BUGEMM - The Phenomenon of Using Braces in SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang.doc

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Having ideal teeth is important. Teeth which are crooked or out of place

(misaligned) will affect the way people chew, talk and how their smile looks.

Because they have unnatural spaces, crooked teeth are harder to clean and

more likely to have cavities. In some cases, crooked teeth can affect the jaws

line up and can cause pain and discomfort. But nowadays, people don’t needto worry their misplaced teeth, because there is a tool which can fix it called

orthodontic braces.

Dental or orthodontic braces are put on teeth in order to correct them for

better biting and chewing. Braces are used to improve structural or cosmetic

flaws in teeth and jaws, such as under bites, overbites or crooked teeth.

Orthodontists may combine braces with other appliances that widen or change

the shape of the jaw or increase the space between teeth. According to Nanda

Inasovilizuari (2010) on her research titled “Behel, Kebutuhan atau Fashion”,

braces not only can correct the misplaced teeth and jaws, but also improve the

face structural.

These days, the options for braces are much more varied than what was

offered years ago. They are smaller, neater and less apparent. They come in

either metal or a clear ceramic. Then, there are lingual braces which put in the

inside of the teeth. The newest type of braces consists of any colours, single or

multi colours. People can think of any combination of colours, yellow and red,

black and silver, pink and blue, purple and green or whatever combination in

the spectrum of colours. These kinds of braces are usually recommended for

patients who do not need significant work done or to treat more minor

orthodontic problems.

Because of that, nowadays, the teenagers who don’t have an imperfect

teeth and jaws structure use the braces as a fashion need. Some of them

believe that by using braces, they can look more fashionable, stylish, and rich.

1



They use the braces in order to follow the latest trend. The most severe thing

is, some of them just follow their friends without realizing that they don’t

really need it. They use braces not for medical purposes, but to show the

others that they are at a high-class social status.

So, based on this case, the author would like to do a research titled “The

Phenomenon of Using Braces in SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang: Trend or

Necessary?” because the functions of braces is already strayed from its

original functions. This problem needs a necessary discussion because the

populations of people who use braces itself are increasing.

1.2 Problems Formulating

The problems of this research are:

1. Why do the students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang prefer to use the

braces?

2. Is there any advantages and disadvantages of using braces for students of

SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang?

3. How much treatment time and cost do the students of SMA Plus Negeri 17

Palembang spend because of using braces?

4. What do students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang think about

teenagers who use braces because of trend?

1.3 Puposes

The purposes of this research are:

1. To know the reason why the students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang

prefer to use the braces

2. To know the advantages and disadvantages of using braces for students of

SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang

3. To know the amount of treatment time and cost that students of SMA Plus

Negeri 17 Palembang spend because of using braces

4. To know students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang’s opinion about

teenagers who use braces because of trend

2



1.4 Benefits

This research has many functions to us, such as:

1. We will know the reasons of students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang

prefer to use the braces

2. We will know the benefits, advantages, and disadvantages of using braces

3. We will think twice to use the braces wheter we really need it or not

3



CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Teeth

The human subject is provided with two distinct sets of teeth, which make

their appearance at different periods of life. The first sets appear in childhood, and

are called temporary, deciduous, or milk teeth. The temporary teeth are twenty in

number; four incisors, two canine, and four molars in each jaw. The second set,

which also appear at an early period, continue until old age, are named permanent.

The permanent teeth are thirty two in number; four incisors, two central and two

lateral, two canine, four bicuspids, and six molars in each jaw. (Gray: 616)

2.2 Malocclusion

2.2.1 Definition

Malocclusion is a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the

teeth of the two dental arches. Malocclusions may be coupled with skeletaldisharmony of the face, where the relations between the upper and lower jaws are

not appropriate. In these cases the dental problem is, most of the time, derived

from the skeletal disharmony

2.2.2 Classification

Malocclusions can be divided mainly into three types, depending on the

sagittal relations of teeth and jaws, by Angle's classification method.

• Class I: Neutrocclusion. Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is

normal or as described for the maxillary first molar, but the other teeth

have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption, etc.

• Class II: Distocclusion (retrognathism, overjet). In this situation, the upper

molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but anteriorly to it.

Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first mandibular molars

and second premolars. There are two subtypes:

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrognathism





o Class II Division 1: The molar relationships are like that of Class II

and the anterior teeth are protruded

o Class II Division 2: The molar relationships are class II but the

central are retroclined and the lateral teeth are seen overlapping the

centrals

• Class III: Mesiocclusion ( prognathism,negative overjet) is when the lower

front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the

patient very often has a large mandible or a short maxillary bone.

Malocclusion treatment can be performed by using orthodontic or

braces to correct the tooth position to obtain good contact between the

upper and lower teeth. The main purpose of orthodontic treatment is to get

the health occlusion in functional and beauty from aesthetics point of

view.

2.3 Orthodontic braces

2.3.1 DefinitionDental braces (also known as orthodontic braces or simply braces) are

devices used in the orthodontic industry that help align and straighten teeth

and help to position them with regard to a person’s bite, while also working to

improve dental health. They are often used to correct under bites, as well as,

malocclusions, overbites, cross bites, open bites, deep bites, crooked teeth, and

various other flaws of the teeth and jaw. Braces can be either cosmetic or

structural. Dental braces or orthodontic braces are often used in conjunction

with other orthodontic appliances to help widen the palate or jaws and to

otherwise assist in shaping the teeth and jaws.

2.3.2 Types of Braces

Modern orthodontists can offer many types and varieties of braces:

a. Traditional braces are stainless steel, sometimes in combination with

nickel titanium, and are the most widely used. These include conventional

5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw



braces, which require ties to hold the arch wire in place, and newer self-

tying (or self-ligating) brackets. Self-ligating brackets may reduce friction

between the wire and the slot of the bracket, which in turn might be of

therapeutic benefit.

b. Invisalign is a method using a special plastic blend material formed

according to the composition of your teeth. Periodically modified and

fitted to the teeth fit desired pan stage by dentists, because Invisalign

transparent plastic so the aesthetic worth considering, it can be removed

when eating and brushing teeth, but the minimum is used approximately

20 hours a day. Treatment time is about 1 to 2 years.

c. Gold-plated stainless steel braces are often employed for patients allergic

to nickel (a basic and important component of stainless steel), but may

also be chosen because some people simply prefer the look of gold over

the traditional silver-colored braces.

d. Lingual braces (Incognito Braces) are custom made fixed braces bonded

to the back of the teeth making them invisible to other people. In lingual

braces the brackets are cemented onto the backside of the teeth making

them invisible while in standard braces the brackets are cemented onto the

front side of the teeth. Hence, lingual braces are a cosmetic alternative to

those who do not wish to have the unaesthetic metal look but wish to

improve their smile.

e. Porcelain veener , it can also be said after finish instant teeth. Actually not

really smoothed the tooth structure, but rather the kind of attachment of

composite materials to manipulate the appearance of front teeth to make it

look neat. As the installation of artificial nails on your nails that looks less

tidy. Generally used on teeth that gap, but difficult to apply in the crowded

teeth. Tooth patches material to last for about 5 to 10 years.

f. Retainer braces, it is not the main treatment but after finish dental braces

disposable or can be removed after braces treatment. Usually used about a

year after braces removed. There are also transparent. Often has a package

6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Ligating_Braces

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Ligating_Braces

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction



with a conventional dental expense. Helpful to maintain the composition

of teeth that have been formed neat.

2.3.3 Procedure

Orthodontic services may be provided by any licensed dentist trained

in orthodontics. In North America most orthodontic treatment is done by

orthodontists, dentists in diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions of the

teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist must complete 2–3 years of additional post-

doctoral training to earn a specialty certificate in orthodontics. There are manygeneral practitioners who also provide orthodontic services.

The first step is to determine whether braces are suitable for the

patient. The doctor consults with the patient and inspects the teeth visually. If

braces are appropriate, a records appointment is set up where X-rays, molds,

and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the

problems and proper course of action. Typical treatment times vary from six

months to two and a half years depending on the complexity and types of

problems. Orthodontic surgery may be required in extreme cases. About 2

weeks before the braces are applied brackets are required to spread apart back

teeth in order confirm enough space for the bands.

