Building Models Building Modelling

Building Models Building Modelling

Kaj A. JørgensenAalborg University, Department of

Production

Object-Oriented Building Models

Aalborg University Department of Production

Kaj A. Jørgensen

Aalborg

NewConcertHall



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Computerbaserede bygningsmodeller

Jørn Utzon skræller en appelsin

Jørn Utzon får geometrien af formen bestemt

Forudsætningen for et rationelt byggeri

Jørn Utzon skaber sin kunstneriske form 1957

Samtidig begynder det danske montagebyggeri



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Computeren som regnemaskine

Det er 3D - men ren geometri

Målsætning og produktionsgrundlag

Forudsætningen for et præcist byggeri

Computeren muliggør præcis geometri af frie former



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Komponenten er designet og programmeret hos producenten

Det er 3D – med ”Intelligens”

Arkitekten tager den ind i sit projekt – og tilpasser den

Den parametriske komponent

Den tilpassede komponent danner grundlag for producentens fremstilling, styklister, tilbud mv.

Arkitektens elektroniske bygningsmodel består således af objekter – så den kan gøres til genstand for simulering af forskellig art



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Bygningsmodel: Sorthøjparken Aalborg

Fundamentals of

Building models

Analytic models versus synthetic modelsThe object concept

Attributes



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Modelling: two approaches

Analytic modellingmodelling by abstraction

Synthetic modellingrealisation of artefacts

Abst

racti

on

Reali

sati

on

Analytic Model Synthetic Model

Object Artefact

Real W

orl

dM

odel W

orl

d



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Modelling: two kinds of models

Analytic models Synthetic models

Abst

racti

on

Reali

sati

on


Object Artefact

Real W

orl

dM

odel W

orl

d



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Synthetic Modelling is the Foundation

Abst

racti

on

Reali

sati

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Object Artefact

Real W

orl

dM

odel W

orl

d



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Synthetic Building Models

Modelling is performed as a synthetic modelThe physical building is constructed from a synthetic model

Various representations are necessaryon different levels of abstraction

on different levels of detail

Several domains must be included in the representation building

actors and resources

activities

etc.

The building should be modelled for the complete life cycle



Kaj A. Jørgensen

The Object Concept

In the real worldobjects are living and communicating organismsobjects have properties

• factual properties• operational properties - behaviour

In data modelssoftware objects are representations of real world objects software objects are described by attributesanalytic view: classes of objects - members of classessynthetic view: types of objects - objects are instances of typestwo design levels: the type level and the object levelabstraction mechanisms classification and composition can be applied

Communicatin Living Objects



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Modelling

Building CAD tools generally containModels of physical objects and products is the foundation

• Walls, columns, beams, openings, etc.Libraries of objects and products

• Windows, doors, furniture, lamps, etc.

An analytic view of the building is often usedA number of problems are related to this, e.g.

• What are rooms?• Is a complete front wall one or many objects?• How can functional requirements be described?

A number of other tools must be used also - model exchange



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Objects – e.g. wall-element

Models are built from objectsObject properties are specified

GeometryMaterialsPrices

Models

Generic model componentAttributes and structures of sub-

componentsRelationships

Modelling matrix



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Information Modelling: Generic Model Component

Model componentLiving organism - communicating

Content:• attributes

factual - state operational - behaviour

• structures of sub-components

references collections

Encapsulation - attributes can be

• visible for other systems• hidden from other system



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Data Modelling Fundamentals, cont.

ReferencesA reference contains the address value of another objectSymbol in type diagrams: arrowA reference can be used to represent an oriented relationship between two objectsexamples: window wall floor roombuilding building complex



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Data Modelling Fundamentals, cont.

CollectionsOriented relationship between two object types examples: wall --->> window, room --->> wallSymbol in type diagrams: double-headed arrowAnchor type and body typeIdentified by a special attribute in the anchor typeOne-to-many relationshipsInternal organisation - information structure:

• static structure - array• dynamic/linked structures – standard structures: lists,

trees, networks

Object types Objects

?CDset CDdata ?



