Building Integration Common Work Package - FBBB RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package...
Transcript of Building Integration Common Work Package - FBBB RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package...
Building Integration Common Work Package Workpackage 3
June 2003
Prepared by:
Cenergia Energy Consultants, DK
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Work Package participants:
Whitby Bird & Partners, UK
Axys Innovations/Boomsma, NL
Powerlight, DE
Enecolo, CH
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Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
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1. Executive summary
This report has investigated the different building integration techniques used in the
Resurgence projects.
The prices for the integrated PV systems vary within the range of 2.7 Euro/Wp to 7.05
Euro/Wp with an average price of about 5.54 Euro/Wp. The cheapest systems are the
systems for flat roofs, where there are also normally fewest obstacles, like no shading, no
or few architectural restrictions and no restrictions for location of the modules.
In order to successfully achieve further market implementation of building integrated PV
systems, a number of consecutive actions are required:
* Further cost reductions and improvement of the economics of building integrated PV
* Enhancement of the technical and architectural quality of building integrated PV
* Assessment and removal of non-technical barriers.
The projects have documented that there is a need for further development of building
integration PV standard systems. One problem is that it is often necessary to adjust the
existing systems to a specific building. If the PV system shall be a fully integrated part of a
building, then it is necessary for the system to have other functions than production of
electricity. If the system also acts as a weatherproof layer or as a solar shading system or
can be used for insulation, the overall prices can be reduced since it is possible to reduce
the use of traditional building materials.
There are also still many non-technical problems to overcome like the possible overlapping
between the work of different labour groups (electricians and installers), definition of
maintenance of the systems, etc.
One of the overall aims of the Resurgence project was to make a common procurement
package for all the involved projects. However it turned out that this was not possible. For
the first, only very few companies responded to the tender and it turned out that although
some similar integration techniques were used in the projects, there were still too many
individual differences and individualities in each project. This shows that there is a need
for further development of reliable systems for building integration of PV systems so that
systems are applicable for several building types.
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List of Content:
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 2
2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. DELIVERABLES ......................................................................................................................... 5
3. BACKGROUND FOR BUILDING INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES ...................................... 7
4. TYPES OF PV-MODULES .......................................................................................................... 10
5. REVIEW OF BUILDING INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES ................................................... 13
5.1. COMBINED INTEGRATED PV-SOLUTIONS .............................................................................. 14 5.2. BUILDING INTEGRATION POSSIBILITIES ................................................................................ 14
6. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST PRACTICE BUILDING INTEGRATION METHODS ....... 16
7. BUILDING INTEGRATION EXAMPLES ................................................................................ 20
7.1. SWITZERLAND ........................................................................................................................ 20 7.1.1. Jasminweg, Zürich ............................................................................................................... 20 7.1.2. Marchwartstrasse, Zürich .................................................................................................... 21 7.1.3. Huob, Pfäffikon .................................................................................................................... 23 7.1.4. Chemin de Florency, Lausanne ........................................................................................... 24 7.2. THE NEDERLANDS .................................................................................................................. 25 7.2.1. De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord ....................................................................... 25 7.2.2. De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos .......................................................................... 27 7.2.3. Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel ..................................................................................... 28 7.3. GERMANY ............................................................................................................................... 29 7.4. DENMARK ............................................................................................................................... 30 7.4.1. Workers Union Building, SID, Copenhagen ........................................................................ 30 7.4.2. Students house, Herning ...................................................................................................... 31 7.4.3. Hammerthor, Herning .......................................................................................................... 34 7.5. UK ........................................................................................................................................... 35 7.5.1. Whitecross Street ................................................................................................................. 35 7.5.2. Priors Estate ........................................................................................................................ 40 7.6. TOTAL OVERVIEW OF PROJECT COSTS .................................................................................. 42
8. PV SYSTEM PROCUREMENT COMMON WORK PACKAGE .......................................... 43
9. PV BUILDING INTEGRATION AND PROCUREMENT WORKSHOP IN ZURICH. ...... 44
10. DISSEMINATION OF WORKPACKAGE RESULTS ............................................................ 46
11. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 47
Annex:
1. Partner contribution from building integration workshop, May 2002 in Zurich
2. Large scale Building integration Plan Valby, Copenhagen
3. Life cycle cost analysis for project in Valby, Copenhagen
4. Tender and Procurement reports
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Abbreviations:
PV Photovoltaic
WP Work Package
kWp Kilo watt peak
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
V Volt
R&D Research and development
€ Euro
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2. Introduction
RESURGENCE is an EC-funded project aimed at integration of PV as part of urban
regeneration. Under the RESURGENCE project it is proposed that 1.3 MWp of
photovoltaics will be installed across 5 European countries. The RESURGENCE contract
has been signed between the European Commission and 17 project partners, representing
the 5 countries. The participating countries are Denmark, Germany, Netherlands,
Switzerland and the U.K. Further to the installation of generating capacity the project
identifies the following four key aims,
PV system cost reduction
Increased socio-economic acceptability and social sustainability
Exploitation of liberalised energy markets and
Finance innovation
The project targets the social housing/urban regeneration sector, which offers tremendous
opportunities for realisation of these aims. A specific objective, contained within one of
the project Work Packages required by the EC contract, is to demonstrate the potential for
cost reductions through competition and economies of scale.
This report seeks to identify the different trends for building integration of PV in the five
partner countries. Although there are different approaches towards the building integration
of PV technologies in the five participating countries, there is also some common ground
for the building integration of PV systems.
Although commercially available for many years, PV technologies have only recently
become sufficiently affordable and efficient to be a practical alternative or supplement to
conventional grid power. PV devices are commonly mounted on a structure on a rooftop.
Building integration is one of the most important aspects for a wider use of photovoltaic
technologies. The trend is moving more and more towards a total integration of PV panels
into standard building elements such as windows, roofing elements or façade elements; PV
is even used to enhance the architectural expression of a building in some projects.
2.1. Objectives
The aim of the report is to:
Identify best practice building integration of photovoltaic systems.
Develop adequate and cost efficient building integration systems for a variety of
European building types.
Pre-define tendering package for building integration systems (WP7).
Disseminate (internally) building integration system guidance to all participants
(housing associations, local authorities, architects, engineers, utilities and
manufacturers of PV integration systems).
2.2. Deliverables
D6: Best practice Guidance Notes on building integration systems for both internal and
external dissemination.
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D7: Cost-efficient, common building integration systems.
D8: Tendering package for building integration systems.
D9: Building integration Report.
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3. Background for Building Integration Techniques
PV-modules have for many years been used as so-called stand alone systems where an
alternative electricity supply would normally be too expensive (e.g. calculating machines,
monitoring equipment, pleasure boats, lighthouses, traffic lights and mountain cottages).
But within the last few years the interest has increased concerning using PV systems in
buildings for either local electricity production or production to the grid system and with
sale of PV electricity in the same way as e.g. electricity produced by windmills.
