Building enclosure design presentation 1
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Transcript of Building enclosure design presentation 1
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Enclosure Design
Training
AIA Portland
August 2016
Martin Houston
AIA, CSI, LEED AP
Walsh Construction Co.
CLEAResult
Energy Trust of Oregon
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Enclosure Design Training
• The role of the Building Enclosure in the creation
of Low Energy Buildings
• Critical Barriers (Control Layers)
• The Thermal Control Layer
• The Air Control Layer
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Presentation Outline
• Definitions
• Control Layers
• The Thermal Control Layer
• The Air Control Layer
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Definition:
Water Vapor
Water in it’s gaseous state
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Definition:
Water Vapor
Water in it’s gaseous state
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Definition:
Water Vapor Diffusion
The process by which water vapor spreads or
moves through permeable materials caused
by a difference in water vapor pressure.
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Definition:
Vapor Permeability
Permeability, rated in Perms, is a measure of
the rate of transfer of water vapor through a
material.
The higher the number, the easier it is to pass
water vapor through a material.
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Vapor Permeability of
Standard Building Materials
1. Polyethylene .06
2. XPS Rigid 1
3. OSB 2
4. Plywood 3.5
5. EPS Rigid 3.5
6. 15# Felt 6
7. 2 PSJTX 11
8. Tyvek CW 23
9. Cat5 18
10. Vaproshield 50/212
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Definition:
Condensation
Condensation is the change in the phase of
water from the gaseous phase into liquid
droplets or solid grains .
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Definition:
Dew Point
• The dew point is the temperature to which a
given parcel of air must be cooled, at
constant barometric pressure, for water vapor
to condense into water.
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Pop Quiz
1. How many of you know the difference
between an air barrier, a weather resistive
barrier and a vapor barrier?
2. How many materials do you need to have all
three in one wall
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The Path to Low Energy Buildings
1
2
3
4
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Basic Building
Design
Enclosure
MEP
On-site Renewable
Energy
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The Path to Low Energy Buildings
1
2
3
4
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Basic Building
Design
Enclosure
MEP
On-site Renewable
Energy
Load Reduction
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The Path to Low Energy Buildings
1
2
3
4
20
Basic Building
Design
Enclosure
MEP
On-site Renewable
Energy
Load Reduction
Meeting loads as
efficiently and cleanly
as possible…
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The Path to Low Energy Buildings
1
2
3
4
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Basic Building
Design
Enclosure
MEP
On-site Renewable
Energy
Load Reduction
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Enclosure – Key Attributes
• Insulation
• Airtightness
• Optimized
Glazing
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Basic Building Design (BBD)
• Low energy building design should focus first
on a few basic building design concepts:
– Building size & shape • As small as possible for the given program
• As compact as possible for the given program, relative to climatic
factors
– Building orientation
– Optimized glazing design
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E-W Orientation = 5%-6% Reduction in Annual Energy Use
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Dwg: Building Shape
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All contain about 8 volume units-
What about surface area?
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Enclosure Area to Volume Ratio
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Enclosure Area to Volume Ratio
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BBD
• Optimized Glazing Design – i.e. windows
sized, configured and oriented to optimize
daylighting, views and solar gain
– Window-to-wall ratio managed to avoid excessive
heat loss while allowing for daylighting and views
– Glazing systems designed to avoid excessive solar
gain – i.e. glass coatings, shadings, etc.
