Building Construction I: Project One

The site - Ramal Villa is located in Kajang. Itis an extremely low density project with only71 units. Apart from having a singledetached unit, the freehold and guardedcommunity has two other types of semi-detached units, which are the Courtyardand the Generations. The building styleemphasizes on modern design by havingflat slab roofs and simple facades. Toenhance greenery, rooftop gardens are alsoavailable for each and every single unit. Thesite is well circulated as it is easilyaccessible from major highways where thesite are just thrown stone distance to LDPand Sungai Besi Highway.

Introduction of site | 2

Lo catio n plan

As seen from the location plan is the mentioned construction site which is located onLot 1609 and Lot 1621 which is connected vertically. It is flanked by two main roadson the north & south side namely Jalan Anggerik on the north side and on the southside, Jalan Teratal. As seen from the site plan, the only detached lot is located at thenorth left corner of the site. The west flank of the site is named The Generationswhich consists of 3 storey duplex units (semi detached) and whereas the rest of thesite, The Courtyard is comprising of 3 storey quadriplex units whereby 4 of the sameunits are conjoined into one large single unit which whereby the rooftop garden arecombined on top. A small recreational park is located in between The Courtyard unitsto enhance greenery and allowing community interaction.

Site plan

Introduction of site | 3

Construction is one of the most hazardous and dangerous industry that comprises of a wide range of activities involving construction, alteration and sometimesalso repair and maintenance. Hence, risks are intrinsic in any sort of construction. Accidents such as falling from heights, injures and fatalities are likely tohappen. Hence, site safety procedures should not be taken lightly and need to be reinforce onto any construction site. Employers in workplaces need to ensurethe health and safety in every aspects while working.

SITE SAFETY SI GNAGES

• Positioned at the main entry of theconstruction to notify public regardingthe construction project.

• Signboards shows the name and typeof construction project, thedevelopment firm, architect,contractors, engineers and otherrelevantmembers of the building team.

• To also act as to notify the pubicregarding the members and peopleresponsible for the project.

• Positioned at main entrance of site to ensureattention from anyone before entering the site.

• Positioned also in accidents prone area toensure the safety of workers.

• To act as a constant reminder regardingrestricted activities on site.

CONSTRUCTI ON ORGANIZATI ON BOARD

Safety precautio ns & equ ipment

Site safety

Site safety | 5

CO NSTRU CTIO N O RGANIZATIO N BOARD INDICATIO N BREAKDOW N

• Project title

• Project proposal & specifications

• Project location

• Development firm

• Architecture firm

• Structural Engineering firm

• Mechanical & Electrical Engineering firm

• Contractors & sub contractors

• Plan permit & approval reference

• Developer license number

• Advertisement & publicity permit number

• Project execution & termination date

FRONT ELEVATI ON DRAWI NG OF BOARD

SI DE ELEVATI ON DRAWI NG OF BOARD

Site safety | 6

PERSO NAL PROTECTIVE EQU IPMENTS (PPE)Personal protective equipment (PPE) is anything used or worn by a person or a construction labour to minimise the risk to the person's health or safety. Theseequipment are essential in order to allow construction labour to carry out construction works smoothly and safely throughout theentire construction project.

• Form of protective eyewear, usually plastic andtransparent.

• Designed to enclose or protect the areasurrounding the eye in order to preventparticulates, water or chemicals from strikingthe eyes.

SAFETY HELMET• A hard top helmet which serves to protect the

head from injuries from hard falling objects.

• It is also to protect the head from majorinjuries such as concussion upon falling downfrom a higher level.

SAFETY GOGGLES

EAR MUFFS• To act as protective gear to cover ears from

construction noise pollution which can hurt theears.

• Serves to also enclose the ears withoutdisrupting head comfort of constructionworkers and at the same time shield them fromloud construction noises.

PROTECTIVE SUIT• Usually a thick rubber like synthetic material

which covers the entire body from neck to calf.

• The suit is designed as to insulate the bodyfrom any means of electrical conductivity andthe thickness is to protect the body fromexternal injuries.

SAFETY GLOVES• Protective gear for the hand which is designed

using electrical insulated material such asrubber.

• To protect hand from grazes and cuts duringconstruction and also to insulate the handfrom electrical conductivity.

SAFETY BOOTS• To act as a protective gear for the foot. High

top design prevents the leg from getting cuts.

• Rubber and synthetic material in order toprevent electrical shock and also to providewalking comfort during construction.

Site safety | 7

CO NSTRU CTIO N SCAFFOLDINGSScaffoldings are also considered as one of the major site safety equipment. Apart from acting as temporary support for the formworks of the buildings,it also ensures the safety of the construction workers while allowing them to access the buildings different floors while the building is still underconstruction and also to hasten the mobility and transportation of materials between floors of buildings and hence ensure the convenience and safetyof the construction workers.

SCAFFOLDI NGS SETSSCAFFOLDI NGS SET UP

• Upon being set up, it serves to allowaccessibility, mobility and also ensureconvenience of workers

• Ensure convenience in transportation ofmaterials vertically from bottom to top.

Site safety | 8

HEALTH & HYG IENEHeath and hygiene on site are one of the prime points that needs to be taken very seriously as it ensures the health of the work labour which are

essential to ensure the smooth construction process and productivity.

SANITATI ON

A typical toilet on site

Sanitary convenience should be taken into consideration as to ease theworkers and also to ensure the cleanliness and hygiene of the surrounding ofthe construction site.

Rows of self constructed concrete toilets on site

• Sanitary facilities and conveniences should be segregated according togender of users for the construction workers.

• Water are also provided for in order to maintain the cleanliness and hygiene ofthe sanitary facilities on site.

• Ventilation and sufficient lightings are also needed to be present in thesefacilities in order to ease convenience in these facilities.

TEMPORARY CANTEENCanteens are also important and essential in any construction site as itprovides food and beverages in order to maintain workforce andproductivity among construction workers and hence indirectlymaintaining efficiency and productivity within the construction site andproject.

• Condition of the temporary canteen needs to be well hygiene as itaffects the cleanliness of food and beverages being consumed by theconstruction workers.

• The temporary canteen needs to also be well lit, well ventilated andshaded as to provide comfort for the construction workers when theyare having their meals.

• To ensure cleanliness, the canteen needs to be located further awayfrom construction dumpster and waste and also sanitary facilities.

• The location of the temporary canteen needs to also be strategicaround the site as to ease the convenience of the constructionworkers to have their meal after work.

Temporary canteen constructed out of plywood timber.