It is still expensive to install grid connected PV-systems. The prices of solar cells, PV
modules and PV systems are however steadily decreasing owing to financial support
schemes, policies to R&D, and ambitious effort by PV manufacturers. In e.g. Japan
average prices of PV modules have decreased to 12.3Euro/W in 2001 from 13.9 Euro/W in
2000 (about 12% decrease). In addition, typical prices of PV systems, also in Japan,
decreased to about 24.1 Euro/W in 2001 from 25.6 Euro/W in 2000 (about 6% decrease)
for PV systems with more than 10 kW capacity for public and industrial facilities use, and
to 19.6 Euro/W in 2001 from 21.8 Euro/W in 2000 (about 10% decrease) for 3 - 5 kW PV
systems for residential use. In many places in Europe it is now the aim to install systems at
a price around 7-8 Euro/W. Figure 3.1 shows the development in PV prices in dollars.
figure 3.1
Wholesale Price of Photovoltaic Panels
(1997 fixed dollars per rated peak watt), ref. World Bank
The decrease in the prices is due to a strong increase in the production. The price of PV-
modules has been reduced by 50 % every fifth to seventh year since 1978. In many
countries there is therefore a belief that this technology can play an important role in a
future solar energy society.
Fig. 2.2 shows the development of PV production capacity.
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D eve lo p m e n t in the prod u ctio n k ap ac ity fo r PV-m o du les a t w o rld le vel
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figure 3.2
Development of the production capacity for PV-modules at world level
(Ref. Photon 1998-2002).
To obtain the best possible integration and economy for grid connected PV-modules it is
necessary to focus on the possibilities to integrate the PV systems on building facades and
roofs and other constructions. A German investigation has documented that building
integrated PV-systems can cover up to 40 % of the existing electricity consumption in
households.
Moreover the World Watch Institute has the opinion that on a long view PV-modules can
be part of a hydrogen based energy system that also includes fuel cells and a possibility to
store the energy. There will also be decentralised solutions, which can e.g. be used in the
transport sector too.
In a number of countries, the development of building integrated PV-modules, connected
to the electricity supply system, has grown very fast, supported by large national plans for
use of PV in buildings.
The initial cost of PV-modules has until now been high and has thus prevented the
extension. However, improved efficiency, increasing environmental awareness and
improved agreements concerning network connected PV-systems and improved support
policy are now expected to turn the standstill and make way for an intensive development
and use of PV-modules. This may within the next years have an important impact on the
pricing.
Integration of PV-modules has in addition to the energy effect a considerable and
challenging influence on the architecture. In recent years a number of good examples of
PV-integrated buildings have been developed and several producers of building elements,
e.g. window producers, have presented systems for integration of PV-modules into other
standard elements.
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figure 3.3
Example from a utility company’s headquarter in Aachen in Germany PV modules integrated in
window wall.
figure 3.4
PV-modules integrated in a roof window in the
energy balance house in Amersfoort in Holland
figure 3.5
Window integrated PV-modules in the facade on the
library in Mataro near Barcelona Spain.
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4. Types of PV-modules
PV-modules are in most cases made of silicon. There are in principle two types of silicon
based PV-modules: crystalline and amorphous, of which the last type is a so-called thin
film PV-module.
The crystalline module exists in two types: mono-crystalline and polycrystalline. The
mono-crystalline is the most efficient with up to 15-17 % efficiency but it is also the most
expensive. Polycrystalline PV-modules are easier to produce and therefore cheaper. The
efficiency is only a little lower than for the mono-crystalline with approx. 12 % efficiency.
The visual appearance is different for the two types of crystalline PV-modules, as close by
it is possible to see the structure of the crystals and the many nuances in polycrystalline
PV-modules.
figure 4.1
Monocrystaline PV modules integrated in roof, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Figure 4.2
Polycrystaline PV Modules, Skovlunde, Denmark
The cheapest solution per m² is the amorphous thin film PV-modules, which in return only
has an efficiency of 4-6 %.
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figure 4.3
Amorphous solar cells, Copenhagen Denmark
The amorphous cells have a number of advantages compared to the crystalline excluding
the yield:
The price is 1/3 of the crystalline;
They use less energy by production;
They have a uniform colour and a homogeneous appearance;
They are less sensitive to partial shadow areas;
They are less sensitive to temperature variations;
There are potential for making them cheaper.
But at the same time seems difficult at the moment to get a satisfactory high quality
production with a reasonable efficiency.
The wafers are normally opaque but e.g. crystalline PV-modules can be placed with a gap
between the cells in a glass pane with which the entire module gets some kind of a
transparent appearance. Modules built with closely spaced PV-modules are not transparent.
It is also possible to have semitransparent PV-modules, where the wafers are made with
tiny wholes in, only they have a lower efficiency.
In addition to amorphous PV-modules there are a number of other new types of thin film
PV-modules, which are interesting especially with regard to the price. This is CIS and
CIGS modules, where the efficiency is apparently approx. 10 %, and CdTe modules
(cadmium telluride).
The problem for the last mentioned is, however, that cadmium is included in the product,
just as it e.g. is in rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. Even though it is assured that
they are 100 % reusable, this must be demonstrated in practice before it is possible for the
users with a clear conscience to consider the use of these PV-modules. They can
apparently be produced at a lower price, but this is still only in the research phase. Finally
the organic PV-modules can be mentioned, which can in principle be produced at a low
price, but these are still also in the research phase.
PV-modules are always built of a number of interconnected cells that constitute a module.
One cell can only produce 0,5 V. In practice a number of serial connected cells are
connected in a module to obtain a useable power on e.g. 12 V.
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PV-modules can be put together to large surfaces. As the produced electricity is direct
current (DC), the electricity it is either going to be used at once for operation of electrical
equipment that can use DC electricity or it is transformed into AC electricity.
If an inverter is installed, a possibility to connect the system to the ordinary electricity
supply system is obtained. This means that in periods where the electricity production is
larger than the consumption, the electricity can be sold to the ordinary electricity supply
system. Another solution is to utilise a so-called net-metering concept where it is possible
to utilise an electricity meter that can measure both electricity bought and electricity sold
(it can “run both ways”). The result of this concept is that it is possible to get a payment for
the PV electricity, which is the same as the normal electricity price. But if it is possible to
get higher prices, e.g. in connection to a solar stock exchange or feed in tariff like in
Germany then this is a better solution.
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5. Review of building integration techniques
PV building-integrated technologies have great potentials for ensuring a renewable energy
based energy supply especially in cities. Here good architectural solutions will be a must if
the public shall approve large-scale implementation.
