BSC 251 t2 Questions

8/10/2019 BSC 251 t2 Questions

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Chapter 17: Functional Organization of the Endocrine System Multiple Choice

1. The endocrine system

1. A) releases neurotransmitters into ducts.

2. B) secretes chemicals that reach their targets through the bloodstream.

3. C) communicates via frequency-modulated signals.

. !) contains organs called e"ocrine glands.

#. $) is isolated from the nervous system.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

2. (ormones are intercellular chemical signals that

1. A) are secreted into the e"ternal environment %here they act.

2. B) affect only non-hormone roducing organs or tissues.

3. C) hel coordinate gro%th* develoment and reroduction.

. !) alter the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

#. $) oerate rimarily by ositive feedbac+.

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3. ,ost endocrine glands communicate %ith their target tissues using signals.

1. A) frequency-modulated

2. B) amlitude-modulated3. C) itch-modulated

. !) resonance-modulated

#. $) harmonic

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

. An intercellular chemical signal that is roduced by neurons but functions li+e a hormone %ould be called a

1. A) neuroathogen.

2. B) neurotransmitter.

3. C) neurocrine.

. !) neurohormone.

#. $) neurosynthesier

Ans%er& d

#. /iven the follo%ing list of organic molecules* %hich includes hormones0 1. nucleic acid derivatives 2. olyetides

3. steroids . roteins

1. A) 1* 3*

2. B) 1* 2* 3

C) 2* 3*

1. !) 1* 2* 3*

2. $) 1* 2*

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. (ormonal secretion can be regulated by

1. A) the action of a substance other than a hormone.

2. B) the nervous system.

3. C) other hormones.. !) all of the above.

#. $) none of the above.

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. ecretion of T( 4thyroid-stimulating hormone) is regulated by

1. A) the action of a substance other than a hormone.

2. B) the nervous system.

3. C) the action of other hormones.

. !) the arasymathetic nervous system.


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#. $) the symathetic nervous system.

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5. An e"amle of a situation %here the nervous system regulates the rate of hormonal secretion is %hen

1. A) '( stimulates ovulation.

2. B) increasing blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion.

3. C) T( stimulates the release of thyro"ine.

. !) T6( stimulates the release of T(.

#. $) symathetic neurons stimulate the release of einehrine. Ans%er&

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7. 8hich of the follo%ing statements regarding hormone transort and distribution is false0

1. A) 9nly free hormones can diffuse through caillary %alls and bind to target tissues.

2. B) (ormones can be transorted free in the lasma or bound to lasma roteins.

3. C) :lasma rotein concentration has no influence on free hormone concentration.

. !) (ormones bind only to certain tyes of lasma roteins.

#. $) All of the statements are true.

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1;. The half-life of a hormone allo%s one to determine

1. A) the rate of hormone secretion.2. B) the identify of a hormone.

C) the rate at %hich hormones are eliminated from the body.

1. !) the rate of action of a hormone.

2. $) the rate of travel through the blood to a target.

Ans%er& c

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11. (ormones %ith short half-lives

1. A) are usually liid-soluble.

2. B) are maintained at relatively constant levels.

3. C) have concentrations that increase slo%ly.

. !) regulate activities of delayed onset and long duration.

#. $) regulate activities of raid onset and short duration.

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12. 9nce a hormone is con


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3. C) do%n-regulation.

. !) a lac+ of regulation.

#. $) modulation.

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1#. >-regulation

1. A) results in a decrease in the number of recetor sites in the target cell.

2. B) roduces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.

C) is found in target cells that maintain a constant level of recetors.

1. !) roduces insensitivity to the hormone in the target tissue.

2. $) moves the recetors u on the membrane.

Ans%er& b

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1. (ormone recetor molecules may be in order to change the target cell?s sensitivity to a given hormone.

1. A) increased in number

2. B) decreased in number

3. C) chemically altered

. !) moved

#. $) A* B* CAns%er& e

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1. 6ecetors for most %ater-soluble hormones are located

1. A) in the cytolasm of their target cells.

2. B) on the lasma membrane of their target cells.

3. C) in the lysosomes of their target cells.

. !) on the nuclear membrane of their target cells.

