bucharest studio projects compilation

BUCHAREST

Master of Architecture StudioDessau Institute of Architecture

Fragmentation & Interconnection

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CONTENTS

Introduction : Studio Theme & Method

Group Works and Individual Contributions

The Patchworkby Agata Maciejewska

District of varieties - Green zoneby Agnieszka Matujewska

City Scars : Calea Mosilor in Bucharestby Daniel Da Rocha C. Silva

Green Corridor on Bratianu Boulevardby Dani Hermawan

Empowering Piata Alba Lulia, B-Dul Unirii and Surroundingsby Deyna Irvan Sjahreza

Vitality Between Buildings: Public and Semi Public Spacesby Gregorius P Wuryanto

City Oasis : Rebuild The Past To Built The Futureby Imma Sofi Anindyta

River Boulevardby Jian Zhu

Piata Unirii – Green Heritageby Krzysztof Rospedek

The trade Mark for Lacul Tei Area - The broachby Mariola Saluda

City Islandby Shelly Ann Smith

Forgotten Districts – New Oasisby Tomasz Rospedek

Community development - Calea Serban Vodaby Vivek Ponnudurai

Studio Review

Literature

Contributors

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Studio Project :

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INTRODUCTION : STUDIO THEME

The studio-theme reflects the international range of cities, dealt with in the studio-projects of the DIA-MA-Course at the Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geo-informatics. It considers the urban structure and individual areas within the regional context of culture and of economies relative to its political background of different periods of history, mainly to the changes before and after a former real-socialistic state, in order to find out about relevant values providing roots for urban renewal. Developing professional advice for qualifying the urban conditions of the city is supposed to be related to different spatial levels and to different themes of a holistic consideration.

Bukarest is known as a city with cultural and morphological roots in rural and clerical origins of urbanization. These influences have settled the ground for the later urban centrality and its transformations. The very specific character of the medieval city is marked by the pattern of individual monasteries in between rural yards at specific locations, interconnected through path-ways which together, locations and their connections, still clearly structure essential parts of the city. This is essential for the character of the city with many layers of transformation to date despite of the impacts of roads and avenues having been cut throughout the urban fabric from around 1850.

The patterns of any potential for future connections are to be searched for and investigated large-spatially and, in more depth, small-spatially. This means finding locally specific answers to the question, how the urban area, suffering like most other cities from various influences of planned or of evolutionary transformations through different political influences and empowerments of modernization, can be brought to a better readable and better usable framework of urban conditions for qualifying the city as a European place of economies and as high quality living and working environments.

Prof. Dr. Ing. Andrea Haase, Prof. Ralf Niebergall

Small-spatial consideration of selected areas will have to refer to built form arrangements, to their connectivity and to their appropriateness for future needs of transformation.

Group-work about the overall urban structure and individual work about typological patterns of built form and open spaces are supposed to be combined, following the two major directions of questions:

-How does the city operate in terms of social care, supply, open spaces, transport and accessibility to major offers fulfilling everyday needs … Where do people move because of which reasons? How do people occupy which kind of spaces? What are the dynamics of the current tendencies of urban transformation? How can the city systems be qualified through large-spatial influences?

-Which areas are characteristic for current processes of urban transformation? Which urban conditions offer which values for working and living? How are the urban conditions acknowledged and used? How do people occupy space? Which small-spatial conditions of the city-systems show which strengths and which weaknesses and could be improved in which ways? This set of questions is not finite. It is supposed to provide only for the basic framework of understanding the existing situation and the potentials to increase values without destroying valid conditions of living and working with respect to culture and historical heritages. The studio-theme is based on an excursion to Bukarest. During and after the excursion, the studio-theme will be refined in group-work. Ent i t l ing the s tud io “Fragmentat ion and Interconnection – Bucuresti” was kind of a thesis from the side of the professors for the group approach, based on first information about the origins, roots and ways of urban development before and after the real-socialistic period (literature: Dana Harhoiu, expert statements: Livia Maria Andreas, Mathias Buchholz).

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METHODS

ApproachWork had been started in Dessau. Available sources of first information about the urban development of the city were searched by-Internet research (themes of relevance)-Study of literature and maps (morphology/ history)-Discussing expressed positions from experts (Livia Maria Andreas: the loss of the monasteries)

This phase was finished by summarizing the first outcomes of individual thematic approaches as starting points for deeper investigations in the city itself.

The theory of Henri Lefebvre, focussing on the three aspects “spatial practices, representations of spaces and representational spaces”, was introduced as an essential tool to collect valid information and to bridge the gap between analysis and anticipation for qualifying the material conditions for the benefit of making spatial practices and representational spaces better work together.

Investigation and conceptionThe excursion to Bucuresti helped gaining immediate experience of the urban conditions by :

-Experiencing public and private spaces, finding orientation in the city as pedestrians and by public transport (Guidance Ruben Mihai)

-Getting to know the city in its dimensions of urban growth and decline and its places of social importance per period (Guidance Prof. Augustin Ioan)

-Distinguishing and studying areas of specific character and identifying the respective historical influence behind (Walking experience)

-Perceiving the rhythm of every day life/ night life in different areas (Walking/ Staying experience)

-Including expert knowledge about the periods of urban development and current problems (Lecture: Prof. Enache)

-Including expert knowledge about structural conditions of the “Garden City” (Guidance: Prof. Anca Sandu)

-Searching for appropriate areas of investigation, significant for bringing small- and large-spatial aspects of investigation/ anticipation together (Group in discussion with Prof. Anca Sandu)

-Selecting areas of specific interest/ relating them to the preceding thematic approaches by merging the information from there with immediate perception of space (Group)

-Preparing relevant material for mapping in cooperation with the Department of Urban Development (Ing. Arch. Claudiu Runceanu)

-Studying spatial practices, implemented concepts of urban development and images within the respective area (individual work, walking in groups of two): photos, sketches, notes, mapping: first ideas about problems and potentials and needed changes

-Presenting the first gains of developing knowledge by investigating the area-approaches (Group, Guest : Prof. Hermann Schnell) and discussing “spatial practices” as expressions of daily routine

-Deepening existing information by area visits

-Experiencing the living environment of Prof. Anca Sandu (hous ing, open spaces, shops, advertisement/ facades, public transport)

Prof. Dr. Ing. Andrea Haase, Prof. Ralf Niebergall

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Back in Dessau, the following studies were carried out aiming to find the appropriate criteria for creative conclusions:

·Deepening existing information by evaluating results from mapping and photo taking, relative to: Spatial practices, Images of space, Spatial concepts (bottlenecks between the demands from spatial practices and images)

·Concluding from small-spatial investigation for concepts and changes on different spatial levels

·Correcting first approaches to area-concepts by detecting and excluding unwanted effects for the area and for the city-systems

·Raising questions to local professional experts about the holistic understanding of needs for the spatial qualification of the city: (Prof. Haase)

·Introducing the subject of “Fragmentation and Interconnection” on the basis of a case of example in Germany/ town of Aschersleben, offering structural approaches for qualifying urban spaces (Prof. Niebergall)

·Debating the scale for needed changes: Modernization theory, pleading for fundamental changes instead of modifying obsolete patters of spatial organisation in relationship with the article “A culture of establishing and using space …” (Prof. Haase)

·Developing area–concepts. Supervision, evaluation and summary (Prof. Niebergall)

·Bringing together area-concepts and ideas for improving the city-systems (Group)

·Discussing the understanding of “Fragmentation-Interconnection” relative to existing conditions and anticipated changes; Specifying needs for “Interconnection” relative to identifying units of space and their individual importance within the “urban landscape” of areas and wider urban contexts (Group)

·Defining key-aspects for synthesizing area and city-approach by an overview over general/ area-specific proposals for changes/ correcting area approaches if necessary/ translating needs for the differentiation pf public and private spaces into demands for built form and open spaces (Group)

·Individual work. Concentrating on refining and illustrating concepts by principle sketches (typologies: small- and large-spatial aspects); concluding for principles of qualifying the city systems/ translating these principles in ideas for small-spatial concepts

·Preparing final presentation: Introduction (Group), Individual area concepts with individual conclusions: Principles/Concepts (13 approaches!), Aims/ Strategies/ Policies/ Perspectives (Group)

·Relating the title of the studio “Fragmentation and interconnection” to individual studies: Refining the overview and preparing a common power point presentation of the studio results

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CHANGES OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUES, WITH IMPACT ON SPATIAL PRACTICES

Questions about the organization of life have been raised to five “professionals” (4 colleagues, teaching at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning at Ion Mincu University and two students, one at Ion Mincu and one in the Master-course of Architecture at the Bauhaus-University in Weimar) in order to back own observations.

The following issues have been taken into consideration:Are there- any general stages of particular relevance- any social "pressure groups" of major influence-any new constellations on the labour- and

employment market recognisable since the communistic regime?

- What does the change of political conditions mean for the everyday life of people?

- Who are the "winners", who are the losers" of the change of political systems?

- How is working and living organized?

The answers have given many insights into the current living conditions. The answers of Claudiu Runceanu and of Ruben Mihai, as professionals and inhabitants of the city, have been selected and will be quoted here with their very thorough and weighed views.

Claudiu RunceanuGeneral stages of particular relevanceAs you already now, the most important moment was

1989 that represented not only the change of the communist government in Romania, but also some major changes in the political East-European political context (1989-1990).

Afterwards there were some important stages regarding different aspects of the economic life, but those moments were not that well chronologically defined as long as they represented some subsequent stages of a developing process of change

– a new liberal economic system that follows the former centralized system:

?the privatization of the former industrial enterprises – restructuring the technological process with an important impact on the former employees, less qualified which determined a huge unemployment;

?the privatization of the housing stock (the former State property) as well as of the management issues related to it (the occupants have the right to buy the apartment they used) – the birth of the real estates market (which never existed before). In the case of the high-raised collective housing, the buildings were privatized owning only the piece of land situated underneath the building and not all the unbuilt area situated nearby – the management of that area which affects the quality of living in such buildings remains a public issue – a source for the future management conflicts.

?the land privatization – a long and difficult process of giving back the land to the former owners (before 1965) – new actors on the real estate market.

In the new context of competition between cities, the importance of the strategic planning is more and more visible.

All the cities were obliged after 1990 (according the law) to develop a local master plan (the spatial dimension of the vision and strategic goals). The city policy remains too much related to plans and not to planning (the plan express the alternatives for development but no commitment in acting that way).

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The pressure of the new investors (having sometimes an important political support) is forcing sometimes the local administration in taking wrong decisions – thus the city extends its periphery with new residential areas – individual housing in gated communities (while the collective housing in the city presents no interest for rehabilitation).

In the last four years the new administration (the liberal and democrat party) proves a certain interest for new flagship projects (using sometimes the opinion of the professionals in order to legitimate the political decision) that cover many issues – the transport infrastructure (the closing of the city's second ring, developing new intermodal nodes in the city), the city center (the project Bucharest 2000), the business areas (the project Esplanada), etc.

Social “pressure groups” of major influence – the privatization process developed more or less transparent. The result was an important change in the former social hierarchy based on the revenue or political status. The gap between richness and poverty is deepest than ever. In many cases the former communist leaders kept an important position in the new administration.

§new constellations on the labor and employment markets

The private initiative provides an important employment stock, more and more oriented towards information and technology, on a context of new opportunities related to the European labor market (an endless exodus of “minds” as well as of people less qualified).

What does the change of political conditions mean for the everyday life people?There is a certain lack of confidence regarding the political decisions of the local administration (after many years of disappointment). Instead, there is a certain interest in expressing the ordinary people opinion, encouraged by the local NGO's that are more and more active.

Who are the winners and who are the losers?Having no statistic reports regarding the unemployment rata or the poverty level, is hard to say how many winners are yet... But the everyday life offers many examples of homeless people, of beautiful cars invading the public space while the people are not observing them anymore, of main city's squares dedicated only to car traffic and not to a social vocation, of poor people owning an apartment (the last benefit they have). But what the winner means???

How is working and living organized?While more and more people are working at least 10 hours a day, the living means a refuge for night while working is the new dimension for the city life - more and more offices are providing leisure activities at work, in order to get a more effective labor force). The weekend is a good opportunity of leaving the city that provides fewer attractions.

What is the feeling about “Europe”?A positive attitude regarding a possible extension of the European Community is perceived all over Romania, while the medias are trying to promote what the future adhesion is not, forgetting to explain what the adhesion is...

