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Transcript of BSEE, MBA, MS Psychology Joel A. DiGirolamo, · PDF fileThe Psychology of Conflict and...
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Joel A. DiGirolamo, BSEE, MBA, MS Psychology
Conflict in Organizations
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Agenda
Background
When Conflict Arises
Good Conflict
Tools
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Going Postal
Is the homicide rate for postal workers
higher or lower than all other industries?
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Definition of Conflict
A process that begins when an individual or
group perceives differences and opposition
between itself and another individual or
group about interests and resources,
beliefs, values, or practices that matter to
them.
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How many people or groups does it take to have a conflict?
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Conflict Between…Executive
Manager Worker
Team
Spouse orFamily Member
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Why Does Conflict Occur?
FearAttachment
Different Knowledge
Different Paradigms
Expectations
Incompatible Values
Perceived Oppression
Poor Communication
Misunderstanding
Past TraumaStress
Scarce Resources
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Plato’s Cave
Source: Gruber (1990) The Cooperative
Synthesis of Disparate Points of View
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Anger
Expectations
Attachments
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Effects of Conflict on Your Business
Job Satisfaction
• Turnover
• Absenteeism
• Health Issues
- Cost
- Job Satisfaction
Job Performance
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Creativity & Innovation in Groups
Team Members with Diverse Backgrounds
Open & Safe Atmosphere
Encourage All Views to be Heard
Share Viewpoints, Mental Models, Experience
Listen & Discuss Content & Process
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Is Conflict Always Bad? Team Processes
Trauma in Our Personal Lives
“Creative Tension”
Learn New Skills
Feal to Executives
Deep Bonds
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Tools
Drama Triangle• Model to Raise Awareness
Mirroring Dialog• From Couples Therapy (Imago)
• Promotes Active Listening, Ensuring You Are Heard
• Limits Personal Attacks
Thomas-Kilman Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)• Competing, Collaborating
• Compromising
• Avoiding, Accommodating
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Drama TrianglePersecutor Rescuer
Victim
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Mirroring Dialog - An Example
Sender: “I…”
Receiver: “What I hear you saying is…, Is that correct?”
Sender: “Yes, that’s correct.” or “Well sort of, except…”
Receiver: “Is there more?”
Sender: “No.”
Receiver: “It makes sense to me that… That must make you feel…”
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Thomas-KilmanConflict Mode Instrument (TKI)
Uncooperative Cooperative
Competing
Compromising
Avoiding Accommodating
Collaborating
Unassertive
Assertive
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Questions
What is the Level of Conflict in Your Organization?
Is the Conflict (or Lack of it) Helping or Hurting Your
Organization?
What Conflict Management Strategies Does Your Organization
Use?
Which Tools Do Your Managers have Available to Resolve
Conflict?
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Conflict organizationsAssociation for conflict resolutionAssociation of conflict resolutionOrganization conflictOrganization conflict of interestConflict management in organizationsManaging conflict in organizationsConflict in the organizationConflict of interestOrganizational conflictPeace organizationsConflict managementConflict theoryConflict stylesLeadership organizationsCommunication organizationsResolving conflictConflict mediationConflict leadershipConflict negotiationWorkplace conflictConflict resolutionConflict typesTraining organizationsLexington Kentucky KY USA.ppt .doc .xls
Questions?
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Back-up
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Escalation
Pros
• Conveys Importance of the Situation
• Can Encourage Information Gathering & Problem Solving
Cons
• Can Crowd Out Integrative Thinking
• Can Provoke Hostility
• May Impede Creative Thinking
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Mental Models
Deeply Held Internal Images of How the World Works
Limit Our Thinking & Acting to Ways that are Familiar to Us
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Aggression
Physical or Verbal
Direct or Indirect
Active or Passive
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A Study of Studies (Meta-Analysis)
Situational ConstraintsOrganizational
Aggression
Job Dissatisfaction
Gender
Trait Anger
Interpersonal Conflict
InterpersonalAggression
Source: Hershcovis et al., ( 2007)
14%
8%
3%
3%
2%
8%
4%
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Conflict Resolution Strategies Most Successful
• Discuss or Debate
• Open Communication
• Compromise or Reach Consensus
• Rotating Responsibilities
Less Successful• Avoid or Ignore
• Idiosyncratic
• Vote
Source: Behfar et al., ( 2007)
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What is Fair?