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Dynamic Data Structures - Linked Representations

Characteristics - EfficiencyInsert and remove operationsRetrieval operations – most efficient: search trees

Standard structuresList structures

• Single-linked• Double-linked

Tree structures• Binary trees• Multi-way trees

Networks



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Model Detailing: Attributes X Structure

Identification of attributes

Identificationof structure



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Instantiation from Model Component Types

Component typesPrimary content of information modelsIdentification - definition - specificationAttributes - name, data type, constraintsRelationship types

• reference types• collection types• can be defined by special

attributes

ComponentsGenerated from typesIndefinite number of instances



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Representation of Models

Fundamental system conceptsAbstraction mechanisms

CompositionClassification

Object-orientationObjects with properties and behaviourOO modelling is modelling in multiple dimensionsTaxonomies of models are the foundation

• Objects and relationships are selected from taxonomies• Objects have pre-defined sets of properties

Model components are interrelated software objectsBuilding models: representing e.g. walls, floors, roofs, windows, doors



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Representation on Multiple Abstraction Levels is Necessary

Proposed logical abstraction levels above the physical level

Purpose, the overall purpose or need for the buildingUse, the user processesFunction, the functionalities/features of the buildingForm, the architectural characteristicsStructure, the structural characteristicsComponents, the building contentsPerformance, the building performance

Dual viewRequirements Fulfilment



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Product Models and The Building Model

Building Model

Model of StandardObject/End-product

-Finalised

Model of StandardElement/Product

-Parameterised

Model of Structured Product-

Finalised/Parameterised/Configurable

Proprietary ProductFamily Model

Open ProductFamily Model

SupplierConfiguration Designer Configuration



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Model and Separate Construction Model

Building Model – for the building life cycle

Construction Model

Buildingobjects

Operations,equipment, etc.



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Model and Construction Models

Project organisationProject composition – network of activities and operationsThe building is the basis – additional decomposition necessaryAdditional objects related to production, not incl. in the buildingProduction equipmentEach operation

Input: set of objectsOutput: one or more objectsAttributes: use of resources, constraints, etc.

The building model must be updatedMaterial consumption, elapsed time, cost, etc.



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Construction Tasks/Operations

Relationships between building components and tasks/operations

Building components Building componentOperation

Wall with opening

Window

Screws

Etc.

Wall with opening and window

Insertion of

window

Building components as well as operations and relationships should be defined in the building model



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Building Model and Construction Model

Building ModelStorey

+ S2Building component+ BC1– BC2

Building component

+ BC21– BC22

Building comp.+ BC221– BC222

...

Extra Parts

CX1CX2

CX3

CX4...

Equipment

EX1

EX2

EX3

EX4...

Construction Model

Resources

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4...



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Quantity Take off and Cost Estimation

Example: wall with openings (door and window)

Quantities:• Length• Height• Thickness• Gross volume• Net volume• Gross area• Net area• Length of wall connections• Opening width• Opening height• Length of opening circumference

Materials of each layer

Activities/jobsScaffoldingTollsEtc.



Kaj A. Jørgensen

Selected references

My own papershttp://www.iprod.aau.dk/bygit/Web3B/Web3B_files/TechnicalReports/ReportDraft.pdfwww.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/papers/ProductFamilyModellingForConstruction.pdfwww.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/common/SystemConcepts.pdf

IAI – International Alliance for Interoperabilitywww.iai-international.org

BLIS Projectwww.blis-project.orgwww.blis-project.org/~sable

http://www.iprod.aau.dk/bygit/Web3B/Web3B_files/TechnicalReports/ReportDraft.pdf

http://www.iprod.aau.dk/bygit/Web3B/Web3B_files/TechnicalReports/ReportDraft.pdf

http://www.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/papers/ProductFamilyModellingForConstruction.pdf

http://www.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/papers/ProductFamilyModellingForConstruction.pdf

http://www.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/common/SystemConcepts.pdf

http://www.iprod.auc.dk/~kaj/documents/common/SystemConcepts.pdf

http://www.iai-international.org/

http://www.blis-project.org/

http://www.blis-project.org/~sable

The end

Thank you

Building Models Building Modelling

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