Building Infrastructure Synergies Through ICT ... · 256 Kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s subscriptions per 100...

IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE

ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

SYNERGIES THROUGH ICT

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division

ESCAP

Subregional Inception Meeting

2 October 2018, Almaty



Outline

• Status of ICT connectivity

• Proposed support in this project: co-deployment

• Asia-Pacific Region

• Opportunities

• Challenges

• Conclusion

• Questions for group discussions and sharing

2



3

Broadband Divide



Challenges: Fixed Broadband Connectivity

4

Source: Produced by the authors, based on data from ITU World

Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, available from

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx

(accessed 16 September 2018)



Challenges: Broadband connectivity

5

Source: Produced by the authors, based on data from ITU World

Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, available from

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx

(accessed 16 September 2018)



Network quality and fixed-broadband adoption

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50

25

6 K

bit

/s -

2 M

bit

/s s

ub

scri

pti

ons

per

10

0 f

ixed

-bro

adb

and

sub

scri

pti

ons

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Solomon Islands

Afghanistan

Myanmar

Iran (I.R.)

AzerbaijanUzbekistan

French Polynesia

Bhutan

Bangladesh

MalaysiaMongolia

Brunei Darussalam

Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan

Russian FederationSingapore

Korea (Rep.)Sri Lanka

Cambodia ChinaHong Kong, China

New ZealandThailandGeorgiaTurkey

PakistanLao P.D.R.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50

10

+ M

bit

/s s

ub

scri

pti

ons

per

10

0 f

ixed

-bro

adb

and

sub

scri

pti

ons

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Turkey

Russian Federation

Georgia

Hong Kong,

China

New Zealand

Japan

Korea (Rep.)

Singapore

China

Kazakhstan

Malaysia

Bangladesh

Azerbaijan

Brunei Darussalam

Thailand

Uzbekistan

Iran (I.R.)French Polynesia

CambodiaKyrgyzstan

AfghanistanLao P.D.R.Solomon Isl.Mongolia

Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World

Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (accessed July 2017).

256 Kbit/s – 2 Mbit/s 10+ Mbit/s



7

Armenia

Azerbaijan

China

Georgia

Hong Kong, China

Japan

Kazakhstan

Korea (Rep.)

Kyrgyzstan

Macao, China

Mongolia

Russian Federation

TajikistanTurkmenistan

Uzbekistan

0

10

20

30

40

AC

CE

SS

(Fix

ed

-bro

ad

ba

nd

su

bscri

ptio

ns p

er

10

0 in

ha

bita

nts

)

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

CAPACITY (Internet international bandwidth/user (bits/sec)

<2% (affordable) >2% (unaffordable)

AFFORDABILITY (Fixed-broadband monthly sub-basket as % of GNI/capita):

Note: Reference lines for x and y axis indicate weighted averages of the sample; Based on 2017 or earliest data available;Hong Kong, China's international Internet bandwidth has been scaled back for the graph, actual value is 5,936,926 per user

Fixed-broadband connectivity, NCA & ENEA



Challenges: Affordability (Fixed)

8

.1.5.6.6.6.611.11.11.11.21.41.51.71.81.92.12.42.63.23.23.33.53.53.83.93.94.24.44.85

7.18.38.4

10.310.611.111.812.613.5

16.518.6

25.729

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30Fixed broadband prices (% of GNI per capita)

Macao, ChinaSingapore

Brunei DarussalamJapan

KazakhstanRussian Federation

TurkeyAustraliaAzerbaijanMalaysiaIran (I.R.)Sri Lanka

Korea (Rep.)Viet Nam

New ZealandTonga

MongoliaChina

ArmeniaGeorgiaVanuatu

TurkmenistanMaldivesNauru

ThailandBhutan

FijiPapua New Guinea

BangladeshIndia

PakistanPhilippinesTajikistanKyrgyzstan

NepalIndonesiaMicronesia

SamoaMarshall Islands

CambodiaLao P.D.R.Myanmar

Timor-LesteAfghanistan

Source: ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (21th Edition/Dec 2017)

Fixed-broadband prices (% of GNI per capita)



ICT Development Index (i.e., sufficiency of

ICT infrastructure)

• Except Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia is slightly below the world average.

9



Fixed Broadband Subscriptions

• Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia is far below the world and region average.

10



Mobile Broadband Subscription

• Mobile broadband subscriptions are better compared to fixed broadband

11



International Bandwidth per Internet User

12



The Asia-Pacific Information

Superhighway initiative aims to increase

the availability and affordability of

broadband Internet across Asia and the

Pacific, by strengthening the underlying

Internet infrastructure in the region.

