Building Supportive Classroom Systems through Positive ... Supportive Classrooms PBIS BCPS... ·...
Transcript of Building Supportive Classroom Systems through Positive ... Supportive Classrooms PBIS BCPS... ·...
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Building Supportive Classroom
Systems through Positive
Behavioral Planning
Joan Ledvina Parr, [email protected] 410-887-1103
Baltimore County Public Schools PBIS Team Training
July 15, 2008 Secondary Schools * July 16, 2008 Elementary Schools
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“Kids Aren’t the Way They
Used to Be”
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What the Research Says about Poor
Classroom Management
• Linked with negative student outcomes
• Increase risk of developing more serious problems among
at-risk kids
• Place all students at greater risk of current and future
behavior problems
• Poor management signals to kids that the class is out of
control
• Poorly managed classrooms are rated as having poorer
climate(Aber et al., 1998; Mitchell, Bradshaw & Leaf, 2009)
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Traditional Discipline vs. PBIS
Traditional Discipline
• Focused on the student’s problem behavior
• Goal was to stop undesirable behavior through the use of punishment
Positive Behavioral Interventions and
Support
• Alters environments
• Teaches appropriate skills, and rewards appropriate behavior
• Replaces undesired behavior with a new behavior or skill
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Have a Vision
When you know where you are headed, you can
guide students toward their own success.
Without a destination in mind, you may arrive at
a place you don’t want to be.
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What Does a Well-Managed
Classroom Look Like?
• Students are concentrating and involved in
their work
• Students know what is expected of them and
follow teacher directions and expectations
• Students are academically successful
• There is relatively little wasted time,
confusion, or disruption
• The climate of the classroom is work-oriented,
but relaxed and pleasant
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Contrasted with….
• Teachers spend 40-70% of the day in non-instructional activities (Goodlad, 1984)
• Students spend as little as 17% of the school day actively engaged in academic tasks (Hofmeister & Lubke, 1990)
• 74% of special education teachers spend three hours or less a week in individualized instruction (Council for Exceptional Children, 2000)
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Indicators of Good Teaching
• Instructional Management
• Outcome-based
• Evidence-based curriculum
• Well designed lessons
• Expert presentation of lessons
• On-going progress monitoring
• Good behavior management
• Behavior Management
• Expected behavior & routines taught and practiced
• High rates of acknowledgements for rule following behavior
• High rates of positive & active supervision
• Good instructional teaching
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Connect Classroom Practices with
Schoolwide Practices
• Focus on classroom practices that promote academic gains along with classroom practices that promote behavioral gains
• Classroom behavior support practices should parallel with the schoolwide practices
– Classroom matrix and Schoolwide matrix
• Create a setting that is:
– Predictable
– Consistent
– Positive
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Indicators of Maximized Student Outcomes
• High rates of active engagement
• High rates of correct responding
• High number of opportunities to respond
• High rates of task & socially appropriate behavior
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Desired Student Outcomes
• Academic achievement
• Positive social skill
development
• Self-control and self-
managementPRACTICES
OUTCOMES
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Today
• We will present concepts of classroom
management that you can apply to your
classroom and utilize with your students
• Classroom Management Systems
– Behavioral management
– Environmental management
– Curriculum & Instructional management
• Classroom Assessment Instruments
• Specific Classroom Management Strategies
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Behavior
Classroom
Systems
Classroom-wide Positive Behavior Support
Systems
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Behavior
Classroom-wide Positive Behavior Support
Systems
Classroom
Systems
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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• Develop 3 to 5 positively stated rules
• Broad expectations, applicable to all settings
• Identify observable behaviors
• Post rules in the classroom
• Teach behaviors and routines
• Enforce consistently
Specify Classroom Rules and Expectations
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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Teaching
Matrix
Classroom Arrival Centers
Be
Respectful
•Raise your hand
before speaking &
when you need help
•Listen when others
are talking
•Use inside voice
•Use inside voice
when talking before
the bell
•Be quiet when the
bell rings
•Wait your turn
•10 minutes per
station when
someone is waiting
Be
Responsible
•Have materials
ready before
activities begin
•Follow directions
the first time
•Bring your
homework, pencil,
and paper
•Leave center in a
neat fashion
•Take all materials
with you
Be Safe
•Keep hands, feet,
and objects to
yourself
•Be in your seat
when the bell rings
•One person per
station
•Follow safety
rules of center
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Expectations
When your expectations are clear,
students never have to guess how
you expect them to behave.
