BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Captain Larry Campbell Red Shift.
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Transcript of BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Captain Larry Campbell Red Shift.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONBUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Captain Larry Campbell
Red Shift
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-21.1. Identify basic structural characteristics of following building construction– 2-21.1.1. Wood Frame– 2-21.1.2. Ordinary– 2-21.1.3. Heavy Timber– 2-21.4.4 Non-Combustible– 2-21.5.5. Fire Resistant
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-21.2. Identify three hazards associated with wood truss and lightweight construction
2-21.3. Identify dangerous building conditions created by fire and suppression activities
2-21.4. Identify five indicators of building collapse
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES2-21.5. Identify the effects of fire and fire
suppression activities on the following building materials– 2-21.5.1.Wood– 2-21.5.2 Masonry– 2-21.5.3 Cast Iron– 2-21.5.4. Steel– 2-21.5.6 Reinforced Concrete – 2-21.5.5 Gypsum wallboard– 2-21.5.7 Glass– 2-21.5.8 Plaster & Lath
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-21.6. Identify the following terms as they relate to building construction– 2-21.6.1.Veneer wall– 2-21.6.2. Party wall– 2-21.6.3. Fire wall– 2-21.6.4. Partition wall– 2-21.6.5. Cantilever wall/unsupported wall– 2-21.6.6. Load bearing
WHY STUDY BUILDING WHY STUDY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION?CONSTRUCTION?
To enable safe and effective fire attack planning
To alert FF to potential construction hazardsTo alert FF to effects of fire and fire
suppression activities on selected building materials
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type I Fire Resistive– Structural members noncombustible or limited
combustible– Primary hazards-contents– Ability to confine fire compromised by
openings
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type II Noncombustible– Similar to Type I only degree of fire resistance
is less– Some cases materials with no fire resistance is
used– Primary hazards-contents– Heat build up during fire may cause structural
supports to fail– Roof materials may contribute to fire spread
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type III Ordinary– Exterior walls and structural members
noncombustible or limited combustible– Interior structural members almost all wood– Wood used has smaller dimensions than Type
IV– Primary fire hazard is fire and smoke spread
through concealed spaces– Hazards reduced by using fire-stops
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type IV Heavy Timber– Exterior and interior walls and associated structural
members noncombustible or limited combustible materials
– Interior structures made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces
– Wood has large dimensions– Primary fire hazard combustible contents of structural
members
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type IV Continued– Because of massive amount of combustible
materials there will be serious heat given off and may pose exposure protection problems
– Usually found in very old mills, factories, and warehouse, and today in modern churches
– Carpentersville- 10 W. Main Street, 11 East Main Street, and Eckert Door/GoldenBag, Inc.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type V Wood Frame– All walls and structural members are wood– Presents unlimited fire hazards, spread, collapse– May present serious exposure problems– Every new subdivision in Carpentersville,:
GlenEagle, Kimball Farms, Aragon T/H, Willoughby Farms, and Keele Farms (examples)
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HAZARDSAND HAZARDS
Type V Continued– “Old Town” Type V construction, however a
lot of “balloon” construction. Balloon construction there are no fire stops. Fire in basement, better go straight up to attic and roof to check for extension. Modern construction is called “platform” construction, each floor is constructed on its own platform, thus acting as a fire-stop, reducing wall channels
BUILDING CONTRUCTION BUILDING CONTRUCTION TERMSTERMS
2-21.6.
BUILDING CONTRUCTION BUILDING CONTRUCTION TERMSTERMS
Veneer wallsParty wallFire wallPartition wallCantilever/unsupported wallLoad bearing wallNon –load bearing wall
BUILDING CONTRUCTION BUILDING CONTRUCTION TERMSTERMS
Veneer Wall- decorative walls usually attached to the outside of load-bearing frame construction
Party Wall- load bearing wall that supports two adjacent structures
Fire Wall- separates two structures or divides a structure into smaller portions to prevent spread of fire
BUILDING CONTRUCTION BUILDING CONTRUCTION TERMSTERMS
Partition Wall- non-load bearing wall that divides two areas within a structure
Cantilever/Unsupported Walls- freestanding wall usually found in shopping centers or churches
Load bearing Wall- walls which support structural weight
Non-load bearing Wall- interior finished wall, used to separate two rooms in a house/office
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
AND TRUSSAND TRUSS
OBJECTIVE
2-21.2.