#. $) on the endolasmic reticulum of their target cells.

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15. 8hich of the follo%ing is a regulatory rotein associated %ith membrane-bound recetor molecules0

1. A) AT:

2. B) calcium

3. C) /n6(

. !) / rotein

#. $) @(

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17. A hormone binds to its recetor. Arrange the events that follo% in correct sequence. 1. alha subunit-/T: comle"

alters cell activity

2. /T: binds to the alha subunit relacing /!:

3. activity of alha subunit terminated by hoshodiesterase.

. alha subunit searates from other t%o subunits #. /-rotein subunits searate from the recetor

1. A) #* * 2* 1* 3

2. B) * 2* 1* 3* #3. C) #* 2* 1* * 3

. !) #* * 2* 1* 3

#. $) 3* * 1* 2* #

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2;. The role of cA,: %hen it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells is to

1. A) bind to and activate rotein +inase.

2. B) activate genes in the nucleus to roduce m6A.

3. C) directly activate structural enymes in the cytolasm of the target cell.


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. !) catalye a cascade reaction that ultimately activates genes on the !A.

#. $) control levels of calcium in the cell.

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21. 8hen a hormone binds to a membranebound recetor*

1. A) membrane channels are destroyed.

2. B) cyclic /,: might be roduced to act as an intracellular mediator.

3. C) the nucleus is hoshorylated to revent /-rotein activation.

. !) messenger 6A is formed.

#. $) cellular !A is altered.

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22. :hoshodiesterase functions

1. A) as a membrane-bound recetor molecule.

2. B) to inactivate cyclic A,:.

3. C) to attach hoshate grous to enymes.

. !) to combine /T: %ith cyclic A,:.

#. $) activates c/,: .

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23. Arrange the follo%ing events in roer sequence&1. The activating hormone interacts %ith a membrane-bound recetor.

2. Cyclic A,: causes the cell to carry out a function characteristic for that secific hormone. 3. Adenylyl cyclase

catalyes the transformation of AT: to cyclic A,:.

. Adenylyl cyclase is activated.

1. A) 1* 2* 3*

2. B) 1* * 3* 2

3. C) 3* * 2* 1

. !) 1* 3* 2*

#. $) 1* 3* * 2

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

2. 8hich of the follo%ing events occurs last0

1. A) =:3 4inositol trihoshate) is roduced.

2. B) $inehrine combines %ith membrane-bound recetor on smooth muscle cell.

C) Calmodulin binds to the enyme that hoshorylates myosin and cross-bridges form.

1. !) =:3 stimulates Ca release from the endolasmic reticulum.

2. $) Ca binds %ith calmodulin.

Ans%er& c

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2#. 8hen a fe% intracellular mediator molecules activate several enymes and each of these activated enymes

activate still other enymes* the hormone has initiated

1. A) a cascade effect.

2. B) a double loo effect.

3. C) a rotein +inase effect.. !) a cyclic effect.

#. $) a negative feedbac+ cycle.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing occurs %hen a hormone binds to an intracellular recetor0

1. A) activation of cyclic A,:

2. B) activation of m6A synthesis

3. C) increased liid synthesis by ribosomes

. !) oens membrane channels.


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#. $) alters membrane ermeability.

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2. teroid hormones

1. A) bind to membrane recetors.

2. B) diffuse easily through the lasma membrane.

3. C) act by activating cA,:.

. !) are inactivated by hoshodiesterase.

#. $) are %ater soluble.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

25. Consider the follo%ing events in the intracellular recetor model& 1. (ormone recetor comle" binds to !A.

2. ,essenger 6A directs synthesis of secific roteins.

3. (ormone binds to recetors either in cytolasm or nucleus.

. ,essenger 6A synthesis is activated.

#. ynthesied roteins roduce the resonse of the cell. 8hich of these events occurs in the nucleus0

1. A) 1* 3* #

2. B) 1* 3*

3. C) 1* 2* 3

. !) 3* * ##. $) All events occur in the nucleus.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

@or questions 3 to 35 match the chemical signal %ith the aroriate descrition.