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Teach the rules and routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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RoutinesRoutines are procedures developed around
specific situations & specific settings
• What are the classroom routines?
• How to—
– Enter the classroom
– Leave the classroom
– Transitions within the classroom
– Sharpen pencils
– Turn in homework
– Ask for help
– Participate in class
– Use hallway passes (nurse, bathroom, office)
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Establishing Classroom Routines
Routine Signal Desired Behavior
Entering class and
completing drill
Instruction on
board
Walk in, sit down,
start work
Obtaining class
attention
Hand signal or
verbal command
Orient to teacher
Getting help
during seat work
Pre-agreed upon
signal
Raise hand and
wait patiently
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Procedures are a part of life:
Classroom Procedures• Entering the classroom
• Asking a question
• Listening to and responding to questions
• Sharpening a pencil
• Indicating whether you understand
• Responding to a request for attention
• Turning in papers
• Working cooperatively
• Changing groups
• Maintaining student notebooks
• Leaving the classroom
• When students are tardy
• When students need a pencil or paper
• When students are absent
• When someone knocks on the door
• When a student needs help or a conference
• If the phone should ring
• An emergency alert
• Requesting a bathroom break
• End of class dismissal
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Teach the rules and routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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Ineffective
Instruction
• Sets the
occasion for
student failure
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Teaching Behaviors
• No elbowing others
• No kicking
• No hitting
• No pinching
• No biting
• No scratching
• Etc. . .
• 2+2 is not 1
• 2+2 is not 2
• 2+2 is not 3
• 2+2 is not 5
• 2+2 is not 6
• 2+2 is not 7
• Etc. . .
Behavior:
Peer RelationsAcademic Skill:
Addition
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Teaching Behaviors
• Hands and feet to self
or
• Respect others
• 2+2 = 4
Behavior:
Peer RelationsAcademic Skill:
Addition
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Three Step Approach to Teaching
Classroom Procedures
• Explain
– State, explain, model, and demonstrate the
procedure.
• Rehearse
– Rehearse and practice the procedure under your
supervision.
• Reinforce
– Reteach, rehearse, practice, and reinforce the
classroom procedure until it becomes a student
habit or routine
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Teach the Expected Behaviors Using
an Instructional Approach
• Directly teach
– Tell/explain using positive and negative examples
– Model and show the students the expected behavior
– Role play and give students opportunities to practice
– Give reminders and precorrections
• Actively supervise
• Positively reinforce and give corrective feedback
• Give daily opportunities to practice the skills
• Provide opportunities for generalization
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Every time a procedure needs to be
corrected—
• REMIND the class of the procedure
• Have the class EXPERIENCE the procedure.
Remind: Class, I would like to remind you of the procedure at the end of the period. You are to remain at your desks until I dismiss the class.
Experience: Look around the room. You are all at your desks (and your chairs are pushed in.) This is the correct procedure, and I thank you for doing it correctly.
Well done. Please do it again tomorrow. Have a nice day!!!!
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The Power Of Teaching
• ―If a child doesn’t know how to read, we teach.‖
• ―If a child doesn’t know how to swim, we teach.‖
• ―If a child doesn’t know how to multiply, we teach.‖
• ―If a child doesn’t know how to drive, we teach.‖
• ―If a child doesn’t know how to behave, we … … teach? …punish?”
Why can’t we finish the last sentence as automatically as we do the others?