Research Shows Fair Treatment & Procedures are More ImportantThan a Fair Outcome• Procedural Justice
We Perceive Fair Treatment & Procedures as Producing Fair Outcomes
Ensure:• All Parties Have a Voice, Respected
• Unbiased
• Consistency
• Valid Information
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Remember…
working here is always a choice
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It Only Takes One…
If Any One Party Does Not Want
the Conflict Resolved, it will Not
be Resolved
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How Do We Resolve Conflict? Everyone Must Observe & Own:
• Their Behavior & Emotions
• Their Thoughts & Values
Ensure All Parties Understand Each Person or Group’s:• Paradigms
• Mental Models
Full Disclosure:• Fear
• Stress
• Victim, etc.
“Just becausethat’s the way
I feel”
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Always!
Respect
Compassion
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Your Part
Tools - Use Diagnostic Tools
Observe & Own Your Behavior
Respect & Compassion
Confront Conflict Early & Head-On
Choice - We All Have Choices
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Conflict at Many Levels
National Culture
Organization
Group
Individual
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Conflict Over…
Resources
• Intra-group or Inter-group
Interpretation of Reality
Information Sharing
Positive Identity
• Values
• Self-Esteem
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Styles of Handling Conflict
Integrating
Forcing
Smoothing
Avoiding
Compromising
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Conflict Management Strategies
Unilateral
Joint
3rd Party
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Times When Conflict Arises Mergers & Acquisitions
Union Negotiations
Performance Appraisals
Interpersonal Issues
Changing Job Functions
Downsizing
Reorganizations
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Dual Concern Theory
TakeMe
HighOther
Concern
LowOther
Concern
HighSelf
Concern
LowSelf
ConcernApathy,
Avoidance
Win-Win
It’s AllAbout Me
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Conflict vs. Output (Conceptual)
Conflict
Output
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Models Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• Examples - E, I N, S T, S J, P
• Questionable Validity
Big Five Factor Model (NEO-PI, FFM)
• Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
• High Validity
Emotional Intelligence
• Ability to Perceive and Manage Emotions of One's Self and of Others
• Validity is Controversial
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Models Cont.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization
• No Known Validity Studies
DISC
• Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, Conscientiousness
• High Claimed Validity
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Myers-Briggs Flow
Extraversion&
Introversion
How WeGatherEnergy
How WeGather
Information
How WeMake
Decisions
How WeClose
Intuitive&
Sensing
Thinking&
Feeling
Judging&
Perceiving
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Myers-Briggs Flow
Extraversion & Introversion
• How We Gather Energy
Intuitive & Sensing
• How We Gather Information
Thinking & Feeling
• How We Make Decisions
Judging & Perceiving
• How We Close
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A Comparison of Models
OpennessPerceiving (P)
ConscientiousnessJudging (J)
Neuroticism, AgreeablenessFeeling (F)
ConscientiousnessThinking (T)
Extraversion, OpennessIntuitive (N)
Sensing (S)
NeuroticismIntroversion (I)
Extraversion, OpennessExtraversion (E)
WGCTAGMAFFMMBTI
Source: Personality and Intelligence in Business People: A Study
of Two Personality and Two Intelligence Measures (2007)
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Team Model
Individuals
Team
Superiors
Leader
Output
Dropouts
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Problem Solving
1. Diagnose the Problem
2. Develop Alternative Solutions
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Bibliography - 1
The Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management inOrganizations - Edited by De Dreu & Gelfand• $80, 512 pages, 2007
• Very thorough, pragmatic
The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice -Edited by Deutsch, Coleman, & Marcus• $60, 960 pages, 2006
• Many excellent models, a bit more theoretical
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Bibliography - 2
Karpman Drama Triangle• Free description at en.wikipedia.org
Getting the Love You Want: A Guide for Couples by Hendrix• $10, 320 pages, 2007 (Latest Edition)
• Good description of the mirroring dialog
Short-Term Couples Therapy: The Imago Model in Action - byLuquet• $37, 304 pages, 2006 (2nd Edition)
• Mirroring dialog exercises, good resource lists
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Bibliography - 3
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)• $13.50 + Shipping
• Available from www.cpp.com, No ordering restriction
The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The LearningOrganization - by Senge• $17, 464 pages, 2006 (Latest Edition)
• A classic in understanding organizational dynamics
• Light on psychology jargon