– Use well-insulated & airtight glazing systems
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Window to Wall Ratio
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Window-to-Wall Ratio
Assume: Window=U-0.33, Wall=R-15
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Window-to-Wall Ratio: 10%
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Window-to-Wall Ratio: 50%
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Window-to-Wall Ratio: 90%
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Critical Barriers
• Water-Shedding Surface Rain Penetration Control
• Water-Resistive Barrier Rain Penetration Control
• Thermal Barrier Thermal Control – Controls conductive and radiant heat flow
• Air Barrier Air Leakage Control – Controls air flow / convective heat flow
• Vapor Barrier Vapor Diffusion Control
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Critical Barriers
• Water-Shedding Surface Rain Penetration Control
• Water-Resistive Barrier Rain Penetration Control
• Thermal Barrier Thermal Control – Controls conductive and radiant heat flow
• Air Barrier Air Leakage Control – Controls air flow / convective heat flow
• Vapor Barrier Vapor Diffusion Control
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Critical Barriers
Thermal Barrier
Exterior
Stucco Cladding
Air Space
Sheathing Paper
Exterior Sheathing
Insulated Stud Space
Polyethylene Sheet
Interior Gypsum Board
Interior
Critical Barriers:
Vapor Barrier /Vapor Retarder
Air Barrier
Water Resistive Barrier
Water Shedding Surface
Exterior Interior
Source: RDH Building Sciences
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Continuity – A Key Principle
• Continuous barriers are required to achieve
effective thermal and moisture performance
• Continuity of critical barriers must be
provided, not just at field areas, but also at
interface conditions
– Transitions
– Penetrations
– Terminations
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VAPOR BARRIER
AIR BARRIER
WATER-RESISTIVE BARRIER
WATER SHEDDING SURFACE
AIR BARRIER
VAPOR BARRIER
WATER-RESISTIVE BARRIER
WATER SHEDDING SURFACE
Continuity
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Continuity – A Key Principle
• Lack of continuity at critical barriers may result
in:
– Water leakage
– Air leakage
– Thermal bridging
– Condensation
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Continuity – A Key Principle
• Lack of continuity at critical barriers may result
in:
– Water leakage
– Air leakage
– Thermal bridging
– Condensation
• Leading to:
– Poor energy performance
– Comfort problems
– Durability problems
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Design of Critical Barriers
• Designer of the building enclosure should be
able to trace the continuity of each critical
barrier through the enclosure system
• Begin with building sections / wall sections
• Continue with foundation, wall and roof details
• Ensure continuity of all five barriers
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Tracing the
Barriers
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Thermal
Barrier (TB)
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Water-shedding
Surface (WSS)
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Water-resistive
Barrier (WRB)
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Air Barrier
(AB)
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Vapor Barrier
(VB)
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Durability - A Key Principle
• If it doesn’t last very long, it’s not very
sustainable
• Selection and use of durable materials - suited
to the application / exposure - is critical
• Effective enclosure detailing for watertightness,
airtightness and thermal resistance is essential
to achieving both energy performance and
long term durability
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The Air Barrier
• The air barrier is the system of materials that
controls air leakage / convective heat flow
through the building enclosure
• The air barrier is not one material but instead
is an integrated system of many different
materials/components
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The Problem of Air Leakage
• Air leakage accounts for 20-40% of the heat
loss through building enclosures…
• Air leakage = higher energy costs
• Air leakage = larger carbon footprint
• Air leakage = reduced water penetration control
• Air leakage = increased condensation risk
• Air leakage = poor airflow control
– Impacts reliability of ventilation system design
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Source: State of Wisconsin Minimium Requirements for the Building Envelope
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Air Barrier - Definitions
• Air barriers are defined by their air permeance
• Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) has taken lead position in developing and promulgating standards
• Now incorporated in many codes - including WSEC
• “Materials” – ≤ 0.04 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf pressure differential
– ASTM E 2178, Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials
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Air Barrier - Definitions
• “Assemblies” – A collection of air barrier materials and air barrier
components assembled together in a specific manner to create continuity (ABAA)
– ≤ 0.04 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf
– ASTM E 2357, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage of Air Barrier Assemblies
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Air Barrier - Definitions
• “System” – An air barrier system is a system of building
assemblies within the building enclosure designed, installed, and integrated in such a manner as to stop the uncontrolled flow of air into and out of the building enclosure (ABAA)
– A whole building air barrier is a system
– ≤ 0.40 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf
– ASTM E 779, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rates by Fan Pressurization
– Alternate standard: ≤ 0.25 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf (USACE)
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Air Barrier - Materials
• Exterior cladding
• Sealants
• Flashings (membrane flashing, metal flashing)
• Windows
• Doors (poor AB)
• Housewraps (e.g. Tyvek)
• Wall membranes (e.g. “peel & stick”)
• Roof membranes
• Drywall
• Polyethylene sheet 55
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Photo - Air Barrier
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Air Barrier - Materials
• Material selection criteria includes:
– Air permeance
– Vapor permeance
– Water resistance (if serving as WRB also)
– Cost
– Constructability
– Availability
• Location / placement of air barrier relative to
insulation location is major determinant
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Air Barrier - Approaches
• Interior Side
– Airtight Drywall Approach
– Sealed Polyethylene Approach
• Exterior Side
– Exterior Sheathing Approach
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”)
• Where cavity insulation approach is used
• Vapor permeable
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Air Barrier - Approaches
• Exterior Side
– Exterior Sheathing Approach
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”)
• Where cavity insulation approach is used
• Vapor permeable
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (“peel & stick”)
• Where exterior insulation approach is used
• Vapor impermeable
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Air Barrier - Approaches
• Exterior Side
– Exterior Sheathing Approach
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”)
• Where cavity insulation approach is used
• Vapor permeable
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (“peel & stick”)
• Where exterior insulation approach is used
• Vapor impermeable
– Sheathing Membrane Approach (fluid-applied)
• Vapor permeability dependent on whether cavity
insulation or exterior insulation approach is used
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Air Barrier - Continuity
• To design and construct a complete air barrier system for the building, continuity must be provided at interfaces between all materials and components…
• Easier said than done!