Especially new buildings and rehabilitation projects have considerable saving potentials,
both as regards materials and installations by integration of PV-modules in the façade or
roof surfaces on a building. If a standard building integrated PV-system is used, it can in
some cases be possible to obtain a lower price of the PV-module facade or roof than the
price for only the PV-modules, as the possible savings of façade or roof surfaces can be
considerable. PV-module can have more functions than only producing electricity, it can
be used as a roofing element, keeping out rain and protecting the building against wind, PV
can be integrated into glazing systems and function as a window element, it can be
integrated as a solar shading element or it can let in light. PV can also be integrated in
facades or balconies and thereby replacing traditional construction elements.
The term building integration of PV systems is used in many connections, however often
the PV systems are not actually integrated in the building structure but merely placed e.g.
on top of the building or outside the facade. A real integration is achieved when the PV
modules are acting as other building material and not as something extra added on the
building after the completion of the building. When PV are more widely accepted among
building owners and architects, when the efficiency of PV modules will be increased and
when the price is reduced, it is most likely that there will be more “real” integration of PV
in the building design.
New investigations show that on office blocks, where the façade surface is often very
expensive, electricity from PV-modules will within a few years be competitive to ordinary
electricity from the electricity supply system.
The further integration requires that the modules can be purchased in similar sizes as other
building materials and integrated in traditional mounting systems, e.g. curtain wall
systems, skylight construction etc.
When building integrated PV-modules are looked at, the experiences from projects have
shown examples of both very expensive solutions and also solutions that does not cost
extra because they are building integrated. This will be an important item to focus on in
connection with the next years development work for PV-modules.
It will be the aim to develop PV-designs at lower prices than today and therefore it is a
great challenge to get integration designs developed for PV-modules for roofs and facades
in buildings that does not results in considerable additional expenses.
It is an obvious possibility to aim at a close co-operation between PV-module suppliers,
PV-module specialists and building component producers. At the same time it is necessary
to focus on hybrid utilisation of PV-modules to secure that a market for utilisation of
building integrated PV-modules is created quickly on a normal financial basis.
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A potential issue when PV systems are mounted on a roof deck that provides weather
tightness is that mechanical fixing associated with the PV could compromise this weather
tightness. For example a roof contractor may be reluctant to offer a warranty if PV
installation work is to be carried out on the roof following completion of their own works.
5.1. Combined integrated PV-solutions
By combining the use of PV modules with other functions it is possible to increase the
overall efficiency of the systems and thereby reduce the investment costs. This can e.g.
include use of PV-modules for preheating of ventilation air and use of PV-modules for
direct operation of ventilation. But also use of e.g. PV-modules for direct operation of
lighting systems or PV-modules as part of daylight solutions or sun protection solutions are
interesting to work on.
By integration of PV-modules it is sometimes also possible to utilise not only the
production of electricity from the modules but also the production of heat. Furthermore the
electricity production from the PV-modules is increased when the modules are cooled, so it
is possible to take the heat away from the modules and using it for e.g. heating of
ventilation air. The above-mentioned solution also has advantages regarding obtaining the
best possible balance between the energy that is used for production of the PV-modules
and the yield that can be obtained within the lifetime of the PV-modules.
PV-modules can on a long term also operate together with natural gas fired local combined
heat and power systems in a beneficial way for the society. The heat demand during the
summer is not very large and it sets a limit for a combined heat and power production in
this period. Electricity production from PV-modules increases the local electricity
production, also resulting in reduced net losses. Electricity from PV-modules does neither
compete with utilisation of solar heating for hot water.
5.2. Building integration possibilities
The shape of PV systems is determined by the way the photovoltaic wafers are produced.
The most used types are the mono- and crystalline types, where a siliceous crystal is made.
Mono-crystalline wafers are, as the name says, made of one large crystal. The shape of this
is originally round, but can be cut square either with rounded corners or as a real square,
which is then smaller. The material is very brittle and it is therefore necessary that there is
a layer of glass or similar on both the front and the back. The wafers, which are 10 cm x 10
cm and about 0,3 mm thick are put together under a pane of glass. This pane or the PV
module can in principle be made according to the demand, but most manufacturers have a
standard measure for a PV module.
figure 5.1 Mono-crystalline wafers.
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The modules are available both with frames and without frames. This means that the most
common type is a glass-like flat pane, with no load bearing capabilities, but the same
resistance against rain and wind as a windowpane.
This makes it most obvious to use PV systems in the same way, that glass has been used in
buildings, the only problem is that the PV cells blocks out the light, so it can not replace
windows, where the need is daylighting and a look to the outside. However this still leaves
many possibilities for using the PV modules for e.g. shading systems etc.
Another possibility is to use the modules as e.g. a part of the roof. Some PV modules are
formed as roof tiles and can be integrated in standard roofing systems, giving the same
water resistance as the traditional materials.
Other possibilities, not directly building integrated, is the mounting of PV modules on an
existing roof or on the outside of a façade, or mounted on e.g. flat roofs in trays or other
similar systems. These methods are being more and more developed and the mounting
systems are being integrated into traditional building systems.
figure 5.2
Example of PV module, polycrystalline frameless with black tedler background.
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6. Identification of best practice building integration methods
In the following there will be a short description of different integration techniques.
Cenergia, Denmark
Roof mounted PV
The PV modules are fixed on top of a traditional
roof with different systems, either fixing the PV
module directly to e.g. a roof tile or with a screw
system going through the tiles. The latter requires a
water proofing system to avoid leakage problems.
Advantage: Very good solution for existing
buildings.
Disadvantage: Problems with water proofing,
problem when the roof has to be repaired or
replaced. The ventilation of the modules is not very
good.
BEAR Architecten, Holland
PV roof tile integrated system
The PV modules are the same shape as roof tiles or
made of a system, that can be mounted like roof
tiles. Can work as the waterproof part of the roof or
as normal roof tiles with a waterproof layer
underneath. Can both be in the form of small tiles
and also bigger tiles.
Advantages: Replaces the traditional roofing
system, gives a better integrated look (may look
like the rest of the roof).
Disadvantages: many connections, difficult to
control faults. There may be more shading of the
panels. Expensive production if the tiles are not
made of standard elements. Poor ventilation of
modules.
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Enecolo, Switzerland
Free standing PV modules on flat roof
The PV modules are mounted on profiles or similar,
which are secured and fixed to the flat roof.
Advantages: Cannot be seen from the ground, easy
to mount, can be placed independently of the
building orientation. Good ventilation of modules.
Disadvantages: Difficult to get the roof watertight,
necessary to penetrate the roof-surface. The wires
are exposed to UV light from the sun. Must be
removed if the roof shall be renovated.
Enecolo, Switzerland
PV on flat roofs on concrete elements
The PV modules are mounted to a heavyweight
element or an element filled with stone or rubble.
This means that it is not necessary to fix it to the
roof and no penetrations are necessary.
Advantages: No penetration of roof necessary, can
be placed anywhere, cheap solution. Easy to install.