Ruben MihaiGeneral stages of particular relevance and social pressure groups

After the revolution in 1989, Romania has increasingly oriented itself towards the Western Europe, embracing the free market economy. But all this process had to be a transition from the communist state economy type towards the capitalist type. The new laws, their appearance and efficiency, were in the beginning quite hard to evaluate, as the changes would leave many gaps in the economy system that were consequently speculated and used in private interests, so that a new social category was formed. We call them the parvenus. This is the ill phenomena that governed the transition period and because of the centralized economy system, Bucharest was the main acting scene.

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Because of the political decisions of joining NATO and EU, the changes in the economy were accelerated after 2000 and it is believed that following Jan 1st 2007, the laws would be completely adjusted to comply with the European legislation. Thereby, the premises for the phenomena described earlier would no longer exist. However, the funds generated in this mechanism contributed to the development of private economic initiatives and business, which replaced the big but unsustainable industry developed during Communism.

New constellations on the labour and employment markets / winners & losersThe fall of the communist industry brought a large number of people out of job and unemployment was and still is a big concern in Bucharest. Depending on the qualification profile of the people, some of them managed to train for new jobs, while most of the less qualified people oriented towards commerce.

As Bucharest transformed its economy profile from industrial to services, the major demand in the employment market is for highly qualified people, so that, contrary to what happened before '89, when large amounts of workers had been brought from allover the country for the industry in Bucharest, today the only population input is made out of young, highly trained people.

Working and livingThe economy transformations described in the last paragraph had significant influences in the housing sector as many apartments situated in accessible areas (usually along the main roads) were transformed into offices, leading to an explosive rise of the buildings' prices in Bucharest. This was also due to the lack of new constructions to meet the needs of the new economy demands.

Today the pole of the business activities is situated in Piata Victoriei, and is moving towards North, away from the old centre and the central axis created by Ceausescu next to it.

The explanation would be probably related to geography: the position of Bucharest in Romania is far from being central. Most of the links to the rest of the country are oriented towards North, thus the activities that are using these links are grouped in this area of the city. Also the positions of the main railway station and airports provide better accessibility and thus importance to that part of Bucharest.

This migration of the centre towards North has been also encouraged by the gigantic industrial platforms in the South of the city that haven't been transformed and integrated in the new economic mechanism, but were left there and formed a barrier for the development towards South.

Feelings about EuropeAs Romania is opening towards EU, people realize more and more that we are about to face and deal with less restrictive competition and it is expected that more than 50% of the private business to fall after 2007. But this surprise follows a poor communication policy practiced by the governments during the joining process, which didn't inform and prevent the population about the consequences of this treaty. Therefore, the amount of EURO-skeptic is rising.

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GROUP-WORK and INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Authors/ Themes AGATA MACIEJEWSKA AGNIESZKA MATUJEWSKA

DANIEL DA ROCHA

TITLE of individual work

The patchwork

District of varieties - Green zone

City Scars: Calea Mosilor

Defragmentation

Make new connection between places by giving access, make the accessibility better

Strength the unit of area as a fragment and increase its attraction

Reduction of distances between sides of avenue Reduce fragmentation within blocks

Culture

Visibility and accessibility of monuments and institutions

Change the meaning of the place in human mind

Increase sense of community within blocks

Economy (service, production, retail, etc)

Offer old empty building for new investment as office space

Give new place, new possibility to invest

Intensifying services Incentives for new office space

Usability & quality of open spaces - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Revitalization of built environment

Improve structural quality Make city structure better by filling gaps

Breaking up the structure geometry with respect to history by integrating new uses

Extend space on ground level Reorganize open spaces Generate space for new office building

Solution of traffic problems (over concentration)

Implementation new built forms

To provide car parking in addition to Metro Station area

Intensify public transport Regularization of parking spaces New circulation arrangement

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Authors/ Themes DANI HERMAWAN DEYNA IRVAN SJAHREZA

GREGORIUS S WURYANTO


Green Corridor- Bratianu Boulevard

Empowering Piata Alba Lulia, B-Dul Unirii and surroundings

Vitality between buildings - public and semi-public

spaces Defragmentation

Re-dimension the Bratianu Boulevard

Linking by providing backyard Creating transition space

Strengthen the connection of the adjacent parks with the inner semi public spaces, within the neighborhood area

Culture

Encouraging people to use sidewalk as social places

Improving activities by creating new function and providing spaces

Integrating public activities between inner court-open spaces with the adjacent parks


Reorganize advertisements to attract investors Create new commercial center

Attract foreign capital by offering space (revitalization) Mixed-Use / One stop Hub

Intensify the usage of the open spaces


Breaking up the length between Piata Unirii and Piata Universitate

Gain investment by : proposed a new commercial/public facilities proposed guidelines & concept for investments

Providing more accessibility to the semi public spaces - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Continuing to conserve the vegetation and improving the quality of greenery areas


Reduce the concentration of parking by built underground parking in new commercial center

Underground parking facilities

Providing the new parking lot by considering the improvement of the inner court activities

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Authors/ Themes IMMA SOFI ANINDYTA JIAN ZHU KRZYSZTOF ROSPEDEK


Old town: City Oasis Rebuild the past to build

the future

River-Boulevard

Piata Unirii – Green heritage

Defragmentation

Increase the quality of Lypscani street as a backbone of the area, Intensify links, Create a web of paths and nodes as a holistic system to connect spaces and activities

Transfer to connect Built to connect

Make space more different

Culture

Strengthen and make better visible civic space

Remix Cultures (including communism ,advertisement)

Increasing the sense of changing


Increasing dynamic, stability, and attraction for tourist

Adapt to& take advantage of the economic system Intensify service spaces

Increase by integration


Reevaluate and reorganize open spaces and courtyard

Reorganize & transit usage Improve visual walking & staying quality Build on river and boulevard

Increasing permeability & usability Opportunities to occupying the space


Reorganize roads & multi-mix

Offer more comfort for use of public transport

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Authors/ Themes MARIOLA SALUDA

SHELLY ANN SMITH


The trade mark for Lacul Tei Area -

The broach

City Island

Defragmentation

Creating invitation to the area (connections)

Orient movement to Floreasca St

Culture

Introducing new Cultural Land and Commercial Use

Opportunity for socioability


Intensifying usage of the Land and Increase the Land Value

Introduce apartment for small business retail


Creating new public & green spaces

· improve relationship

between built form and open space

· new structure within tower structure

· tower and garden city


Parking & Circulation

Reconciling pedestrian and vehicular

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Authors/ Themes TOMASZ ROSPEDEK VIVEK PONNUDURAI


Forgotten Districts – New Oasis

Community development - Calea Serban Voda

Defragmentation

Reconnection

Connecting the residential area of serban voda to the park in west by providing access through industrial area.

