Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440,...
Transcript of Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440,...
![Page 1: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
10/15/2016
1
Building stones
Introduction tothe use of building stonesRequirements for building stoneStandardsGeology and geological classification of rocks according to EN12670
![Page 2: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
10/15/2016
2
Natural stonesDimensionstonesBuilding stones
Dimension stone
Natural stone or rockselected and finished to specific sizes or shapes
- sliced, cut, drilled, ground, or other- color, texture and pattern, and surface finish
durability- Endurance and capability to maintain its essential and distinctive
characteristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance
![Page 3: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
10/15/2016
3
The major producers:Brazil, China, India, Italy,and Spain,9-20 Mtons/year, eachPortugal produces 3 Mton/year
USGS, 2007 U.S. dimension stone productionwas 1.39 million tons valued at $275 million,granite production was 453,000 tons valued at$106 million I($ 233/ton)limestone 493,000 tons valued at $93.3 million($189/ton)
One of the oldest forms of “business”http://all-that-is-interesting.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/oldest-structures-megalithictemples4.jpg
Main use of building stonesFoundation and WallItemsFacing and ArchitecturalItems• cladding materials• slabs and stones, stairs and
landings, parapets etc.Building Items: Elementsof stairs, landings,parapets and guard rails
![Page 4: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
10/15/2016
4
Road Construction Items
7
Curb stones• intended to separate roadways from
sidewalks;Paving blocks—used for pavements;Cobble stone—used to reinforceslopes of earth works and banks ofwater basins
armored stones
Bridges and underground structures
Slabs and stonestypically fromigneous andsedimentary rocks
15.10.20168
![Page 5: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
10/15/2016
5
Heat and Chemically Resistant Items
• Non-weathered rocks.• For high temperature working
conditions,- chromite, basalt, andesite and tuffs- protection against acid- granite, syenite, and silicious stones
• Resistance against alkalis- Limestones, dolomites, marble and magnesite
show excellent
.
15.10.20169
Qualities of building stones
15.10.201610
Architectonical, esthetics• Appearance and structurePhysical propertiesEconomicCost of production and transportationMarket demand
Uniform and “homogeneous” rocks with predictable properties andappearance
![Page 6: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
10/15/2016
6
Stength• function of mineralogy, macro- and microtexture
Weight• density of most common minerals (and many rocks) 2.5-2.8 ton/m3
• porosity (proportion of vugs, cavities, microfractures)• For certain structures such as dams, retaining walls, etc. heavier stones are used
• arches, vaults, domes, etc. light stones may be the choice
15.10.201611
Weight• density of most common minerals (and many rocks) 2.5-2.8 ton/m3
• porosity (proportion of vugs, cavities, microfractures)• For certain structures such as dams, retaining walls, etc. heavier stones are used
• arches, vaults, domes, etc. light stones may be the choice
15.10.201612
![Page 7: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
10/15/2016
7
Hardness
• function of mineralogy, macro- and microtexture• typically measured using Mosh-scale• (average) mineralogical composition
• Dory’s testing machine• Measurement of rocks
• important for floors, pavements, aprons of bridges, etc.• Grinding resistance, skidding in pavements and floors
15.10.201613
Toughness
• The measure of impact that a stone can withstand• Resistance to vibratory or moving loads
For toughnessA steel hammer of 20 N is allowed to fall axially in the specimen.The blow at which the specimen breaks represents thetoughness of the stone.
15.10.201614
![Page 8: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
10/15/2016
8
Porosity and Absorption
- Primary porosity• e.g. in volcanic rocks• depends on the composition, cooling time and
- Secondary porosity• most pores in sedimentary rocks are secondary (dissolution of cement)• microfractures
- Water can fill the pores by• Infiltration, capillary suction, chemical bonding i.e. absorption
- In cold conditions water freezes, expands, and causes cracking- Water enables chemical reactions and weathering
• dissolves minerals, transports dissolved constituents by advection and diffusion
- Permissible water absorption for some of the stones is given in Table 3.5.