Teeth to be braced will have an adhesive applied to help the cement

bond to the surface of the tooth. In most cases the teeth will be banded and

then brackets will be added. A bracket will be applied with dental cement, and

then cured with light until hardened. This process usually takes a few seconds

per tooth. If required, orthodontic spacers may be inserted between the molars

to make room for molar bands to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are

required to ensure brackets will stick.

An arch wire will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with

elastic or metal ligatures. Elastics are available in a wide variety of colors.

Arch wires are bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired

results. Brackets with hooks can be placed, or hooks can be created and

affixed to the arch wire to affix the elastic to. The placement and configuration

7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontists

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontic_spacer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_tooth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(orthodontic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontists

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthognathic_surgery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontic_spacer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_tooth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(orthodontic)



of the elastics will depend on the course of treatment and the individual

patient. Elastics are made in different diameters, colors, sizes, and strengths.

Modern orthodontics makes frequent use of nickel-titanium arch wires

and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the arch wire is limp and

flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated

to body temperature, the arch wire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape,

creating constant light force on the teeth.

When applying another type of dental brace, such as Invisalign, the

process is quite different but there are similarities like the initial steps of

molding the teeth before application. With Invisalign, impressions of the

patient's teeth are sent for evaluation. After viewing and determining the best

course of action for the patient, their series of trays are created. The patient’s

dentist or orthodontist receives the trays which fit to the patient’s mouth

almost like a protective mouthpiece.

There are some forms of braces in which the brackets are placed in a

special form which are customized to the patient’s mouth. This reduces the

application time for the traditional type of braces. The form contains the metal

brackets which are placed in the patient’s mouth like a mouth guard,

drastically reducing the application time.

In many cases there is insufficient space in the mouth for all the teeth

to fit properly. There are two main procedures to make room in these cases.

One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is

expansion: the palate or arch is made larger by using a palatal expander .

Expanders can be used with both children and adults. Since the bones of adults

are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to

unfuse them. An expander can be used on an adult without surgery, but to

expand the dental arch, and not the palate.

Each month or two, the braces must be adjusted. This helps shift the

teeth into the correct position. When they get adjusted the orthodontist takes

off the colored rubber bands keeping the wire in place. The wire is then taken

out, and may be replaced or modified. When the wire has been placed back

8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_expander


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_arch








into the mouth, the patient may choose a color for the new rubber bands,

which are then fixed to the metal brackets. The adjusting process may cause

some discomfort, which is normal.

2.3.4 Orthodontic Treatment

There are various kinds of way how to treat the braces well, they are:

a. Keep away from hard food such as bagels (hard bread), the hard edge of

pizza, meat, etc

b. Keep away from crispy food like caramel, dodol, candy, and chewinggum

c. Fruits and vegetables should be cut thin and small for a meal. Corn

should be cut / removed from the cob.

d. Do not drink acid drinks such as soft drinks (cola) or lemon

e. When the braces get loose, save the braces and make an appointment

with the doctor as soon as possible

f. Do not ever put the removable orthodontic braces in the tissue because it

can almost certainly go wasted away, so put it on the orthodontic box

that has been provided.

9



CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method

Research method that used in this paper is descriptive method

analysis, that known student of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang’s opinion

about students who using braces.

3.2 Population and Sample3.2.1 Research Population

According to the Hardy-Weinberg, a population is a local group of

organisms of the same species that normally interbreed. Defining the limits of

a population can be somewhat arbitrary if neighboring populations regularly

interbreed. Populations in this research are students of SMA Plus Negeri 17

Palembang.

3.2.2 Research Sample

According to Wapper Lippmann, a sample is a subset of a population.

Typically, the population is very large, making a census or a

complete enumeration of all the values in the population impractical or

impossible. The sample technique in this research is by purposive random

sampling. Samples in this research are 30 students of X and XI grade who are

using braces. They will be given a questionnaire that contains 10 questions.

3.3 Place and Date of Observation

The writer did this observation in SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang.

The writer did the observation for 10 days, from April 30 until May 9, 2011.

3.4 Method and Data Collection Technique

Data collection on the research is held with questionnaires,

observation, and literature review technique.

