Building an Integrated Agriculture and Health Agenda: An Agricultural Perspective - Professor...

Building an Integrated Agriculture and Building an Integrated Agriculture and Health Agenda: Issues for International Health Agenda: Issues for International

Research and PolicyResearch and Policy- An Agricultural Perspective - - An Agricultural Perspective -

Joachim von BraunJoachim von BraunCenter for Development Research (ZEF)Center for Development Research (ZEF)

University of Bonn University of Bonn

Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and Health

London June 23, 2010

Joachim von Braun, ZEF, June 2010

Overview Overview

1.1. (re-) defining “agriculture“(re-) defining “agriculture“

2.2. Agriculture‘s nutrition and health roles – Agriculture‘s nutrition and health roles – enhancing goods and preventing bads enhancing goods and preventing bads

3.3. Rethinking institutional arrangementsRethinking institutional arrangements

4.4. Research agenda Research agenda


Defining agricultureDefining agriculture

• Traditional: farm sectorTraditional: farm sector

• More: + forests + fish More: + forests + fish

• and more: + ecosystems and more: + ecosystems

• and more: the bioeconomy and more: the bioeconomy


Food retailers

top 10: $1,091 bln • Wal-Mart • Carrefour • Metro G • Tesco • Seven & I

C o

n s u

m e r s $4.000 b

lnFood value chain offers partners and points of entry Food value chain offers partners and points of entry

for a perspective to serve health of for a perspective to serve health of the bottom 2 billionsthe bottom 2 billions

Food processors and traders

top 10: $409 bln

• Nestle • Cargill • ADM • Unilever • Kraft Foods

Agricultural input industry

top 10: $40 bln

• Syngenta • Monsanto • Bayer C • BASF AG • Dow Agro

Farms

Agricultural value added: $1,592 bln

No. of farms: ca. 450 mln

Size distr.>100 ha: 0.5%< 2 ha: 85%

Source: von Braun 2008. Source: von Braun 2008.


Re-defining agriculture: The new bio-economy,driven by changed prices and technology

Biomass

Foods and beverages______________

Bio-energy

Staples / animal feeds

Bio materials

Bio chemicals

Mar

ket p

rice

Market volum

e


Raw Material Supply

Health

Bio

div

ersi

tyF

oo

d S

afet

yE

nerg

y Su

pp

ly

Food Safety

Wa

ste

Ma

teria

lW

ast

e M

ate

rial

BioEconomy redefines agriculture within lots of interlinked value chains

Earth

Agriculture

Water Culture Media

Fishery &Aquaculture Forestry

MicrobialProduction Waste Industry

Food and feeding stuff technologies

Biotechnology Process TechnologyBiocatalysis

Production, Exploitation and Utilisation of Biomass …

Application and Processing

Products

Foodstuffs Biobased chemicals Biofuels Biomaterials Knowledge

…by Media

…in theSectors of

…byApplication

Animal feed

Source: Bioökonomie Rat, Berlin, 2010


Scientific Activities in BioEconomy

Land use and soils Water Economics and institutional Crops Biomass (terrestrial / marine) Livestock(terrestrial / marine) Recycling and energy biomass

conversion Nutrition and Health Biodiversity (terrestrial / marine) Genetic resources (terrestrial / marine) Biotechnology (plant, animal, industrial)


Implications of re-definig agriculture for Implications of re-definig agriculture for agriculture – health researchagriculture – health research

1. A broad inter-disciplinary perspective

2. A strong focus on positive and negative externalities of agriculture

3. A research strategy based on foresight of complex changes


Overview Overview






Agriculture affects health by … Agriculture affects health by … [a simple contrast][a simple contrast]

goodsgoods

• increasing availability / increasing availability / affordability of foodsaffordability of foods

• Increasing access to Increasing access to micronutrient-rich foodsmicronutrient-rich foods

• Empowering womenEmpowering women

• Raising income and Raising income and employmentemployment

• Sound ecosystems servicesSound ecosystems services

badsbads• Food scarcity Food scarcity

• Supply of bad diets Supply of bad diets

• Food borne diseases, pests Food borne diseases, pests and pesticidesand pesticides

• Marginalizing women and Marginalizing women and engaging in child laborengaging in child labor

• Adverse ecosystems effectsAdverse ecosystems effects

Strategic decision needed on what research agenda may have highest expected payoff: more goods or/and less bads


Agriculture-health linkagesAgriculture-health linkages

Agricultural Producers (farmers & workers)