15.10.201615
EN 1936 NATURAL STONE TEST METHODS. DETERMINATION OF REAL DENSITYAND APPARENT DENSITY, AND OF TOTAL AND OPEN POROSITY
• apparent density (ρb)o ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and its apparent volume
• apparent volumeo volume limited by the external surface of the specimen, including any voids
• volume of the solid parto difference between the apparent volume of the specimen and the volume of the voids (open and closed
pores)• real density (ρr)
o ratio between the mass of the dry specimen and the volume of its solid part• open porosity
o ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of the open pores and the apparent volume of the specimen• total porosity
o ratio (as a percentage) between the volume of pores (open and closed) and the apparent volume of thespecimen
15.10.201616
![Page 9: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
10/15/2016
9
Relevant standards
[1] EN 1925, Natural stone test methods – Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity.
[2] EN 1926, Natural stone test methods – Determination of compressive strength.[3] EN 12370, Natural stone test methods – Determination of resistance to salt crystallisation.[4] EN 12371, Natural stone test methods – Determination of frost resistance.[5] EN 12372, Natural stone test methods – Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load.[6] EN 12407, Natural stone test methods – Petrographic examination.[7] EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria.[8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods – Determination of flexural strength under constant moment.[9] EN 13364, Natural stone test methods – Determination of the breaking load at dowel hole.[10] EN 13373, Natural stone test methods – Determination of geometric characteristics on units.[11] EN 13755, Natural stone test methods – Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure.[12] EN 13919, Natural stone test methods - Determination of resistance to ageing by SO2 action in thepresence of humidity.[13] EN 14066, Natural stone test methods – Determination of resistance to ageing by thermal shock.[14] EN 14146, Natural stone test methods – Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (bymeasuring the fundamental resonance frequency).[15] EN 14147, Natural stone test methods – Determination of resistance to ageing by salt mist.[16] EN 14157, Natural stone test methods – Determination of the abrasion resistance.[17] EN 14158, Natural stone test methods – Determination of rupture energy.[18] EN 14205, Natural stone test methods – Determination of Knoop hardness.[19] EN 14231, Natural stone test methods – Determination of the slip resistance by means of thependulum tester.[20] EN 14579, Natural stone test methods – Determination of sound speed propagation.[21] EN 14580, Natural stone test methods – Determination of static elastic modulus.[22] EN 14581, Natural stone test methods – Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient.
15.10.201617
15.10.201618
![Page 10: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10/15/2016
10
EN 14231 Slip resistance test bypendulum apparatus
15.10.201619
Geology of building stonesMain types of rocks• Igneous, Sedimentary, MetamorphicThe key controls of physical properties rocks• Mineralogy
- Minerals comprise rocks- Naturally occurring substances with a crystal lattice
• Texture- The size, shape, and arrangement of the grains (for sedimentary rocks) or crystals
(for igneous and metamorphic rocks)- Microscopic to macroscopic features
• Structure- Large scale features (outcrop, megascale)
15.10.201620
![Page 11: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
10/15/2016
11
Igneous rocks a.ka. Magmatic rocks
Magmatic rocks• Intrusive rocks a.k.a. plutonic rocks (hard, crystallization of magma in
deep bedrock)• Volcanic (lava flows produced by eruptions of magma)• Intrusive dikes and sills• Also: Pyroclastic deposits and rocks (products of explosive eruptions of
magma that have deposited directly without sedimentation andreworking cycles)
15.10.201621
Igneous rocks
Page 22Kuva: GTK/Paavo Härmä
![Page 12: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
10/15/2016
12
Volcanic rocks
• Most magma erupting on the surface as lava flows is basaltic• Andesites comprise smaller lava flows• Dacites and rhyolite lavas much less common• Relation of pyroclastics is opposite! Why?