10

http://www.answers.com/topic/interbreeding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration


http://www.answers.com/topic/interbreeding


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census




3.4.1 Observation

Observation does in order to get the student’s opinion about the

students who using braces.

3.4.2 Literature Review

Literature review does in order to gets some data, so the data was taken

is more factual. The data took in some medias, such as newspaper and books

that contains articles about braces, and also electronic media like the internet.

3.4.3 Questionnaire

The questionnaire was share by writer in order to get a valid data about

student’s opinion about students who using braces.

3.5 Data Analysis

In this research, the data analysis does by using quantitative analysis

and qualitative analysis.

3.5.1 Quantitative analysis

This analysis consists of common explanation about braces. It may be

taken from book, newspaper, or the other media such as the internet.

3.5.2 Qualitative Analysis

This analysis consists of a percentage count and values on the

questionnaire which contains 10 questions.

11



CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDING

In this chapter, the writer will present the result of research by

calculating the questionnaire’s answer. From those answers, we will know the

percentage of student’s opinion about teenagers who use the braces because of

trend and others.

4.1 The Factors why the Students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang Use

Braces

Nowadays, the options for braces are much more varied than what was

offered years ago. They are smaller, neater and less apparent. Because of that, the

teenagers who don’t have an imperfect teeth and jaws structure use the braces not

only for medical purposes, but also as a trend. So, from this research we can know

the reason and factors that influence the students of SMA Plus Negeri 17

Palembang prefer to use the braces.Table 1 Responses from students about the reason why they prefer to use

braces

Question Options Frequency Percentage (%)

Why do you

prefer to use

braces?

Fix the

misplaced teeth

30 100%

Follow the trend 0 0%

Others 0 0%

Total 30 100%

From the table above, the entire sample of this research said that they

use braces in order to fix their misplaced teeth. It means that no one of

students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang use the braces because of

following the trend.

Table 2 Responses from students about the factors that influence them to

use the braces

12




What factors that

influence you to use

the braces?

Medias such as

magazine,

internet, etc

4 13.33%

Friend 6 20%

Family 19 63.33%

Others 1 3.34%

Total 30 100%

From the table, most of sample of this research claimed that their family

influences them to use the braces. It shown by the highest percentage, it is

63.33%. Some of respondent said that they were influenced by their friend in

using of braces, the percentage is 20 %. The Medias such as magazine,

internet or others influence 13.33% of the respondent to use the braces. Only

3.34% of respondent chose the other options because doctors suggest them to

use the braces.

4.2 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Braces for Students of SMA

Plus Negeri 17 Palembang

As the medical treatment, braces are often used to correct under bites, as

well as, malocclusion , overbites, cross bites, open bites, deep bites, crooked

teeth, and various other flaws of the teeth and jaw. Beside that, some people

believe that by using braces, it can increase someone’s social status. Braces do

not only have some medical and society advantages, braces also give some

disadvantages for them who use it. From this research, we can know the

advantages and disadvantages of using braces for students of SMA Plus

Negeri 17 Palembang.

Table 3 Responses from students about advantages of using braces for students

of SMA plus Negeri 17 Palembang


13



What advantage

do you get after

using braces?

Having perfect teeth

structure

26 86.67%

Having the ideal face

structure

4 13.33%

Showing a high-class

social status

0 0%

Others 0 0%

Total 30 100%

Based on the table above, most of respondent said that they have the

perfect teeth structure after using braces, the percentage is 86.67%. 13.33% of

respondent claimed that they have the ideal face structure for advantage of

using braces. No one of respondent said that the braces show a high-class

social status.

Table 4 Responses from students about disadvantages of using braces for

students of SMA plus Negeri 17 Palembang

Question Options Frequency Percentage (%)Is there any

disadvantage that

you feel after using

braces?

Yes 20 66.67%

No 10 33.33%

Total 30 100%

From the table, most of sample of this research feel any disadvantages of

using braces, the percentage is 66.67%. The disadvantages are teeth are harder

to clean, hard to smile and talk, feeling hurt, pain, and discomfort. 33.33% of

respondent do not feel any disadvantages of using braces.

14



4.3 Treatment Time and Cost that Student of SMA Plus Negeri 17

Palembang Spent because of Using Braces

The treatment time of using braces is from six months to six years,

depending on the severity of the case, location, age, and other factors.

