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Transcript of Buddhist Architecture
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BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
by aspe
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Maurya Dynasty• 6th century BC is of great significance – as an era of
spirit of opposition to the dominating priests & Brahmins.• Teachings of Mahavira (587 BC) & Buddha (623 BC –
569 BC) formed the basis of 2 distinct religions –Buddhist and Jainism.
• Buddhism blossom because of Askoka, Kanishka, Harshvardhana.
• Ashoka constructed 84,000 stupas.• Stambas were constructed close to many stupas with
religious teachings inscribed on them.
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Development of Buddhist Architecture Under Maurya
• Created Rock cut caves.– Chaitya hall for prayer– Viharas to liveArchitecture & Art developed & manifested on 7 formsEdicts inscribed on rocksStupasMonolithic (Stambhas)Monolithic accessories to shrinesCastles & PalacesRock cut ChambersBuddhist monasteries
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PILLARS• Great artistic value• Boldly designed, finely proportioned, conceptually well
balanced.• Solely monumental.• Capital & superstructure asthetically given more
importance.• Column = shaft + capital + superstructure• Capital + superstructure = 7’ height• Shaft = 40’ – 50’ high• 2 pieces joint together by copper bolt.• Capital – Inverted lotus or bell shaped
Base pedestalAnimals with or without Dharma-chakra
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ROCK CUT CAVES• Two types-
– Chaitya hal– Viharas
– Eg– Lomesh rushi cave– Sudama cave of Barabar hills
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STUPA• Ashoka built almost 84000 stupas to propagate
Buddhism.• Initially they were mounds erected on the tomb of
Buddha and Buddhist saints• Later these mounds were claded with bricks & stones to
protect the stupas from natural decay.• They were elongated , terrace & torna (entrance gate)
were attached.• Eg Stupa at Sachi.• Originally half the size of what appears today.• 70’- diameter, 35’ height, hemispherical in form.• Resting on raised platform, timber vedica, stone canopy
at apex.
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CONCLUSION
1) Two school of thought– Hinayana– Mahayana2) Spread of Buddhist led to construction of several stupas &
monolithic pillars through the country.3) Use of permanent material for religious structures – stone4) Secular structures made up of perishable materials.5) Timber construction details used during Vedic period were
adopted in the rock cut Buddhist era.
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ARCHITECTURE UNDER SHUNGAS - SAATVAHANAS
• During Shungas – Saatvahanas period, art & architecture recorded a commendable development.
• The kings encourage Buddhism.• Stone was used as building material.• Maurya period – religious symbols, palaces, temples.• Shunga period – Stupas & Viharas.• Rock cut architecture initiated during Mauriyas &
developed during the Shungas.– Eg Karli caves, Bhaja, AjantaMahayana belief startedArchitecture divided into- Rock cut caves
StupasSculptures
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ROCK CUT CAVES
• Rock cut caves were constructured in Eastern as well as Western India.
• East India – near Bhuvaneshwar – Khandagiri & udaygirihills.
• Western India – Saihyadri hills – Ajanta, Karli.– 2nd century BC – 7th century AD caves
• 2nd century BC – 2nd century AD• 3rd century AD – 7th century AD
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AJANTA• Art & Architecture at Ajanta development during this period
i.e. 2nd century BC - &th century AD• Ajanta – Hinayana style – 200BC – 200 AD
- Mahayana style – 300 BC – 700 AD
• In all 29 caves – 4 Chaitya hall, 25 – Viharas• Cave no 10 – oldest chaitya hall
- 200 BC - 96’6” long- 41’3” wide - 36’0” highDead end – semacircular Stupa – decorated
Cave no 12 : oldest vihara , inner hall square – 38’ sideflanked by colonnades on both sides.
4 chambers on each of the 3 sides of the hall.
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KARLI CAVES• One of the huge chaitya .• Chaityagrih extremely beautiful.• Main features
– Two upright pillars with lion capital at entrance.– Double storied façade resting on columns.– Chaitya window – entrance façade.– Pradakshinapath – around the stupa.– Stupa right at the centre , with hermica at its crown.– In all 37 columns – 15 column on two sides, 7 around
garbhagrih.– Circular barrel vaulted roof – Wooden ribs on underside of roof.
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Pillars with carved capitals.
Octagonal shaft.
Pitcher shaped pedestal.
Capital – elaborately carved , resting on inverted pots.
Hall – 124’ long
45’6” wide
45’ high
Semicircular end , with 7 columns around.
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STUPAS
• Famous Ashokan built Stupas at Sachi, Bharhut, Buddthgaya were renovated & extended during the Shungas.
• Several new elements were added to these monuments.• Initially a Stupa & a monolithic pillar were constructed by
Mauryan emperor Ashoka.• Extention, renovation & new construction was
undertaken by Shunga king in mid 200 BC.• Stupa was extended & cladded with stone, vedica
constructed , stairway added, elaborately decorated torna.
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The Stupa has following elements
3 tiered canopy at the summit of the hemispherical dome.
Hermica surruonded by the vedica.
elevated ambulatory path around the Stupa.
Stairway towards the south.
4 ornate tornas.
Diameter of stupa – 120’.
Height of Stupa – 54’.
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VEDICA
Constructed early half of the 200 BC.
Consist of stambha i.e. vertical post known as THABA.
Horizontal post member known as SUCHI, all joint by tennon & mortise joint in stone.
coping in stone.
Vedica divided into 4 segments by 4 tornas facing the cardinal points.
Relief work on torna – scenes related to life of Buddha, various forms of Buddha & variou other scenes & ornamentation.
Principles of wooden architecture have been adopted in totality.,
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CONCLUSION
• Use of more permanent material.• Details of timber construction seen in
stone• Rock cut architecture flourished in western
region• Subject matter of art & architecture from
public life.