Irwin Samuel F. Zara ARC-3102 11-11240 Date Submitted

Building Utlities 2 Elevator- a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform which moves in guides in or diagonal direction serving to or more floors of a building or structures .

HISTORY and Invention

Pre-industrial era

The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architectVitruvius, who reported thatArchimedes(c. 287 BC c. 212 BC) built his first elevator probably in 236 BC.[1]Some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on ahemprope powered by hand or by animals. It is supposed that elevators of this type were installed in theSinaimonasteryof Egypt.

In 1000, theBook of Secretsbyal-MuradiinIslamic Spaindescribed the use of an elevator-like lifting device, in order to raise a large battering ram to destroy a fortress.[2]In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France.Louis XV of Francehad a so-called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at theChateau de Versaillesin 1743.

Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based onhoistsorwinders. The invention of a system based on thescrew drivewas perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built byIvan Kulibinand installed inWinter Palacein 1793. Several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed inArkhangelskoyenearMoscow.

Industrial era Starting in the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, twoarchitectsworking inLondon, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the "ascending room". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.

Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the ensuing decade; in 1835 an innovative elevator called the "Teagle" was developed by the company Frost and Stutt in England.

The hydraulic crane was invented by SirWilliam Armstrongin 1846, primarily for use at theTynesidedocks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploitingPascal's law, they provided a much greater force.

Henry Watermanof New York is credited with inventing the "standing rope control" for an elevator in 1850. In 1845, the Neapolitan architectGaetano Genoveseinstalled in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.

In 1852,Elisha Otisintroduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in theCrystal Palacein a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at488 BroadwayinNew York Cityon March 23, 1857. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction forPeter Cooper'sCooper UnionFoundation building in New Yorkbegan in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft wascylindricalbecause Cooper thought it was the most efficient design.Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today theOtis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary ofUnited Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.

TheEquitable Life Buildingcompleted in 1870 in New York City was the first office building to have passenger elevators. The first electric elevator was built byWerner von Siemensin 1880 in Germany. The inventorAnton Freisslerdeveloped the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced byFrank Spraguewho added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.

In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named theLondon Hydraulic Power Companywas formed. It constructed a network of high-pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly elevators (lifts) and cranes. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. In 1887, American Inventor Alexander Milesof Duluth, Minnesota patented an elevator with automatic doors that would close off the elevator shaft.

In 2000, the first vacuum elevator was offered commercially in Argentina.

Types of Elevator According to Use

Passenger elevator is a conveying device to use to transport from floor of a building to another, movement may be vertical or diagonal.

Service or Freight Elevator An elevator used to for carrying materials and cargo. It allows operator and the persons necessary for loading and unloading of loads.

Types of Elevator in General Use

Electric Elevator an elevator system of a car that is mounted on the guide rails, suspended by tension and cables and operated by electric hoisting machinery.

Hydraulic elevator- an elevator system where the movement is car or cab is dependent on the pressure applied through a system of retractable tubes containing tubes that is pumped into it from the reservoir.

Winding Drum Machine an elevator with cables fastened to and wound around on a drum; counterweight is not necessary.

Traction Machine an elevator in which the movement of the car is derived by means of direct contact between the traction sheave and the hoisting cable, caused by friction between two studies.

Types of Elevator in Traction Machines

Gearless Traction Machines consist of dc motor, shaft of which is directly connected to break wheel and driving sheave

Geared Traction Machines - a worm and gear interposed between the driving motor and the hoisting sheave.

PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES Electric Elevator and the Hydraulic Elevator

Electric Elevator The elevator cab in traction elevators is lifted with cables, using weights to counterbalance the weight of the cab with the riders. It uses less energy than hydraulic elevators because the motor is only used to overcome friction - there is no lifting involved because of the counterweight system. The only time the motor is used in traction elevators to lift the cab is when the counterweight is not even with the cab weight. The most inefficient of these elevators are older models that use direct-current electricity - used because it is easy to control speed with DC current. Most of the energy used by these elevators happens when it is idle from the heating, cooling and lighting systems. Using LED lighting and timers for fans will help reduce the energy use. To put the energy use in relative terms, the energy used in light sensor stairways exceeds that of the energy used for a traction elevator ride.

