Budgeting

MSCM8615

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Overview of Financial Management

Balancing Mission and Finances!

Planning: Define Mission Prioritize goals

Assess Resources Financial, human (volunteers, members, staff),

infrastructure, community

Budget and Control

Measure Results and Report Look at example of Diocese of Bridgeport

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Planning

Establish the organization's mission. What is an example of an organizational mission?

Develop a strategic plan to meet that mission.The strategic plan is a broad set of organizational goals and the primary approaches for reaching them.

Set long-range plans for achieving the goals defined inthe strategic plan.

Prepare budgets that show how management expects to obtain and use the resources needed to meet those goals.

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Budgets

Master Budget operating budget

revenues and other support expenses

cash budget capital budget functional

Special types of budgets program budgets

Fundraising event performance budgets flexible and zero-based budgets

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Two Approaches to Budgeting

Centralized or Top Down Model - Priorities are set at the top of the organization and imposed on the operating units. More control but less staff involvement.

Decentralized or Bottom Up Model - Operating units prepare budgets based on their perceptions of needs. Less control but more involvement. Lots of negotiations. Risk of losing sight of overall objectives.

Most organizations use hybrid approaches incorporating elements of both methods.

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The Budget Process

A process of planning and control. A look ahead at what an organization can and can't do.

The Budget Cycle- Preparation

– based on guidelines– normally done by responsibility center managers

- Review and Adoption- Implementation and Control- Evaluation of Results and Feedback

Budget Process, cont’d

From page 65: Set goals Establish objectives Design programs Prepare budget Budget approval Monitor progress

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Budgeting Formats

Line item or object of expense - e.g., salaries, benefits, supplies, rent, etc.

Responsibility Center - units for which individual managers are held accountable, e.g., liturgical, administration, development

Program Budgets include both revenues and expenses for specific programs run by the church.

Generally, both Responsibility Center and Program budgets are supported by line item detail.

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Line Item Operating Budget

Revenue Contributions Program fees Investment revenue

on endowmentTotal revenue Expenses Salaries Supplies Bad debts Interest RentTotal expenses Profit/(loss)

$ 97,980,000 120,000

50,000 $ 98,150,000

$ 78,900,000 15,400,000

2,200,000 400,000

3,100,000 $100,000,000 $ (1,850,000)

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The Operating Budget

Revenue and Other Support is a forecast of resource inflows into the organization.

– Revenues are earned from the sale of goods and services and the receipt of contributions and grants. Support refers to just contributions and grants.

Expenses represent the resources that an organization uses up in carrying on its activities.

A surplus or profit is the excess of revenues and support over expenses; a deficit or loss is an excess of expenses over revenues and support.

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Operating Budget Example

Revenue Collections $ 97,980,000 Program fees 120,000 Endowment earnings 50,000Total revenue $ 98,150,000

Expenses Salaries $ 78,900,000 Supplies 15,400,000 Bad debts 2,200,000 Interest 400,000 Rent 3,100,000Total expenses $100,000,000Change in Net Assets $ (1,850,000)

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The Cash Budget

Cash Budgets plan for an organization's cash inflows and outflows.

Beginning Cash Balance + cash receiptsSubtotal: Available Cash - cash paymentsSubtotal: Total Cash PaymentsBalance before borrowing, repaying or investing + borrowing or – repayments or investmentsEnding Cash Balance

Note distinction between accrual-based revenue and expense versus cash receipts and payments!

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Cash Budget Example

Millbridge’s urban planner for social services is working on the budget for the town’s day care center. The center allows lower income citizens to hold jobs. The Center is paid each quarter by the county and state to care for children. The state pays 50% of the amount that it is billed in the quarter immediately following billing and 50% two quarters after receiving a bill. The county pays 100% of the amount it is billed three quarters after receiving the bill.

Parents are also required to pay the Center for caring for their children. Parents pay the full amount that they owe on the first day of the quarter that it is due. Based on the operating budget on the next slide, how much cash can the Center expect to collect in the 4th quarter?

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Revenues by Quarter

Revenue Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 State $ 20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $ 5,000County 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000Parents 5,100 4,800 5,200 5,000

$50,100 $49,800 $50,200 $50,000

Cash Collection for Fourth Quarter Cash State 50% of 2nd Qtr. $ 7,500 + 50% of 3rd Qtr. 5,000County 100% of 1st Qtr. 25,000Parents 100% of 4th Qtr. 5,000 Total $42,500

Note the difference between the cash and revenue for the quarter!!!

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The Capital Budget

Capital Budgets plan for the acquisition of high-value, long-term (> 1 year) assets.

Capital Budgeting will be discussed next week

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Program Budgets

Program budgets include both revenue and expenses for the major activities of an organization. Helps managers focus on sources of profits and losses of programs that could be expanded or discontinued.

Meals on Wheels

CCD ElderDrive Total

Revenues $40,000 $ 18,000 $0 $ 58,000

Expenses 37,000 17,000 20,000 74,000

Profit/(Loss) $ 3,000 $1,000 $(20,000) $(16,000)

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Program Budget Example

Charity Church sponsors a three-day youth camp in BearMountain Park. Charity provides a $500 grant for the event andcollects $130 from each camper. The camp director expects 40campers to attend and anticipates the following expenses:

Campground fees $350 For 3 daysBus transportation $1,225 (60 rider capacity)Equipment rental $40 Per camperMeals $65 Per camper

Determine the special purpose budget for the camp. Showrevenues and expenses by line item, and show the expected profit or loss.