Disadvantages: Heavy weight, difficult to ventilate
the modules.
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Powerlight, Germany
Horizontal PV on flat roof
Roof construction with PV and insulation, can be
used to insulate an existing flat roof.
Advantages: good for lightweight roof
construction like industrial buildings. Easy to
install.
Disadvantages: Lower electricity production than
tilted modules. Poor ventilation of modules.
Cenergia, Denmark
Façade mounted PV
Ventilated façade elements, where the outer layer is
a PV module and is weather proof.
Advantages: Can be combined with other façade
systems.
Disadvantages: difficult to get enough ventilation
around the modules, problems with shading from
surroundings.
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Cenergia, Denmark
PV shading system
PV modules are integrated in a shading system.
Advantages: The electricity production is highest
when the need for shading is also high.
Disadvantages: Small modules, many connections,
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7. Building Integration Examples
In the Resurgence project there is a special focus on the social housing sector, which has
been very supportive concerning the use of PV in many EU countries. In connection to this
it is important to introduce reliable and low cost PV solutions and try to avoid costly
“fancy” architecture where the electricity production in some cases is not so high due to
e.g. shadows, vertical installations or poor backside cooling of the PV-panels. Also the
possibility of easy maintenance and aesthetic solutions should be introduced. To be able to
ensure the most professional operation of the PV system, PV investments can be organised
by special organisations like Edisun in the Solar Stock Exchange in Switzerland or the PV-
Coop being prepared in Copenhagen in relation to the Solar Stock exchange here.
In the following it is illustrated how PV-modules can be integrated in buildings in different
ways with focus on the five project member countries, Switzerland, Germany, Holland,
England and Denmark.
7.1. Switzerland
In Switzerland four projects have been realised. The projects are the following:
Name of Project Integration Method Effect
Jasminweg, Zürich Sofrel on flat green roof 24 kW
Marchwartstrasse, Zürich Solrif integrated into pitched roof 46 kW
Huob, Pfäffikon Flat roof installation, Solgreen 32 kW
Chemin de Florency,
Lausanne
Solrif system on pitched roof 38 kW
7.1.1. Jasminweg, Zürich
This project will be realised on a new low-energy-building belonging to the
housing association „Allgemeine Baugenossenschaft Zürich“ (ABZ). Owner
of the installation will be the company Edisun Power. The energy will be
sold into the local solar stock exchange in Zürich.
The System:
Solarcells are placed on the flat roof, using the system
Sofrel, which consist of two concrete consoles, which are
placed directly on the roof with no wholes or penetration
of the roofing structure. The solar panel is glued onto
some clips fixed on the concrete consoles.
Figure 7.1
Jasminweg Zürich
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The Concolles
The clips
Cleaning of the clips
Silicon glue is put on the clips
The module is placed on the clips
Secured with a light pressure
figure 7.2
Illustrations of the Sofrel mounting system
Advantages:
The system is very easy to install, there are no penetration of the roof, and it is possible to
renovate the roof later. Good ventilation of the panels.
Disadvantages:
The weight of the consoles makes it necessary to use e.g. a crane; it is necessary that the
roof is made so that it is possible to walk on it.
7.1.2. Marchwartstrasse, Zürich
Building and installation owner is the housing association company
„Allgemeine Baugenossenschaft Zürich“ (ABZ). The energy will be sold
into the local solar stock exchange of Zurich. Together with an existing
installation, it will become the largest housing PV installation of
Switzerland.
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The system:
PV panels are installed direct on the
existing roof using the system, Solrif,
which consists of a standard PV
module and four special extruded
aluminium profiles, which are
enclosing the panel as a frame. The
system works as a roof construction
and protects the roof against rain and
wind. The mounting system is suitable
for all sloped roofs in existing or new
buildings and fulfils high aesthetic
requirements.
SOLRIF enables the roof integration of laminates amidst normal clay tiles but also the total
covering of the roof. The bottom profile is designed to let snow glide off and grime to be
washed away by rain - in contrast to standard module frames. The self-purification of
modules guaranties their full electrical capacity at all times. The Solrif aluminium profile
system is independent of the size of the PV laminates and is therefore suited to all makes
of standard laminates up to 5,5 mm thickness. As an option, the profiles are available in
any colour for optimal matching to the surrounding and the laminate.
Installation of Solrif panels is simple and quick. The work step complies with the standard
clay tile laying procedure because of the similar surrounding design. Furthermore Solrif
provides a variable head- and side-lap of the panels against horizontal and vertical
deformation of the support. The panels will be simply hung-in to metal stirrups fixed to the
vertical or horizontal battens. The concept allows each Solrif module to be removed and
replaced individually.
figure 7.3
Marchwartstrasse, Zürich
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 23
figure 7.4
PV modules are installed on the existing roof
figure 7..5
Detail of the edge
figure 7.6,
Details of the mounting system Solrif
Advantages:
It is very easy to install, since it is similar to normal tile installation principles. Can be
placed on existing roofs, act as a weather tight layer. Standard PV modules can be used.
Disadvantages:
It is important to make the details around edges very precise.
7.1.3. Huob, Pfäffikon
This project will be realised on a newly erected low-energy-building of
„Swiss Re“ (Re-Insurance company). Owner of the installation will be
Edisun Power. The energy will be sold to the utility ewz, which runs a
heating system as contractor in this building.
The System:
The roof will be a green flat roof with vegetation, where the system Solgreen will be
installed. The system is using the covering material (gravel etc) as ballast, thereby the
weight of the construction can be reduced and it is easier to handle and install on the roof.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 24
A corrugated roof plate with special fixing
points is placed directly on the roofing felt.
There is no penetration of the roofing felt.
Gravel or soil is spread over the roof and
the corrugated roofing plates. An
aluminium frame is locked to the fixing
points in the corrugated roof plate. This
construction allows the use of frameless
modules and also the use of vegetation on
the roof. The only concern is that the
vegetation shall be short in order not to
make shadows on the panels.
7.1.4. Chemin de Florency, Lausanne
An existing building has got a new roof, where the entire area of the one
side is a PV roof. Building owner is „Le logement simple“, a local housing
association that owns only that one building. Installation owner is Edisun
Power. The energy will be sold into the local solar stock exchange of
Lausanne.
The system:
The system Solrif has also been used for this
project, where the entire roof area on one side
of the roof is covered with PV panels,
working as a weatherproof roof.
figure 7.7
Huob, Pfäffikon
figure 7.8
Chemin de Florency, Lausanne
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 25
figure 7.9
SOLRIF Solar Roof Integration System
Advantages:
Normal standard modules are used.
Disadvantages:
Condensation may occur under the panels, the ventilation of the modules is not very good.
7.2. The Nederlands
Three PV projects have been realised in Holland.