PBIS Philosophy
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Teach the rules and routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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Acknowledgement Systems
• Acknowledgement should be contingent on behavior
• Social acknowledgement is paired with tangibles
• Ratio should be 4 positives : 1 corrective statement
• Avoid threats and response cost
– Reduce attention for misbehavior
• Rewards can be for:
– Class
– Small group
– Individual student
• Develop your routine for delivering praise
– Search for behavior to reinforce
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Teach the rules and routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to problem
behavior
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Effective Reinforcers
• Pair tangibles with praise
• Reinforcers can be tangible or intangible
• Consider frequency of reinforcers
• Maintain 4 positives : 1 corrective statement
• Immediate reinforcement for new skills
• Delayed or intermittent reinforcement for established skills
• Vary the type, frequency, and intensity of reinforcement
• Fade and encourage learner self-management
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Variables that Make Reinforcers Effective
• Immediate—as soon as possible
• Frequent—four reinforcers : one negative
consequence
• Enthusiasm—modulate your voice
• Eye Contact—look at the student in the eyes
• Describe the Behavior—describe what the
student is doing to get the reinforcer
• Anticipation—build excitement
• Variety—change reinforcers frequently
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Classroom Rewards
• Whole class
– Class earns acknowledgement as a whole
– Behavior of one student affects entire class
• Small group
– Reward is given to all members of a group
– Individual performance can affect the entire group
• Individual
– Reward is tied to behavior of individual student
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Classroom Systems—
Behavioral Management
• Foundations
– Specify classroom rules and expectations
– Develop a teaching matrix and lesson plans
– Establish classroom routines
– Teach the rules and routines
– Develop acknowledgement systems
– Incorporate effective reinforcers
– Use effective strategies for responding to
problem behavior
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Strategies for Responding to
Problem Behavior
• Align the consequences with the classroom
expectations
• Teach the replacement behaviors or desired
behaviors
• Link the consequence with the context
• Always consider the importance of immediate
feedback
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General Guidelines
• Student behavior serves a purpose
• Give consistent feedback
– When showing displeasure, focus on the behavior,
not on the student
– Deliver unhappy feedback privately, when possible
– Move quickly and calmly to control misconduct
– Try to avoid stopping the lesson to address
misbehavior
• Pick your battles carefully
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Establish a Continuum of Consequences
• Use corrective feedback
– Tell student what is wrong and what to do instead
– Use only if it changes behavior
– Present feedback calmly and consistently
– Match the severity of the consequences with the
severity of the behavior / infractions
– Problem: overuse may increase problem behavior
• Develop consequences for rule violations
– Consider a hierarchy of consequences
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Unacceptable Classroom Behaviors
Level 1—Teacher Managed
Behaviors
– Not prepared
– Out of seat
– Not following directions
– Sleeping in class
– Food/drink/gum
– Inappropriate noises
– Inappropriate
talking/language
– Whining
– Homework not
completed
Strategies
– Redirection/nonverbal cues
– Ignore inappropriate behavior
– Reinforce desired behaviors
in student or in others
– Verbal warning (in private if
possible)
– Give choices
– Proximity change (student or
teacher)
– Student conference
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Unacceptable Classroom Behaviors
Level 2—Teacher Managed
Behaviors
– Constant talking
– Significantly interfering
with others’ learning
– Consistently not
following directions
– Disrespect to adults
– Throwing things
– Teasing
– Lying/cheating
– Inappropriate language
– Tardy/dress code
Strategies
– Level 1 strategies
– Classroom based intervention
– Loss of privilege
– Parent contact
– Consult with grade level team
– Behavior contract
– Referral to counselor
– Minor Incident Report (MIR)
– Office referral after 4th MIR
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Unacceptable Classroom Behaviors
Level 3—Office Managed
Behaviors
– Actions that cause harm
– Stealing
– Fighting
– Drugs
– Weapons
– Throwing furniture
– Threatening to cause
injury to person/property
– Sexual harassment
Strategies
– Complete office referral
– Send student to office
with referral
– Call for administrator
– Administration will
determine consequence
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Dealing with Problem Behaviors
within the Classroom
• Engage in active decision making
• Use pre-corrections
• Encourage students to make good choices
• Recognize chains in escalating behavior
patterns and intervene early
– Seven phases of escalating behavior
– Effective interventions are dependent on the phase
of the escalating behavior
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Seven Phases of Escalating
Behavior
1. Calm
2. Trigger
3. Agitation
4. Acceleration
5. Peak
6. De-escalation
7. Recovery
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Intensity
Time
Anger Response
Cycle
Calm
Trigger
Agitation
Acceleration
Peak
De-escalation
Recovery
Thinking Ability
