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BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-1
International Finance
Chapter 2
International Flow of Funds
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-2
Chapter objectives
To explain the key components of the balance of payments; and
To explain how the international flow of funds is influenced by economic factors and other factors.
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-3
Balance of Payments
The balance of payments is a measurement of all transactions between domestic and foreign residents over a specified period of time.
Each transaction is recorded as both a credit and a debit, i.e. double-entry bookkeeping.§ Credit: transaction that generates a US cash
inflow; Debit – outflow (e.g., imports) The transactions are presented in three
groups – a current account, a capital account, and a financial account.
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-4
Balance of Payments The current account summarizes the
flow of funds between one specified country and all other countries due to the purchases of goods or services, the provision of income on financial assets, or unilateral current transfers (e.g. government grants and pensions, private remittances).
A current account deficit suggests a greater outflow of funds from the specified country for its current transactions.
The current account is commonly used to assess the balance of trade, which is simply the difference between merchandise exports and merchandise imports.§ Deficit => imports > exports§ Balance on current account in 2000 -$B371
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-5
The new capital account (as defined in the 1993 System of National Accounts and the fifth edition of IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual) is adopted by the U.S. in 1999.
It includes unilateral current transfers that are really shifts in assets, not current income. E.g. debt forgiveness, transfers by immigrants, the sale or purchase of rights to natural resources or patents.
Capital account represents a summary of the flow of funds resulting from the sale of assets between one specified country & all other countries over a specified period of time. § DFI, portfolio investment (e.g. stock), ST financial assets
In year 2000, Capital account transactions, net $705 million for US
Balance of Payments
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-6
The financial account (which was called the capital account previously) summarizes the flow of funds resulting from the sale of assets between one specified country and all other countries.
Assets include official reserves, other government assets, direct foreign investments, investments in securities, etc.
Balance of Payments
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-7
Different countries rely on trade to different extents. The trade volume of European countries is typically
between 30 – 40% of their respective GDP, while the trade volume of U.S. and Japan is typically between 10 – 20% of their respective GDP.
Nevertheless, the volume of trade has grown over time for most countries.
The U.S. balance of payments and related data are disseminated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.doc.gov.
For a snapshot of the latest international trade conditions, visit the White House’s Economic Statistics Briefing Room at www.whitehouse.gov/fsbr/international.html
See exhibit of destination & origin of exports and imports in the text
International Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-8
Distribution of U.S. Exports and Imports
For the Year of 2000 in Billions of $
Source: U.S. Office of Trade and Economic Analysis
Australasia14.8 1.9%
Canada178.822.8%
Mexico111.714.3%
OtherAmerica
59.37.6%
Eastern Europe6.1 0.8%
WesternEurope
181.323.2%
11.01.4%
Africa27.62.3%
148.519.0%
East Asia340.328.0%
SouthEastAsia
47.46.1%
Other Asia23.6 3.0%
Canada229.218.8%
Mexico135.911.2%
OtherAmerica
73.36.0%
Eastern Europe16.2 1.3%
241.019.8%
88.07.2%
Other Asia56.5 4.6%
Australasia8.8 0.7%
Exports Imports
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-9
International Trade Flows In 1975, the U.S. exported $107.1 billions in goods,
and imported $98.2 billions. Since then, international trade has grown, with U.S. exports and imports of goods valued at $773.3 and $1,222.8 billions respectively for the year of 2000.
Since 1976, the value of U.S. imports has exceeded the value of U.S. exports, causing a balance of trade deficit.
For more U.S. trade-related statistics, visit:§ http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/§ http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/industry/otea/
For worldwide trade statistics, visit:§ http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm§ http://www.worldbank.org/data/
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-10
U.S. Balance of Trade Trend
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Bil
lio
ns
of
US
$
U.S. Imports
U.S. Exports
U.S. Balance of Trade
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-11
Recent Changes in North American Trade§ In 1998, a 1989 free trade pact between U.S.
and Canada was fully phased in.
§ Passed in 1993, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) removes numerous trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.
§ In 2001, trade negotiations were initiated for a free trade area of the Americas. 34 countries are involved.
International Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-12
Recent Changes in European Trade§ The Single European Act of 1987 was
implemented to remove explicit and implicit trade barriers among European countries.
§ Consumers in Eastern Europe now have more freedom to purchase imported goods.
§ The single currency system implemented in 1999 eliminated the need to convert currencies among participating countries.
International Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-13
Trade Agreements Around the World§ In 1993, a General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) accord calling for lower tariffs was made among 117 countries.
§ Other trade agreements include:Association of Southeast Asian NationsEuropean CommunityCentral American Common MarketNorth American Free Trade Agreement
International Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-14
Friction Surrounding Trade Agreements§ Trade agreements are sometimes broken when one
country is harmed by another country’s actions.
§ Dumping refers to the exporting of products by one country to other countries at prices below cost.
§ Another situation that can break a trade agreement is copyright piracy.
To learn more about the various trade agreements around the world, visit:§ http://www1.worldbank.org/wbiep/trade/RI_map.html§ http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2001/pdfs/tab6_5.pdf§ http://www.sice.oas.org/tradee.asp
International Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-15
Factors Affecting International Trade Flows
Inflation§ A relative increase in a country’s inflation rate will
decrease its current account, as imports increase and exports decrease.
National Income§ A relative increase in a country’s income level will
decrease its current account, as imports increase. Government Restrictions
§ A government may reduce its country’s imports by imposing tariffs on imported goods, or by enforcing a quota. Note that other countries may retaliate by imposing their own trade restrictions.
§ Sometimes though, trade restrictions may be imposed on certain products for health and safety reasons.
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-16
Exchange Rates§ If a country’s currency begins to rise in
value, its current account balance will decrease as imports increase and exports decrease.
Note that the factors are interactive, such that their simultaneous influence on the balance of trade is a complex one.
Factors AffectingInternational Trade Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-17
Correcting A Balance of Trade Deficit By reconsidering the factors that affect the balance of
trade, some common correction methods can be developed.
For example, a floating exchange rate system may correct a trade imbalance automatically since the trade imbalance will affect the demand and supply of the currencies involved.
However, a weak home currency may not necessarily improve a trade deficit.§ Foreign companies may lower their prices to maintain their
competitiveness.§ Some other currencies may weaken too. – currency pegs§ Many trade transactions are prearranged and cannot be
adjusted immediately. This is known as the J-curve effect.§ The impact of exchange rate movements on intracompany
trade is limited.
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-18
J-Curve Effect
U.S
. T
rad
e B
alan
ce
0 Time
J Curve
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-19
Capital flows usually represent portfolio investment or direct foreign investment.
The DFI positions inside and outside the U.S. have risen substantially over time, indicating increasing globalization.
In particular, both DFI positions increased during periods of strong economic growth.
International Capital Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-20
Direct Foreign Investment Positions
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Bil
lio
ns
of
US
$
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
DFI by U.S. Firms
DFI in the U.S.
of the United States on a Historical Cost basis
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-21
Distribution of DFI for the U.S.
For the Year of 2000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
DFI by U.S. Firms DFI in the U.S.
Canada10.2%
Other WesternHemisphere19.2% 3.4%
Canada8.1%
France3.1%
Germany4.3%
United Kingdom18.8%
OtherEurope16.6%
Africa1.3%
MiddleEast1.0%
Japan4.5%
Other Asia& Pacific
11.6%
Other Asia & Pacific2.5%
France9.6%
Germany9.9%
Netherlands9.3% 12.3%
United Kingdom18.5%
OtherEurope21.5%
MiddleEast0.7%
Japan13.2%
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-22
Factors Affecting DFI Changes in Restrictions
§ New opportunities may arise from the removal of government barriers.
Privatization§ DFI has also been stimulated by the selling of
government operations. Potential Economic Growth
§ Countries with higher potential economic growth are more likely to attract DFI.
Tax Rates§ Countries that impose relatively low tax rates on
corporate earnings are more likely to attract DFI. Exchange Rates
§ Firms will typically prefer to invest their funds in a country when that country’s currency is expected to strengthen.
Interest Rates§ Money tends to flow to countries with high interest rates.
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-23
In which countries should you invest?
Online Application
§ Consult the Country Commercial Guides prepared by embassy staff at http://www.usatrade.gov/website/ccg.nsf/ccghomepage?openform
§ Visit the Trade Information Center at http://www.trade.gov/td/tic/
§ Visit the Yahoo! International Finance Center at http://biz.yahoo.com/ifc/
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-24
International Monetary Fund (IMF) The IM F is an organization of 183 member countries.
