Building emvelopes and thermal mass walls
Transcript of Building emvelopes and thermal mass walls
Building Envelopes and Thermal Mass Walls
Presented by:
Andy TurnerVP Sales and Marketing
Nuform Building Technologies IncLeed AP
Founded in 1992
Royal Building Systems Technologies, LTD
Provides the world with leading edge building systems and technologies
2007-Royal Building SystemsTechnologies became Nuform Building Technologies
New Names-Same Great Products
History of Nuform Building Technologies
Design, Engineering and Specification Assistance
Constructability Assistance
Budgeting Assistance
Sample Assistance
Systems Testing
LEED Analysis
Thermal Analyses
Construction
Comparisons
Introduction
Precast Site Cast
Poured In Place
IntroductionConstruction Comparison
Metal Panel
Conventional
Conform
AIA / CES Program Purpose
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education.
As such, it does not include content deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Participants will be able to: Utilize the architectural aspects of
Concrete Wall Panels Understand how to insulate a
concrete wall Understand the benefits of a high
mass wall Understand the benefits of insulated
concrete walls in relation to energy efficiency
Understand overall panel thermal, fire resistance, and moisture ,mold and pest prevention properties
Leed
Learning Objectives
Introduction to Envelopes Benefits of Envelope Construction
Speed of Construction Limited Site Disturbance Energy Efficiency
Moisture Management Wall Physical Performance
R-Values Sustainability Durability
Program Agenda
Introduction Owner Benefits
Benefits to Owners: Speed of Construction Limited Site Disturbance Attractive Appearance Energy Efficiency (R-30+) Increased Daylighting Long Clear Spans 150 MPH + Low Maintenance Sound Transmission (STC 58) Moisture Management Fire Endurance (4-HR)
Facility
Architect CM/Contractor
ScaffoldingUp & Down
CMU Block
Grout & Rebar
Roof
Damproofing
Insulation
Brick
ScaffoldingUp & Down
Cleanup
Conduit
Hand-laid Brick/Block Cavity Wall
Inlaid Brick Architectural Concrete Wall=
Facility
Architect CM/Contractor
Roof
Concrete WallLoad Bearing Panels with Insulation,
Conduit & Brick
Comparative Construction Cycle Analysis
IntroductionLimited Site Disturbance - Panelization
Panelization: Modular Size Repetition
IntroductionLimited Site Disturbance - Panelization
IntroductionLimited Site Disturbance – Panelization
Multiple Textures Add InterestA very economical way to enrich the appearance of your school’s precast exterior is to vary its texture.
Sandblasting
Acid Etching
Retarding (Exposed Aggregate)
Multiple Textures Add InterestA very economical way to enrich the appearance of the facility’s exterior is to vary its texture. Thin Brick and Stone Concrete Sprayed Siding and Hard
Plank Steel PVC
TEXTURE
Introduction Texture Options – Color, Form, and Texture
Introduction Retail
NordstromIrvine, CAIntroduction
Retail
Introduction Retail
IntroductionRetail
IntroductionCorporate & Office
IntroductionHospitality
IntroductionSpiritual
IntroductionEducation
IntroductionMilitary
IntroductionMilitary
IntroductionBarrier Walls
EnergyEfficientHomes
Residential: Dormitories Hotels Health Care Multi-Residence Single-Family
IntroductionHousing
IntroductionHousing
IntroductionControlled Environments
Controlled Environments
IntroductionHealth Care
Cook County Hospital Chicago, ILIntroduction
Health Care
Walls are finished…..
IntroductionEducational – Interior Walls
IntroductionEducational – Interior Walls
IntroductionEducational – Interior Walls
Minimal maintenance for
20 years or longer . . .• Interior exposed concrete
surface needs only periodic repainting
• Exterior wall surface totally maintenance free, except for caulking every 20 years +/
• If thin brick is used, no need to tuck point concrete mortar joints
=
Insulation IS Important !
Question: Did you know that 7” of load-
bearing structural concrete has approximately the same R-Value as a single panel of glass…R-1.4 !
Types of Concrete Wall PanelsSolid Concrete Wall Panels
Types of Concrete Wall PanelsInsulating Options?