Site safety | 9

GARBAG E CO LLECTIO N Garbage collection facilities are one of the most important facilities to be present around the construction as to ensure the cleanliness and thehygiene of the surrounding of the construction site. The garbage facilities serve to act as a dedicated space for the disposal of sanitarywastes, construction wastes and also domestic wastes around the site such as food and beverages wastes after consumption.

Main dumping site around theconstruction site without anysort of proper dumpster

Food and beverage wastesare being littered around theconstruction site disregardingthe site cleanliness.

Temporary facilities are not welltaken care off and graduallybecomes dumping spot forcertain construction waste

Construction wastes such asspoilt and unusable zinc sheetsare dumped randomly aroundthe site.

The construction site has manyrandom dumping spots whichcleanliness are not emphasized.

Site safety | 10

Bad practices are common in local construction sites due to the lack of surveillances from higher authorities and also lack of emphasis on the penalties oncertain wrongdoings.Most of the bad practices are concerning site safety and also the health and cleanliness on construction site.

BAD PRACTIC ES ARO U ND CO NSTRU CTIO N SITE

HEALTH & HYGI ENESITE SAFETY

Construction workers are not wellequipped with safety glove whilehandling and bending thereinforcement bars. This practice isdangerous to the workers as it willinjure the hands of the workerswhile working.

Scaffoldings are not well equippedwith construction safety nettings.This will increase the tendency ofthe construction to fall from heightand also materials from fallingbelow.

Main dumping site is notproperly managed andincrease the chances of pestsbreeding.

The canteen is situated at aclose distance from the maindumping area which isunhealthy and unhygienic forthe workers in terms of foodconsumption.

The sanitary facilities arenot provided with efficientwater supply for cleaningand it is not well lit andventilated. This isunhygienic as it will attractpests such as flies and inthe long run producingunpleasant stench.

Site safety | 11

Site plants and machineries are mandatory in order to smoothen the construction process and also to hasten the phase and process of the construction inorder to meet the date of completion of the construction project, maintain consistency and accuracy and also to ensure the safety and health of the workersas to avoid works from being done manually. Site plants and machineries varies from different construction projects which is also dependent on the scale ofthe construction project. There are a vast range of construction plants and machineries that are used and a few of the examples are earthmoving andexcavating, lifting and vertical transportation and others.

LIST O F PLANTS & MAC HINERIES U SED O N SITEITEM DESCRIPTION MODEL & SPECS QUANTITY

1 Lorry Daihatsu 1 tonDaihatsu 3 ton

1 No.1 No.

2 Crane Mobile crane – Zoom Lion 25 tonsMobile crane Kato NK 300 III

1 No.1 No.

3 Excavator Mitsubishi 200Hitachi 300

1 No.1 No.

4 Concrete mixer 10 Nos.

5 Vibrator poker 10 Nos.

6 Compactor complete with engine 1 No.

7 Vibrator engine complete with pump 1 No.

8 Bar bender & bar cutter 5 Sets

9 Scaffolding & accessories 10,000 Set

10 High pressure jet pump 2 Sets

11 Generator set 2 Sets

12 Wielding set 1 Set

Plants & mac hineries

Plants & machinery | 13

EXCAVATIO N & EARTH MOVING MAC HINERIESThese equipment and transportation are essential in order to smoothen and hasten the process of excavation and earthwork during the construction period on site.Mainly, these excavators and transport used are to excavate the earth around the site and also to transport the soil and earth around at a large amount at a time.These earth, soil and sand are also being transported by these means of transportations in order to level up the irregular site level of the construction site.

EXCAVATORSEarth and soil from slopes and terrain are being excavated to create trenches and to even out land by these machineries.

EXCAVATOR BACKHOE LOADER• Serves dig trenches for foundation and

also site clearing works.• Used on site for site clearing and excavation works but usage are not as

heavy duty as compared to the excavator.

• The backhoe bucket can be substituted with various types of constructionattachments which can carry out various functions.


Truck on site transporting the excavated earth to designated location.

Truck releasing transported excavated earth onto designated location on site for site levelling.

EARTH MOVING TRANSPO RTATIO N & HAU LING EQU IPMENTSAfter the excess earth and soil from slopes and terrain are being excavated, these excess soil are being transported away to different designation aroundthe site either to be reuse as to even out the land or to be dump as construction waste.

• Trucks are hauling units which are used to transport excavated materials and construction wastes todesignated sites over a distance at a relatively low cost.

• Trucks being loaded with construction wastes and bulk materials such as rocks and earth by loaders.

• These hauling machineries increase efficiency of the construction process entirely and hencesmoothen the excavation and also the construction transportation process.

Constructi on trucks


PAVING MAC HINERIESThese equipment and lightweight machineriesare used alongside with roadworksmachineries and equipment.

VIBRATOR COMPACTOR • Applied on site to compact the foundation

of the soil using the vibration forceproduced by the engine.

• Serves to reduce the sizes and particulatesto a denser and more compact mass.

• Enhances stability of foundation ofearthwork before the paving workscommence.

CO NC RETE PLANTS & MAC HINERIESConcrete machineries are widely used in any construction as it saves costs ascompared to prefabricating and transporting it from the factory. It also easesconstruction workers’ convenience as it is mobile and easy to work with

CONCRETE MIXING TRUCK• Serves to transport and also mixing the concrete

to the construction site.

• This piece of machinery serves to maintain theconcrete in liquid state through agitation by theturning the drum in order to prevent it fromsolidifying before reaching the construction site.

PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER• Serves to combine the cement,

aggregate and water to formconcrete homogenously andproducing it directly on site.

CONCRETE DUMP• A dumping spot for unusable

concrete and slump testedconcrete to be disposed.

HIGH PRESSURE JET PUMP• Portable machine which serves to

spray mixed concrete ontodesignated spot on site evenlyand efficiently.


OTHER SITE PLANTS, MAC HINERIES & EQU IPMENTS

PORTABLE ELECTRIC GENERATOR• Serves to generate electrical supply when

there are no power supply available onsite.

• Ease convenience of workers as to utilizeit to obtain mobile electricity to operateother machineries..

CONSTRUCTION LEVELLING TELESCOPE (DUMPY LEVEL)

• An optical instrument used to establish or tocheck the points in the same horizontalplane.

• Serves to survey and build with a verticalstaff to measure height differences and totransfer, measure and set heights.

BAR BENDER & CUTTER

• Used by construction workers to bend thesteel bar in various curvature for variousspecific purposes.

• The excess bended bars can be then cut ofby the cutter which is also attached onto themachine itself.

MOBILE CRANE • Suitable for small scale construction by

which requires crane utilization withouthaving the need to install a permanenttower crane .

• Easily transported to site having with little orwithout setup and assembly of parts.


