Buehler Smart G
Transcript of Buehler Smart G
1950s 1960s Today
Relationship between Share of Urban Trips by Transit, Bicycle, and Foot and Per Capita Annual CO2 Emissions from Road and Rail
Transport in Australia, Canada, the USA and EU Countries, 2000-08
R² = 0.74
0.000
1.000
2.000
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Ann
ual T
ons o
f CO
2 pe
r ca
pita
Percent of trips by public transport, bicycle, and foot
USA
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
Ireland
Spain
France
Sweden
Austria
Germany
UK Norway
Finland
Denmark
Belgium
Sources: (Bassett, Pucher, Buehler, Thompson, & Crouter, 2008; BMVBS, 1991-2008; IEA, 2009)
Walk, Bike, Transit Share of Trips Tran
spor
t CO
2 Em
issi
ons
per C
apita
More sustainable ground passenger transport in Germany
~3 times more CO2 emissions per capita in USA U.S. households spend more for transport (~$2,700 p.a.) Higher annual per capita government expenditures for roads and public transport in the USA ($625 vs. $460) 2.3 times higher traffic fatalities per capita in USA
Framework: Federal Policies in Germany
Taxes and regulation make car use more expensive Flexible funds for walking and cycling Dedicated funding for transit investments Regulations that guide land-use planning and require cooperation among levels of government Strategic leadership in transport and land-use planning Only the framework: most policies that make transport more sustainable are developed on the local level
Case Study Freiburg
• 220,000 inhabitants, 120,000 jobs, 30,000 students
• Strong Economic and population growth
• Gateway to Black Forest Region (620,000 pop.)
• “Germany’s Environmental Capital”
• Important Eco-Industry (10,000 jobs, €500m GDP)
• Green Party mayor
Thanks to Bernhard Gutzmer, Uwe Schade, Wulf Daseking (all city of Freiburg), Andreas Hildebrandt (VAG Freiburg)
Stagnating levels of motorization in Freiburg (cars & light trucks per 1,000)
Sources: (BMVBS, 1991-2008; City of Freiburg, 2009b; FHWA, 1990-2008)
Declining share of trips by car
Sources: (City of Freiburg, 2007; University of Dortmund, 2001)
Share of Trips by Public Transport, Cycling, and Walking in Freiburg and Cities of Comparable Population Size
(~200,000) in Europe and North America, 2006/2007
Sources: (City of Freiburg, 2007; Gutzmer, 2006; Socialdata, 2009; StatCan, 2009; U.S. Census Bureau, 2009)
Freiburg: sustainability trends
VKT Car use declined by 7% from 1990 to 2005 local roads only: -13%
Per-capita CO2 emissions from transport: -13% to a level that is only 29% of U.S. average
Bicycle safety: Freiburg: 1.2; Germany: 1.7 , USA: 5.8 fatalities per 10 million km cycled Transit operating budget subsidy per year: Freiburg10%, Germany 25%, USA 65%
Short summary overview of transport and land use planning history
1944: 80% of city destroyed in air raid 1950s/1960s: Rebuilding the city to serve the needs
of the car 1970s: Crucial decisions: laying the ground
work for sustainable transport 1980s: Improving public transport, walking
and cycling 1990s/2000s: Restricting car use and further
promoting the green modes
Muensterplatz 1960s Source: City of Freiburg
Muensterplatz 2000 Source: City of Freiburg
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
(Source: adapted from City of Freiburg)
Complementary Goals of most Recent Transport and Land–Use Plans
Goals of Transport Planning Minimize car travel Move car trips to other modes Make car travel as environmentally friendly as possible
Goals of Land-Use Planning: Improve quality of life “City of Short Distances” Strengthening Freiburg as regional center Preservation of City
Accommodating growth within the city limits
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Vauban & Rieselfeld Neighborhoods
(Source: Berkeley)
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
(Source: adapted from City of Freiburg)
Expanding light rail
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Public Transport and Land Use
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Integration of modes
Heavy Rail
Light Rail
Bike Parking Garage
(Source: Google Maps)
Train Station
Bus Station
Regional coordination of services and ticketing
Transferable “Environmental Protection” since1984
Regional monthly transit ticket since 1991 Regional Transit Authority (75 towns, 187 operators, 3050km of routes)
Annual ticket: 450 Euros Ticket for students: 69 Euros for 6 months RegioMobilCard including car sharing etc. Signal priority for light rail
(Source: City of Freiburg & Pucher)
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
(Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Freiburg bike facts
Cycle journeys per weekday rose from 69,500 in 1976 to 140,000 in 1994 and to 211,000 in 2007 1972: only 29km of unconnected bike lanes in city; today 410km network Roughly 400 kilometers of roads are “Tempo 30 Zones” (75% of all roads; 90 % of population) 89% of households have bicycles
Regional Bike Network
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Bike Parking Garage for 1,000 Bikes
(Source: Swearingen White)
Bicycle Infrastructure: Lanes, Streets, Paths, Boxes
(Source: City of Freiburg & Swearingen White)
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
(Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Traffic calming of Neighborhoods
(Source: City of Freiburg)
BEFORE
AFTER
177 Home Zones in Freiburg
(Source: City of Freiburg & Pucher)
Pedestrian zone since 1973
(Source: City of Freiburg & Swearingen White)
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
(Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Roads for cars in yellow
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Parking Management
Current Planned Extensions
(Source: City of Freiburg)
Lessons for Implementing Sustainable Transport Policies
Implement controversial policies in stages Plans should be adaptable over time to changing conditions
Policies must be multi-modal and include both incentives and disincentives
Fully integrate transport and land-use planning Citizen involvement is an integral part of policy development and implementation
Support from higher levels of government is crucial to making local policies work
Sustainable transport policies must be long term, with policies sustained over time, for lasting impact
Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Expand Transit
Complete Bike Network
Traffic Calming
Bundling Car Traffic
Parking Management
Thank you!
Ralph Buehler, Assistant Professor
Urban Affairs and Planning
Virginia Tech, Alexandria Center
Phone: 703-701-8104 http://www.nvc.vt.edu/uap/people/rbuehler.html