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1. Calm Phase
Student is cooperative
• Can accept corrective
feedback
• Can set personal goals
• Can ignore distractions
• Can accept praise
• Can follow directions
Intervention is focused on
prevention
• Arrange for high rates of
successful academic and
social engagement
• Use positive reinforcement
• Teach social skills (e.g.,
problem solving, relaxation,
self-management)
• Kids need to learn that we
believe they can be successful
• Communicate positives
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2. Trigger Phase
Student experiences
series of unresolved
conflicts
• Repeated failures
• Frequent corrections
• Interpersonal conflicts
• Time lines
• Low rates of positive
reinforcement
Intervention is focused on
prevention & redirection
• Remove from or modify the
problem context
• Increase opportunities for
success
• Reinforce what has been
taught
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3. Agitation Phase
Student exhibits increase in unfocused behavior
• Off task
• Frequent start/stop tasks
• Out of seat
• Talking
• Social withdrawal
Intervention is focused on
reducing anxiety
• Make structural/
environmental modifications
• Provide reasonable options
and choices
• Involve in successful
engagements
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4. Acceleration Phase
Student displays focused
behavior
• Proactive
• High intensity
• Threatening
• Personal
Intervention is focused on
safety
Remember:
• 1. Escalations & self control are
inversely related
• 2. Escalation is likely to run its
course regardless of what you do
– Remove all triggering and
competing / maintaining factors
– Follow crisis prevention procedures
– Establish and follow through with
bottom line
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5. Peak Phase
Student is out-of-control & displays mostsevere behavior
• Physical aggression
• Property destruction
• Self injury
• Escape/social withdrawal
• Hyperventilation
Intervention is focused on safety
• Procedures like acceleration phase
• Focus is on crisis intervention
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6. De-escalation Phase
Student displays
confusion, but with
decreases in severe
behavior
• Social withdrawal
• Denial
• Blaming others
• Minimize the problem
Focus intervention on
removing excess
attention
• Do not nag
• Avoid blaming
• Do not force an apology
(apologies often turn into
conflict situations)
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7. Recovery Phase
Student displays eagerness
to engage in non-
engagement activities
• Attempt to correct the
problem
• Unwillingness to participate
in group activities
• Social withdrawal or sleep
Intervention is focused on re-establishing routines and
activities
• Follow through with the consequences
• Positively reinforce any displays of appropriate behavior
• Debrief
Purpose: to facilitate transition back to program, always follow the consequences for problem behavior
Goal: to increase the likelihood of appropriate behavior
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Adults:
Check your behavior and responses
• Make sure you have eye contact
• Listen carefully; use empathetic understanding
• Give appropriate personal space
• Remain calm
• Be aware of the environment; consider safety
issues
• Be consistent and focused
• Enforce limits
• Remain in control
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There Are No Winners in a Power Struggle
• In order for change to happen, the adult must
act in a mature manner
• Be careful not to respond to the student’s
provocation; do not mirror the student’s
escalating behavior
• Match your response to the stage of escalation
the student exhibits
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Final Thought on Escalating Behavior
It is always important to remember:
―If you inadvertently assist the student to escalate, do not be concerned; you will get another chance to do it right the next time around.‖
--Colvin, 1989
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Teacher Responses which Impact
Behavioral Management
• Create an environment that is
– Predictable
– Consistent
– Positive
– Promotes student independent behavior (minimizes teacher prompting)
• Focus on positive reinforcement; strive for 4:1
• Use precorrections
– Employ frequent pre-teaching and reminders of expectations, before students have a chance to engage in problem behavior
Summary
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Classroom-wide Positive Behavior Support
Systems
Classroom
Systems
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Classroom Systems—
Environmental Management
• Various aspects of the classroom environment
can be altered to prevent or address behavioral
problems
• Factors to consider:
– Physical setting
– Scheduling
– Socialization
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Importance of Physical Setting
• Different areas of the classroom are defined for
different activities—what happens where
• Groups vs. separate work stations
• Teacher has visual access to students at all times
• Instructional materials are accessible and easily
retrieved by teacher and students
• Consider traffic patterns within the classroom
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Classroom Arrangements
Desks in rows Desks in a horseshoe
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Classroom Arrangements
Desks in clusters Desks in circles
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Importance of Scheduling
• Scheduling of instruction occurs in a manner
that optimizes student learning
• Daily schedule is posted
• Transitions are posted
• Schedule provides for daily independent work,
small & large group instruction, free time, etc.