External works are mainly the preliminary preparation that has to be carried out in order for the actual construction works to be done smoothly. This is toensure the smooth process of the construction works and to provide the construction and completion of site clearance and earthwork around the designatedsite boundary. External work types consist of site clearing, site levelling and excavation, designating temporary facilities and also utility connections.

SITE C LEARING WO RKSSite clearing works are mandatory and serve as the fundamental basis in preparing the site for construction. It is the process of clearing any site constructionobstruction which could be any sort of existing natural vegetation or structures by which the presence are inappropriate for the commencements of siteconstruction. Site clearance works mostly include the removal of vegetation such as natural trees and stumps that are within the site boundary.

Two cuts for the undercut forming a pie shapedcut line in the base of the tree trunk facing thedirection of which the tree is intended to fall. Anbackcut which is 3-5cm above the base of theundercut is cut at right angles to the fallingdirection.

In order to remove the remaining tree stump thedozer blade is placed against the stump and alifting action is furthered applied onto the stump.

The tractor is backed and the dozerblade is lowered.

The stump is tilted forward until theroots in front of the dozer blade areslightly lifted out from the ground.

The dozer blade is now insertedunder the lifted roots.

While lifting the blade, a pushingforce is applied in order to break thestump out of the ground and henceentirely removing the tree from theground.

If the tree trunk still resists falling, a wedge ishammered into the backcut to the directionintended for the tree to fall.

External wo rks

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7

External works | 19

EARTHWO RK & EXCAVATIO NAfter the procedure of site clearance works are done, earthworks are to be proceeded. Earthworks are engineering works involving the excavation andland filling process through the constant moving, excavating, replacing, refilling and backfills bulk materials such as earth and soil on site. Besides,excavation works are also to prepare the construction site for even and well levelled land for the smooth process of construction works to take place.

The topography and the elevation of theterrain are studied and surveyed thoroughly.The contour lines signifies the changes ofland in elevational views.

The cut line is then made to estimate theamount of land to be cut and to bebackfilled with the amount of cut land.

The cut line is the marked to the intendedlevel onto the existing slopping land andwhereby holes are filled under the cut liens.

The marked cut lines will be removed andto be used as filler to achieve the accurateand efficient desired landscape..

The slopping topography to be cut orexcavated and the remaining bulk materialare used to backfill the designated thespaced needed to be filled.

After ground has been cut out from itsoriginal ground level, a battered surface willform and the original ground level isreduced to form a flat surface.

The designate zone that needs to be filledare then filled up to the intended level, thusproducing a higher formation level ascompared to the original ground level,hence forming a flat surface as well.

CUTTI NG & FI LLI NG UP CLOSE

External works | 20

Site securing is important and essential as to avoid theft around the construction site and also to ensure each and everyone safety surrounding theconstruction site, construction workers or public citizens alike. Apart from that designations are also an important point that should not be taken for grantedas the location of facilities are important to ensure the convenience of the construction worker and indirectly affect the progress and efficiency of theconstruction project.

1. Toilets & Lavatories

2. Site offices & meeting room

3. Materiality storages

4. Staff & visitor carpark

5. Vehicle and machinery wash

6. Temporary water supply tank

7. Bar bending station

8. Cement storages

9. Canteen

10.Scaffolding and timber formworkstorages

11.Workmen hut

12.Dumpsite

Construction organizationalsign board and safetysignboard.

CONSTRUCTI ON SITE LAYOUT

LEGENDHoarding entry and fencingsurrounding the site to ensuresafety.

Coarse aggregate storage

Fine aggregate storage

Portable concrete mixer

Electrical Substation

SITE SEC U RING & DESIG NATIO NS

External works | 21

SITE SETTING O UTSite setting out is also considered as one of the major, essential and important preliminary works that needs to be carried out in order to allow thecommencement of construction works. Setting out is basically the establishment of the marks and lines to define the site boundary, the definite positionand also the level of the construction elements for the construction works to be proceeded with efficient and accurate reference to them.

• The temporary bench mark or the site datum post (1) is being set up as themain reference point of the rest of the set up points.

• The base line is then being set up with reference to the datum post and onthe other hand acting as the reference line itself to all other setting out linesand points by which all can be related.

• Corners posts are then set up in order to mark the main building boundary.

ON SITE DETACHED LOT SETTI NG OUT PLAN ON SITE DETACHED LOT FOUNDATI ON TRENCHES SETTI NG OUT PLAN

• After the site setting has been carried out accurately. Profileboards are being set up along all corners of the building.

• This step is to ensure the accuracy of the width of the wallslater on and also the width of the foundation trenches that isto be excavated before the commencement of foundationworks. External works | 22

ON SITE DETACHED LOT SETTI NG OUT PLAN DETAI LS CLOSE UP

ON SITE DETACHED LOT FOUNDATI ON TRENCHES SETTI NG OUT PLAN DETAI LS

CLOSE UP

1. TEMPORARY BENCHMARK / SITE DATUM POST

Detailed drawings below are to be viewed with reference to the settingout plans previously. Detailed drawings below are to be viewed with reference to the

setting out plans previously.

2. CORNER POSTS

3. BUILDERS’ SQUARE

Act as a standard measurement toolin order to measure and indicate anaccurate perpendicular angle (90degrees) upon setting out at cornerposts.

1. TYPICAL PROFILE BOARD

2. FOUNDATION TRENCHES

External works | 23

FO U NDATIO N TRENC HES EXCAVATIO N WO RKSThe excavation works for foundation and trenches are mainly to establish the size, shape and direction of the entire building frame. Besides, thesefoundation trenches are also essential as it also serves to ex=stablish the width and position of the walls using the profile boards that has been set upas guidelines and reference points.

A temporary site datum post is beingset up at a strategic spot as to act asreference point.

A tripod holding the construction levelling telescope (dumpy level) is used to obtain perpendicularangles with the help of the plumb rod being attached onto the corner post or with the help of a sitedatum.

OR

The well levelled telescope will bethen used to act as surveillance inorder to make sure the profile boardsare well levelled.

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3Step 4 Step 5

External works | 24

TEMPO RARY FAC ILITIES & SERVIC ESThese basic facilities ad services are mandatory to be present before the actual construction works proceed. The contractor are assigned the responsibilityto consider thoroughly the types of all temporary facilities and services required in order to smoothen the construction process. Services such as personalsanitation and food and beverages are also the basic requirements which are to be present in the construction site. These facilities and services can rangefrom infrastructures to basic work facilities and services.

HOARDINGSThese hoardings which surrounds the site boundaryserve to secure the sit perimeter and to prevent noiseand also dust and construction waste to obstructadjoining properties

CROSS SECTION OF A TYPICAL HOARDING

CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONAL SIGN

BOARDDisplays and notify the publicregarding the information of theconstruction project and also tonotify the public regarding thepresence of the construction site atthat particular area.