Culture

Create new social meaning of space

Environment to encourage social interaction and opportunities to create awareness for people.


Improving new facilities to create better quality of activities

Bringing back the sick industries to life by also providing opportunities for commercial and business activities.


Implementation transition between spaces

Integrating the semi-public open spaces of industrial area with the built environment and promote mixture of land use.


One way street Underground parking

Defining the already existing roads and pathways and effectively put them into use for interconnection.

The Patchworkby Agata Maciejewska

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

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The Patchwork

District of varieties - Green zoneby Agnieszka Matujewska

Location

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Problems

Area division into two parts - not related to each other.

Difficulty with hierarchy qualification [diverse of function].

Untapped and demolished huge space as a flagship of the city centre.

Untapped, ruined comunistic building.

Lack of public spaces [street as a place for children].

Concept

DefragmentationStrength the unit of area as a fragment and increase ist attraction.

CultureChange the meaning of the place in human mind.

EconomyGive new place, new possibility to invest.

Open Space & Built EnvironmentBreaking up the structure geometry with respect to history by integrating new uses.

TrafficTo provide car parking in addition to Metro Station area.

Macroscale Needs

New Space HierarchyInterconnectionsNew Public SpaceNew Green SpaceNew Flagship for the city center

Microscale Tools

Create spatial connectionsRe-design green spaceGive new function, new activitiesIntensity use of spaceGet rid of what we do not want


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City Scars : Calea Mosilor in Bucharestby Daniel Da Rocha C. Silva

City Scars : Calea Mosilor in Bucharest

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Green Corridor on Bratianu Boulevardby Dani Hermawan

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Green Corridor on Bratianu Boulevard

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Empowering Piata Alba Lulia, B-Dul Unirii and Surroundingsby Deyna Irvan Sjahreza

LOCATION

Empowering Piata Alba Lulia, B-Dul Unirii and Surroundings

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Spatial & Structural Fragmentation

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Empowering potency by strengthen the commercial arcade

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Testing The Idea : What is The Risk ?

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Testing The Idea : What is The Risk ?

Vitality Between Buildings: Public and Semi Public Spacesby Gregorius P Wuryanto

Problems

The lack of spatial integration and interconnection between public-private spaces which are characterized by spatial usage fragmentation : On one hand there are spatial competitions shown by private occupation in the public spaces (for examples parking lots problem, illegal street vendors), but in the other hand it can be found huge public park with un-optimized usage and several abandoned semi public spaces in inner residential neighborhood.

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Vitality Between Buildings: Public and Semi Public Spaces


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Front side and back side distinctionImproving the inner backyard quality as semi public spaces by attaching neighborhood cell core’s activities to strengthen the public - private articulation.

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Semi Public Space With Vertical Garden Access To The Vertical Semi Public Space


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Connection Between Riverfront Area And Historical Garden Improving Street Festival Corridor


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Macro Scale Concept

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Izvor Festival Park

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Izvor Festival Park


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Izvor Festival Park

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City Oasis : Rebuild The Past To Built The Futureby Imma Sofi Anindyta

Location and Context

Bucharest 1st documentary1459

Deep meaning in Bucharest History :

-First mentioned as "the Citadel of Bucuresti" in 1459, it became a residence of the Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler.

-it became the most important trade centre of Wallachia and became a permanent location for the Wallachian court after 1698

City Oasis : Rebuild The Past To Built The Future

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- The Second

World War

Caucescu’s ambition,

In the middle of city development in


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Piata Izvor

Parliament Building

Piata Unirii

Dambovita rv

Boundaryinside-outside

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Piata Universitate

Calea Victoriei

Key Character

Key Character

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Plaza for gatheringPlaza as area gateConnecting to old university

Narrow street, crowded

Tall buildingShopping street

Wide street, crowded

Bratianu Boulevard

Dambovita River

Key Character

Key Character

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Tall building

High commercial center

Wide street, crowded

Communist block

Tall building

Housing & governmental offices

Wide street

Communist block

Wide river

street as edges, make a strong boundary which limiting the connection this area into surroundings.

High commercial activities and huge and tall communist buidings, create a different astmosphere and make this disconnection more stronger


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Boundaryinside-inside

Churches

Entertainment Building (Cinema, Theatre)

Public Houses,Restaurants,Cafes,Shops,Stores

Government Offices

Banks

Public Services (Hospital, Library)

Museum & Historical Building

Pedestrian only

vehicle and pedestrian

Land Use Network

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Lipscani, strong path in the middle: divide this area into 3 main parts

Sub Area

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Accessible for vehicle and pedestrian

Business and Banking centerMix-use building: housing, stores and shops

Sub-Area 1Key Character

Sub-Area 2, LIPSCANI Key Character

Accessible for pedestrian and (some little part) vehicle

Art and leisure passageMix-use building: housing, stores and shops

Sub-Area 3Key Character

Accessible for pedestrian only

Medieval character, Many historical siteMix-use building: housing, stores and shops

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Able to unite the diversity and show the complexity as a cultural richness of bucharest

develop tourism in this area to inrease the local proud and economic degree as strategy of ‘survival’

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Strengthen and make a better visible civic space

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Spatial Concept

Principal

STREET, not only as a path for passing through but street in this Old Town of Bucharest has power to transform as a space which unite diversity way of live.... space which make the built form able to be seen, to admire, as a part of landscape....

space as an open stage for culture

Building and urban area preservation

Increase the quality of public spacebridging the gap inside the area

Increase the quality of edgesbridging the gap inside and outside the area


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building and urban area preservation

Conservation Listed Buildings

1. Preservation of every valuable buildings

2. Renovation, applied not only to single monument but also to whole urban area

3. Demolition and construction, Remove buildings that


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Increase the qualities of Public Space

History, art and culture core of Bucharest citymuseum, theatre, art and culture exhibition, street music fetival, ballroom-dance festival, multi performance art, etc

Economic Core of surrounding trading activitiesfinancial transactions, banking institutions, office building, business activities, money changer, hotels, inns, cafe and restaurant

Strengthen Lipscani street

Two cores of activities

Web of Churches

Innercourt of Residential

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NATIONAL BANKING AREA

This area can be developted as a new PLAZA- open space- no hard mobiliere- reduce number of cars- 100% Pedestrian ways for Lipscani Street- trees surrounding the building- building stands as the icon of Business and Economic activity

It can be used for Public Activities and International Exhibition for the banks .