Project Integration method Effect
St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord Pitched roof integrated
system
1 MWp
De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer,
Savelsbos
Flat roof 99 kWp
Woonconcept, Hoogeveen,
Krakeel
Sloped roof 78,6 kWp
7.2.1. De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord
The first steps towards this largest pv project in the world with roof filling
PV-systems in existing stock were taken in fall 2000. Housing association St
Joseph Apeldoorn consulted Lafarge Roof-products whether or not solar
panels were a feasible alternative to the roof tiles, which needed to be
replaced. Finally it was decided to fill the roofs with some 2,5 kWp of solar
panels. Lafarge developed a new system especially for this site, mainly
concentrating on cost reduction.
Municipality: Apeldoorn (NL)
Housing Association: St. Joseph Apeldoorn
Numer of apartments: 120
Solar power: 245 kWp DC
Expected yield: 65.000 kWh/yr
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 26
The system:
Frameless PV modules are fixed with
clips screwed to wooden beams. The PV
modules are overlapping each other like
roof tiles and works as a traditional roof,
protecting against rain and wind.
Modules: Lafarge
Inverters: Mastervolt Solar Sunmaster
QS3200 inverter
figure 7.11
PV system in Apeldoorn
Advantages:
Easy to install. Standard modules can be used.
Disadvantages:
Difficult to ventilate, many connections
Price:
Costs of installations: € 1.727.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=7,05 €/Wp)
figure 7.10
De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 27
7.2.2. De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos
The Savelbos PV-project is the largest one-roof PV-project at housing
associations in the Netherlands so far. The project is developed by
Ekomation, a Dutch PV project developer. Ekomation has found the
Zoetermeer based housing association De Goede Woning willing to
purchase a large PV-system. The apartment block ‘Savelsbos’ combines a
large roof surface with a good orientation. One of the main reasons for the
management of De Goede Woning to execute this PV-project was the
opportunity to show the association’s move from a rather conservative and cautious
organisation to a more progressive and socially/environmentally involved organisation. In
several ways the project has been and will be promoted to especially the tenants of De
Goede Woning and the inhabitants of Zoetermeer.
Municipality: Zoetermeer
Housing Association: De Goede
Woning (based at Zoetermeer)
Numer of apartments: 309
Solar power: 99 kWp DC
Expected yield: 65.000 kWh/yr
The System:
PV panels are placed on a flat roof with
roofing asphalt and shingles on a framing
system.
Modules: 600 x PV-modules Isofotón
I-165
Inverters: 25 x SMA Sunny Boy 3000
Control system: Sunny Boy Control with GSM-modem
figure 7.13
PV modules on the roof in the “de geode Woening”
figure 7.12
De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 28
Advantages:
Easy to install on existing flat roof. Can be used for all types of panels.
Disadvantages:
Prices:
Costs of installations: € 547.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=5,53 €/Wp)
7.2.3. Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel
The PV project Krakeel is part of the large renovation plan of Krakeel.
Woonconcept housing association wants to upgrade this living area to a
great extent. The dwellings are renovated completely on the inside and on
the outside. Inside, the kitchen and bathroom are completely replaced and
also new radiators and a mechanical ventilation unit are installed. In
addition, a large number of measures are taken to reduce energy
consumption and to make use of solar energy. Roofs and outer walls are well insulated and
high efficiency boilers coupled with solar collector replace old boilers. Furthermore, solar
panels (PV) are used and double-glazing is installed. The totally achieved CO2 emission
reduction is 60%. A large number of renovated dwellings will be sold to the current
tenants.
Project name: Krakeel
Municipality: Hoogeveen
Housing Association: Woonconcept (based at
Meppel)
Dwellings: 126
Solar Power per dwelling: 624 Wp
Total Solar Power: 78,6 kWp
The System:
Modules per dwelling: 6 x Shell Solar RSM 105
ACN
Inverters: attached to the module (AC-module)
Control system: none
Advantages:
Good location on sloped roof
Disadvantages:
Restrictions in location due to architectural look of building, poor ventilation of modules.
Prices:
Costs of installations: € 535.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=6,81 €/Wp)
figure 7.14
Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 29
7.3. Germany
In Germany two different systems are used, one traditional system added on to a slopping
roof and one using the system PowerGuard,
which is placed on a flat roof.
System:
PowerGuard
is a patented photovoltaic (PV) roof tile assembly system that
delivers solar electricity to the building while protecting the roof from the
damaging effects of weather and ultraviolet rays (UV).
The PowerGuard® tiles have insulating polystyrene foam on the back
thereby increasing building thermal insulation and extending the lifetime of
the roof. Tiles are electrically interconnected to an inverter, which feeds AC power to the
building electrical system.
This lightweight system installs in
discrete arrays with no roofing
penetrations and is suitable for flat
to moderately sloped roofs. The
PowerGuard® system can be inte-
grated into new and re-roofing
projects or readily applied over
existing roofs. Tiles feature inter-
locking edges, which enable the
overall system to resist wind uplift
without roof penetrations.
PowerGuard® tiles are electrically
connected in rows using weather-
proof quick-connects. Around the
perimeter of each PowerGuard®
array, RT Curb is installed as
ballast. Rainwater is permitted to
drain between the edges of the ti-
les and flow over the roofing
membrane to typical drainage
courses.
Advantages:
No roof penetration, needs no additional fixing. Suitable for e.g. industrial buildings with
flat roofs.
Disadvantages:
Low ventilation of the modules; the electricity production is lower than for tilted modules.
There may be problems with dirt and snow staying on the panels.
Prices:
About 5.5 Euro/W
figure 7.15
Principle of the PowerGuard PV system
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 30
7.4. Denmark
In Denmark several projects are part of the Resurgence project. Here will only be a short
description of the integration methods for the projects, which are finished or near
completion at this time. When more systems have been installed, they will be described in
the revised version of this report.
Three projects have been completed by now.
Integration method Effect
Workers Union Building,
Copenhagen
Flat roof, consoles 25 kWp
Students house, Herning Solar blinds and roof
consoles on flat roof
6 kWp
Hammerthor, Herning Sloped roof 7 kWp
7.4.1. Workers Union Building, SID, Copenhagen
The building is an office building with a large flat roof. The owner of the
building is the Workers Union of Denmark. The roof was renovated and as
part of the renovation PV modules were mounted on consoles called
ConSole from the company e-conenrgy in Holland. The PV system is
owned by the Energy Utility Copenhagen Energy and the electricity is sold
on the newly opened PV stock exchange for Copenhagen.
The System:
The PV modules are placed on the flat roof
using a Dutch console type mounting system,
called ConSoles from the company e-conergy
in Holland. The ConSole is designed for
quick, easy and professional mounting of all
common solar panels on flat roofs, if
necessary in long adjoining rows. The
ConSole is made of 100% chlorine, mainte-
nance free, recycled, and highly durable
plastic.