SITE OFFICE & MEETING ROOMTo hold meetings directly on site between the buildingteam in order to save time and solve construction issues.

VEHICLE & MACHINERY WASHTo ensure the hygiene and cleanliness of the transportand vehicle before exiting the construction site to apublic and non construction area.

External works | 25

BAR BENDING & CUTTING STATIONServes as a workplace dedicated forconstruction workers to bend and cutreinforcement bars for particular constructionpurposes.

SCAFFOLDINGSServes as a temporary structure to support theformwork of the construction and also to easethe construction workers vertical mobilityaround the building during construction works.

MATERIALITY STORAGESA dedicated place to store constructionmaterials such as cement, aggregate and alsobuilding accessories in order to protect thematerials and accessories from damage due toweather.

TEMPORARY CANTEENA space designated for the constructionworkers to have their meal while taking a breakfrom construction works.

WORKMEN ACCOOMODATIONSSpace dedicated to house and accommodateworkers to stay and rest throughout the entireconstruction project phase last.

External works | 26

SANITATION FACILITIESTo provide comfort and relief fro theconstruction workers and at the sametime serves as a dedicated spot forsanitation purposes which ensure onsite hygiene and construction workershealth.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLYTo provide constant flow of electricity in order for theoperation of machineries to be carried out smoothand constantly without jeopardizing the workefficiency and productivity.

PORTABLE ELECTICAL SUPPLYTo accommodate for far range usage ofelectric supply as to enhanceconvenience for the workers to operatethe machineries during power outage orto work at a further range of reachabilitywithin the construction site..

External works | 27

SLU MP TESTSlump test are also one of the major point that should not to be taken for granted as it is once of the most significant task and procedure ofexternal works. Slump tests serves to examine the mixture and quality of a batch of premixed concrete and hence to determine its suitability ofusage for construction works .

BASIC SET UP FOR SLUMP TEST

COLLAPSED SLUMP

SHEAR SLUMP

ZERO SLUMP TRUE SLUMP

Detailed drawings above indicating different types of slumps produced. Out of all, only the concrete batch beingdetermined as true slump is qualified and suitable to be proceed onwards to be used for construction works. The rest of theconcrete batches are either too liquid or too solid in state which are unsuitable for construction.

Construction worker carryingout slump test and measuringthe height of the slump in orderto determine the suitability ofthe batch of concrete.

External works | 28

SLU MP TEST PRO C EDU RE

The slump cone is dampen and isfilled with 1/3 full by volume and rod25 times with a tamping rod.

The cone is further filled with 2/3 byvolume. This layer is rod 25 timespenetrating through by not all theway through the bottom layer. Therodding action is distributed evenlyover the entire cross section of thelayer.

The cone is later then filled till itoverflows. This layer is again rod 25times with rod penetrating into but notdirectly through the second layer. Therodding is again distributed evenlyacross this entire cross section of thelayer.

The excess concrete from the top ofthe cone is then removed using thetamping rod as a screed. Theoverflow base of the cone is alsocleaned.

The cone is then lifted verticallyimmediately with slow, even motion.The cone must be ensured to not betilted in anyways throughout thisprocess. The withdrawn cone isthen inverted and place next to theslumped concrete without touchingit.

A straight edge is laid across the top of the cone.The amount of slump in inches is then measuredfrom the bottom of the straight edge to the top ofthe slumped concrete at a point over the originalcenter of the base. The examination should becompleted at an elapsed time of mot more than 2½ minutes. The concrete is then discarded andshall not be used to perform any other tests.

External works | 29



CONCRETE:The quality of concrete isgood and fast, with thecharacteristic cubestrength and additionwater to cement with aratio of 0.45 to provideoptimal compressivestrength

STEEL:Wieldable steel forreinforcing concrete,coiled to provide tensilestrength

Shallow piled foundation is used for the particular site. Piling is a more suitable foundation for this structure rather than the rafting foundation because thestructure is a three storey semi detach house with a soil condition that is not hard and also very stable. Also, it is able to withstand the load capacity of thesemi-detached house. Raft foundations are more potentially used for unstable type of soil or soils that are highly compressible .

Foundation of a structure is always constructed below the ground level so as to increase the lateral stability of the structure. It includesthe portion of the structure below the ground level and is built, so as to provide a firm and level surface for transmitting the load of thestructure on a large area of the soil lying underneath. The solid ground on which the foundation rests is called the Foundation Bed.

REI NFORCED CONCRETE PI LEPI LI NG FOOTI NG

( SITE )RAFT FOOTI NG( REFERENCE )

MATERIALITY:

fo u ndatio n

TYPES O F FO U NDATIO N

Foundation | 31

MAC HINERY ANALYSIS HYDRAU LIC PILING MAC HINE

Back stay : transfer the counterweight tension from the leader towards the ground to stabilize the drive

Crane : lift and hoist the pile

Diesel pile hammer : create the magnitude of force to drive the pile by inducing downwards momentum in the metal ram.

Leader : provide vertical attachment to support for the pile hammer

Helmet : to distribute the force from the hammer to the pile evenly and prevent damage

1: noise pollution, affecting human and animals sleeping quality and patterns, sensitive devices and induce sensory-related illness

2. Pose structural damages such as settlements to nearby natural or man-made structure due to propagation of intense vibration

TopSheave

Leader

DieselPileHammer

Crane

Helmet

BackStay

Pile

HYDRAULIC PILING HAMMER SECTION : ( 4 )

Foundation | 32

PI LE CAP SPECI FI CATI ONS

ONE PILE CAP TWO PILE CAPS

THREE PILE CAPS FOUR PILE CAPS

PILING LAYO UT IN A SING LE U NIT A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been

driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually formspart of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story building, structure or supportbase for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile cap distributes the load of the buildinginto the piles. A similar structure to a pile cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundationfloor resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence.

Piles intersecting two separate points.

Pile

Pile cap

Reinforced concrete

Ground beam to support the walls

Pile cap

Foundation | 33

Ends of the piling pipe The reinforce steel is placedbefore filing up the concretebar foundation.

Hydraulic Pile machinehammering down the pipe pile

PILING PRO C ESS

Form and layout

Timeframe

Investment

Underground Water Condition

Construction method

Building Code Requirements

Factors to avoi d duri ng pi li ng process

Exceeding Load

Excessive Moisture

Intense Vibration

Plumb Error

Consi derati ons before desi gn pi li ng

speci fi cati on

Foundation | 34

G RADE BEAM

BEAMSA beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding transverse loads (floor slab/roof slab) primarily by resisting bending. They transferall the loads including its self weight to other structural elements below (columns/walls). In other words, a column is a compression member.