Insulation Position is critical: Interior: Insulation separates you
from the mass effect Exterior: Outside of the bulk mass
of the wall system.
The ability of concrete to store energy and dampen the effect of temperature change on heating and cooling systems is know as the “Thermal Mass Effect.”
Due to the mass effect of insulated precast walls, the performance R-value of the high performance wall system can be two to three times greater than that of the material R-value, resulting in energy cost savings up to or exceeding 50%.
Effective R-ValueThermal Efficiency in a Wall Panel
High Mass Building Conventional Insulated Building
ASHRAE 90.1-1989 Performance Analysis
Material R-Value of R-11
performs as R-25!!Material R-Value of R-11
performs as R-25!!
A P P R O V E D
Calculations will show how what R-Value a Integrally Insulated High Mass Wall Panel will perform at.
ASHRAE 90.1-1989
Building Envelope
Performance Study
Construction
Polypropylene
No Thermal Transfer Molded Plastics No Quality Control
Nylon
Pin Connector:
Pullout Capacity = 1100 lbs.Shear Strength = 500 lbs.
Pullout Capacity = 1100 lbs.Shear Strength = 380 lbs.
Non-Composite Sandwich Wall PanelsConnection Devices
Insignificant Pull Out & Shear Capacity of Connectors
Sandwich Wall PanelsConnection Devices
Composite Sandwich Wall Panels
Thermographic image showing thermal bridging.
Composite Sandwich Wall PanelsThermally Inefficient Connection Devices
Thermo graphic image shows
thermal efficiency:
Edge to Edge Insulation
Conform Energy Efficient Wall PanelsThermally Efficient
Integral InsulationExpanded Polystyrene - EPS – “BEAD BOARD”
Type XI I VIII II IX
Density 0.7 0.9 1.15 1.35 1.8min, pcf
R-Value/inch 3.1 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2@ 75°F
Compressive strength 5 10 13 15 25min, psi
WVP, max 5 5 3.5 3.5 2perm for 1”
Water Absorption 4 4 3 3 2max., % by vol.
ASTM C578 Standard Specification for Preformed Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation - EPS
Polyisocyanurate:
Closed Cell
Variety of Facers.
R-5.6 to R-6.5
Integral InsulationPolyisocyanurate – POLY ISO
Type Isocast R I IIClass I II Facer triplex aluminum
poly facer Foil Felt or Glass
Fiber Mat
R-Value/inch 6.5 6.5 5.6@ 75°F Compressive strength 25 25 16min, psi WVP, max <.03 <.03 1perm for 1” Water Absorption 0.05 0.05 1.50max, % / vol
ASTM C1289 Standard Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board
Integral InsulationPolyisocyanurate – POLY ISO
Integral InsulationExtruded Polystyrene – XPS
Extruded Polystyrene: Closed cell structure. Integral high density skin and core. Typical R-values of R5.0 to R5.6 per inch.
Magnified Cross Section
Insulation
ASTM C578 Standard Specification for Preformed Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation - XPSTYPE X IV VI VII V
Density, min., pcf
1.35 1.60 1.80 2.20 3.00
R-Value/inch @ 75F
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Compressive Strength, min., psi
15 25 40 60 100
WVP, max., perm for 1.5”
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Water Absorption, max., % by vol.
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Moisture Migration
Bottom Line: No Moisture Means No Mold or Mildew
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsMoisture Management
The problems associated with moisture and its affects on building components are well known, and costly to repair.
Most Insurers have stopped coveragefor these incidents leaving ownersno other avenue for compensation but the court system.
Bottom Line: No Moisture Means No Mold or Mildew
In general, molds demand a favorable combination of the following conditions to germinate, sporulate, and grow: Fungal spores settling on the surface Oxygen availability Optimal temperatures between 40-70 degrees F Nutrient availability (wood, paper, cellulose based materials) Moisture (liquid or relative humidity above 70%)
The first four conditions are met in almost every building. The key remaining factor is moisture, which may be controlled
by adhering to sound construction practices discussed in this presentation.
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsMoisture Management
Diffusion from the exterior side of the wall is also common.