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Budget - 40 Campers

Revenue Camp tuition $ 5,200 Church subsidy 500

Total revenue $ 5,700Less Expenses

Campground rental $ 350 Bus transportation 1,225 Equipment rental 1,600 Meals 2,600

Total Expenses $ 5,775 Surplus/Loss $ (75)

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Responsibility Center Expense Budget

Responsibility Center Budget FY2010

Liturgical $ 600,000

Development 100,000

Administration 200,000

Total $ 900,000

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Functional Budgets

Functional Budgets focus on the major functions performed by an organization. This format is often used to report to outsiders.

Let’s look at some examples of budgeting templates from the Diocese of Bridgeport:

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Organizations often experience more or less volume than budgeted. Flexible budgets look at expected revenues, expenses, and net income under different volume assumptions. The key to flexible budgeting is the identification of:

Fixed Costs - which do not change with volume. Variable Costs - which do change with volume.

Flexible budget results are normally shown in a side-by-side columnar format. A flexible budget is a form of "What if?" analysis.

Flexible Budget

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Flexible Budget Example

Charity Church sponsors a three-day youth camp in Bear Mountain Park. Charity provides a $500 grant (F) for the event

and collects $130 (V) from each camper. The camp director expects40 campers to attend and anticipates the following expenses:

Campground fees $350 for 3 days (F) Bus transportation $1,225 (60 rider capacity) (F) Equipment rental $40 per camper (V) Meals $65 per camper (V)

Provide a flexible budget assuming a 10% increase in the number of campers.

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Budget 10% Increase

Revenue 40 campers 44 campers Camp tuition $5,200 $5,720 Church subsidy 500 500 Total revenue $5,700 $6,220 Less expenses Campground rental $ 350 $ 350 Bus transportation 1,225 1,225 Equipment rental 1,600 1,760 Meals 2,600 2,860 Total expenses $ 5,775 $ 6,195 Surplus/loss $ (75) $ 25

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Meals for Homeless Flexible Budget Example

Meals Delivered 35,000 40,000 45,000 Revenue Donations (F) $105,000 $105,000 $105,000 City (V) 52,500 60,000 67,500Total Revenue $157,500 $165,000 $172,500

Expenses Salaries (F) $ 46,000 $ 46,000 $ 46,000 Supplies (V) 87,500 100,000 112,500 Rent (F) 12,000 12,000 12,000 Other (F) 6,000 6,000 6,000Total Expenses $151,500 $164,000 $176,500Surplus/(Deficit) $ 6,000 $ 1,000 $ (4,000)

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Performance Budgeting

Operating budgets attempt to plan the resources needed to accomplish certain outcomes or results that the organization hopes to achieve.

But the budgeting process focuses on resource negotiations and uni-dimensional output measurements.

Performance Budgeting asks managers to define goals, plan their resource needs, and measure the achievement of various goals and objectives.

Does this measure outcomes or outputs? Can simple measures tell the whole story, or are we back to

the questions of efficiency and effectiveness?

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Incremental Versus Zero-Based Budgeting

Incremental budgeting starts with current revenues and expenses and projects next year by adjusting for inflation, volume, efficiency, technology, etc.

Zero-Based Budgeting - calls for a total reevaluation of all programs and

activities. - requires that decision packages be prepared for

each separable activity or level of activity.- ranks the packages.- selects packages for adoption or rejection.

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Forecasting

Forecasting is done using three approaches:- Subjective methods when there are no historical

data.- Time Series methods when the future is expected

to follow an historical trend.- Causal Modeling which tries to forecast based on

statistical relationships among several factors.

Forecasting is an art. Models should be tested before use and experience should be brought to bear when appropriate.

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Factors in Revenue Forecasts

Economic conditions

Endowment Investment Decisions

Price Setting - historical approach - what we always got.- market approach - what others charge.- quantity maximization - do as much as possible while staying solvent.

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Regression Analysis for Forecasting

Independent/Dependent Variables

Ordinary Least Squares analysis

Cautions Plausibility Goodness of Fit Statistical Significance Reasonableness of Assumptions

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The Human Elementin Forecasting

Consider how the results will be used.

Is the past a good predictor for the future.

Does the forecast result make sense?

Behavioral Aspectsof Budgeting

People are the key to success in budgeting

Goal Divergence vs Goal Congruence Motivation is critical

Allow staff input in budget process Provide incentives – carrot or stick

Raises Bonus

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The Holy Land Trip Budget

The Budget Question: Can the church successfully run a teen trip to the Holy Land?

The Issues:- Does the trip fit within the church's mission?- What is the market for such trips?- How many teens will come on the trip?- How much revenue can the church expect to

collect?- What will the expenses be?

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The Holy Land Trip Budget

The Process:- Do a first estimate of the budget.- Examine the assumptions and develop alternatives.- Ask what happens if your forecasts and key

assumptions are wrong.

Lessons from the Case- Budgeting requires thought.- Budgeting requires estimating.- The more facts that are available the better.