BSc (Honours) Sport Business...
Transcript of BSc (Honours) Sport Business...
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing
BSc (Honours) Sport Business
Management
Title Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong
Name Hui Yuk Pui
Student No 91206420
Month Year April 2011
b
Sheffield Hallam University
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing
Title Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong
Full Name Hui Yuk Pui
Student No 91206420
Supervisor Cherie Kwong
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Sport Business Management
Month Year April 2011
i
ⅰ) Abstract
In recent year the obesity problem in Hong Kong was seriously due to a number
of citizen lacks of physical activities Hence this study was aim to raise the Hong
Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participate in weight training The
methodology in this study was a quantitative research style applied the Participant
Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) to face-to-face questionnaire
interview To investigate different motives between different participants in participate
weight training Moreover applied the software SPSS to analyze the data which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation test Furthermore the main results of this study were (1) the fitness was
the main motive of participant in weight training (2) the male participant were more
concern skillcompetition and fitness motives than female participant in weight
training (3) the different education level and income participants had not statistically
significant difference in weight training (4) the retirement participant were lowest
concern the skillcompetition and fitness motives than others industry background
participant in weight training (5) the senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skillcompetition recognition and fitness motives than others age group participant in
weight training Additionally The development plan to raise the public awareness of
fitness and increase they participate rate in weight training should do that (1) promote
into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task orientation (2) the target groups
should target on working people and age below 46-55 citizens
ii
ⅱ) Contents
Abstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅰ
Contentshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅱ
List of Figurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
List of Tablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
1) Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P1-3
Purpose and Objectivehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P4
2) Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P5-10
Hypothesis 1 (Gender)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P11-12
Hypothesis 2 (Age)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P13
Hypothesis 3 (Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 4 (Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 5 (Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
Hypothesis 6 (Different factors) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
3) Methodology
31) Research Stylehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P16
32) Data Collection and Processhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P17-18
33) Strength of Researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
34) Weakness of researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
35) Data Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P20-21
4) Result
41) Descriptive statistics testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P22
42) T-testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P23-24
43) One-way ANOVA testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P25-31
44) Pearson Correlation testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32-33
5) Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34-45
6) Conclusion and Recommendationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P46-47
61) Recommendation for practicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P48
62) Research Limitationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
63) Research Constrainshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
64) Recommendation for further studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
65) Post research evaluationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
7) References listhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P51-56
8) Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P57
iii
ⅲ) List of figures
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
ⅲ) List of Tables
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28
Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29
Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30
Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31
Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32
Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33
Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36
Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P39
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P3
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
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regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
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Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
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sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
b
Sheffield Hallam University
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing
Title Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong
Full Name Hui Yuk Pui
Student No 91206420
Supervisor Cherie Kwong
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Sport Business Management
Month Year April 2011
i
ⅰ) Abstract
In recent year the obesity problem in Hong Kong was seriously due to a number
of citizen lacks of physical activities Hence this study was aim to raise the Hong
Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participate in weight training The
methodology in this study was a quantitative research style applied the Participant
Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) to face-to-face questionnaire
interview To investigate different motives between different participants in participate
weight training Moreover applied the software SPSS to analyze the data which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation test Furthermore the main results of this study were (1) the fitness was
the main motive of participant in weight training (2) the male participant were more
concern skillcompetition and fitness motives than female participant in weight
training (3) the different education level and income participants had not statistically
significant difference in weight training (4) the retirement participant were lowest
concern the skillcompetition and fitness motives than others industry background
participant in weight training (5) the senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skillcompetition recognition and fitness motives than others age group participant in
weight training Additionally The development plan to raise the public awareness of
fitness and increase they participate rate in weight training should do that (1) promote
into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task orientation (2) the target groups
should target on working people and age below 46-55 citizens
ii
ⅱ) Contents
Abstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅰ
Contentshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅱ
List of Figurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
List of Tablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
1) Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P1-3
Purpose and Objectivehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P4
2) Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P5-10
Hypothesis 1 (Gender)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P11-12
Hypothesis 2 (Age)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P13
Hypothesis 3 (Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 4 (Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 5 (Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
Hypothesis 6 (Different factors) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
3) Methodology
31) Research Stylehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P16
32) Data Collection and Processhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P17-18
33) Strength of Researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
34) Weakness of researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
35) Data Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P20-21
4) Result
41) Descriptive statistics testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P22
42) T-testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P23-24
43) One-way ANOVA testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P25-31
44) Pearson Correlation testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32-33
5) Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34-45
6) Conclusion and Recommendationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P46-47
61) Recommendation for practicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P48
62) Research Limitationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
63) Research Constrainshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
64) Recommendation for further studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
65) Post research evaluationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
7) References listhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P51-56
8) Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P57
iii
ⅲ) List of figures
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
ⅲ) List of Tables
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28
Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29
Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30
Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31
Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32
Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33
Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36
Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P39
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P3
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
i
ⅰ) Abstract
In recent year the obesity problem in Hong Kong was seriously due to a number
of citizen lacks of physical activities Hence this study was aim to raise the Hong
Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participate in weight training The
methodology in this study was a quantitative research style applied the Participant
Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) to face-to-face questionnaire
interview To investigate different motives between different participants in participate
weight training Moreover applied the software SPSS to analyze the data which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation test Furthermore the main results of this study were (1) the fitness was
the main motive of participant in weight training (2) the male participant were more
concern skillcompetition and fitness motives than female participant in weight
training (3) the different education level and income participants had not statistically
significant difference in weight training (4) the retirement participant were lowest
concern the skillcompetition and fitness motives than others industry background
participant in weight training (5) the senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skillcompetition recognition and fitness motives than others age group participant in
weight training Additionally The development plan to raise the public awareness of
fitness and increase they participate rate in weight training should do that (1) promote
into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task orientation (2) the target groups
should target on working people and age below 46-55 citizens
ii
ⅱ) Contents
Abstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅰ
Contentshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅱ
List of Figurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
List of Tablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
1) Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P1-3
Purpose and Objectivehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P4
2) Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P5-10
Hypothesis 1 (Gender)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P11-12
Hypothesis 2 (Age)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P13
Hypothesis 3 (Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 4 (Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 5 (Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
Hypothesis 6 (Different factors) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
3) Methodology
31) Research Stylehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P16