13

• Promote terrestrial and submarine fibre-optic connectivity

• Provide a regional intergovernmental platform focusing on the missing fibre-optic links between ESCAP countries

• ESCAP resolution 73/6 = mandate

Regional cooperation



14

AP-IS PILLAR 1

Connectivity

AP-IS PILLAR 2

Internet Traffic & Network Mgmt.

AP-IS PILLAR 3

E-Resilience

AP-IS PILLAR 4

Broadband for All

INFO AND PUBLICATIONS ON WWW.UNESCAP.ORG/APIS

ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY (AP-IS)



AP-IS Initiatives

15

Identification, coordination, deployment, expansion and

integration of the regional backbone network

Establish a sufficient number of IXPs at the national and

subregional levels and set out common principles on

Internet traffic exchange

Regional social and economic studies

Enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience

Policy and regulations for leveraging existing

infrastructure, technology and inclusive broadband

initiatives

Capacity-building

AP-IS funding mechanism based on public-private

partnerships

Strategic Initiatives 2016-2018

1

2

3

4

5

6

7



ESCAP’s technical studies

To implement identified strategic initiatives in the AP-IS

Master Plan and support discussions on co-deployment

between ICT and other sectors, including transport and

electric power.

• Cost-benefit analysis

• Case studies

• Consultations and discussions at the AP-IS Steering

Committee meetings

16



17

ESCAP’s analytical work

on ICT:

new technologies,

financing mechanism,

broadband infrastructure,

co-deployment,

international gateways,

university education

among others



AP-IS Transmission Map

Interactive Map, visit <http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/>

18



19



20



21



Common Gaps and Challenges

• Need to enhance national ICT Infrastructure including domestic backbone networks, ICT usage, access and fiber density

• High broadband pricing

• Inadequate international bandwidth - causes negative impacts on high-bandwidth applications and services and for inclusion

• Often infrastructure projects are undertaken without considerations to co-deployment with other sectoral infrastructure.

• International cooperation or policy coordination among countries and in the region needed.

• Highly exposed and vulnerable to many disasters which caused frequent disruption and damage to ICT infrastructure and connectivity.

22



Proposed activities specific to ICT• To strengthen ICT infrastructure which will improve international bandwidth and reduce capital and operating expenses to maintain ICT infrastructure-> co-deployment and financing mechanism

• To expand network coverage, especially under-served and un-served areas, increase affordability and expand access to all societal groups -> different and new design of ICT networks for rural connectivity

• To strengthen e-resilience and better network designs -> risk and vulnerability maps

• To enhance capacity of ICT ministries in coordinating with other countries, line ministries and SDG focal points, identifying gaps and solutions on the above matters and develop concrete policy and regulatory updates

23



Proposed activities to other sectors• To promote cross-sectoral infrastructure development synergies among countries through co-deployment with energy and transport

• To promote SDG-enabling financing mechanisms for infrastructure development with and across countries

• To promote social inclusion and set up sustainable coordination and consultation mechanisms with various social sector entities to ensure inclusive broadband access on a sustainable basis

• To link with disaster risk reduction efforts and ensure that disaster risks and vulnerabilities are well understood by ICT ministries and stakeholders for their action

24



25

Co-deployment

Case studies in Asia and Pacific Region



Scope and type of co-deployment

26

Co-deployment among telecom

operators

• Co-deployment of backbone cables for economies of scale

•Sharing of ducts, towers and landing stations

Co-deployment with transport

sector

• Co-deployment along railways and highways

Rights-of-way granted by railway and highway authorities

Co-deployment with energy sectors

• Co-deployment with energy sectors (power grid, gas pipelines etc.)

• Power lines carry broadband services

Benefits

� Dig once to reduce cost of investment,

� Decrease frequency of construction on major highways;

� Redundancy communication duct can improve coverage



27

Co-deployment route type with road/railway

Aerial (using telegraph poles)Route 2

Duct/Conduit installationRoute 3

Direct Burial (using HDPE)Route 1

• cost effective

• difficulty in

maintenance and

expansion

• cost effective

• Spoils the

environment

• Cut off

• Safest and enables

further access and

reconfiguration

• Extra cost



28

Republic of Korea (Highway)

• In 1992, Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) authorized to install its own fiber optic

cables for use in traffic control and operation of expressways.

• The main reason of the KEC’s investment in fiber optic cables

1) To satisfy the demand for internal high-speed communication for intelligent

transportation system (ITS), i.e. traffic management system, toll collection system,

in-house communication system and emergency telephone, and

2) To diversify KEC’s business areas.

• Most of the fiber optic cables are implemented by the highway authorities, e.g. KEC while

the highway was constructed.