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CURTEA This area can be developted as a OPEN CULTURAL CENTER- open space- amphitheatre- 100% Pedestrian ways - trees surrounding the building

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WEB OF CHURCHES

new concept of NODE-PATH in inner-urban structure- optimize Church area as an public open space - and create a smooth web to connect the whole area


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INNER COURT OF HOUSING

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Increase the quality of edges1. Bratianu Boulevard

2. Dambovita River

River Boulevard

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River Boulevardby Jian Zhu

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

River Boulevard

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River Boulevard

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Piata Unirii – Green Heritageby Krzysztof Rospedek

Problems

FragmentationGreen spaces has been divided into nine parts without specific function.CultureHiding the river and systematization broke up existing meaning of place. Until now Piata Unirii has not got a new one.EconomyGreen spaces do not support commercial establishment at unirii square [and surrounding]Use of spaceBarriers and pavements cause problems with proper usability and permeability of space.Lack of possibility to occupy river bank.TrafficLack of metro entrance directly from park.

Concept

DefragmentationMake space more different.

CultureIncreasing the sense of meaning by building museum of systematization.

EconomyIncrease by integration.

Open Space & Built EnvironmentIncreasing permeability & usability.[provide opportunities to occupying the space, replanning benches]

TrafficOffer more comfort for use of public transport.

Piata Unirii – Green Heritage

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Ideas | Principles

New space character and identityNew quality of public spaceNew quality of green spaceFragmentation as a potential for integration of districts

Macro Level Benefit

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The trade Mark for Lacul Tei Area - The broach

The trade Mark for Lacul Tei Area - The broachby Mariola Saluda

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City Islandby Shelly Ann Smith

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

Problems

Tower blocks on the west edge and private plots on the east edge create a barriers between interior and periphery.Some buildings on these plots have fallen derelict.Poor maintenance of tower yards.Interior is not encouraged to support the activities on the periphery - long walking distances.

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City Island

Potentials

Open up pedestrian passage through derelict plots on east edge to support activities on Calea Floreasca.Restructured tower yard could becoma a pedestrian entrance to the island.Vacant plots-space for additional services.

Current Needs

Urban spaces which allow for a diversity of use : living, work, leisure.

Legible public space - that is maintaned for passing through, staying, interacting.

Layers of activities in areas of limited space.

Parking space

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City Island

Fragmentation

?Define places of interest on the edges of the “island”- from Calea Dorobantilor and Calea

Floreasca - that create pedestrian access to the interior.

?Effect a spatial transition between the two spatial arrangements of “tower block” and “single

family house”

?Decrease walkable dista.nces between services.

Culture

?Provide space which support social interaction.

Economy

?Integrate additional service and retail opportunities in the existing structure of poorly

maintained tower block yard to support maintenance of public spaces.

?Provide diversity and changeability in design in anticipation of various social groups.

Usability and quality of open spaces/revitalization of built environment

?Restructuring ground floor use of specific tower blocks

?Adding new architecture to intensify the use and to frame smaller sociable spaces.

Traffic problems

?Reduce walkable distances between services

?Improve walking experience, creating points of interest

?Provide new underground parking facilities in the space between tower blocks.

Principles

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City Island

New Places New StructureAdding New Use

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

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City Island

Forgotten Districts – New Oasisby Tomasz Rospedek

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Location


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Concept - History


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Problems

DefragmentationMulti-fragmented city problem.Disconnection each area to the surroundings.Lost of IdentityLack of individual character of the area.Conflict between tower block with detached residential area.Disfunction of public space.Lack of urban activities.Poor quality of space.Not well maintained green spaces and other urban structures.

Concept

DefragmentationReconnection development of interconnection between area and surroundings (create invitation point to the area).CultureNew social meaning of space (culture). Increase sense of community within block and value of land.EconomyNew facilities to abandon area. Create activities and new spatial qualities.Open Space & Built EnvironmentImplementation of existing spaces (quality of built form & usability).Improving transition between different kind of spaces. Extension of existing tower buildings by balconies.TrafficOne way street.Underground parking.


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Community development - Calea Serban Vodaby Vivek Ponnudurai


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Space – City of BucurestiUrban spaces are considered mainly by applying the theory of Henri Lefebvre, distinguishing the aspects of spatial practices, representation of spaces (implemented concepts) and representational spaces (images of unfulfilled needs, advertisement, uncontrolled impacts of the economy…). In addition to this classical approach, the current discussions about “time structures” and “time in place “, referring to Läpple, D., as well as the ongoing processes of differentiating spaces, referring to Müller, M. and his distinction of three basic historical periods of the “production of space” and its political appliance of aesthetics (the social, the political and the economic model), build the basis for the following conclusions.

In Bucuresti, public and private spaces are characterized by political interventions from different per iods cutt ing di fferent ly into or ig inal ly homogeneous contexts of small-spatial mixtures of uses and of social groups within the topography of a former beauty of nature to both the sides of the crossing river-valley. The riversides, having given the primary orientation for the settlement structure by late medieval times, have been completely cut off the urban fabric by artificial channelling systems of the Ceaucescu-era: The river is hardly to be seen in the city. Industrialization has introduced the position to ignore natural bindings and to turn any orientation of urban structure onto nature and topography worldwide onto an optimization of organising functions spatially only for the benefit of economic profit by exhausting the natural and man-made resources of space which had been defining urban conditions so far.