Although according to wikipedia.com (2011), research has shown that the

average duration is 1 year and 4 months. The cost of braces ranges widely in

various regions. The cost depends on whether both arches are being treated

and the length of treatment.

Table 5 Responses from students about how long they use the braces


How long do

you use the

braces?

> 3 years 6 20 %

1-3 years 10 33.33%

< a year 14 46.67%

Total 30 100%

Based on the table, most of students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang

have been use the braces less than a year. It can be seen by the highest

percentage, it is 46.66 %. It means they wear the braces when it becomes

trend. On the other side, 33.33 % of respondent said that they have been using

the braces around one until three years. And the rest or 20 % of respondent

have been using the braces for more than 3 years.

Table 6 Responses from students about the cost of their braces


What is the

price of

your braces?

> Rp7.000.000,00 10 33.33%

Rp5.000.000,00–

Rp7.000.000,00

12 40%

< Rp5.000.000,00 8 26.67%

Total 30 100%

15



Based on table above, the price of braces that students of SMA Plus

Negeri 17 Palembang using are variant. Most of their braces’ cost is around

five until seven millions rupiah. It shown by the highest percentage, it is 40 %.

33.33% of respondent’s price of braces is more that seven millions rupiah. The

rest of respondent said that their braces’ price is less than 5 millions rupiah.

Table 7 Response of students about kind of treatment which they do to

keep their braces well


What kind of

treatment do you do

in order to treat you

braces well?

Keep away from

hard food

23 76.67%

Keep away from

soft drink

4 13.33%

Others 3 10%

Total 30 100%

Based on the table above, most of respondent keep away from eating

hard food such as the edge of pizza, meat, and others in order to treat their

braces well. The percentage is 76.67%. 13.33% of respondent claimed that

they keep away from soft drink to safe their braces and 10% of respondent

chose the others option, such as not forget to brush their teeth, consult with the

dentist frequently, and keep away from sweet food.

Table 8 Responses from students about the frequency of consult with

dentist


How many times do

you consult to

dentist in a month?

Rare ( less than

once in a month)

8 26.67%

Sometimes (once

in a month)

19 63.33%

Often (more than

once in a month)

3 10%

Total 30 100%

16



Based on the table, most of respondent said that the visit the dentist

once in a moth, the percentage is 63.33%. 26.67% of respondent consult with

dentist less than once in a month. The rest said that they often consult with

dentist, it can be more than once in a month, and the percentage is 10%.

Table 9 Response from students about money that they spent every

consultation with dentist


How much the rate

money do you

spend to consult

with dentist?

< Rp100.000,00 2 6.67%Rp100.000,00

-Rp200.000,00

21 70%

> Rp200.000,007 23.33%

Total 30 100%

Based on the table above, 70% of respondent spend around

Rp100.000,00 until Rp200.000,00 whenever the consult with the dentist.

Some of the respondent spend more that Rp200.000,00 to consult with the

dentist, the percentage is 23.33%. The rest spend less than Rp100.000,00

every consultations.

4.4 Students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang’s Opinion about Teenagers

who use Braces because of Trend

Nowadays, teenagers who don’t have an imperfect teeth and jaws

structure use the braces as a fashion need. Some of them believe that by using

braces, they can look more fashionable, stylish, and rich. From this research

we will know students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang’s opinion about

teenagers who use braces because of trend

Table 10 Responses from students about teenagers who use braces because

of trend


17



What do you

think about

teenagers whouse braces

because of

trend?

Feel disappointed11 36.67%

Feel annoyed15 50%

Just so so4 13.33%

Total 30 100%

Most of respondent claimed that they feel annoyed by the teenagers who

use the braces because of following the trend only, the percentage is 50 %.

36.67 % of respondent feel disappointed with the teenagers who not use

braces for medical purposes. They think that it is such a useless thing. They’d

better use the money for some things that more important. The rest of

respondent said that they do not feel anything as long as they do not disturb

their life.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

1. From this research, we can conclude that all of students of SMA Plus

Negeri 17 Palembang who use the braces use it in order to fix the

misplaced teeth. Family is the most influence factor for students to use

braces, although some of them also infuenced by friends and some medias

such as magazine, newspaper, and internet.