32) Data Collection and Processhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P17-18
33) Strength of Researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
34) Weakness of researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
35) Data Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P20-21
4) Result
41) Descriptive statistics testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P22
42) T-testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P23-24
43) One-way ANOVA testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P25-31
44) Pearson Correlation testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32-33
5) Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34-45
6) Conclusion and Recommendationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P46-47
61) Recommendation for practicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P48
62) Research Limitationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
63) Research Constrainshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
64) Recommendation for further studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
65) Post research evaluationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
7) References listhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P51-56
8) Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P57
iii
ⅲ) List of figures
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
ⅲ) List of Tables
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28
Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29
Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30
Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31
Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32
Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33
Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36
Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P39
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P3
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
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Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
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Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
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at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
ii
ⅱ) Contents
Abstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅰ
Contentshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅱ
List of Figurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
List of Tablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ
1) Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P1-3
Purpose and Objectivehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P4
2) Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P5-10
Hypothesis 1 (Gender)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P11-12
Hypothesis 2 (Age)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P13
Hypothesis 3 (Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 4 (Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14
Hypothesis 5 (Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
Hypothesis 6 (Different factors) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15
3) Methodology
31) Research Stylehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P16
32) Data Collection and Processhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P17-18
33) Strength of Researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
34) Weakness of researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19
35) Data Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P20-21
4) Result
41) Descriptive statistics testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P22
42) T-testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P23-24
43) One-way ANOVA testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P25-31
44) Pearson Correlation testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32-33
5) Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34-45
6) Conclusion and Recommendationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P46-47
61) Recommendation for practicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P48
62) Research Limitationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
63) Research Constrainshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49
64) Recommendation for further studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
65) Post research evaluationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50
7) References listhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P51-56
8) Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P57
iii
ⅲ) List of figures
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
ⅲ) List of Tables
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28
Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29
Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30
Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31
Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32
Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33
Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36
Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P39
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P3
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
iii
ⅲ) List of figures
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
ⅲ) List of Tables
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28
Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29
Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30
Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31
Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32
Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33
Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34
Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36
Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P39
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P3
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
1
1) Introduction
In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized
city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation
system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only
increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity
problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American
Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities
in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong
Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in
weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional
rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy
while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs
in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not
have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should
wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to
get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about
weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also
no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to
keep fit
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
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52
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D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
2
However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to
participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long
normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai
2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming
Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training
was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the
promotion effectiveness
Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the
reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation
was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a
factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo
(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to
understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive
from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)
This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training
through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives
As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target
study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ
SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li
1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items
question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation
of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied
factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy
release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
3
PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant
participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong
Kong citizens motives in weight training
Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to
differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al
2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also
lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional
demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry
background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly
related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group
was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was
18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in
weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in
18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds
46-55olds and above 55olds
About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also
study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department
(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight
training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this
research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction
about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government
department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
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Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the
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2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income
+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
Last accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwstopobesityallianceorg2Fwp-content
2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
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at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp
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httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F
training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwodecca2Fprojects2F20062Fsabh6a
22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171
c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwaquacertorg2Fcec22003pdfampsearchque
ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnyfrborg2Fregional2Fgroshen2Fgr
oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
4
The purpose of this study
Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the
questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives
The objective of this study
1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight
training
2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in
weight training
3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in
weight training
4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in
weight training
5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate
in weight training
6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
5
2) Literature Review
A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an
epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more
physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004
American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C
2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant
motivation in weight training in Hong Kong
In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different
physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009
Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant
motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training
was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant
motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results
revealed
Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to
investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole
2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool
in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of
information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated
answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the
participant motivation in weight training
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
6
Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more
understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do
something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was
thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated
toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others
was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much
motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the
perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan
and L Deci 2000)
Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of
parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions
rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person
was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external
prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own
purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle
2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)
Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as
rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves
(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for
some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the
activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
7
Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal
orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses
such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances
participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation
rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic
motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on
internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been
linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less
enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only
working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John
C K et al 2010)
Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more
understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation
had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include
following questionnaire
Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)
Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo
(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)
Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)
Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
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+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
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2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
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httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F
training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwodecca2Fprojects2F20062Fsabh6a
22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171
c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwaquacertorg2Fcec22003pdfampsearchque
ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnyfrborg2Fregional2Fgroshen2Fgr
oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
8
The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists
28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections
identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and
intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)
The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al
2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment
sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded
according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)
The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point
Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument
assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise
motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to
intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected
regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience
sensations (MWetherington 2004)
The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item
questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point
important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport
because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5
(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of
achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development
friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
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WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
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regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
9
The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on
difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference
questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to
investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors
of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant
motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were
includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition
and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to
analysis the weight training participant motives
A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but
also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation
(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others
scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study
Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the
participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use
for analyze the weight training participant in this study
According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it
could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study
The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes
recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and
affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
concepts
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
10
The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to
satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the
self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy
release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the
motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept
The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors
such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove
themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to
seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and
statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and
relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into
extrinsic concept
About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in
weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to
more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight
training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more
concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result
that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for
example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove
themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci
2000)
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
11
Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in
weight training
From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same
advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented
advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and
category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate
weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily
affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands
the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to
determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more
participate weight training than female
In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as
providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle
long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through
participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight
training were more than female
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
12
Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history
was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were
lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the
bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to
male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight
training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their
body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can
explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to
participant in weight training
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
13
Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
age in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities
comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related
journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up
their body compared with adult
In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had
obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most
adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and
high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding
Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the
world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and
overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to
participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups
(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and
keep-fit through participate in weight training
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
14
Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education
levels in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher
knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)
Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight
training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The
information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study
as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to
participate in weight training
Hypothesis 4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of
income in weight training
For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had
enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of
bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit
(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)
Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training
to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
15
Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry
backgrounds in weight training
For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers
hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast
blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L
Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in
weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of
blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in
leisure time
Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training
From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in
different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore
hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in
participant participate in weight training
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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52
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
16
3) Methodology
31) Research Style
About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative
research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include
different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research
Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user
required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape
recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size
information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to
descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and
summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)
Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research
in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight
training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of
interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen
causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to
investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However
the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant
motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for
analysis in this research
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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52
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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_str=20080718ampfc=8
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
17
32) Data Collection and Process
In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random
convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon
New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this
interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with
interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face
questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was
around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen
because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This
age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and
Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong
(Census and Statistic Department 2011)
About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation
Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the
possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used
Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their
preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic
results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness
energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement
(Zahariadis PN 2000)
Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire
interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people
before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was
answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
18
questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability
In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar
in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of
questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire
the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some
adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study
which includes the body weight emotion condition etc
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
19
33) Strength of Research
The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to
Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their
first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study
purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of
important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important
Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the
Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education
level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal
factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire
34) Weakness of Research
The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate
was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months
of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of
questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred
interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training
participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight
training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly
weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness
in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant
motivation opinion in weight training
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
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d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
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psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
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vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
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Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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at
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sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
20
35) Data Analysis
After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data
The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of
data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction
to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question
to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on
every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different
variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into
skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this
study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which
analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson
Correlation
The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to
descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire
questionnaire
T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and
Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to
compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos
scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was
more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that
which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more
concern in participate weight training
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
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Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
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22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
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D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
21
One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis
three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different
age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more
concern the fitness in participate weight training
Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors
For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the
result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors
had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the
relationship was more strongly
(Center for teaching excellence 2010)
Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and
One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors
Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference
between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to
test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was
statistically significant difference
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
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+obesity
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Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
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and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
22
4) Result
The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes
Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were
performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine
which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference
41) The descriptive statistics in different factors
The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors
and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training
Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std
Deviation
Ranking
Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5
Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3
Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4
Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6
Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2
Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1
In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive
in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean
scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
23
42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result
The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to
ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and
female
Table 2 (T-test)
t df
Sig
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std Error
Difference
95
Lower
95
Upper
Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95
Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46
Energy
Release
216 98 830 03 14 -24 30
Team
Atmosphere
-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13
Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13
Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106
P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005
The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a
statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)
showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill
(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of
participate in weight training
Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)
to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table
describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
24
Table 21 (T-test)
Gender
N Mean
Std
Deviation
Std Error
Mean
Skill Male 78 298 66 07
Female 22 234 75 16
Recognition Male 78 305 44 05
Female 22 286 56 12
Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07
Female 22 334 54 11
Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05
Female 22 219 37 08
Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08
Female 22 359 61 13
Fitness Male 78 386 73 08
Female 22 314 64 14
From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male
was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the
mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female
However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male
in participate weight training
In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than
female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more
concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team
atmosphere in weight training than male
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
25
43) The results of One-way ANOVA test
One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it
examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical
(numericalintervalratio) variable
431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way
ANOVA test results
The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different education levels of weight training participant
Table 3 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
45
512
2
97
22
53
42 66
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
08
222
2
97
04
23
18 83
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
61
339
2
97
306
35
88 42
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
21
214
2
97
104
22
47 63
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
51
418
2
97
26
43
59 55
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
105
577
2
97
53
595
88 42
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005
In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training
as the all p value was highest than 005
26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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54
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on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
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2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
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26
432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different wage levels of weight training participant
Table 4 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
015
517
2
97
01
53
014 986
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
14
221
2
97
07
23
300 741
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
118
334
2
97
59
34
1173 186
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
79
208
2
97
397
21
1855 162
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
596
417
2
97
298
43
692 503
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
63
582
2
97
31
599
524 594
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant
difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
American Journal of Health Promotion (2006) [online] Vol 21 Issue 1 p49 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
es2Fpublications2Fst402Fstat40pdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the
United States The McKinsey Quarterly Last accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwashburnedu2Ffaculty2Frweigand
2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income
+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
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52
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ry=weight+training+method
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
27
433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA
test results
The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant
difference in different age of weight training participant
Table 5 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
625
454
3
96
208
47
44 006
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
200
203
3
96
67
211
316 028
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
56
3399
3
96
19
35
53 665
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
196
214
3
96
07
22
29 830
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
465
377
3
96
155
39
395 011
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
583
5295
3
96
194
55
352 018
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44
P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and
fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between
different age groups of weight training participant
Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the
following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors
in different age groups
28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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54
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on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
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28
Table 51 (ANOVA test)
(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std Error Sig
Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01
Recognition 46-55 18-25
26-35
36-45
-64 23 028
-62 22 029
-66 22 016
Affiliation 36-45 18-25
