Building Enduring Trust & Delight. Highly confidential, Mars Inc Access Availability Utilization...

Building Enduring Trust & Delight

Highly confidential, Mars Inc

Throughout the business supply chain, risks abound that can ultimately impact food safety and security

Access • Availability • Utilization

FOOD SECURITY

Raw Materials • Pathogens • Cross-Contamination

FOOD SAFETY

Mitigating for these risks allows us to:Make more food available • Reduce demand for increased production • Manage environmental footprint

Lower food production costs • Expanded trade opportunities • Reduced hunger and poverty

• Processing• Packaging• Storage• Distribution

• Point of sale• Storage• Handling• Consumption

• Inputs• Harvesting• Post harvest

handling• Storage• Transportation

POVERTYCLIMATE CHANGE

Agricultural Production

Food Manufacturing

Consumer Contact


Mycotoxins• Secondary fungal metabolites that exert toxic effects

on animals and human beings.

• More than 300 secondary metabolites have been described but only thirty really exert toxic effects.

• Health impact varies based on mycotoxin type and quantity consumed

• The chemical structures of mycotoxins are very diversePolyacetates : aflatoxins, citrinine, ochratoxins

patulin, zearalenone, fumonisins,Terpenes : trichothecenes (sesqui), tremorgenes,Peptides : ergotamin (alcaloïdes), tryptoquivaline,..Piperazines : sporidesmin, gliotoxin, roquefortine,..

O O

O

OMe

OO

Aflatoxin B1

Deoxynivalenol

CH3CH3

O

CH3OH

OH OH

NH2CH3O

O

OHOOC

HOOC

HOOC

HOOC

Fumonisin B1

O

O

OOH

OH

CH3H

Zearalenone

O

O

H

Cl

O

NH

COOH OH

Ochratoxin A

OH

O

OH CH3OH

O

O

CH3

Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas

• EFSA’s Emerging Risks Unit identified changing patterns in mycotoxin contamination due to climate change

• especially aflatoxins, in cereals such as wheat, maize and rice

• Shift of supply regions may also introduce new risks of mycotoxin control

Impact of climate change on agriculture

+2oC climate change scenario

EFSA Prediction for risk of aflatoxin B1 contamination in

maize

+5oC climate change scenario

Mycotoxin Implications

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People• Hepatic carcinoma• Stunting in children

Pets• Acute hepatic failure• Deaths

Planet• Economic impact through health care

costs and agricultural losses

FSS&T Grand Challenges


Mycotoxin Mitigation• Risk based sampling for the future• Optimising inbound acceptance sampling• Biocontrol

Post Market Surveillance• Raising the bar through global

surveillance• Building capability in the USA and Asia

Predictive Toxicology• In vitro model development• PBPK model development


In the field

• Good agricultural practices

• Biocontrol• Match cultivar with

geographic region & climate (humidity / temperature / rainfall)

• Strain selection (breeding & GMO)

• Treatments (insects and fungi)

During storage

• Shelling• Drying• Grading

During process &transformation

• Inbound acceptance sampling

• Temperature• Binders

At harvesting

• Timing of harvest (maturity / moisture)

Mycotoxin MitigationCrop

Survey Supplier Quality

Assurance Factory Quality

Management Process

What is biocontrol?

• Use of one living organism to control another by competitive exclusion– Field introduction of large

numbers of nontoxigenic spores of same species known to produce target mycotoxin

– Competes with naturally occurring toxigenic strains for infection sites on crop

– Due to higher numbers swamps toxigenic strains reducing mycotoxin concentration in crop


A A A A A

A A A A A

B B B B

B B B BBB

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x xTop of Truck

Sample Points

Manual SamplingInsert the probe to the bottom of the truck

Automatic Sampling (pneumatic)Insert the probe and take a sample at the top, middle and bottom of the truck at sample point

Two sets of samples, A and B.

• Sampling 20 samples from truck• 10 first points combined as Group A• 10 latter points combined as Group B• Sample A&B are individually ground for testing

Inbound Acceptance Sampling


The Food Safety Domino Effect

Starts by addressing Food Safety with 1 supplier

- Establishing a relationship with a customer through clear specification and audit

Impacts a supply chain

Impacts society

Impacts an industry

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- climate stress introduces new risks

Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas

Water scarcity

Raw materials grown in new regions – how do you assess risk?

Extreme weather wipes out crops

Impact of climate change on agricultureVariability in supply and demand

Aflatoxins

• Four aflatoxin types (order of toxicity): – B1 >G1 > B2 > G2

• Other aflatoxin types occur as metabolic products (e.g., aflatoxin M1 in milk)

• Highly toxic– Aflatoxins are among the most toxic naturally occurring substances known.– Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic – All animal species affected by aflatoxins.– Can be passed through food chain (e.g., milk of animals which are fed

contaminated feed).• Heat Stable

– Withstand typical food processing temperatures

Aflatoxin B1


Russia Forecast 2012

% c

hang

e fr

om 2

011

Variability in supply and demand2012 A Year of Drought and Floods Hits Supply

• Drought in Russia and US hits grain quantity and quality

• US• Yield down nearly 30%• Quality 23% of the crop is

rated as good to excellent down from 66%

• UK wheat harvest hit by rain impacting Quality

• only 4% of supplies from top-grade varieties reached top milling standards, compared with 40% last year


Overview of Biocontrol Research Plan

CSIRO

PCH

Nontoxigenic strain selection & competitive assessmentInoculum optimisation

Initial nontoxigenic strain screening Inoculum preparationAflatoxin assays

Field trials including post-harvest treatments in maize

2011 •Strain selection•Crops 1 & 2 (floods)

2012 •Crop 3 / inoculum optimisation•Crop 4

2013 •Beyond Thailand?•Other crops?

Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions

• Problem– Aspergillus flavus spore numbers in

soil in experiments in Thailand have been lower than expected

• Potential causes– Soil fungi and bacteria may

outcompete Aspergillus flavusin very wet soils, as may occurwith tropical rainfall, resulting inpoor growth of inoculum


Current Method of Inoculum Preparation

• CSIRO process for manufacturing inoculum for use in biocontrol in maize and peanuts is simple, relatively inexpensive and requires only a mixer– Grow Aspergillus flavus spores in the laboratory– Mix the spores with 60% molasses as a carrier– Add mixture to hulled rice at rate of 2% by weight– Broadcast the rice on fields at appropriate rates,

50 – 400 kg/ha, to assess the efficacy of the process



• Goal– Encourage germination of spores on hulled rice at

time of manufacture, 1-7 days before spreading

• Solution– Increase aw of rice substrate during manufacture

– aw 0.95-0.96 appeared optimal in promoting germination of Aspergillus flavus spores

– Did not result in anticipated difficulties• Fungus did not sporulate in enclosed sacks within 7 days• Fungus did not clump the rice grains within 7 days• Other fungi did not grow



a. Growth of inoculum on wet soil (1.00 aw) after 3 days- growth is almost entirely of contaminant fungi

b. Growth at 0.90 aw after 3 days- most grains show growth of A. flavus and some sporulation

c. Growth at 0.98 aw after 3 days- heavy A. flavus sporulation is evident


Building Enduring Trust & Delight. Highly confidential, Mars Inc Access Availability Utilization...

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