2. There are some advantages and disadvantages that we can get by using

braces. The advantages are having perfect teeth structure and having an

ideal jaws and face structure. The disadvantages are teeth are harder to

18



clean, hard to smile and talk, feeling hurt, pain, and discomfort, even some

of braces users do not feel it.

3. Most of students have been use the braces less than a year. It means they

use the braces when it becomes trend among teenagers’ life. Most of their

braces’ cost are around Rp5.000.000,00 until Rp7.000.000,00. To treat the

braces well, they keep away from hard food like edge of pizza and meat.

Besides, they also keep away from soft drink and sweet food, never forget

to brush the teeth, and consult with the dentist frequently to keep the

braces well. Most of students visit the dentist once in a month and spend

around Rp100.000,00 until Rp200.000,00 once.

4. Most of students of SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang feel annoyed by

teenagers who use braces as a fashion need and misfunction the main

purpose to look more fashionable, stylish, and rich.

5.2 Suggestion

Through this research, the writer suggest the reader to not misfunction

the main functions of braces, do not ever use braces because of following

trend only. Braces are useful for the one who really need it, but it would be

useless for the one who do not need it. It should be better if you use the money

for something which more important and useful for you or others.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2011. Braces at Midlife: A Growing Trend (online).(http://www.more.ca/body-and-mind/self-and-spirit/braces-at-midlife-a-

growing-trend/a/28987, accessed March 18, 2011).

Anonymous. 2011. How do Braces Work? (online).

(http://www.healthyteeth.org/braces/index.html, accessed March 18, 2011).

Anonymous. 2011. Malocclusion (online).

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusion, accessed March 18, 2011).

Godman, Arthur. 2004. Kamus Sains Bergambar . Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka

Utama

Gray, Henry. 2004. Gray's Anatomy. Delhi: Black Rose Publications.

19

http://www.more.ca/body-and-mind/self-and-spirit/braces-at-midlife-a-growing-trend/a/28987


http://www.healthyteeth.org/braces/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusion



http://www.healthyteeth.org/braces/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusion



Inasovilizuari, Nanda. 2010. Behel, Kebutuhan atau Fashion. Palembang: SMA

Plus Negeri 17 Palembang.

Mardani, Ria Setyo . 2008. Tinta Biologi: Meneliti Ujian Tahap Akhir . Solo: PT

Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri.

Maulani, Chaerita. 2009. Seluk Beluk Kawat Gigi. Jakarta: Elek Media

Komputindo.

Nuraeni, Ani, dkk. 2010. Kesehatan Remaja: Problem dan Solusinya. Jakarta:

Penerbit Salemba Medika.

APPENDIX

Questionnaire

Name :

Class :

1. Why do you prefer to use braces?

a.Fix the misplaced teeth

b. Follow the trend

c.Others

2. What factors that influence you to use the braces?

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a. Medias such as magazine, internet, etc

b. Friend

c. Family

d. Others

3. What advantage do you get after using braces?

a. Having perfect teeth structure

b. Having the ideal face structure

c. Showing a high-class social status

d. Others

4. Is there any disadvantage that you feel after using braces?

a. Yes

b. No

5. How long do you use the braces?

a. > 3 years

b. 1-3 years

c. < a year

6. What is the price of your braces?

a. > Rp7.000.000,00

b. Rp5.000.000,00 – Rp7.000.000,00

c. < Rp5.000.000,00

7. What kind of treatment do you do in order to treat you braces well?

a. Keep away from hard food

b. Keep away from soft drink

c. Others

8. How many times do you consult to dentist in a month?

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a. Rare ( less than once in a month)

b. Sometimes (once in a month)

c. Often (more than once in a month)

9. How much the rate money do you spend to consult with dentist?

a. < Rp100.000,00

b. Rp100.000,00 -Rp200.000,00

c. > Rp200.000,00

10. What do you think about teenagers who use braces because of trend?

a. Feel disappointed

b. Feel annoyed

c. Just so so

BUGEMM - The Phenomenon of Using Braces in SMA Plus Negeri 17 Palembang.doc

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