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
AND TRUSSAND TRUSSDesigned to support only their own weightIf one fails, a domino effect happens and
they all failRapid failure under fire conditions
– Usually 5 to 10 minutes– Wood ¼ char– Steel 1000º F– NEVER TRUST THE TRUSS!
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
AND TRUSSAND TRUSSWooden floor truss are just as dangerousTruss can be lightweight wood or metal
FF Hazards Related to FF Hazards Related to ConstructionConstruction
Heavy fire loadingCombustible finishes and furnishingsWood shake shinglesWooden floors/ceilings and coveringsLarge open spacesLightweight construction/trussConstruction, renovations, demolition
FF Hazards Related to FF Hazards Related to ConstructionConstruction
Heavy content loading– Combustibles stored in high piles next to each
other– Usually found in commercial and storage
facilities– This may override sprinkler system and provide
access problems– Proper inspection and enforcement effective in
these type of facilities
FF Hazards Related to FF Hazards Related to ConstructionConstruction
Combustible furnishings/finishes– Contribute to fire spread and smoke production
Wood shake shingles– Contribute to fire loading and spread– Prolonged exposure to fire may result in
structural collapse– Wood shake shingles in subdivisions create the
need for aggressive exposure protection
FF Hazards Related to FF Hazards Related to ConstructionConstruction
Wooden floors and ceilings– Contribute to fire loading– Prolonged exposure may result in collapse– Usually found in Type V construction and in
residential areas
Large open spaces– Contributes to spread– Warehouses, churches, large atriums, common
attics, and theaters
EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSMATERIALS
OBJECTIVE
2-21.5.
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
WOOD– Reaction depends on
Size– Smaller the size more likely to lose integrity
Moisture content Application of water
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
MASONRY– Minimally affected by fire– Mortar between masonry subject to
deterioration and weakening from fire– Rapid cooling may cause to spall– Masonry needs to be inspected after fire
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
CAST IRON– Found in old buildings– Bolts and other fastening devices may fail,
permitting to large wall and floor collapses
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
STEEL– Members elongate under heat– 50 foot beam may elongate up to 4 inches when
heated to 1000º– If ends are restrained it will buckle or fail
somewhere in the middle– Failure can be anticipated at 1000º
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
REINFORCED CONCRETE– Loses strength and spalls– Heat may cause bond between concrete and
steel causing collapse
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
GYPSUM (Drywall)– Excellent heat-resistant & fire retardant
properties– Will brake down under fire conditions– Members protected by gypsum could be
exposed to high temps
EFFECTS OF FIRE on EFFECTS OF FIRE on BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS
GLASS– Glass does not contribute to fire load, but resins
in fiberglass will– Heated glass will crack when hit with a cool
streamPLASTER & LATH
– Similar to gypsum– Large sections may fail during FF ops and fall
and strike FF
FACTORS THAT INCREASE FACTORS THAT INCREASE FIRE RISKS AND FIRE RISKS AND
COLLAPSECOLLAPSEConstruction, Demolition, and Renovations
– Drywall not yet in place– Exposed wood framing– Lack of barriers- doors, windows, etc.– Open stairwells– More at risk for to Arson– In buildings, suppression systems not working yet– Blocked entrances/exits– Construction materials and equipment in the way
SIGNS OF COLLAPSESIGNS OF COLLAPSE Cracks or separations in walls Evidence of existing building instability, i.e.-stars or tie
rods Loose bricks, blocks, and stones Deteriorated mortar Walls that appear to be leaning Structural members that appear to be separating from walls Prolonged fire exposure Fires beneath heavy machines, compressors, roof top units,
etc.
IF COLLAPSE APPAERS IF COLLAPSE APPAERS IMMINENTIMMINENT
Evacuate buildingSet up collapse zone around perimeter of
buildingAllow NO Personnel or Apparatus to
operate in zoneIf fire streams are needed to be continued,
they must be unmanned master streams