The grade beam used at the site was of reinforced concrete, and it was positioned horizontally at ground level to support the superstructure, transferringthe load to the piles below.

Pile caps are interconnected with grade beamsand ground slab to ensure lateral forces can bedistributed to all the piles.

The piles and grade beams of the building at our site work in conjunction to elevate thestructure, provide vertical and lateral support for the elevated home, and transfer loadsimposed on the elevated home and foundation to the ground below.

Beams & columns | 36

G RADE BEAMCo nstru ctio n Pro c ess

Rei nforcement and Formwork

Footings and grade beams must be reinforced to resist the moment forces that develop at the base of the piers due to the lateral loads on the foundation and the elevated home

After the piers have been drilled and poured, trenches are dug for the grade beams. Wood is used to createformwork and steel reinforcing is placed inside the formwork. The reinforcing from the pier is tied to thereinforcing in the grade beam.

Grade beams must be a minimum of 200mm by 600mm with 2 – 15M bars top and bottom.

An acceptable void form must beplaced under all grade beams.


Both ends of the beam are rigidly fixed into the supports. Mainreinforcement bars and stirrups are provided.

Fix ed Beam

Rei nforcementSteel bars are added within the concrete beams toprovide extra strength and support to the beam itself.

Above is the reinforcement configuration of the concrete beamto handle tension and sheer load.

CROSS SECTION OF REBAR


Beam fo rmwo rk

• Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood. • Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm

centres. Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walkers and ties.• Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint where possible.


Beam Co nstru ctio n pro c ess

Step 1Erect the props and support, set upthe soffit of the beam.

Step 2Construct formwork for the sideof the beam.

Step 3Place the steel reinforcement.

Step 4Erect the other side of the beamformwork, and complete with strutsfor extra support.

Step 5Pour the concrete into theformwork.

StrutsConcrete filling


Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

CO LU MNSA column is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above (the ceiling/roof slab) to other structural elements below (foundation). In other words, a column is a compression member.

Reinfo rc ed co nc rete co lu mnsSizes of the columns

The sizes of theconcrete columns onsite differ from onefloor to another. Thebottom most floor hasa more thoroughreinforcement, and islarger in size due tothe amount of loadand weight that it willhave to withstand.

For design purposes, the columns are separated intotwo categories: short columns and slender columns.These columns are prone to face different kinds offailures.

Fai lures of columns due to sizes


Co lu mnFo rmwo rk

Concrete formwork is the temporary structure built to support and confine concrete until it hardens. Formwork refers to vertical forms used to form walls and column.

It consists of the following:Side & End Planks, Yoke, Nut& Bolts. The two end & twoside planks are joined by theyokes and bolts.

Adj ustable steel clamps

Plan and elevation ofcolumn formwork

The four panels are joint by clamps thathelp tighten them to build theformwork.


Co lu mnsReinfo rc ements

Concrete is strong when compressed, but they need to be somewhat elastic toregain their height after being compressed by live loads (people), and if they’returned to twisted by dynamic loads (wind/earthquake). Concrete columns mustalways have steel reinforcement because they are subject to bending.

The columns on site are composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame toprovide reinforcement.

fo rmwo rkBraci ng

Column bracing maintains the accuracy of the column formposition and plumb so that it is within tolerance. It is able towithstand results of forces acting on either the column formworkor the bracing.

On site: Bracing is applied to support the formwork of columns


CO LU MNCo nstru ctio n pro c ess

Step 1Place the reinforcement on theground, and pour the concrete

Step 2Set up the panels around thesteel bars and bind themtogether with steel clamps

Step 3Brace the formwork

Step 4Pour the concrete into theformwork.


When constructing the floor system it is important to take the type of flooring, the laying ofpipes and reinforcement into consideration. The type of flooring in a house must beadequately supported by the flooring structure below. Floor systems are the horizontal surfaceof a room or interior space and its supporting construction. Floor systems must support bothlive loads and dead loads which then transfer to the supporting beams, columns orloadbearing walls.

Concrete slab are common foundation or floor systems in many parts of the world. Particularin warmer climates with soils that are stable. Concrete slabs are plate structures that arereinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay.

A building concrete slab consists of (from ground up) 4” of sand, gravel, or crushed stone; alayer of 6 mil polyethylene used as a vapor barrier . A layer of wire mesh embedded in theconcrete.

One way slab is supported on two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one direction. Total load is carried in the direction perpendicular tothe supporting beam. If a slab is supported on all the four sides but the ratio of longer span 1 to shorten span is greater than 2, then the slab will beconsidered as one way slab. Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction for one way slabs. One way slabs are designed for flexure and shearon a per meter width basis, assuming that they act as a series of independent strips. Thus one-way shear in slabs is often referred to as beam shear,and design for flexure and shear is carried out using a beam analogy.

Ground floor slab is built on a compacted hard ground supported by beams.

One way slab and beam

slab

O NE WAY SLAB

slab | 46

SLABS SUPPORTI NG BY BEAMS

One way slab supported on beams on all four sides

One way slab supported on beams on two sides

• Provides useful flat surface• One way slab may be used when there is architectural

limitations• It is the simplest form of slab design• Main reinforcement placing is one way, so there is a little

congestion than two way slab.

When a slab is supported only on two parallel appositeedges, it spans only in the direction perpendicular to twosupporting edges. Such a slab is called one way slab. Also,if the slab is supported on all four edges and the ratio oflonger span(ly) to shorter span (lx) i.e ly/lx > 2, practicallythe slab spans across the shorter span. Such a slabs arealso designed as one way slabs. In this case, the mainreinforcement is provided along the spanning direction toresist one way bending.

APPLI CATI ONS OF ONE WAY SLABS

BEHAVI OR OF ONE WAY SLAB

slab | 47

The slab above ground floor is known as intermediate slab. It usually takes 7-14 days for concrete slab to cure. But for intermediatereinforced concrete slab it requires formwork for temporary support whilethe concrete is wet, which delays the construction process forapproximately 7 days. The intermediate floor includes an intermediate floorlayer including an elastic and resilient material. Intermediate floor slab isusually cast between 100-300mm, depending on the live and dead loadsasserted on the slab.

Slab formwork and shoring

Fresh concrete must be shaped and supported by formwork untilit cures and able to support itself. Moreover, temporary supportscalled shoring are used to support beam and slab forms.

INTERMEDIATE SLAB

slab | 48

Step 3 Concrete class is cast on top of the wire reinforcementwith the formwork acting as a mould. The concrete isthen spread by until the form is full and even. The groundtaxes 1-2 days to cure and after curing of 14 days, theformwork are then removed.