STUDIO REVIEWProf. Dr. Ing. Andrea Haase

Implemented concepts

-The originally spread out settlement of individual courtyards/ monasteries has been turned to be the overall densely used urban area, however still with many gardens on private land on deep plots, showing a solid balance between public and private spaces. The “social model of culture” can be referred to. Spatial practices on private and public ground had been fulfilled according to the implemented concepts of organizing uses and functions spatially. Private and spatially well integrated public spaces with interim areas of differentiating the profiles of streets within the quarters had offered sufficient opportunities to balance demands for protecting and for representing individual uses, still in harmony with the natural conditions of the topography. The central parts of the urbanized area have – by influence of the two cuts of north-south and east-west–axes from two different periods – been marked as concentrations of urban functions and hierarchies of more and less representative spaces. New public spaces have been generated differently as representational spaces of the city, leaving protected private spaces on the back-sides during the 19th century and opening up these private spaces and destroying any correspondence with natural conditions of topography during the 1980ies. The “political model of culture” finds first expression of the “Parish-like city” during the 19th century and becomes more obviously implanted by the monuments of the Ceaucescu-era, introducing here the first symptoms of the “economical model of culture in disguise of monumentality”. Public spaces had been given an overdose of meaning by the end of the 1080ies. The complementary character of private and public has been neglected to the cost of private spaces.

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-The recent expansion of northern urban areas by gated communities leaves “privileged housing areas” as enclosure of privacies of different kind without the sufficient infrastructure and shows phenomena of “urbanizing rural land without any benefit for the public welfare”. The “political model of cultural” finds its counter-point in the complete lack of form-giving intensions for the outskirts and introduces, this way, the “economical model of culture”. The public side of spaces seems to be excluded. Factually, public spaces have been degraded to entrances and through-passes without any value for staying qualities or for giving orientation; this way, the form-giving attributes including the symbolic means have been excluded from public spaces. Private spaces have been given an overdose of function. The complementary character of private and public has been neglected to the cost of public spaces.

Spatial practices and representational spacesInvestigating the behaviour of people and the material conditions of their living environments in different circumstances of locations has given some ideas about the rhythm of the city of Bucuresti during the one-week period of visiting in November 2006. The preceding views reflect the observations of our studio group as “international foreigners”:

Spatial practices and images of representations, as expression of unfulfilled needs or desires, will be distinguished relative to the differences of the urban areas and their characters from different periods of political influences looked at through the glasses of the point of view of distinguishing the different political models of culture:

Phenomena and processes within the areas marked by the “social model of culture”:In the garden-city-like areas or on deep plots with adjacent private open spaces in all locations, people are mostly oriented on a variety of individual or collective uses on private ground, taking obviously care of their land and of public spaces.

Representations of social groups or living standards can only be seen by their spatial integration into the conditions on the individual plots. Herewith a variety of expressions of individual occupancy by owners or users is noticeable, showing the range of high-quality design of gardening as well as pure functionality of open spaces and also a few examples of neglecting built form and open spaces. The atmosphere of these areas is calm, but full of life: voices behind walls, in yards, in open spaces, being active, communicating. “Time-structures” show a clear day-night-difference, however include the option of variations throughout a 24 hours rhythm.

the “political model of culture”:In areas which have been established by the end of the 19th century, people tend to use the availability of private open spaces as far as possible; private individual and commercial uses are extended into public spaces. Space is well maintained where city-life in terms of commercial uses has caused the necessary interest in a good maintenance of spaces. The atmosphere in these areas differs from street to street and from street to yard. Activities are related to neighbourhood communication, delivery of goods to businesses, staying in public and consuming the commercial offers of restaurants, coffee-shops and kiosks, staying in public parks … “Time-structures” are not clearly to be distinguished for day- and night activities. The mixture of uses and of social groups hosts the potential for a different kind of 24 hours rhythms.

the “political and the economical model of culture:Mono-functional or inner city mixed used zones and their public spaces are characterized by similar routines of everyday-life, related to the majority of inhabitants: auto-mobility by car, moving in between different jobs, living in minimized private spaces, not being used to occupy public spaces for staying (apart from the few homeless people to be seen), being prepared to tolerate over-dimensional boards of advertisement in certain areas as means of keeping the living costs low.

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The atmosphere in these areas differs relative to the integration of a mixture of uses. Where it is, life is obvious. Otherwise, life is related to built spaces behind windows or on open or closed balconies or behind the huge advertisements. “Time-structures” are not really visible. Motor-car traffic flows more or less at certain times – this is the main indicator for time-structures, not reaching by far a 24hours rhythm, but being much more related to the early-industrial rhythm “from early morning to early evening” – however, being more or less self-employed and including different jobs within this time span, differently to industrial patterns of employment.

All this indicates the very high degree of routines of a society changing slightly the industrial pattern of working in combination with integrating the late capitalistic patterns of consuming, having to adopt to the conditions of late industrial emancipation on the labour-markets and having almost forgotten about its rural origins and locally specific qualities, ruled by desires of aiming to leave the city for the weekend, if this can be afforded. Only those one who are less mobile keep up the traditional and almost timeless routines and values of meetings in the back-yard of the one or the other left deep plot in inner urban areas and contribute, this way, to strengthening social and economic interconnection in a collectively perceivable and valuable way.

ImagesThe discrepancies in between different social levels, in between different employment conditions and different worlds of living find their common thread in an overall lack of common social sense and are spatially expressed by individual routines, happening to become collective expressions of living-standards: by an overall abuse of public spaces by parking cars, by an extension of private land uses onto open or closed balconies (hanging washing), by different uses of public open spaces for different kinds of private uses and vice versa.

However, on the other side, the old routine of a mixture of people and uses to coincide in quarters still reappears and finds good conditions in public parks, pubs and churches, however it is broken in a multiple way by the impacts of functionality on private ground, as this is mostly visible in the back spaces behind the ribbon development of mass housing from the 1970ies and 1980ies. Here only the stalls of selling flowers at certain front corners bring life to individual areas.

Aesthetics of social and economic images, representing the current society, are hardly defined for distinctive social levels. Mass-consumption and its advertisements dominate the public sphere by huge images, most of them using the “sensitive female being” as a medium for selling different products, going along with the ideology of a clear distinction of female and male natures ruling the world by this kind of “natural division of the distribution of social roles”. However, this is only the official side of a post-socialistic society which has to deal with the changes from a clear distinction of roles before socialistic times to an adjustment in socialistic times going onto a new understanding to be defined just now under the rules of still hidden social patterns from socialistic and pre-socialistic times without any clear opportunities in the economy to realize a new distribution of roles by an equivalent of labour offers. Also, a real emancipation of gender has not yet had enough time to develop, although the feeling for what it could be are clearly seen by the younger generation.

It is, in total, the way from a very restricted separation of the social roles of gender towards a better coordinated together of men and women and children, understanding, appreciating and fulfilling the rights and the duties of individual privacies for the benefit of collective results in new and different ways.