The curves in the design protect the roof from
damage. Especially integrated ducts are used
for the cables. Weighing only four kilos, the
stackable ConSole is also safe and
inexpensive to transport by road and place on
a roof. The only thing that remains is to add ballast (e.g. shingle or tiles) and then the
installation is complete.
Advantages:
Quick and easy installation. It is possible to work on the roof later; there is no penetration
of the roof. The weight of the consoles is low.
figure 7.16
The SID building, Copenhagen
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 31
Disadvantages:
Many connections
Roof mounted PV modules
The console without ballast
The console can be filled with tiles or gravel
The ConSole
Figure 7.17 Illustrations of the ConSole principle.
7.4.2. Students house, Herning
The company Alu-PV has developed a sun-shading system with PV solar
cells on the shading lamellas. The system has been tested by the Danish
institute of Technology. The result was the effect was higher for the sun
shading system than for other building integration systems, probably
because the angel is better and because the cooling of the PV cells is also
improved due to the aluminium frame. The shading system has been
installed on a house for students (café, sports-hall) in Herning in
cooperation with the housing association Fruehøjgaard, Herning. The com-
pany Dasolas International Production A/S from Lystrup, which is a leading
company within the solar shading area, has done the installation.
PV solar cells are also installed on the roof in the same system as used for
the building described above, plastic consoles filled with gravel or stones.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 32
In combination with the PV solar shading system, a low energy ventilation system has also
been installed. The PV electricity has been designed to match the annual electricity
consumption for the ventilation system.
The system:
Solar shading system:
The lamellas are placed on an aluminium
construction. The cable work by the installation
has been reduced to a “quick-switch” (multi-
contact). The cables are lead on the back of the
modules in the aluminium profile. The by-pass
box is placed on the back of the aluminium
profile.
Roof mounted PV systems:
The Dutch console type mounting system, called ConSoles from the company e-conergy in
Holland is used. The ConSole is made of 100% chlorine, maintenance free, recycled, and
highly durable plastic. Especially integrated ducts are used for the cables. The weight is
four kilos, the stackable ConSole is also safe and inexpensive to transport by road and
place on a roof. Ballast can be shingle or tiles.
Advantages:
The solar shading solar cells can be placed in the optimal angle and are cooled very well.
Disadvantage:
Prices:
Costs of installations: Around 7 EURO/Wp.
Figure 7.18.
Student house, Herning
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 33
figure 7.19
Sun shading PV system, Studenthouse, Herning
figure 7.20
Detail of sun shading lamellas
figure 7.21
Solar cells mounted on the aluminium profile. Cables are connected by a multi-switch.
figure 7.22
The cables and the by-pass box are placed on
the backside of the module.
figure 7.23
Roof mounted PV on consoles
figure 7.24
PV consoles ConSole
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 34
7.4.3. Hammerthor, Herning
This building project is situated in Herning, Denmark, and includes 29
dwellings in total and a common room. The buildings of Hammerthors are
placed in an older town-area from 1900. Originally the buildings were used
for the oldest textile industry in the town. The old buildings are converted
into dwellings and two new buildings are made also with dwellings. The
projects is carried out together with the housing association, Fruehøjgård.
About 70 m2 roof integrated PV are installed on the south facing roof of the buildings. The
dwellings have individual ventilation system, where the annual energy consumption is
matched with the electricity production from the PV system.
The System:
The polycrystalline solar cells are mounted on
an asphalt roof.
Advantages:
Can be placed on existing roof with roofing felt.
The same roof warranty is maintained for the
roof
construction incl. use of PV.
Disadvantages:
figure 7.26
Solar cells installed on the Hammerthor building
figure 7.25
Hammerthor, Herning
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 35
7.5. UK
Two projects are to be carried out in the UK. In both of the U.K installations that have
been tendered for to-date, the integration system will consist of modules mounted on a
secondary framework that is either clipped or bolted to a steel roof deck. The framework
consists of two perpendicular layers of steel struts. The modules are either slid into the
upper layer (as in the Alutec system) or are mounted on top of the upper layer and held in
place by clips (as in the BP Solar diamond-fixing system).
The specialist PV contractors appointed for the first two U.K installations offer differing
scopes of services. One of the installations will be installed as a turnkey package and kept
separate from the refurbishment works covered under the main contract. The specialist
contractor for the second project will act as the supplier of PV equipment, but the main
contractor will carry out the installation work during the refurbishment works.
Integration method Effect
Whitecross Sloped metal roof 43kWp
Prior Estate Sloped metal roof 157 kWp
7.5.1. Whitecross Street
The Whitecross Street
PV System was supplied
and installed as a turnkey
package. The estate con-
sists of three buildings,
two with a sloped roof
and one with a flat roof. The PV
systems are installed on profiled steel
plates.
figure 7.27
The whitecross street building
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 36
Figure 7.28 Whitecross Street, illustrations of the roof mounted PV syste, Kalzip
The System:
It is very common in the U.K for the roof skin of large buildings to be fabricated from a
profiled steel sheet. This is a cost-effective, durable and low maintenance solution for roof
replacement and an ideal choice for the roof refurbishments of the Peabody Trust
properties. The PV systems will be mounted on a steel framework affixed to the top of this
metal deck, either using a system of clips or by bolting directly through the roof.
A potential issue when PV systems are mounted on a roof deck that provides weather
tightness is that mechanical fixing associated with the PV could compromise this weather
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 37
tightness. For example a roof contractor may be reluctant to offer a warranty if PV
installation work is to be carried out on the roof following completion of their own works.
These problems are avoided when the Kalzip roof system is used (manufactured by the
steel company Corus). This roof system has a standing seam onto which the PV mounting
framework can be clipped, using clips developed and manufactured by Kalzip, without
need for making penetrations. The framing system consists of two perpendicular layers of
steel struts, the primary (or bottom) layer is bolted to the Kalzip clips and a secondary
(upper) layer bolted onto the primary (see Figure 7.20).
There are a variety of methods for mounting the PV modules onto the secondary
framework. One system that will be used in the U.K Resurgence projects uses a carrier
frame called Alutec as the secondary layer, into which the laminates are slid. An
alternative that has been proposed by BP Solar uses proprietary point fixings – called
‘diamond fixings’ – to hold laminates in place. A further alternative is to use framed
modules and simply bolt the frames to the secondary layer of the mounting structure.
The mounting system for a Kalzip roof is shown in plan and in section in the figure below.
The method of clipping the framework to the standing seam is shown. In this figure the
secondary layer of framework is a carrier frame that the modules are slid into.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 38
Figure 7.29 The framing system used to mount PV arrays onto a metal roof deck with a standing seam (e.g. the
Kalzip system). The mounting frame is clipped to the roof seam and the laminates are slid into the
secondary layer (the Alutec mounting system).
