced Grammar in Use - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97811076/97386/frontmatter/...77 Degree adverbs and focus adverbs 78 Comment adverbs and viewpoint adverbs ... Advanced Grammar

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ADVERBS. WHAT DO ADVERBS DO? ADVERBS describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. ADVERBS describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. ADVERBS tell…

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Wear: Field Day Field Day shirt sunscreen April 20 Adverbs -Return & review adverbs modifying adverbs & adjectives WS -pg. 139, telling adjectives & adverbs.

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