Step 1 The desired area for ground of a site is excavated andcompacted, the hole is usually larger than the slab forformwork to fit in the hole.

Step 4 Scaffolding and shoring are placed on the ground floor tosupport the timber centering of the first floor. Theformwork of the first floor is installed on the timbercentering.

Step 5 Concrete is then casted into the formwork that holds thewelded wire reinforcement in place. Finally, a layer ofconcrete is casted on top of the reinforcement and anintermediate slab is formed.

Step 2Formwork is installed around the compacted hardcore.Welded wire reinforcement is layered on top of the dampproof membrane.

CO NC RETE G RO U ND AND INTERMEDIATE FLO O R SLABCo nstru ctio n pro c ess

slab | 49

SLAB DETAILS

• Formwork for slabs and beams consists of sole plates,wedges, props, head tree, planks, batten and ledgers.

• Beam formwork rests on head tree.

• Slab form work rests on battens and joints

• If prop height are more than 8’ provide horizontal braces.

A beam-and-slab system, with a one way slab, and beams castcompositely with the slab, is a highly efficient floor system.

Ground floor depth usually varies from 100-300mm, depending onthe ground bearing capacity and also the live ad dead load.

Formwork for concrete beams and slabs

slab | 50

TYPES O F WALL

A wall in general, is rows of bricks stacked vertically to a certain height. Walls are important element in a building as it not only bears the load of the home; it also serves as a divider between spaces. They are also sound barriers and fire walls that protect the interior space of a building.

Bears load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.

Does not support any gravity loads from the building hence doesn’t bear any weight besides its own.

1. Roof spans between external walls and internal load bearing wall.2. Floor spans from external wall to internal load bearing wall.3. Load bearing wall transmits part of roof load to foundation.4. Load bearing wall transmits part of roof and floor load to

foundation.

5. Roof spans from external wall to external wall..6. Floor spans from external wall to external wall.7. Non load bearing walls built off floor surfaces.8. External load bearing walls transmit part of roof and floor load to

foundation.

LoadLoad Bearing Wall

Non- Load Bearing Wall

Legend:

Wall system

Load beari ng wall Non Load beari ng wall

walls | 52

Step 5Tap it into place until the top edge of the brick lines up exactly with the fishingline guide..

Step 6Scrape away any excess mortar that has been squeezed from between thebricks as you go before it dries and hardens. Ensure that you remove themortar before it hardens.

Step 8Once the corners are built, simply move the fishing line up, row by row, and fill in the spaces between the corners. Because your bottom row is level and your corners are vertical, your whole wall is sure to be level and vertical.

On-site:Fishing lines areextended atcorners to indicatelevels. During bricklayering process.

Step 7Use a spirit level to check that the row is level and to ensure that the cornersare vertical (i.e. straight up and not leaning in or out).

BRIC K-LAYERING PRO C ESS

Step 1Bricks must be laid on a concrete slab or foundation.

Step 3Place enough mortar to lay 2-3 bricks at a time.

step 4'Butter' each new brick by applying mortar onto the end of the brickbefore placing it hard up against the preceding brick and into themortar bed. .

Step 2Start by building the corners. To lay the first course of bricks, use your trowel to spread mortar onto the concrete surface. Use a fishing line stretched tight between the corners to lay the first row of bricks. The back top edge of every brick laid must be exactly in line with the fishing line.

walls | 53

TYPES O F BRIC K U SED

Cement Sand Bri cküEconomical friendlyüUneven surface thus requires plasteringüOffers excellent strength as a load-bearing member.

Common Burnt Clay Bri cküUsed in general work with no special attractive

appearances üRequires plastering and renderingüThermal and acoustic insulationüFire resistant

On-site:Party walls (fire wall) are built using burnt clay brick due to its fire resistant property. The rest of the walls are built using cement sand bricks because it is more economical.

On-site:Bricks at the top of the non bearing walls are arranged diagonally to fill up the space at the top of the wall. This is a bad exercise in construction as it weakens the wall greatly.

On-site:Walls are chased after built to run electrical wires and power points. This is done before plastering process.

walls | 54

PLASTERING PRO C ESS

Step 1When plastering walls, try to avoid working in the direct sun or dryingwinds. Plaster needs to retain its moisture for as long as possible.

Step 2Load your hawk with plaster mix and scoop it onto the steel trowel.Apply to the wall with pressure.

Step 5Wet the leveled plaster with water (flicked lightly with a brush), thenuse a float to smooth the surface.

On-site:Metal brackets are installed to ensure straight edges when walls arebeing plastered. Thickness of plasters are also marked to ensureeven plastering work.

Step 3Plaster small areas at a time. A whole wall should be completed in oneoperation.

Step 4Once the plaster starts to stiffen, level the surface by pulling a straightedge over the plaster with a sawing motion.

Step 6Cover the plaster area with plastic or use a fine spray of water to keepit damp for as long as possible (up to 7 days).

walls | 55

Stairs are the conventional means of vertical access between floors and different levels in buildings. Stairs are a series of steps, each elevated ameasured distance, leading from one level of a structure to another. It should be constructed to provide ready, easy, comfortable and safe access upand down with steps that are easy to climb, within a compact area, so as not to take up excessive floor space.

TYPE O F STAIRS

2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landingthat requires 180 degree turn in the walk line.Half-turn staircases are also a variety of staircaseswith straight flights. Just like quarter-turn stairs theyalso have a landing, but here it changes a direction ofthe flight by 180 degrees already and also serves as aplace for rest when moving. The landing divides thestaircase into two, thereby reducing quantity of treadsin one flight, and makes walking more comfortable.Staircases of this type are very convenient, functional,and safe.

COMBI NATI ON OF OPEN AND CLOSE STAI RWAYThe staircase is sandwiched betweena wall and a open stairwell.

The double quarter turn or double quarter landingallows the stair case to turn through 180 degrees. Thisis achieved by turning 90 degrees on two large squaresteps or landings.

staircase

HALF-TURN STAI RCASE DOUBLE-QUARTER TURN STAI RCASE

staircase | 57

The staircase connects the 3 floors. Theconstruction of the staircase is easy as it iscontinuous from the lowest level.

Stairwell is formed between the two parallel flight of stairs.

STAIRWELL

STAIRWELL

SECTI ON DRAWI NG OF STAI RS

staircase | 58

STAIRS TERMINO LO GY

The headroom is sufficient for the user with a height clearance of 2.2m. The rise is constant so that it is safe for the user. A width of

RISE, THREAD & HEADRO O M

staircase | 59

FO RMWO RK & PRO C ESSFormwork is the molding into which wet concrete is poured to give the user greater control over the exact shape of the finished, cured concrete.Formwork can be built with almost anything but is most often built with a combination of timber, plywood, and steel or aluminum hardware.Formwork can either be dismantled after the concrete has cured to an acceptable level, or it can be left to remain embedded on a permanent basis.