A simple profiled metal sheet, without standing seams on to which clips can be fixed, is a
cheaper alternative to Kalzip. The PV system is to be mounted on the same type of
framework structure as described above. However, as there is no clipping system to attach
the framework to the roof skin, penetrations are unavoidable. In this case, the first layer of
the framing structure is bolted to the roof by way of ‘Z’ shaped brackets (Zeds).
This type of integration is shown in the Figure below, in plan and perpendicular sections.
In this figure the PV laminates are shown mounted on the secondary layer of framework by
point fixings of the type developed by BP Solar.
Although penetrations through the roof is a necessity, the bolting of the zeds to the roof is
done using self-sealing, self-tapping screws, which should not compromise the weather
tightness of the roof. However, when this type of integration system is used, it is
beneficial to have close co-operation between the PV contractor and Main contractor to
ensure that the PV installation works do not affect the roof warranty. This co-operation
can be formalised through contractual arrangements – the PV installer will be sub-
contracted to the main contractor. This is less of an issue when the mounting framework is
clipped to a Kalzip roof as no penetrations are required.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 39
Figure 7.30
The framing system used when the roof deck is fabricated of profiled metal sheet, without a stan-
ding seam. The lower layer of framing is bolted to the roof using ‘Z’ shaped brackets. In the system
shown here, the laminates are mounted on the upper layer of the support frame using point-fixings.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 40
Prices:
The full cost breakdown is given below:
Whitecross Street
Array capacity (kWp) 43
Costs GBP (£) Euro (€)
Laminates 96,300 147,724
Inverters 19,030 29,192
Monitoring 2,750 4,218
Electrical works (DC/AC) 12,500 19,175
Installation of secondary
framework
28,300 43,412
Liason with DNO and payment
of connection charges
(provisional sum)
5,000 7,670
Design and Commissioning 14,250 21,859
Cost of Warranty 1,800 2,761
Total 179,930 27,6012
Cost/kWp 4,199 6,441
The table above indicates a cost of € 43,412 for installation of the secondary framework
(including purchase of materials), or 1.01 €/W. Total costs are about 6.4 Euro/W.
7.5.2. Priors Estate
The Priors Estate installation consists of 3 separate arrays installed on 3 blocks of flats.
The PV system will be supplied as a package up to the inverters, i.e. all laminates,
inverters, DC wiring, junction boxes and isolators are included, but no AC electrical
equipment is provided, no installation works is provided (apart from minimal site
supervision) and only part of the framing system is included.
Figure 7.31 Prior Estate
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 41
A full breakdown of the inclusions and exclusions are detailed below.
Included:
Laminates
Inverters
Control unit and datalogger
Modem
Solarimeter
Temperature sensors
Alutec carrier frame
Unistrut primary framing
DC cabling
DC junction boxes
Site supervision
Excluded:
AC cables, isolators, distribution
boards
kWh meters, protection relays.
Mounting and fixings for support
frame
Installation works
Array size 157 kWp
Cost £ 575,174 3,982 £/kWp
A breakdown of the cost of the included items is not available.
The Main Contractor appointed for the refurbishment works will carry out the excluded
works and have allowed a sum of £50,000 for that purpose.
Total cost to client £ 625,174
Cost/kWp £ 3,982 or 6.11 Euro/Wp
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 42
7.6. Total overview of project costs
Country Project
Capacity, kW Price, Euro/Wp
Switzerland Kraftwerk 1 41 7.14 Euro/Wp
Jasminweg, Zürich 24 6.03 Euro/Wp *
Marchwartstrasse, Zürich 44 6.50 Euro/Wp *
Huob, Pfäffikon 31 5.45 Euro/Wp
Chemin de Florecy, Lausanne 38 7.68 Euro/Wp
Holland St. joseph, Apeldoorn 1000 7.05 Euro/Wp
De goode Woning, Savelbos 99 5.53 Euro/Wp
Woonconcept, Krakeel 79 6.81 Euro/Wp
Germany System PowerGuard - -
Denmark Workers Union building,
Copenhagen
25 5 Euro/Wp
Students House, Herning 6 7.0 Euro/Wp
Hammerthor 7 6.0 Euro/Wp
Dalgasparken, Herning 20 4.7 Euro/Wp
UK Whitecross Street 43 6.44 Euro/Wp
Prior Estate 157 6.11 Euro/Wp
Total/average 1614 6.72 Euro/Wp *Not finalised yet.
Please note that this table is not including all Resurgence projects, only the ones finalised or known with
respect to prices at the time of this report.
The prices varies within the range of 4.7 Euro/Wp to 7.68 Euro/Wp with an average price
of about 6.72 Euro/Wp for a building integrated system. The cheapest systems are the
systems for flat roofs, where there are also normally the fewest obstacles, like shading,
architectural restrictions and location of the modules.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 43
8. PV System Procurement common work package
It was planned through the RESURGENCE project, that 1.3 MWp of PV would be
procured and installed across the five participating European countries. One of the primary
aims of RESURGENCE has been to find cost effective means of implementing PV
installations and a potential method of achieving this, identified at the outset of the project,
is the joint procurement of system components between projects. To this end, during the
previous reporting period joint tender documents have been issued to 12 European
suppliers requesting budget costs for both supply of modules and supply of complete
supply and install packages. These tender documents and a report on the responses
received can be found in annex 4.
A key finding of the common procurement process relates to the arrangement of the
RESURGENCE work plan. At the time when tender documents were prepared, it was
found that not all of the 1.3 MWp of PV systems were still available for inclusion in the
tender package. This was a result of programme pressures on individual projects that
required separate tender processes to be initiated before the start of the RESURGENCE
common procurement work package in month 6. In retrospect it may have been
advantageous if the common procurement work package had been started earlier, although
it may still have been the case that the different rates of progress of projects would have
precluded the possibility of procuring the whole of RESURGENCE in a single tender.
The common procurement tender was to be pursued as a two-stage tender of which the first
stage – a request for budget costs on the basis of kWp and preferred module type of each
project – has been completed. The response to this tender request was disappointing in two
ways. Firstly the response rate was very poor – only 3 of the 12 companies approached
submitted costs – and secondly the costs submitted did not demonstrate the opportunity for
substantial cost reductions compared to procurement on a project-by-project basis. The
breakdown of responses and reasons for the poor response is explored in greater detail in
the work package report.
The rationale behind the two-stage tender approach was that it would enable an indication
of the potential benefits of the process to be identified on the basis of only minimal project
information. It had also been hoped that the request for only budget costs would encourage
a high response rate. If the budget costs received indicated that substantial cost reductions
could be achieved through common procurement, then a second stage in which project
details were submitted and a fixed cost negotiated would have been entered in to with a
preferred supplier. Based on the responses to the RESURGENCE common procurement
tender, it is unlikely that this second stage will be pursued in the present project.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 44
9. PV Building Integration and Procurement Workshop in Zurich.
(WP3+7).
Monday 6th
May 2002, at 13:30-16:30, at Technopark in Zurich.