Most important proved to be the statement of Prof. Augustin Ioan: “The urban changes of the post-War II-period have been planned and carried out by people from the countryside who did not know about urban qualities.

This statement opens the view into the material and also into the immaterial history of the city, indicating the “climax” of a process of enforced urbanization under different political influences and different “models of culture” following strictly one direction for all courses of action: to forget about the rural origins of the city.

Trends of urban transformation can be distinguished relative to locations of urban changes:

Inner edges – central inner coresLack of care for public space, underused plots, undeveloped potential for intensifying uses on private land, undeveloped or cut connection with the river – many locations as potential for renewing places

Inner edges – de-central coresOverall lack of connectivity, breaks in consequence of traffic function, more or less maintained potential of “garden areas” - many locations as potential for re-defining places

Inner edges – functional centrality“Forgotten places” to the sides of different kinds of mono-function - many needs for enriching spatial conditions

Outer edges – no coresSub-urbanization going on without building places - many needs for establishing places

Problems and potentials – Needs for qualificationThe social processes of emancipating from communism and equally from late capitalistic influences, demand inner and outer spatial environments for building up individual and collective strengths, through binding people and activities to land.·A basic uncertainty about a valid system of social and economic values going along with the fast historical sequence of depriving/ privatizing people relative to property ownership. Conclusion: Give land more clearly and definitely back to people for their needs of occupying it individually or collectively.

·A tremendous need for new orientation on the employment markets. Conclusion: Stop the overall "flexibility of people, being prepared to emigrate" by giving them land to be bought to very small prizes.

·The need to re-establish social groups and their feeling for “a together” relative to living environments. Conclusion: strengthen community development in different forms and encourage a differentiation of spaces which allows social and ethnic groups to be "among themselves".

·The increase of unemployment. Conclusion: Generate and integrate as much as labour facilities in living environments by enriching the conditions for tolerating various mixtures of uses.

·The spatial separation of functions. Conclusion: bring different uses together within the areas by establishing de-central facilities of supply and generate heterarchies of public spaces which might incorporate cultural heritage in correspondence to wanted effects of global influences.

Problems with evidence on the level of space are clearly expressed by the overall dominance of different kinds of mono-functions which compete with each other and exclude the comfort of an enrichment of living environments by any better supply with offers of daily demand and with opportunities for communication in the individual areas. For such areas potential for a better connection of uses and spaces has to be identified and localized relative to the local conditions, above all to the sides of the huge avenues and also in between the sides.

Potentials for improving the spatial organization of functions are mainly to be seen in the many relics of mixed uses and in individual examples or areas of a very valuable building substance from periods before 1930 with open spaces, yards as well as gardens, on private and on public ground.

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Plots and areas of this kind might need to be restructured, linked together by similar interests of use and highlighted by civic investment as well as by responsiveness for the public welfare of the surrounding environments. The remaining churches and monasteries are, as remaining expressions of the “social model of culture” to be linked to the relics from the “political and the economic models of culture” in order to introduce a new model of culture, synthesizing the preceding ones in a way which still has to be defined collectively by the society. The aesthetic side of this leads back to the rural origins of the city and encounters the perspective of gardens and public parks to be occupied and used for meeting in public. Values of use and spatial protection of individuals or groups staying in public are to be added in order to free public spaces from the “overall social control”. This dissolves from the belief in having to remain the socialistic layout of spaces without considering and incorporating contemporary changes: leading to a new understanding the complementary character of private and public spaces, providing urban spaces for the needs of the 24hours rhythm and offering opportunities for the spatial integration of very simple, land-related activities on private and public ground – reminding to a certain extent of the period of the garden-city (before the political model of culture came into influence) but differing from it by complementing the urban side of needs in today's inner urban areas.

Perspectives for qualification – the role of values of use and formThe studio-work, on which this evaluation is based, has been encouraged to follow the philosophy of breaking up the differentiations of modernization processes which simply alter the outer ends of the branches of urban history and the phenomena of growth of different periods by kinds of “make-up” and do not lead back to changing conditions fundamentally by looking for the solid roots of cultural tradition and tracing transformation back to it by starting changes from the stems of cultural values.

The studio did have difficulties in translating these premises into spatial conditions, especially, as some of the students came from countries where modernization processes are looked at as the inevitable need for progress elative to the stage of industrial development which is ruling the country of origin (China, Indonesia …).However, after intensive discussions about values and scales of progress, the studio shows possibilities for breaking up mono-functions and for enriching urban spaces at various locations within the inner city of Bucuresti. The results will be characterized for the subject “fragmentation and interconnection” and for related understandings of meaning and measurement by the following overview:

The studio-results coincide with perspectives for different inner urban areas. The outer urban areas in the South have unfortunately only been dealt with by one student, and the result of this work could be much more fundamental.However, it became clear, that the central area “…” has a specific importance for any holistic approach to urban development in Bucuresti, reminding of the glory of a civic center which was ruled by private uses of successful businesses. This area, core “beside the current zero point” of the city would have to define a new and different “zero point”, clearly to be distinguished from any centrality caused by over-dimensioned sizes of public spaces, its framing monumental architecture or its functions. This way, the indications for a decentral urban structure in existing areas and in areas to be extended might be read and implemented.This very specific area consists of yards and yards within them with a multiplicity of public spaces. This kind of differentiation builds variety within the unit of a clearly perceivable entity of spaces and therefore contributes positively to supporting the needs of a more democratic city.