Established in 1946, it aims§ to promote international monetary cooperation and
exchange stability; § to foster economic growth and high levels of
employment; and§ to provide temporary financial assistance to help ease
imbalances of payments. Its operations involve surveillance, and financial and
technical assistance. In particular, its compensatory financing facility
attempts to reduce the impact of export instability on country economies.
The IM F uses a quota system, and its unit of account is the SDR (special drawing right).
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-25
The weights assigned to the currencies in the SDR basket are as follows:
Currency 2001 Revision 1996 Revision
U.S. dollar 45 39Euro 29 Deutsche mark 21 French franc 11Japanese yen 15 18Pound sterling 11 11
International Monetary Fund (IMF) You may learn more about the IMF at
http://www.imf.org.
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-26
World Bank Group Established in 1944, the Group assists development with the
primary focus of helping the poorest people and the poorest countries.
It has 183 member countries, and is composed of five organizations - IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID.
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Better known as the World Bank, the IBRD provides loans and
development assistance to middle-income countries and creditworthy poorer countries.
In particular, its structural adjustment loans are intended to enhance a country’s long-term economic growth.
The IBRD is not a profit-maximizing organization. Nevertheless, it has earned a net income every year since 1948.
It may spread its funds by entering into cofinancing agreements with official aid agencies, export credit agencies, as well as commercial banks.
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-27
o IDA: International Development Association lends to the very poor developing nations (that lack financial ability to borrow from IBRD) on highly concessional terms.
o IFC: International Finance Corporation promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries
M IGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency promote FDI in emerging economies, by offering political risk insurance to investors and lenders
ICSID: International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-28
To learn more about the World Bank Group and its organizations, visit:§ http://www.worldbank.org
§ http://www.worldbank.org/ibrd
§ http://www.worldbank.org/ida
§ http://www.ifc.org
§ http://www.miga.org
§ http://www.worldbank.org/icsid
Online Application
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-29
World Trade Organization (WTO) http://www.wto.org Created in 1995, the WTO is the successor to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It deals with the global rules of trade between nations
to ensure that trade flows smoothly, predictably and freely.
At the heart of the WTO's multilateral trading system are its trade agreements.
Its functions include:§ administering WTO trade agreements;§ serving as a forum for trade negotiations;§ handling trade disputes;§ monitoring national trading policies;§ providing technical assistance and training for developing
countries; and§ cooperating with other international groups.
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-30
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Set up in 1930, the BIS is an international organization
that fosters cooperation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial stability.
It is the “central banks’ central bank” and “lender of last resort.”
The BIS functions as:§ a forum for international monetary and financial
cooperation;§ a bank for central banks;§ a center for monetary and economic research; and§ an agent or trustee in connection with international
financial operations.§ http://www.bis.org
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-31
Regional Development Agencies Agencies with more regional objectives
relating to economic development include§ Inter-American Development Bank:
http://www.iadb.org§ Asian Development Bank:
http://www.adb.org§ African Development Bank:
http://www.afdb.org§ European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development: http://www.ebrd.com
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-32
Impact of International Trade on an MNC’s Value
n
tt
m
jtjtj
k1=
1 , ,
1
ER ECF E
= Value
E (CFj,t ) = expected cash flows in currency j to be received by the U.S. parent at the end of period tE (ERj,t ) = expected exchange rate at which currency j can be converted to dollars at the end of period tk = weighted average cost of capital of the parent
Exchange Rate Movements
Inflation in Foreign CountriesNational Income in Foreign Countries
Trade Agreements
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-33
Balance of Payments§ Current, Capital, and Financial Accounts
International Trade Flows§ Distribution of U.S. Exports and Imports
§ U.S. Balance of Trade Trend
§ Recent Changes in North American and European Trade
§ Trade Agreements Around the World Factors Affecting International Trade Flows
§ Inflation
§ National Income
§ Government Restrictions
§ Exchange Rates
§ Interaction of Factors
Chapter Review
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-34
Chapter Review
Correcting a Balance of Trade Deficit§ Why a Weak Home Currency is Not A
Perfect Solution International Capital Flows
§ Distribution of DFI by U.S. Firms
§ Distribution of DFI in the U.S.
§ Factors Affecting DFI
§ Factors Affecting International Portfolio Investment
BMGT446/BUFN724 – Dr. E F Kiss Ch2-35
Chapter Review
Agencies that Facilitate International Flows§ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
§ World Bank Group
§ World Trade Organization (WTO)
§ Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
§ Regional Development Agencies How International Trade Affects an MNC’s
Value