26-35
45 16 035
40 15 037
Fitness 46-55 18-25
36-45
-105 37 02
-94 35 04
The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the
following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in
different factors
Table 52 (ANOVA test)
Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill 18-25
46-55
24 314 64 13
5 206 97 43
Recognition 18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
24 304 45 09
34 302 46 08
37 307 39 06
5 24 91 40
Affiliation 18-25
26-35
36-45
24 328 84 17
34 332 45 08
37 373 55 09
Fitness 18-25
36-45
46-55
24 392 79 16
37 381 66 11
5 287 112 50
The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference
between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant
difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
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Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
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52
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
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Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
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p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
29
46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age
group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically
significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with
46-55(M=287) in fitness
In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight
training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the
recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the
age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and
26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight
training than age group 18-25 and 36-45
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
30
434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way
ANOVA test results
The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant
difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant
Table 6 (ANOVA test)
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig
Skill Between Groups
Within Groups
754
4379
5
93
151
47
32 01
Recognition Between Groups
Within Groups
137
2082
5
93
28
22
123 303
Energy Release Between Groups
Within Groups
249
3127
5
93
498
34
148 204
Team Atmosphere Between Groups
Within Groups
248
1822
5
93
496
196
253 03
Affiliation Between Groups
Within Groups
277
3952
5
93
56
43
13 27
Fitness Between Groups
Within Groups
903
4804
5
93
181
52
345 006
P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005
Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference
between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere
(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)
Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the
following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically
significant difference in different factors of weight training participant
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
31
Table 61 (ANOVA test)
(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean
Difference (I-J)
Std
Error Sig
Skill Retirement Transportation
Student
-117 38 034
-11 37 044
Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038
Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044
The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use
the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors
Table 62 (ANOVA test)
Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error
Skill Transportation
Retirement
Student
16 317 63 16
4 200 98 49
22 310 72 15
Team atmosphere
Transportation
Finance
16 166 53 13
13 215 28 08
Fitness Transportation
Retirement
16 410 71 18
4 292 132 66
The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference
between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the
statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)
in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation
(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness
In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight
training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry
participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation
participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in
weight training than retirement people
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
es2Fpublications2Fst402Fstat40pdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the
United States The McKinsey Quarterly Last accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwashburnedu2Ffaculty2Frweigand
2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income
+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
Last accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwstopobesityallianceorg2Fwp-content
2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
Census and Statistic Department (2011) [online] Demographic Characteristics Last accessed 13 Feb 2011
at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp
Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F
training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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52
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ry=weight+training+method
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
32
44) The results of Pearson Correlation test
The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of
relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it
implies a positive relationship
If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship
If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two
variables
Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)
(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)
441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition
The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a
significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100
p=000) was strongly positive correlation
Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)
Recognition Skill
Recognition Pearson
Correlation
1 733
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
33
442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness
The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a
significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)
was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training
Table 8 (Pearson Correlation test)
Skill Fitness
Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition
The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and
recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation
scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight
training
Table 9 (Pearson Correlation test)
Affiliation Recognition
Affiliation Pearson
Correlation
1 458
Sig (2-tailed) 000
N 100 100
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
34
5) Discussion
51) Different factors with motivation concepts
In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight
training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can
bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness
motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable
However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was
participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most
participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team
atmosphere in weight training was sensible
About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate
participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant
motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release
were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose
of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team
atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their
status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected
into extrinsic concept
From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6
motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned
reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic
motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
35
weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy
participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens
participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract
participant was better than extrinsic concept
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
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accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
36
52) Different gender in weight training
In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of
skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and
female
Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill
motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information
revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than
female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was
more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them
winning the competition
Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness
in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the
muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male
obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health
Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in
weight training
Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more
concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the
individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight
training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more
concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
American Journal of Health Promotion (2006) [online] Vol 21 Issue 1 p49 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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52
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45111
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
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p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
37
Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male
participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female
participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant
not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the
skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
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regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
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d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
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psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
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55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
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b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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at
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56
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sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
38
53) Different education and income in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically
significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher
education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley
Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant
interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need
healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training
was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about
education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for
fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this
hypothesis prove by above information
Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had
no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income
range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste
et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep
healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever
higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different
income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve
social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the
participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level
participant
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
39
As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different
income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their
health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis
was not correctly from the above information
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
40
54) Different industry background in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team
atmosphere and fitness
Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with
transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of
skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement
participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar
with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore
retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training
Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant
difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere
revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the
transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily
to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry
participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together
to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team
atmosphere was reasonable
Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference
with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the
transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee
had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness
status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to
pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
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Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
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60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
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als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
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FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
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2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
41
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was
less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background
According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training
had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry
citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their
weight training participant-rate were also similar
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
42
55) Different age in weight training
The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the
statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition
affiliation and fitness
Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between
younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this
two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern
skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the
weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding
competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their
muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior
participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not
similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training
Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age
group (46-55) was sensible
Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant
difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result
of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group
participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training
they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up
their recognition ( et al no date)
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
43
Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically
significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)
The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As
the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim
to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)
Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the
statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult
age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others
two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight
training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition
therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age
group was reasonable ( et al no date)
Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest
people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with
adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the
results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than
others age group in weight training
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
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22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
44
56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training
The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant
relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was
positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training
Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight
training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the
participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill
as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the
correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with
healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their
recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)
Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive
correlation in this research
Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed
statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight
training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D
Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a
comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different
muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was
required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton
1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the
skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight
training
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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52
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D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
45
Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As
the reason that different background information participant were also training into
fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation
Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the
recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great
recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the
chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or
achievements to communicate with them
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
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52
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
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Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
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53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
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s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
46
7) Conclusion and Recommendation
The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training
in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight
training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample
questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied
some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study
similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and
different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and
development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors
According to this study results the male weight training participant were more
concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male
participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female
participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than
male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends
Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department
or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender
participantrsquos motivation
The results of this study the different education levels and income was no
statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in
weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and
income of participant motivation
According to this study results the different industry background participant had the
statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
American Journal of Health Promotion (2006) [online] Vol 21 Issue 1 p49 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
es2Fpublications2Fst402Fstat40pdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the
United States The McKinsey Quarterly Last accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwashburnedu2Ffaculty2Frweigand
2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income
+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
Last accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwstopobesityallianceorg2Fwp-content
2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
Census and Statistic Department (2011) [online] Demographic Characteristics Last accessed 13 Feb 2011
at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp
Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F
training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwodecca2Fprojects2F20062Fsabh6a
22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171
c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
47
was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were
lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of
the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not
competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training
may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight
training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement
people to attract them to more participate in weight training
In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study
revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant
differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the
skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age
was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and
power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to
affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation
motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)
Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The
participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly
concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in
weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and
energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to
participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept
For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy
their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
American Journal of Health Promotion (2006) [online] Vol 21 Issue 1 p49 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
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George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
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Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
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_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
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3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
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-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
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uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
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httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
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isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
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rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
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at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
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sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
48
61) Recommendation for Practice
Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure
and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight
training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task
orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate
such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to
public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy
weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more
participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building
or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training
should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the
results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight
training skill or task
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09
d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
Noninstitutionalized Population under Age 652001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwmepsahrqgov2Fmepsweb2Fdata_fil
es2Fpublications2Fst402Fstat40pdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the
United States The McKinsey Quarterly Last accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwashburnedu2Ffaculty2Frweigand
2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income
+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
Last accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwstopobesityallianceorg2Fwp-content
2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