Conclusions: Uses, concepts and imagesGuiding urban changes is related to the three aspects: uses, concepts and images. In order to generate concepts for the benefit of possible changes of spatial practices and images, the already implemented concepts have to be made transparent in terms of their opportunities and obstacles. Images might be used as a means for transporting new values and new perspectives for establishing values. This issue is related to the theories about time-structures and cultural implications:-Time-structures, reflecting the kind of and the demand for uses within the global-local conditions of the respective distribution of functions (s. D. Läpple): Läpple distinguishes for the differentiation of images of everyday-life and the related space-time-.systems different stages: from the fordistic dual system of working-leisure towards current stages of a loss of the standards of this duality and attempts to replace the system by “real experiments” of de-central and civic work on conflicts respecting the locally different circumstances. -The understanding of place and space, relative to the stage of global-local culture (s. M. Müller): Müller distinguishes for the relationship between “space” and “place” a space-taking revitalization, as “urbanistic”. i.e. public and a space-concentrating re-vitalization “private”. In relationship with this complementary character, images need to gain relevance for everyday-life for the individuals and their privacies in order to give impulses for opening ones mind and prepare for new attitudes in spatial practices. This is very much the original idea of a continuous process of enlightenment.Both the approaches coincide in the need for making the local specific conditions of place and its context become aware individually and collectively by evoking individual values for local and equally general questions of qualifying every-day-life conditions

As representational spaces, or images, used to have an importance for counter-balancing the not yet fulfilled or even not yet discovered desires of people in their spatial practices, - i.e. touching the unaware side of many different groups of society -, they have, no doubt, a tremendous importance for carrying and transporting a message or a leading idea. However, we need to remember that post-socialistic societies and their cities have a conflicting relationship with images which emphasize “the public idea” too strongly, just viewing the fact that the essential urban changes in Bucuresti have been carried by political images, f.i. during the communistic era by the idea to build “the house of the people”. Considering the chances for bringing the ideas about needs for qualification across to investors and users in Bucuresti, it might therefore be wise not to address immediately to the public and equally not to refuse the habits of reflecting individually positively on advertisement too strongly. Thus, it would mean to address to people individually, and if so, why not by advertisement, in order to make ideas for the public well perceived individually. This method of “advertising” for common political aims is oriented on informing and convincing the individual and taking them seriously as responsive stake-holders in the social, economic and cultural processes of urban transformation. If any general image would be searched for this, it would be the de-central centrality of peripheries to be enriched and turned into urban nodes of civic responsiveness. This image might have different spatial dimensions and different urban realities: the values of the old urban core to illustrate the mixture of uses and spaces as a “civic center” and, related to this, the values of individual, more or less peripheral spaces and their originally sub-urban conditions to be enriched by offers of work and supply.

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Such an image could be expressed by different ways of mediation, which take into regard the relationship between the place and its wider context of spatial, social and economic conditions, breaking with the image of the authoritarian façade-architecture framing and controlling everyday-life through the gesture of setting space “into scene”. It would consequently mean to bridge the gap from the wide range of complaints about “insufficient social welfare and care of the institutions” towards the very few already existing ideas about “caring for ourselves, individually and group-wise” … Appropriate images for this would firstly have to give pride to people in order to prepare them to take over responsibility for themselves and others and, this way, to start building up a civic society which will not tolerate the rules of late capitalistic economic pressure and the resulting exploitation of resources, man-made and natural ones … – and the whole professional discussion about guiding urban transformation, and traffic-congestion including prices for parking in inner urban areas …, would eventually be freed from ideology, freed from the discussion about right or wrong spatial concepts for urban development (f.i. “gated communities”) and would become much more relaxed and self-carrying through the implementation of responsiveness in place and in its surrounding space. This way, it would bring together the appropriate conditions for spatial practices, representations of spaces and representational spaces – due to transformation over time.

LITERATURE

-Baga, Eniko, Timisoara (2005), Tor zum Westen. Rumänische Unternehmen in internationalen Produktionsnetzwerken, Artikel in: Schrader, Heiko, Oswals, Ingrid (Hrsg.), Entwicklung oder Transformation, Berliner Debatte Initial 15, Heft 3, S. 41-47-Gruentuch, Armand, Ernst, Almut (2006) (eds.), Convertible City, arch+ 180-Harhoiu, Dana, Bucuresti un Oras intre Orient si Occident (2001), Simetria Publishing House and ARCUB, Bucuresti-József, Benedek, Urban policy and urbanisation in the transition Romania, Babeº-Bolyai University Cluj, Romania-Kasper, Birgit, Szypulski, Anja (2006), Slowenien – Wohnen im expandierenden Europa, Artikel in: PlanerIn, Heft 5, SRL, Berlin, S. 35-37 -Läpple, Dieter, Thiel Joachim (2005), Neue raum-zeitliche Herausforderungen an der Schnittstelle von Arbeitswelt und Lebenswelt, Artikel in: Zeitpolitisches Magazin, Dezember, Jahrgang 3, S. 5-8-Leach, Neil (1999) (ed.), Architecture and revolution, Contemporary perspectives on central and eastern Europe, Routledge, London-Lefebvre, Henri (1991), The production of space, Blackwells, Ocford-Müller, Michael, Drögen Franz (2005), Die ausgestellte Stadt, Zur Differenz von Ort und Raum, Bauwelt Fundamente 133, Birkhäuser, Berlin-Risse, Thomas (2002), Zur Debatte um die (Nicht-)Existenz einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit. Was wir wissen und wie es zu interpretieren ist. Artikel in: Kantner, Cathleen (Hrsg.), Europäische Öffentlichkeit, Berliner Debatte Initial13, Heft 5/6, S. 15-23-Stadtbauwelt 131 (1996), Different articles about Bukarest-Van de Steeg, Marianne (2002), Eine Europäische Öffentlichkeit? Die Diskussion um die Osterweiterung der EU, Artikel in: Kantner, Cathleen (Hrsg.), Europäische Öffentlichkeit, Berliner Debatte Initial13, Heft 5/6, S. 57-6-Voskanian, Aaron (2004), Begegnung mit Europa, Zur Transformation der Diskurse, Artikel in: Willisch, Andreas (Hrsg.), Wendekinder, Berliner Debatte Initial 15, Heft 4, S. 64-73-Zinoski, Mihaijlo, Tasic, Sasa & Papasterevski, Dimitar, Ivanovski, Jovan, Petrovski, Vladimir (2006), City of possible worlds, Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of Culture, 1. International Architecture Exhibition, La Biennale Di Venezia, Venue Palazzo Zenobio, 10 September – 19 November

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CONTRIBUTORS

Prof. Dr.Ing. Andrea Haase

Prof. Ralf Niebergall

Agata Maciejewska

Agnieszka Matujewska

Daniel Da Rocha C. Silva

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CONTRIBUTORS

Dani Hermawan

Deyna Irvan Sjahreza

Gregorius P Wuryanto

Imma Sofi Anindyta

Jian Zhu

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CONTRIBUTORS

Krzysztof Rospedek

Mariola Saluda

Shelly Ann Smith

Tomasz Rospedek

Vivek Ponnudurai

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bucharest studio projects compilation

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