• Student time is spent primarily in active
learning
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Importance of Scheduling (con’t.)
• Instructional format—small group, centers,
individual
• Schedule non-instructional time
– Administration time
– Personal time
• Start of day/period—get students engaged
quickly
• Movement/transitions
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Importance of Socialization
• Opportunities for social instruction and social
environments occur in a manner that optimize
student learning
– Emphasis on the development of individual
responsibility and independence of all students
– Regular communication between teacher and
family
– Promotion of student friendships
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Teacher Responses which Impact
Environmental Management
• Understand the importance of proximity
– Moving and scanning frequently
– Slowly moving toward a student and using
proximity, instead of verbally addressing
• Arrange the classroom in an efficient manner
to accommodate traffic patterns
• Assure that the teacher be able to visually
supervise the entire room
Summary
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Classroom-wide Positive Behavior Support
Systems
Classroom
Systems
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Classroom Systems—
Curriculum and Instructional Management
• Manage behavior through academic instruction
• Alter or adapt materials and instructional
presentations to prevent behavior problems
• The most frequent reinforcer in the classroom should
be academic success—there should be at least 80%
student accuracy on academic tasks
• Aim for high rates of student participation—aim for
90% successful participation
• Use research based curriculum
• Use high rates of feedback and reinforcement
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Maintain Student Attention
• Gain/maintain attention
– Always use a simple cue to prompt students to listen
– Never begin instruction until all students are attending
– Reinforce students who attend immediately
– Provide specific verbal praise to peers to redirect
students
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Employ Effective Teacher Commands
• Commands should be brief, easy to understand,
and hard to misinterpret
• Be clear and avoid long explanations or
justifications
• State commands as directives, not questions
• Give commands in a matter-of-fact business tone
• Deliver one task objective at a time
• State a command, then give the student
reasonable amount of time to comply
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Use Questions Effectively
• Present high rates of opportunities for students to
respond
– Give information before questions
– Provide reinforcement for correct responses
• Employ pre-instruction techniques
– Teach key concepts prior to group lesson
– Provide strategies within heavy content area reading
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Giving Students Opportunities to
Respond…
• Encourages everyone to become involved in learning
• Increases rate of responses of all learners
• Increases attainment of material presented
• Allows reluctant learners a secure environment to practice
• Decreases inappropriate or off task behavior
• Remember to vary the response type
– Individual vs. choral
– Written vs. gestures
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Provide Students with Feedback
• Be precise
• Praise improvements
• Provide corrective feedback and instruction
• Always deliver frequent and immediate
feedback in the acquisition phase of learning
• Use high rates of positives throughout the day
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Handle Student Errors Effectively
• Signal when an error has occurred
(refer to rules, ―We respect others in this room
and that means not using put downs.‖)
• Ask for an alternative appropriate response
(―How can you show respect and still get your
point across?‖)
• Provide an opportunity to practice the skill and
provide verbal feedback
(―That’s much better, thank you for showing
respect toward others.‖)
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Teacher Responses which Impact
Curriculum and Instructional Management
• Maintain student attention
• Employ effective teacher commands
• Use questions effectively
• Give students ample opportunity to respond
• Structure successful academic performance
• Use whole group techniques
• Use small group/partner techniques
• Provide effective feedback
• Handle student errors effectively
Summary
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Classroom Assessment Instruments
• Classroom Management: Self-Assessment
(Simonsen, Fairbanks, Briesch, & Sugai)
• Classroom Assessment Tool
(Florida PBS Project)
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Classroom Management: Self-Assessment
(Simonsen, Fairbanks, Briesch, & Sugai)
• Designed for a teacher to rate him or herself
• Can also be used by an observer
• Assesses five areas1. Structure and predictability are maximized
2. Expectations are positively stated
3. Students actively engaged
4. Continuum of strategies to acknowledge appropriate behavior is in place
5. Continuum of strategies to respond to inappropriate behavior is in place
• Scoring system for the 15 questions (Super, So-So, Improvement Needed)
• Action planning guide is available
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Classroom Assessment Tool
(Florida PBS Project)
• Observer notes whether items are– In place
– Somewhat in place
– Initiated
– Not in place
• Categories of information– Ecological factors (physical setting, scheduling, & socialization)
– Classroom behavior plan
– Curriculum and instruction
• Scoring summary is available
• Action planning guide is available
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Summary
• Establish rules, expectations, and routines & stick
to them
• Correct rule violations and social behavior errors
proactively
• Maintain a positive focus (4:1)
• Keep students actively engaged
• Teach and provide opportunities for high level of
responses and achievement
• Respond to problem behavior by recognizing phase
of escalation & using appropriate interventions
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Practical
Classroom Management
Strategies
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Set the Stage for Appropriate Behavior
• Encouragement
– I know you can do this! Give it a try!