The basic concept of formwork is the creation of “walls” that will sand-which concrete poured between them.

Step 2Bracing

Step 8 Pouring the Concrete

Step 4Reinforcement added

Step 5Installing Steps

Getting the Formwork Right

Step 3 Assembling Form

Pouring concrete into themold. Concrete isapplied from the top tillthe bottom of the stairs.

Concrete poured is leftto dry and harden.

The framework is beingremoved.

Step 1

staircase | 60

CO NC RETE STAIR CO NSTRU CTIO N

Concrete stairs span between landings. Where there are loadbearing walls around the stair, it is generally economic to build. The landings into theside walls as one-way spanning slabs and construct the flights as inclined slabs between the landings. Concrete staircases are especially popularas it lasts longer relative to wooden staircases and is cheaper than installing staircases constructed from metallic materials. When designedcorrectly, a concrete staircase is not only functional but can also add aesthetic value to the overall design of the building.

Picture shows how the staircase is built into the wall.

I ncli ned Slab Stai r

staircase | 61

C IRC U LATIO N

STANDARD REQU IREMENTSMinimum requirements

Thread : 225 mmRisers: 180 mm( less than or 16 risers per flight ) Width of thread: 900 mm( measured from outside the stringer )

Landings provide well-needed resting stages or a platform thatallows others to pass, enabling less mobile users to move at theirown pace.

Two landings as resting platforms.

The width of the staircase is wide enough topromote two way circulation.

40

Steepness of the stairs constructed is roughly 40 degrees.The inclination is safe and comfortable for the users.

staircase | 62

CORE DRI LLED AND GROUTED

HANDRAIL DETAILS900mm to 1m above the pitch line of the stair.Start 300mm before the first step and end at the top step.

Grout is a particularly fluid form of concretewhich is used to fill gaps. Railing post is directlydrilled into the cement stairs.

Recommended installation method for all in-groundrails and railing to be installed permanently into aconcrete slab.

Measure and markinstallation location ofrailing posts.

Drill 3” diameter x 4”deep core in concretefor each post location.

Fully insert into hole andmake sure it is properlyaligned and level.

Fill the hole with grout.The height of the railing is at 90cm which is safe for the users.

staircase | 63

W INDOWSA window is an opening formed on a wall or roof primarily to admit daylight through some transparent or translucent material. Windows providescontrolled natural ventilation to buildings and make a major contribution to the visual appearance ofbuildings.

SLI DI NG WI NDOWS

Open with the sash sliding left orright. Sliding windows are easierand faster. In a single slider, onesash slides to open. In a doublesliders are create for providing aircirculation.

CASEMENT WI NDOWS

Hinged at the side and openoutward like a door. It looks like apicture window because unlikedouble hung or sliding windows. Acasement window has no rail,some casement windows aresimply pushed open but most havea hand crank

AWNI NG WI NDOWS

Hinged on top and open outward,enabling ventilation without lettingin rain or falling leaves. Screensare on the inside of the window,where they are more protectedfrom the elements.

FIXED WI NDOWS

Open with the sash sliding left orright. Sliding windows are easierand faster. In a single slider, onesash slides to open. In a doublesliders are create for providing aircirculation.

BA

C

D

W INDOWS anato my

Doors & windows | 65

Frame

Sash

Glass

Jamb

Mullion

INSTALLATIO N METHO D O F ALU NIMIU M FRAMES

Step 1Clean the opening. Ensure it is dryand free from dirt, oil and debris.

Step 2Apply water resistant coating to the masonry. Extend the coating into the opening on all four sides.

Step 3Confirm the opening is plumb,level and square. Measure andmark the opening where theinterior of the new doors will beplaced.

Step 4Secure clips to the window frame.

Step 5Done.


DO O RSA door is a solid barrier that is fixed to a frame in an opening in a wall to hinge, pivot or slide open (or to close). The door opening, doorway, allowsaccess and egress from building and between rooms, compartments and corridors. As a component part of a wall, the door and its frame areintegral to the overall performance of the wall.

POCKET DOOR

A pocket door is a sliding door thatdisappears, when fully open, into acompartment in the adjacent wall.Pocket doors are used for architecturaleffect, or when there is no room for theswing of a hinged door

FLUSH DOOR

A flush door is a completelysmooth door, having plywood or MDFfixed over a light timber frame, thehollow parts of which are often filledwith a cardboard core material. Skinscan also be made out of hardboards.

SLI DI NG DOOR

A sliding glass door or patio door, isa type of sliding doors inarchitecture and construction. It is alarge glass window opening in astructure that providesaccess from indoors to theoutdoors. Helps in air ventilationand natural lighting entering thebuilding.

TI MBER DOOR

A door constructed with panels, usuallyshaped to pattern and is installedbetween the stiles and rails that formthe outside frame of the door. As amain door for the building.

DO O RS ANATO MY


INSTALLATIO N METHO D O F DO O RS FRAME

Step 1Verify and confirm the door locationand the dimensions of the roughopening.

Step 2Confirm the opening is plumb,level and square.

Step 3Measure the width and heightof the opening.

Step 4Lintel placed on the top of the doorsto support the following bricks wallconstruct.

Step 5Pre-drill and fasten the treated.

Step 6Done.


Roof is an assemblage to provide cover for homes, buildings, and commercial, industrial, and recreational areas. Roofs are constructed in different forms andshapes with various materials. A properly designed and constructed roof protects the structure beneath it from exterior weather conditions, provides structuralsupport for superimposed loads, provides diaphragm strength to maintain the shape of the structure below, suppresses fire spread, and meets desired aestheticcriteria.Modern roof construction usually consists of an outer roofing assembly that is attached atop a deck or sheathing surface, which in turn is supported by aprimary framework such as a series of beams, trusses, or arches.

Section of the top roof

Mono pitched roofFlat roof concrete

Roof top plan

MONO PITCHED ROOFA single-sloping roof surface andoften not attached to another roofsurface. It is usually for storage.

Characteristics:- Simple installation- Low maintenance- Low cost- Drain away rainwater

FLAT ROOFA roof which does not exceed 10° tohorizontal

Characteristics:- Lightweight- Wind resistance- Easy access for gutter system- Space for placing equipment- Easy to maintain

TYPES O F RO O F

ro o f

roof | 70

STRU CTU RETHE PURLI N ROOF

The purlin roof consists of both rafters and purlins. The ridge purlin is supported by posts. The rafters act as simple supported beams betweenthe purlins, either with or without cantilever. Purlins must be supported by load bearing walls or by structural beams and any horizontal thrustfrom the purlin must be catered for. the strut and its associated connections and supports should be of adequate size and strength to resistbuckling and to carry the appropriate loading.