Occupational health

Agricultural Systems (type, method, practice, location)

Agricultural outputs (qty, qual, price, diversity)

Labor (energy, time, amount)

Environment (water, air, soil)

Income (amount, type, control)

Access (food, medicine, health services)

Water-associated vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria)

Nutrition•Under-nutrition•Diet-related dischronic ease

Food-borne illnesses

HIV/AIDSLivestock-related illnesses

Po

licy

an

d P

oli

cy P

roce

ss/G

ove

rnan

ce

Agricultural Supply Chain

Intermediary Processes

Health Outcomes

Source: Hawkes and Ruel, WHO Bull. 2006.Source: Hawkes and Ruel, WHO Bull. 2006.


Pointing at the large agriculture issuesPointing at the large agriculture issues that have implications for health that have implications for health

• Poverty is mainly rural and linked to Poverty is mainly rural and linked to

agricultureagriculture

• small farms will last long (as opportunity and small farms will last long (as opportunity and constraint)constraint)

• Rural services are weak Rural services are weak


Land use, productivity and health / nutritionLand use, productivity and health / nutritionthe next “green revolutions”the next “green revolutions”


Urbanization, food systems, and healthUrbanization, food systems, and health


Agriculture, energy, consumption, climate change and the nutrition/health environment


Volatility – the price spike of 2008Volatility – the price spike of 2008

Source: compiled with data from FAO 2008 and IMF 2008Source: compiled with data from FAO 2008 and IMF 2008.


In sum: chronic problems In sum: chronic problems

• Population growth remains highPopulation growth remains high• Natural resources constrained (land, water)Natural resources constrained (land, water)• Change in demand (urbanization and income)Change in demand (urbanization and income)• Agricultural productivity challengeAgricultural productivity challenge• Market institutions and barriers Market institutions and barriers • Governance failures in supply and marketsGovernance failures in supply and markets• Disregard of agriculture - health linkagesDisregard of agriculture - health linkages


Overview Overview






Challenges to linking agriculture Challenges to linking agriculture and health / nutrition in policy processesand health / nutrition in policy processes

• Institutional divisionsInstitutional divisions

• Selective world viewsSelective world views

• Differing functionsDiffering functions

These institutional and governance issues These institutional and governance issues

require attention in require attention in research for impactresearch for impact

ResearchResearch attention to scale (local, national, attention to scale (local, national,

global)global)

Source: based on Benson (2006)Source: based on Benson (2006)


Global – weak links among organizations Global – weak links among organizations for agriculture and health for agriculture and health

• FAO: info on food and agr. and advice; some nutrition, some healthFAO: info on food and agr. and advice; some nutrition, some health• WFP: food assistance, and some nutrition actionsWFP: food assistance, and some nutrition actions• IFAD: finances agricultural development projectsIFAD: finances agricultural development projects• World Bank: poverty and agriculture, health and some nutritionWorld Bank: poverty and agriculture, health and some nutrition• WTO: trade agreements and trade disputes WTO: trade agreements and trade disputes • WHO: leadership on global health, including some on nutritionWHO: leadership on global health, including some on nutrition• UNICEF: rights of children, incl. child nutrition and child healthUNICEF: rights of children, incl. child nutrition and child health• CGIAR: reduce poverty and improve food security through CGIAR: reduce poverty and improve food security through

research, some nutrition and health research, some nutrition and health

All provide important services, but do not All provide important services, but do not function as a system and agriculture - health function as a system and agriculture - health

linkages have no, or too many homeslinkages have no, or too many homes


National and Local: Success factors inNational and Local: Success factors in inter-sectoral nutrition / health - agric. collaboration inter-sectoral nutrition / health - agric. collaboration

• Shared objectives of collaborationShared objectives of collaboration

• Early inclusive engagement with relevant Early inclusive engagement with relevant partnerspartners

• Established mechanisms for horizontal & Established mechanisms for horizontal & vertical communicationvertical communication

• Models, tools, & mechanisms for working Models, tools, & mechanisms for working togethertogether

• Enabling policy environment – making links Enabling policy environment – making links with inter-sectoral bodieswith inter-sectoral bodies

See T. Benson, IFPRI 2006


Spatial dimensions Spatial dimensions

Need for spatial dimension of any agenda, Need for spatial dimension of any agenda, because agriculture is local and many health because agriculture is local and many health issues are too: issues are too:

• LocalLocal

• NationalNational

• GlobalGlobal


Notes: Rainfed agriculture potential(crops, grazing, forest) is classified as high, medium or low (H,M,L). Rainfed potential, closed forest, intensively irrigated, and protected areas are all classified into high (H) and low (L) market access areas. Thus ML is medium rainfed agricultural potential areas with low market access.