• Such co-deployments are established by law:

- Road Act & National Transport System Efficiency Act: put mandate for road

management authority to provide traffic information to the road users and establish

communication facilities along the roads.

- Telecommunications Business Act: provides a basis for the road authority to provide

communication facilities to telecommunication carriers.

- Korea Expressway Corporation Act: provides a basis for KEC to carry out the

business of leasing their telecommunications facilities



29

Republic of Korea (Highway) (cont.)

• Benefits Assessment of Co-deployment: Out of 4,000km express

way, - Investment cost was about USD 370 million

- Estimated cost savings was about USD 1,770 million

- B/C ratio: 4.78

- This did not include an estimated reduction in traffic congestion by

25%, which saves USD 112 million annually.

• Lessons with Co-deployment: - Having an established laws to reduce coordination problem

- Providing specific/detailed principles for contract conditions and

pricing criteria, and with joint calculation of the costs between involved

parties

- This helps prevent dispute over calculation of the cost.

- Having long-term master plan or roadmap for building fiber optic cable

network and its utilization (e.g. ITS).



30

Republic of Korea (Railway)

• Agreement signed with telecommunication operators, normally before construction of the

railways from 1986.

• To date, trackside fiber optic cables have been laid on 3 High Speed Rail(HSR)s

measuring total length of 824.2km

• Methods of burying fiber optic cables by using concrete troughs, utility conduits or cable

trays.

• Example (Gyeongbu Line’s 420km Anyang-Busan section co-deployment in 1986)

- One set of 36 core fiber optic cables co-deployed along railways with initial cost of

78,623 million Korean won (KT paid 70,053 million won)

- KT used 30 of the 36 cores for its commercial telecom services paying railway facility

usage fee and maintenance cost to Korean National Railroad.

- The remaining 6 cores were donated to the Korean National Railroad to be used for

operation and maintenance of railway communication network.



31

Myanmar

- Cost analysis and comparison between co-deployment and separate

deployment of broadband network with Asian Highway

- Co-deployment has been estimated to save at least USD 7,379 per km

or 56.83% of the costs.

Result of comparative study case 1

Cost saved from co-deployment of ducts (two-way) = USD 7,379/km

Percentage of cost saving (two-way) = 56.83%

Result of comparative study case 2

Cost saved from co-deployment of ducts (four-way) = USD 10,047/km

Percentage of cost saving (four-way) = 54.05%



32

Myanmar (cont.)

• Most of the cost savings are derived from eliminating overlapping civil

works: - Excavation, backfilling and reinstatement are the services with the greatest

cost saving, as the earthwork is the largest cost component of duct

deployment

- These works are already included in the construction cost of the highway.

• Considering Myanmar’s 3,009km Asian Highway, the total saving is

around USD 30 Million.

• Road sector just incur additional 0.87%-3.55% of the highway

construction cost to road construction, while they will have the

opportunity to generate new revenues.

• For developing countries, this significant cost savings can be

generalized, given the fact that civil work is a large portion of the total

costs.



33

Bangladesh

• ICT and Road/Highway: Co-deployment have been limited.

- OFCs are installed along highways after their construction

- Complaints about frequent deviations of the telecom operators from the

permitted locations, conditions and damage done to the roads

• ICT and Railways: Bangladesh Railway had first launched an optical fibre-based

integrated telecom system back in 1992

- Out of the total 2877 km railway route, Bangladesh Railway has about 2300 km

co-deployed with optical fibre part of which have been leased out to Telecom

companies.

- OFC is laid in another stretch of 380 km new railway lines under different ongoing

projects

- The government has now started a move to withdraw the exclusivity agreement

between Grameenphone and Bangladesh Railway and offer the OFC as a public

resource open to other operators.



34

Co-deployment with Power line : OPGW (Optical Ground Wire)

• In IEEE standard, Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire

• Type of cable that is used in the construction of electric power transmission line

and distribution line

• Combines the function of grounding and communication

• An OPGW cable contains a tubular structure with one or more optical fibers in it

(communication part), surrounded by layers of steel and aluminum wire

(conductive part)

• OPGW cable is run between the tops of high-voltage electricity pylon to protect

electric power line from lightning strikes.

OPGW

Power

Line



35

OPGW cases

• Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is replacing old ground wire to OPGW to

use internal communication such as asset monitoring, detecting

disconnection/malfunction of power lines and Smart Grid

• Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) uses OPGW not only for internal

use but also leasing business

- 85,500km of OFC network across the country

- Has acquired license for National Long distance (NLD) and Internet Service

Provider (ISP)

- Part of BharatNet project(Broadband project in India) for development and

maintenance of National Optical Fiber Network in 4 States covering about 35,791

GPs, 977 GPs have already been connected.