PURLINAny horizontalstructural members

FASCIA BOARDLong, straight board that runs along thelower edge of the roof. The fascia isfixed directly to the roof trusses andusually does all the work of supportingthe bottom row of tiles and carrying allthe guttering.

RAFTERSStructural members (beam) that supportthe roof deck and associates the load

L SHAPED ANCHOR BRACKET

Secure the rafters tothe roof beam

roof | 71

INSU LATIO NThermal insulation in a building is very important to even the temperature of thespaces within the buildings. The purpose of insulation is to provide resistanceflow of heat and reduce unwanted heat loss or gain.

Metal roofing

Double sided sisalation foil

Ventilation space

Metal roofing

Purlin

Double sided sisalation foil

Rafters

Ceiling lining

G UTTER SYSTEMA gutter system is part of the roof. It consists of strainer, outlet, offset,elbow, downspout and etc. The main purpose is to protect a building'sfoundation by channelling water away from its base. The gutter alsohelps to reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and crawlspaces,

protects painted or stained surfaces by reducing exposure to water andprovides a means to collect rainwater for later use.

Double sided sisalation foilMetal roofing

Anchor bracket to roof beam

Gutter w/ domes roof outlet

Vistaboard

Brickwall with plaster on both sides

Gauge to fascia board

Stopened outlet

Running outlet

Downpipe

Offset bend

Pipe socket

Shoe

Gutter angle

The advantages of i nsulati on• Control the internal temperature of the building• Prevents moisture being introduced into the ceiling by outside

weather conditions such as rain, humidity or precipitation• Decrease the effects of damp which may lead to serious

illnesses and structure failure• Fire retardant that improves fire safety• Energy efficient as it reduces the amount of energy required to

cool a building and decrease electricity usage

roof | 72

CO RRU GATED METAL RO O FING ( SITE )Metal roof decking is corrugated to increase its stiffness. It is designed for pitched, flat, or arched construction on virtually alltypes of buildings. Roof deck is popular because it is strong, lightweight, economical, and easy to install. Therefore, the smallercolumns are used to support the structure in residential houses.

CORRUGATED METAL DECK

Advantages: • Lightweight and reduce the load• Reflects solar heat and can cut back

on cooling costs immensely• High durability• Low maintenance

Disadvantages:• Noisy in the event of heavy rain• Higher cost

Fastener arrangement

Reason usi ng screw as fastener:

• Faster to install• Consistent screw installation

streamlines the inspectionprocess with no specialinspections

• Save time and money withpainted decks

• No need to repaint or touch upfrom welding

• Reduce costs by eliminatingthe need for welding leads,welding rod, portable welders,fuel, and certified welders

roof | 73

Gaps fordrainingwater

Batten

TILES RO O F ( REFERENC E)Roof tiles can be an alternative for the metal roof of the selected site. It is also designed to drain away the rainwater as the overlapping of the tilesprevent rainwater from dripping into it. Materials such as clay, fibre cement and concrete are used for the roof tiles.

Where the tiles meet the gutter is called the eaves. An eaves course of tiles is normally shorter than the rest of the tiles used and is normallyinvisible when the roof is complete as it is fully covered by the layer of tiles above. It is there to provide a second layer of tiles for waterproofing.

Concrete tiles roofingSteel battensRoof joistSinglesided sisalationCeiling runner

Fascia boardDome water outlet

Vertical downsproutWaterproof fibrous plaster ceiling

The concrete roof tiles are nailed to roofbattens running parallel to the roof eaves.

Gaps are left in the battens so that waterpassing through the tiles drains down to theeaves, and a waterproof membrane is belowthe battens.

Hurricane clips are recommended or oftenrequired by local building codes in hurricaneprone areas.

The clips are fastened to the roof deck,usually with multiple fasteners, and clip toedges of the roof tiles. In high wind andhurricane areas the number of fasteners isalso increased.

TYPES O F TILESAlternatives for the metal decking

Nail holesFLAT SI NGLE TI LES

Nail holes

Interlocks

FLAT I NTERLOCKI NG

I NTERLOCKI NG TI LESNail holes

InterlocksReinforcing ribs

Water courses

Nail holes

roof | 74

INSTALLATIO N PRO C ESS

Step 1Steel rafters are individually installed on the site.Each of the steel rafters are secured with bolts.

Step 2Double sided sisalation foils are placed on therafters as heat insulation.

Step 3Metal decks are installed by screwing throughthe edge of the roof.

SITE (CORRUGATED METAL ROOFI NG)

REFERENCE (TI LES ROOFI NG)

Step 1Steel rafters are individually installedon the site. Each of the steel raftersare secured with bolts.

Step 2Single sided sisalation foil are placed onthe rafters as heat insulation.

Step 3Steel batten are installed horizontally tohook the tiles in secure.

Step 4Tiles are then hooked on thebatten to cover.

Here are two different installation processes based on different types of roof. One obtained from the site and the other as a reference.

roof | 75

Upon completing this Building Construction project over the span of two months, we were given multiple opportunities to expand our knowledgeon building construction. We had the chance to visit a construction site, as well as learned the construction process of erecting a building. Wewere brought around by the site manager, and were explained little details of the construction site as well as experiences that he has gonethrough. Due to the site being an ongoing construction site, we followed the safety specifications that were given, we brought our own safetyhelmets and wore safe covered shoes and long pants to ensure our own safety. We got to witness different processes of constructions, such aswall plastering, roofing, construction of stairs, wood framing of doors and constructions of all other sorts.

Upon doing researches we also came to realize that from the site that we visited, certain inappropriate practices were implemented, and someconstruction methods not properly applied. We have learned to be more aware the consequences, and grasped that these applications shouldnever be administered solely for the function of cutting costs or time. Construction is a lengthy but fairly complicated process, and little detailsshould not be easily overlooked.

In conclusion, we were grateful that this project brought us an opportunity to be involved with the construction industry. Throughout this projectwe took a glimpse of what it takes to build buildings of all sorts that can be seen today, from little details to a larger scale. We also came to realizethat regulations that were set must be followed, and communication is really important amongst professionals of the building industry. Architects,engineers and contractors required to be able to communicate and coordinate among one another to produce excellent results. Thus, being ableto visit the construction site gained us a generous amount of knowledge and experience that we believe that we would later apply further in thefuture.

summary

summary | 77

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references

Building Construction I: Project One

Education

Transcript of Building Construction I: Project One