Explosive eruptions
![Page 13: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
10/15/2016
13
Dykes
- Represent intrusion channels for magma- Cooled faster than intrusive rock but slower than volcanic rocks
Page 25
Sedimentation processes
15.10.201626
Sedimentary cycle
Transport byWater, wind,mass-flows,glaciers
Deposition asclastic orchemicalsediments
Stratifiedbeddingx-beddinglaminationgraded bedding
Massive
![Page 14: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
10/15/2016
14
Sedimentary rocks
Sediments and clastic sedimentaryrocksRounding of grains• Transport distance and mechanisms• Multiple cycles possibleSorting of grains• Depositional mechanismCement• Transforms a sediment to sedimentary rock• Cement: e.g. granular, prismatic• Matrix: microcrystalline matter, mainly deformed and recrystallized
grains
![Page 15: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
10/15/2016
15
Sandstones
Silica gel comprising hydrous, amorphous SiO2 and acommon cement in sandstones leads to alkali reactionswithin (manmade) portland-cement-pastes inducing seriousdamage to concreteQuartzite and quartz sandstone comprising crystalline SiO2(quartz) is hard and durable material that commonlycomprises excellent aggregates (but can be difficult to drillor excavate)!
MudstonesShales are one of the common building stones• Mudstones (and their low-degree metamorphic equivalents) can be
extremely difficult in terms of geotechnical properties- Disintegration when exposed to air and rain
• spalling- Low plasticity and liquid limits- Erosion- Expandable clay minerals
• Expand when dry clay is wetted• Also in wet clay if composition of water changes and induces ion exchange (Na to Ca)
On the other hand: BGS was established in 1832 to map mudstonesand shales that could be excavated easily• Construction of channel system to Devon, UK
![Page 16: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
10/15/2016
16
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks
Carbonate rocksEvaporites (particularly challenging forconstruction)PhosphoritesThe GIS approach to evaporite-karst geohazardsin Great Britain A. H. Cooper, Environ Geol (2008)53:981–992 ,DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0724-8
Metamorphosis
(Complete) recrystallization due to changes in temperature and pressure or temperatureRegional metamorphosis• Driven by tectonic processes (deformation)Contact metamorphosis• Driven by magmatismNew mineral assembly• No changes in overall chemistry• Adding or removal of fluids (water, carbon dioxide)
![Page 17: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
10/15/2016
17
Deformation and metamorphosisleads to anisotropismGneisses and migmatiteshowever, have higher strengthsthan schistsRetrograde metamorphosis andalteration along shear planes:particularly potential zones ofshear failure
Classification ofrocksexamples
15.10.201634
![Page 18: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
10/15/2016
18
Igneous rocks
A “field method” formacroscopic observationA standard method based onmicroscopic studies
EN 12670:2001
Classification ofvolcanic rocks
15.10.201636
EN 12670:2001
![Page 19: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
10/15/2016
19
Pyroclastic rocks
Based on volcanic “clasts”Composition (SiO2)
![Page 20: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10/15/2016
20
15.10.201639
15.10.201640
![Page 21: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
10/15/2016
21
Mudstones
Shale: fissile tectureMudstone preferable used when massive
Marl= clay +fine carbonates
15.10.201641
Field classification of sandstones
Classification based on grain size(clast size)The following is based classificationby Dickingson (1978)• For macroscopic studies
![Page 22: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
10/15/2016
22
Carbonate rocks
15.10.201643
Limestone classification
15.10.201644
![Page 23: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
10/15/2016
23
Metamorfic rocks
Simplified field classification
15.10.201646
(For the following not included terms:eclogite, granulite, leptite, migmatite,ophicalcite,phyllite,serpentinite, see 3.1.)
![Page 24: Building stones - Aalto · Building stones Dimension stone Natural stone or rock ... EN 12440, Natural stone - Denomination criteria. [8] EN 13161, Natural stone test methods ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052407/5b392f117f8b9a310e8e2aba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
10/15/2016
24
15.10.201647
Compton: Geology in the Field