In spring, summer, and fall, wind driven rain can be absorbed in the exterior concrete and stored.
Insulation is critical in preventing this moisture vapor drive:
In a Hot/Mixed Climate:
Concrete can’t Exterior Paints can’t
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsMoisture Vapor Drive
Warm Outside
Cold Inside
After the rain, as the sun heats up the concrete wythe, the moisture turns to vapor and is driven through the wall
Moisture will always diffuse, especially if the perm rating is greater than 1.0
Outside-In Vapor Drive
Insulation will enhance the efficiency of the entire wall system.
PVC Encompassed Insulation and Concrete form
Moisture Vapor Drive
Cold Inside Air
Outside-In Vapor Drive
Exfiltration
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsMoisture Vapor Drive
What Is Vapor Diffusion? The Process by which water vapor migrates through a wall
system and it’s components such as gypsum, concrete, insulation and paint.
Each components of the wall system has a perm rating The International Building Code says that a material with a
perm rating of 1.0 or less is a vapor retarder.
Examples of the average perm rating for different wall components… Gypsum 12 - 50 perms Plastic Sheet Barriers (2-10 mil) .16 – .03 perms Rigid Insulation 5.8 – .03 perms Concrete 3.2 perms PVC 0 perms
Moisture Vapor Drive
Photograph showing thermal bridging
and moisture migration.
Removing wallpaper, mold and mildew is prevalent throughout the entire wall.
Moisture Vapor Drive
Cost of Energy
The cost of energy continues to escalate. Energy efficiency is of growing concern.
36% of ALL energy consumed in the U.S. is consumed by buildings
Natural gas prices are expected to increase from 30% to 70% compared to one year ago
“Energy efficient building shell is one that integrates and optimizes insulation levels, glazing, shading, thermal mass, air leakage control, and light-colored exterior surfaces”
(Sustainable Building Industry Council - High Performance School Buildings 2005 Second Edition)
Energy Efficiency
Effective R-value = R-value x Correction Factor
ASHRAE 90.1 recognizes thermal short circuits and applies a correction factor to account for the higher heat loss through highly conductive steel studs.
Effective R-ValueThermal Loss Through Wall Panel
INTERIOR AIR FILM
GYPSUM BOARD
STEEL STUD R-19 BATT INSULATION
EXTERIOR GYPSUM
AIR SPACE
MASONRY
EXTERIOR AIR FILM
The ASHRAE “PARALLEL PATH METHOD” was used to calculate the effective thermal performance for the metal frame wall construction. The correction factors from ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 1989 User’s Manual were used to assign reduced thermal resistance values for the insulated stud cavity.
ComponentInt air filmGypsumVapor retarderR19 batt GypsumAir spaceBrickExt.air filmWall Effective R-Value:
ComponentInt air filmGypsumVapor retarderR19 batt GypsumAir spaceBrickExt.air filmWall Effective R-Value:
R-value0.680.450.018.600.450.600.800.1711.76
R-value0.680.450.018.600.450.600.800.1711.76
Let’s look at the assembly of the Steel Stud / Brick Wall:
6” 20 GA S.S. @ 24” o.c., R-19 Batt + ½” Gyp.
Effective R-ValueWhat R-Value are you Purchasing?
Effective R-ValueThermal Loss Through Wall Panels
Solid Concrete Zones Metal Thermal Bridges Thermal Short Circuits
The thermal
conductivity of steel
& solid concrete
sections account for
significant thermal
losses!
Up to 60% thermal loss !!
Effective R-ValueThermal Loss Through Wall Panel
Panel Description Material R-Value1
Test R-Value
Percent Loss
Panel with Only Steel Ties
10.48 7.55 -27.96%
Panel with Only Solid Concrete
10.48 5.77 -44.94%
Panel with Solid Concrete & Steel Ties
10.48 4.55 -56.58%
1. Value obtained summing R-values for concrete & insulation layers, no air films included.Note: All 3-2-3 panels made with extruded polystyrene.
Source: “Summary of Thermal Tests of Insulated Concrete Sandwich Walls U.S.Dept. of Energy 1998-1999.” Composite Technologies Corp., IA, 1999.