Census and Statistic Department (2011) [online] Demographic Characteristics Last accessed 13 Feb 2011
at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp
Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F
training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwodecca2Fprojects2F20062Fsabh6a
22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171
c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwaquacertorg2Fcec22003pdfampsearchque
ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnyfrborg2Fregional2Fgroshen2Fgr
oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
49
62) Research Limitation
The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of
research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller
only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate
the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole
weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one
questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can
represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of
participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include
63) Research Constrains
The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire
and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of
this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete
the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and
some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This
constrains would directly affect the results of this study
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
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d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12
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+health
Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The
George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy
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2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult
+obesity
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at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp
Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at
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training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
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22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
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c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
50
64) Recommendation for further study
About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of
the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong
Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training
in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as
the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one
investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further
study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the
research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong
citizen participate in weight training
65) Post research evaluation
After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and
representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply
different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected
different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used
the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large
sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study
However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to
preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant
motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data
collection
51
7) Reference list
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+obesity
Census and Statistic Department (2011) [online] Demographic Characteristics Last accessed 13 Feb 2011
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Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at
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Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
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913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
51
7) Reference list
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Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US
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training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and
Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
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c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
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ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
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DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
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6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
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802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
52
Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171
c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7
D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwaquacertorg2Fcec22003pdfampsearchque
ry=weight+training+method
Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession
and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnyfrborg2Fregional2Fgroshen2Fgr
oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker
Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last
accessed 20 Mar 2011at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41
913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592
45111
Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20
Nov 2010 at
httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd
_str=20080718ampfc=8
Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc
Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol
3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17
Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN
THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
53
Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male
Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive
s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin
g
Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F
145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method
Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last
accessed 5 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl
uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health
Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health
Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b
60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4
Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament
als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction
Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND
WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka
isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training
Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior
regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last
accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe
rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
54
Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players
on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream
2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C
SCME2809D
MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov
2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1
d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6
Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=26
Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport
Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise
psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_
psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale
Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at
httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt
M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and
New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke
vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition
Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed
England Pearson Education Limited
Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last
accessed 30 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2
FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative
Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
55
at
httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm
Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11
Issue 4 p179 Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6
b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted
Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520
bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding
Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56
Last accessed 1 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue
3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=15amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=19amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
at
httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
56
TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a
High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong
Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last
accessed 6 Dec 2010 at
httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP
DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity
Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3
p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08
-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=14
et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011
athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne
2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training
Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp
Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=40amphid=12ampsid=4be71e
1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14
Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last
accessed 20 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=21amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c
6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13
Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed
22 Nov 2010 at
httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-
802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con
sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
57
Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
58
你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查
此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感
謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流
同意聲明
我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫
___________________________ ____________________
簽署 日期
第一部分個人資料
請問您的性別是
男 女
請問您的年齡是
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上
其他 (請列明 )
請問您從事的職業為
運輸行業 金融行業 服務性行業 待業中
退休人仕 學生 其他 (請列明 )
請問您目前每月所得為
$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000
$50001-$80000 $80000 以上
請問您的學歷為
小學 中學 大專大學 其他 (請列明 )
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
59
第二部分 負重訓練參與動機
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂
2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型
3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康
4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術
5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神
6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰
7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊
8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足
9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽
10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項
11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激
12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神
13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能
14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平
15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友
16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練
17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做
18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom
60
非常重要 十分重要 重要 不重要 非常不重要
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利
20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練
21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視
22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起
23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位
24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備
25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中
26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛
27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎
28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量
29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求
30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能
完
再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查
如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分
析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk
若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址
cheriekwongymailcom