• Installed cross-border OPGW currently operational

- Bangladesh (Bheramara, Akhaura) – India(Berhampur, Agartala)

- Bhutan (Gelephu, Malabase)– India (Bongaigaon, Siliguri)

- Nepal (Dhalkebar, Mahendranagar) –India (Muzaffarpur, Ranakpur)



36

OPGW cases

Agartala

Cox’s Bazar

Dhaka

Behrampur

Bheramara

To Mumbai &

Chennai

SEA-ME-WE4 to

Singapore

Comilla

Dhalkebar

Kathmandu

To Mumbai

To Chennai

Muzaffarpur

Sursand

Nepal Electricity

Authority OPGW

Tanakpur

Siliguri

Malabase

Thimphu

Gelephu

Bongaigaon

To Chennai &

Mumbai

To Singapore

via Agartala &

Cox Bazar

BPC OPGW

PGCB OPGW

India

India

Nepal

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Guwahati

POWERGRID’s Fully Protected

All OPGW Network Across India

on Extra High Voltage

Transmission Line

KolkataPOWERGRID OPGW

Inter Country OPGW link

Neighbour Country OPGW



37

Co-deployment with Gas pipeline• The fibre network is deployed using a specially developed In/Out-port to guide the

cable into and out of the gas pipe so as to bypass the gas valves.

• The gas pipeline system provides good protection for the optical fibre cable, being

situated well below the street surface and other infrastructure.

• Gailtel is the Telecom and Telemetry services arm of Gas Authority of India Limited

(GAIL).

- Provides communication services for GAIL’s pipeline business and operate

Supervisory Control, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) applications.

- Also provides collocation facilities and leased line bandwidth services.

- Had an OFC network of around 12,000km along GAIL’s cross-country pipelines

(around 7,200km) and highway routes (around 4,800km)

Source : FTTH infrastructure components and

deployment method. FTTH council Europe



38

Opportunities and Challenges



39

For dominant telecom operators:

- Reduce the cost and time to obtain permission for road RoW,

- Having additional routes available in emergencies

For new entrant operators

- Reducing the time to obtain duct construction permission;

- Reducing the cost of duct construction;

- Possibly reducing the time to enter the telecommunication

market; and

- Having guaranteed equal competition rights with incumbent

operators.

Opportunities for Co-deployment



40

For the road sector

- Having infrastructure to accommodate intelligent transportation

systems,

- Monetizing the potential value of existing infrastructure by leasing

excess facilities; and

- Reducing internal telecommunication network cost.

For Government

- Expanding the broadband infrastructure in a cost-effective

manner; and

- Enhancing national ICT resources that could lead to economic

and social benefits.

Opportunities (cont.)



41

Challenges of Co-deployment

- Major cross-sectoral coordination exercise among multiple government

authorities, regulators and the private sector

- Comprehensive domestic policy backed by law and a framework for

international cooperation

- Regulatory framework to support co-deployment and to streamline network

sharing practices

- Establishing cross-border links adds challenges and complications such as

revenue sharing/business models, different provision by laws and

regulations, and mechanisms to resolve cross-border issues.



42

Conclusion

- Strengthening ICT infrastructure connectivity is critical for the subregion.

- Co-deployment have potentials to fast forward broadband development and

reduce the digital divide

- Strategic and schematic decision-making for co-deployment is crucial at the

early stage of highway planning and construction

- Having an established law and policy for infrastructure sharing/co-deployment

may help reduce the coordination issues.

- Having platforms for coordination and negotiation for regional infrastructure

initiatives

- Having inter-governmental agreement or amendment that clearly stipulates

the type of highways, installation specifications for the co-deployment,

revenue sharing/business models and regulatory mechanisms to resolve

cross-border issues.



43

Source: Interactive Map, http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/



44

How about countries in this subregion?(Questions for discussion and sharing)

- Is co-deployment feasible?

- Is there any co-deployment projects (national and international)

ongoing or planned?

- Why is (not) it well-established/implemented? (challenges for co-

deployment)

- What are the conditions/criteria for cross-border co-deployment?



45

Thank you for your attention!

Email: [email protected]



Annex

46

Digital divide could be examined using a combination of

factors:

1) Access (fixed & mobile-broadband services per 100

inhabitants);

2) Speed (download speed for mobile-broadband service

(Mbps);

3) Network capacity (International Internet bandwidth per

Internet user (bit/sec);

4) Affordability (Mobile-cellular monthly sub-basket as % of

GNI/capita); and

5) Coverage (Percentage of the population covered by at

least a 3G mobile network).

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