Effective R-ValueThermal Loss Through Wall Panel
Measurements of thermal loss in sandwich panels:
Panel Description Material R-Value1
Test R-Value
Percent Loss
Panel with only steel ties 10.48 7.55 27.96%
Panel with only solid concrete
10.48 5.77 44.94%
Panel with solid concrete & steel ties
10.48 4.55 56.58%
Conform Wall Panel 10.48 10.57 -0.86%
Measurements of thermal loss in sandwich panels:
Effective R-ValueThermal Efficiency in a Wall Panel
1. Value obtained summing R-values for concrete & insulation layers, no air films included.Note: All 3-2-3 panels made with extruded polystyrene.
Source: “Summary of Thermal Tests of Insulated Concrete Sandwich Walls U.S.Dept. of Energy 1998-1999.” Composite Technologies Corp., IA, 1999.
Thermographic image showing thermal bridging.
Effective R-ValueThermal Loss Through Wall Panel
This school is constructed with conventional brick / masonry construction.
It took 8½ months to construct.
This school is actually 4,000 sq.ft. larger but was constructed with an integrally insulated sandwich wall
panel. Construction time was only 5½ months!
School Comparison Electrical Cost Natural Gas Cost
Traditional School $118.89 per day $100.78 per day
High Mass Wall $91.02 per day $65.95 per day
Percent Savings 31% 52%
Thermal Efficiency Energy Savings
United Nations Brundtland Commission Report (1987): Defined sustainable development and urged the world to take note…
“Sustainable development is that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.”
This Concern Gave Birth to:
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)Initiated
the LEED SystemA nationally accepted standard for developing green buildings
The LEED system currently addresses six (6) areas of construction. Projects opting to qualify for LEED Certification are graded in those 6 different categories and must accumulate at least 26 points.
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsSustainable Design – LEED TM
Credit Category Points AvailableSustainable Sites 14
Water Efficiency 5
Energy and Atmosphere 17
Materials and Resources 13
Indoor Environmental Quality 15
Total Core Points 64Innovation and Design Process 5
LEED Certification LevelsCertified 26-32 Pts
Silver 33-38 Pts
Gold 39-51 Pts
Platinum 52-69 Pts
Within each of the 6 credit categories are severalsub-categories that create the path for scoring points
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsSustainable Design – LEED TM
Sustainable Sites Points
Credit 5.1 Site Development, Protect or Restore Habitat 1Credit 5.2 Site Development, Maximize Open Space 1Credit 7.1 Heat Island Effect, Non-Roof 0
Energy & AtmospherePrereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance RequiredCredit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 15% to 60% 2
Materials & ResourcesPrereq 1 Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors & Roof 0Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 95% of Existing Walls, Floors & Roof 0Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% from Disposal 1Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% From Disposal 1Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Use 10% (Post-Consumer + Half Pre-Consumer) 1Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Use 20% (Post-Consumer + Half Pre-Consumer) 1Credit 5.1 Regional Materials, 10% Extracted, Processed and Manufactured Regionally 1Credit 5.2 Regional Materials, 20% Extracted, Processed and Manufactured Regionally 1
Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1
Innovation & Design ProcessCredit 1.1 Innovation in Design, Use of High Volume
supplementary Cementitious Materials. 1Credit 1.2-1.4 Apply for other credits demonstrating exceptional performance 2Credit 2.1 LEEDTM Accredited Professional 1
LEED Silver
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsSustainable Design – LEED TM
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsSummary
Benefits to Owners: Speed of Construction Limited Site Disturbance Attractive Appearance Energy Efficiency (R-30+) Increased Daylighting Long Clear Spans 150 MPH + Low Maintenance Sound Transmission (STC 58) Moisture Management Fire Endurance (4-HR) Seismic D Rated
American Institute of ArchitectContinuing Education Systems.
This concludes the CES portion of the program. Credit earned during this program
will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificate of Completion for non-
AIA members is available on request.
Insulated Concrete Sandwich WallsAIA / CES Program Purpose
The NUFORM Building SystemSpecifying or Designing NUFORM?
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