• Structuring Incentives
– When the class has accumulated five days with no
tardies, we will have ten minutes of free time
– Students who have turned in all their work by Friday
will be able to work as a peer tutor with another class
• Hype
– Wow! I have a ten minute free time coupon for anyone
earning a 90% on the quiz! We have some new
activities that you can look at during free time!!!!!!!
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Good Behavior Game
• Divide the class into teams
• Identify acceptable vs. unacceptable behavior
• Unacceptable behavior is recorded
• The team with the fewest points wins a reinforcer
• If both teams stay below a pre-identified level,
both teams earn the reward
• See more—www.interventioncentral.org
Team A III
Team B II
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Marble Jar
• Have a jar and add
marbles to it for each
time you want to
reinforce the students
• Have a list of
reinforcers from
which they can select
when they reach their
goal
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Mystery Motivator
• The number of the mystery
motivator is written on a slip of
paper and sealed in an envelope
• Students earn points in class and
then learn if the class received
enough points to earn an
identified reinforcer
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Level Charts—Ongoing
• Identify classroom expectations and
specify consequences
• All students start on the beginning
level
• If they engage in unacceptable
behavior, their marker is moved
• Markers can move up or down the
chart—students should always have
an opportunity to redeem themselves
Super Star
Good
Job
Caution
Time
Out
Lose
Recess
Referral
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Chart Moves
• Have a chart, matrix, or dot to dot picture
• Student tracks own progress
• Student ―moves‖ when acceptable behavior is reinforced
• Can have intermediate rewards along the way
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Color Wheel
• Gives a visual cue as to
teacher’s expectation for that
classroom activity
• Green—some discussion is
allowed
• Yellow—silence with seatwork
• Red—silence is expected;
focus on the teacher
• Many variations can be used
1
2
3
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Thermometer
• Help students visualize
your expectations
• Instead of continually
verbally prompting
your students, use the
visual cue
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Beat the Timer
• Use a small timer and
encourage the students to
complete the task prior to
the timer going off. You
can then systematically
reduce the amount of time
given per task.
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To Prompt Attention—Give Me Five
• Give Me Five: Count to Five
– Eyes on Speaker
– Quiet
– Be Still
– Hands Free (put things down)
– Listen
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Obtaining the Teacher’s Attention
• Three Sided Pyramid Index
Card on Student’s Desk
– One side—Please help me.
– One side—Please keep working
– One side—Blank
• Blank side faces student.
• When student needs help,
―Please help me‖ faces
forward, and ―Please keep
working‖ faces student.
Please help me.Please keep
working.
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For additional resources:
• Maryland PBIS website
www.pbismaryland.org
• National PBIS website
www.pbis.org
• Florida PBS Project website
www.flpbs.fmhi.usf.edu
• Illinois PBIS Network
www.pbisillinois.org
• San Bernardino City Unified School District
www.modelprogram.com
• Dr. Jim Wright
www.interventioncentral.org
• Dr. Sandra Steingart
www.schoolpsychology.net
• Dr. Tom McIntyre
www.behavioradvisor.com