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Air Barrier - Continuity
• Key Details for Air Barrier Continuity: – Wall to foundation
– Roof to wall
– Floor lines
– Window and door perimeters
– Other penetrations
– Transitions between wall types
– Transitions between cladding materials
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Airtightness & IAQ
• Mechanical ventilation becomes increasingly important as building airtightness increases
• Effectiveness - and efficiency - of ventilation system becomes more highly critical to ensuring overall building performance, including indoor air quality… – Dedicated fresh air delivery to each space
– Controlled air flow between spaces
– Controlled ventilation rates
– Heat recovery from exhaust air
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THE THERMAL BARRIER
Can you say “yellow light”?
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THE THERMAL BARRIER
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The Thermal Barrier
• The thermal barrier is the system of materials
that controls conductive and radiant heat flow
through the building enclosure
• Insulation - yes - but many other materials
too…
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Thermal Barrier Problems
• Thermal Bridges
• Insulation Material Selection
• Insulation Installation Defects
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Get your thermal bridge on
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Thermal Bridging
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Thermal Barrier Problems
• Thermal Bridges
• Insulation Material Selection
• Insulation Installation Defects
• Glazing Assemblies
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Thermal Barrier Problems
• Thermal Bridges
• Insulation Material Selection
• Insulation Installation Defects
• Glazing Assemblies
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Thermal Bridges
• Exterior Wall Framing Members
– Light gauge steel framing
– Wood framing
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R-Value Comparison
81 Source: Robert Bombino
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Photo - Light Steel Frame Walls
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Thermal Bridges
• Exterior Wall Framing Members
– Light gauge steel framing
– Wood framing
• Regions of Framing “Build-up”
– Exterior Wall Openings (e.g. headers, posts)
– Exterior Wall Corners
– Exterior Wall to Floor Intersections
– Exterior Wall to Roof Intersections
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Photo: Not so advanced framing…
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Other Thermal Bridges
• Window Frames (Aluminum & Steel)
• Metal Subframing at Cladding Systems
• Steel Ledger Angles at Cladding Systems
• Projecting Slab Edges (Concrete)
• Large Structural Framing Members (Steel)
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Drawing – Straube report
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Drawing – Straube report
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Drawing – Straube report
89 Image courtesy of Mike Williams
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Design Overview
Photo Credit: Casey Braunger
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Aerial View from South Image courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects
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First Floor Plan
Image courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects
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Enclosure Assemblies Images courtesy of Ankrom Moisan Architects
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Shading Elements
Balconies
Eyebrows
Image courtesy of William Wilson Architects
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HVAC Design
• Highly iterative process
– Design work modeling work costing analysis
constructability review
– Repeat…
• Bidding / procurement
• Coordinating the work…
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HVAC Design
• Highly iterative process
– Design work modeling work costing analysis
constructability review
– Repeat…
• Bidding / procurement
• Coordinating the work…
ERV
HEAT
PUMP
Heating & Partial Cooling
Image courtesy of PAE Consulting Engineers
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HVAC Design
• Highly iterative process
– Design work modeling work costing analysis
constructability review
– Repeat…
• Bidding / procurement
• Coordinating the work…
Mechanical Penthouse
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HVAC Design
• 3 HRV Zones
• Cook ERV serves each zone
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HVAC Design
• Continuous 50cfm
supply air per
bedroom
• Continuous
exhaust at kitchen
and bath
• Electric cove
heater in living
room for user
control & backup
heat
- Estimated at 20% of building heating
load • No active cooling at apartments
Image courtesy of PAE Consulting Engineers
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R-39
R-40
R-40
R-41
R-48
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Coordination Drawing at Typical Exterior Wall to Foundation
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Coordination Drawing at Typical Exterior Wall to Roof
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Balcony details
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Balcony details
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