Hydraulic Elevator The elevators use a pump system to push a cylinder of fluid on a piston, lifting the cab. Energy used to lift the elevator does not get recovered on the trip going down, it is completely lost; this is because hydraulic elevators do not use a counterweight system. The fluid used in the pump system in modern elevators is oil versus the old systems that used water; this is because the elevators were experiencing rusting issues. The oil now causes major safety issues if there are any leaks in the system. One advantage is that hydraulic elevators allow for a simple building structure; the cylinder used to move the elevators up and down is supported by the soil beneath the building versus the building itself. Many of the major elevator manufacturers no longer offer hydraulic elevators.

Elevator System Operation

Single Automatic Push button Control this system is the simplest of the different modes of elevator operation.

Collective Control this type of elevator system control does not have any call storage provision.

Selective Collective Operation this is type of operation is selective in that is arranged to collect all waiting up calls on the trip up and all hall down calls on the trip down.

Computerized System Controlled the most advanced type controlled system continuously monitors demand and controls each cars motion in response to demand only.

MECHANICAL REGULATIONS OF AN ELEVATOR ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Elevators shall be installed in all private and public buildings for public use accessible to disabled persons, pursuant to the objectives of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessibility Law).

A. Hoistway for elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their height, with no openings allowed except for necessary doors, windows or skylights.B. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, except when necessary for the operation of the elevators. C. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed buffers, a clearance of not less than 600 millimeters remains between the underside of the car and the bottom of the pit.D. When four (4) or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they shall be located in not less than two (2) hoistways and in no case shall more than four (4) elevators be located in any one hoistway. E. Where a machine room or penthouse is provided at the top of a hoistway, it shall be constructed with sufficient room for repair and inspection. Access shall be by means of an iron ladder or stairs when the room is more than 600 millimeters above the adjacent floor or roof surface. The angle of inclination of such ladder or stairs shall not exceed 60 from the horizontal. This room shall not be used as living quarters or depository of other materials and shall be provided with adequate ventilation.F. Minimum number of hoisting ropes shall be three (3) for traction elevators and two (2) for drum type elevators.G. The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight ropes shall be 30 millimeters. H. Elevators shall be provided with Fall-Free Safety Device, over-load switch and reverse polarity relay.I. In apartments or residential condominiums of five (5) storeys or more, at least one (1) passenger elevator shall be kept on twenty-four (24) hour constant service.

Elevator Brand Names

Otis Mitsubishi Schindler Fuji Goldstar Hyundai Westinghouse Hitachi

ESCALATOR a power driven, inclined, continuously stairway for raising or lowering passengers; also referred to as moving stairway or as an electric stairway; invented by (Jesse Reno) 1892.MOVING WALK - known in British English as a travolator or travelator is a slowmoving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance.PARTS OF an ESCALATOR

Landing Platforms. Truss. Tracks. Steps. Handrail. Escalator Exterior (Balustrade). Drive system. Auto-Lubrication System. Braking system. Safety devices. Electrical & Control Systems.

ESCALATORS ARRANGEMENTS Parallel (No walk round) Parallel (with Walk round) Crisscross

MECHANICAL REGULATIONS OF AN ESCALATOR ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESEscalators A. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 30 from the horizontal.B. The width between balustrades shall not be less than 560 millimeters nor more than 1.20 meters. This width shall not exceed the width of the steps by more than 330 millimeters. C. Solid balustrades of incombustible material shall be provided on each side of the moving steps. If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass. D. The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than 38 meters per minute.

Elevator Brand Names

Otis Mitsubishi Schindler Fuji SIGMA Hyundai LG Hitachi

PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ESCALATOR a power driven, inclined, continuously stairway for raising or lowering passengers; also referred to as moving stairway or as an electric stairway; invented by (Jesse Reno) 1892.MOVING WALK - known in British English as a travolator or travelator is a slowmoving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance.

PARTS OF an ESCALATOR

Landing Platforms. Truss. Tracks. Steps. Handrail. Escalator Exterior (Balustrade). Drive system. Auto-Lubrication System. Braking system. Safety devices. Electrical & Control Systems.