Spatial Dimensions: Spatial Dimensions: DevelopmentDevelopment Domains – Domains – Combining Agricultural Systems with InfrastructureCombining Agricultural Systems with Infrastructure

Source: Stan Wood et al. (IFPRI) 2009.Source: Stan Wood et al. (IFPRI) 2009.


Sticky problem: Child Malnutrition: (Stunting)Sticky problem: Child Malnutrition: (Stunting)

Source: FAO 2004.Source: FAO 2004.


Food and health problems are where the Food and health problems are where the Poor are Poor are Sub-national poverty ca. 2005 ($1.25/day)Sub-national poverty ca. 2005 ($1.25/day)

Prevalence

Number

Source:. J. von Braun et.al. IFPRI), 2009. Source:. J. von Braun et.al. IFPRI), 2009. Based on Stan Wood et alBased on Stan Wood et al


Overview Overview






Thoughts on Agenda of a Centre for Integrative Thoughts on Agenda of a Centre for Integrative Research in Agriculture and HealthResearch in Agriculture and Health

• There are very few institutes that have a There are very few institutes that have a research agenda in agriculture and healthresearch agenda in agriculture and health

• Implications: Implications:

1.1. a niche strategy would not be appropriatea niche strategy would not be appropriate

2.2. A contribution to strategizing and networking A contribution to strategizing and networking would have high payoff at global levelwould have high payoff at global level

3.3. Combined with a small set of interdisciplinary Combined with a small set of interdisciplinary research projects on key issues in key research projects on key issues in key regions / systemsregions / systems


Some suggestions for an agenda for integrated Some suggestions for an agenda for integrated agriculture and health researchagriculture and health research

1.1. Basic: Basic:

1.1 Diet and Health linkages of agriculture in diverse systems 1.1 Diet and Health linkages of agriculture in diverse systems

1.2 Behavioral change related to diets and lifestyles 1.2 Behavioral change related to diets and lifestyles

2. 2. Innovation leading:Innovation leading:

2.1 Food value chains, technology, and health in the bio-economy2.1 Food value chains, technology, and health in the bio-economy

2.2 Animal production, animal diseases and livelihoods2.2 Animal production, animal diseases and livelihoods

3. 3. Enhancing results-orientation:Enhancing results-orientation:

3.1 Economic impact research of health benefits of agricultural change 3.1 Economic impact research of health benefits of agricultural change

(technological and institutional) (technological and institutional)

3.2 Health and nutrition enhancing food and agricultural policies (taxation 3.2 Health and nutrition enhancing food and agricultural policies (taxation

and subsidies addressing externalities) and corporate strategiesand subsidies addressing externalities) and corporate strategies


How to set priorities in How to set priorities in Agriculture – Health/Nutrition action?Agriculture – Health/Nutrition action?

Options for criteria:Options for criteria:1.1. focus on lives saved and livelihoods improved focus on lives saved and livelihoods improved

(mortality, morbidity, DALYs),(mortality, morbidity, DALYs),2.2. focus on economic productivity, growth, returns to focus on economic productivity, growth, returns to

investment (expected benefit–cost ratios; human investment (expected benefit–cost ratios; human productivity, live time earnings). productivity, live time earnings).

Suggestion: dual framework approach with both Suggestion: dual framework approach with both of these concepts for an informed policy of these concepts for an informed policy discourse for priority setting discourse for priority setting


and agriculture – health researchers and agriculture – health researchers may like to …may like to …

• … … take an interest in economic and agricultural take an interest in economic and agricultural technology issues (build it into curricula and technology issues (build it into curricula and research), and join forces with economic and research), and join forces with economic and agricultural disciplines in policy consultations agricultural disciplines in policy consultations

• … … recognize the broad synergies, such as that recognize the broad synergies, such as that poverty is basic for health and nutrition problems and poverty is basic for health and nutrition problems and that economic growth especially in LDCs, supported that economic growth especially in LDCs, supported by agricultural growth, is relevant for health and by agricultural growth, is relevant for health and nutritionnutrition

Building an Integrated Agriculture and Health Agenda: An Agricultural Perspective - Professor...

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