Participants:
Company: Country: Names:
Meteocontrol (ex IST EnergieCom) D Robert Pfatischer
Cenergia Energy Consultants DK Peder Vejsig Pedersen
Copenhagen Energy DK Thomas Brændgaard Nielsen
Copenhagen Urban Renewal Corporation
CURC
DK Jacob Klint
Encon Entreprise A/S DK Kenn H. B. Frederiksen
Coop Bank GB Jon Lay
Housing Corporation GB Chris Watts
London Electricity GB Andrew Wincott
Peabody Trust GB Malcolm Kirk
Peabody Trust GB James Drummond
Whitby Bird & Partners GB Duncan Price
Whitby Bird & Partners GB Hannah Routh
Bear Architekten NL Tjerk Reijnga
Boomsma (AXYS Inovation BV) NL Harm Boomsma
Ekomation NL Jeroen Roos
W/E consultants NL Pieter Nuiten
W/E consultants NL Evert Vrins
ABZ CH Peter Schmid
Enecolo CH Peter Toggweiler
The workshop started with a presentation round between the Partners.
After this Peder Vejsig Pedersen from Cenergia presented an overview of WP3 and the
deliverables foreseen for this together with a suggested content of the workshop and the
aimed at conclusions.
Before the workshop Whitby Bird & Partners had distributed proforma sheets to all the
partners where the partners should fill in information on D6: PV-building integration Best
Practice Guidance Notes, and for WP7-PV-System Procurement. On the latter Whitby Bird
& Partners gave an example from Bedzed where BP Solar Supply had delivered a turnkey
system at a fixed price. In this way BP Solar were taking care of the risks of price
fluctuations with subcontractor and suppliers. It was the conclusion that this was a good
option if it was difficult to manage the whole supply chain yourselves. It was agreed to
deal more detailed with PV-system procurement later organised by Whitby Bird & Partners
at a special workshop.
At the meeting there was also a more general discussion on PV-procurement and the
policies in each of the countries.
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 45
In e.g Switzerland the company Enecolo were normally managing the whole supply chain
themselves, choosing the PV modules to be used, checking the modules at production, and
testing a module at a test institute, and designing the whole PV system with special focus
on reliable inverters.
Concerning Best Practice PV information, filled in proforma sheets, can be found in annex
1.1. Here there were presentations made by Peder Vejsig Pedersen on Best Practice PV
experience from Denmark mainly based on Cenergia’s realised PV projects in Denmark
since 1992, see annex 1.2.
From Switzerland, Robert Kröni from Edisun gave an introduction to Swiss experience
concerning PV integration and here introduced interesting integration systems like
SOLRIF and Sol Green (see brochures in annex 1.3).
From Germany Robert Pfatischer the company Meteocontrol gave an introduction to the
PowerGuard system (see brochure in annex 1.4).
And from The Netherlands Evert Vrins from the company W/E consultants sustainable
building gave an introduction to the PV systems foreseen to be used in Netherlands e.g.
from the company LaFarge, and Harm Boomsma from the company Boomsma gave an
introduction to the special PV integration system for flat roofs he had developed and used
at the roof of the office building from the company Bear Architekten in co-operation with
Tjerk Reijnga (see annex 1.5).
After this a presentation was made by Duncan Price from the company Whitby Bird &
Partners, on building integration at the Bedzed scheme with Peabody Trust, and expected
solutions from the Resurgence projects.
Based on the presentation it was agreed that it would be of interest to try to demonstrate
the Harms Boomsma system and one of the Swiss systems at the PV demosite, which is
foreseen to be made in Valby in Copenhagen (see annex 2).
Minutes by :
Peder Vejsig Pedersen
Cenergia
RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package
Cenergia 2003 46
10. Dissemination of Workpackage results
The Resurgence workshop on building integration techniques held in Zurich in May 2002
(see previous chapter) resulted in a good dialogue between the project partners. Different
PV integration possibilities were discussed and lead to inspiration for other project
partners.
A local workshop was arranged in Copenhagen in April 2002 covering the large PV
development project in Valby, Copenhagen. Several architects and planners participated
together with local interest groups (see: www.solivalby.dk).
The different building integration systems presented in this report are also available on the
Resurgence homepage on the Internet: www.resurgence.info.
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Cenergia 2003 47
11. Conclusions
As can be seen from this report, many different systems for building integration of PV
systems exist. The cheapest and most simple systems are the “console” and similar systems
for flat roofs, but they have the limitation that they can only be used for flat roofs.
It is important that the PV building integration systems allow for the use of standard
modules, since the price will increase significantly when custom-made modules are to be
used.
This report has also showed other interesting building integration solutions for PV systems,
e.g PV integrated into sloped roof in the same way as roof light windows or as a sun
shading system.
In order to successfully achieve further market implementation, a number of consecutive
actions are required:
* further cost reductions and improvement of the economics of building integrated PV
* enhancement of the technical and architectural quality of building integrated PV
* assessment and removal of non-technical barriers.
Cost reductions:
The technologies which are nowadays available for the integration of PV into buildings
are, in general, too expensive for large scale introduction. Cost reductions are thus still
essential. They can be achieved by carefully redesigning the PV support structure, but also
by integrating the PV system into well-known building components such as the
prefabricated roof or the structural-glazing facade.
Quality enhancement
If PV is to become a well-accepted technology readily available for architects, building
industry and property owners, integration concepts will have to meet regular building
quality standards. This can be achieved by fully integrating the PV system into building
materials and by integrating the construction process of PV systems into the building
construction process. Building integration must include the building process. On the other
hand, the physical characteristics of PV products for integration in buildings must meet
architectural requirements (colour, size, materials), sometimes with economic
consequences. This is a challenge for both the architect and the PV module manufacturer.
Non-technical barriers
A further market acceptance, both by property developers and end-users (such as utility
companies) is required. Added values, other than avoided electricity costs, should be clear
to potential customers. The owner of the building and the operator of the PV-system must
have long-term confidence in the performance of the PV system, both as an electricity
source and as a building component. If the utility is not the owner of the PV system, long-
term agreements on the grid-connection (including payback tariffs) are required. Enhanced
market acceptance can also be achieved by a holistic approach of the design of the PV
building, including overall energy efficiency and sustainability of the building design,
components and materials.
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Cenergia 2003 48
List of Literature
1. Gebäudeintegrierte Photovoltaik, Architektonische integration der Photovoltaik in die
Gebäudehülle. Ingo B. Hagemann,
Rudolf Müller, 2002
2. Solar Air Systems, Built Examples, Robert Hasting, International Energy Agency
(IEA), James & James, 1999
3. Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning, Thomas Herzog, READ, EU,
Prestel, 1994
4. IEA PVPS Task 7, Photovoltaic Power Systems in the Built Environment,
http://www.task7.org/, www.pvps.com, www.pvportal.com