1. A) chemicals roduced by neurons that function as hormones

2. B) chemical secreted into the environment that can modify the hysiology and behavior of

another individual

C) chemical secreted by resynatic terminal

1. !) influences same cell tye from %hich it is secreted

2. $) chemical secreted into blood by secialied cellsD travels some distance to target tissues

3. neurohormone Ans%er& a

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3#. autocrine Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

3. hormone Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

6efer to& 6ef 1-2 3. heromone Ans%er& b

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35. neurotransmitter

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@or questions 37 to match the descrition %ith the tye of recetor model.

1. A) intracellular recetor model

2. B) membrane-bound recetor model

37. used by most liid-soluble hormones Ans%er& a

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;. intracellular mediator Ans%er& b'evel& 2

1. /-rotein Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

2. recetor molecule interacts %ith !A Ans%er& a

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3. cyclic A,: or cyclic /,: involved Ans%er& b

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. generally observe a latent eriod Ans%er& a


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'evel& 2

#. messenger 6A synthesis regulated Ans%er& a

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. membrane channels may be oened or closed Ans%er& b

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@or questions to #1 match the hormones %ith aroriate structural categories.

1. A) rotein

2. B) glycorotein

3. C) olyetide

. !) amino acid derivative

#. $) steroid

. cortisol Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

5. insulin Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

7. thyroid hormone Ans%er& d

'evel& 1

#;. A!( Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

#1. @ollicle-stimulating hormone Ans%er& b

'evel& 1Fill in the Blank

#2. (ormones act on secific tissues called tissues. Ans%er& target

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#3. chemical signals are released by cells and affect other cell tyes locally %ithout being transorted in

blood.

Ans%er& aracrine

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#. =ncreasing levels of thyroid hormones decrease T( levels. This is an e"amle of feedbac+.

Ans%er& negative

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##. The length of time needed to eliminate half of a dose of a hormone is called its .

Ans%er& half life

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#. An e"amle of an intracellular mediator is . Ans%er& cyclic A,:

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Essay uestions

#. Cells communicate %ith one another using a language of chemicals. 'ist one role each of the follo%ing lays in

cellular communication.

a. hormones

b. cell membranes

c. recetor molecules

Ans%er& A) (ormones attach to cells and influence their activity in some secific fashion.

B) Cell membranes contain the recetor molecules for those hormones that use membrane- bound recetors toachieve their effects.

C) 6ecetor molecules are chemicals that hormones bind to. ecific recetors are used to identify target cells to a

given hormone. The hormone-recetor comle" initiates the resonse of the target cells.

'evel& 2

#5. (ormone E* resonsible for maintaining normal blood levels of chemical A* binds to membrane-bound recetors

on its target cells. These target cells use /-rotein and cyclic A,: to carry out the resonse of hormone E. :redict the

consequences if a drug is ta+en that inhibits the action of cyclic A,:.

Ans%er& =f the action of cyclic A,: is inhibited* then the action of hormone E is inhibited. 'evel& 3


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1. The hyothalamus

A) rests in the sella turcica.

B) is also called the neurohyohysis.

C) is located inferior to the ituitary gland.

!) regulates the secretory activity of the ituitary gland.

$) is located suerior to the thalamus.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

2. The t%o functional ortions of the ituitary gland are the

A) infundibulum and neurohyohysis.

B) ars nervosa and ars tuberalis.

C) neurohyohysis and adenohyohysis.

!) adenohyohysis and infundibulum.

$) infundibulum and hyothalamohyohysial ortal system

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

3. 8hich of the follo%ing is a subdivision of the anterior ituitary0A) ars nervosa

B) ars distalis

C) ars hyothalamus

!) ars infundibuli

$) ars ro"imalis

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

. The osterior ituitary

A) has a direct connection %ith neurons of the hyothalamus.

B) is controlled by releasing hormones roduced in the hyothalamus.

C) roduces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

!) stores liotroins.

$) is not related to fluid balance in the body.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

#. The hyothalamohyohysial ortal system carries hormones from the

A) anterior ituitary to the hyothalamus.

B) osterior ituitary to the hyothalamus.

C) hyothalamus to the anterior ituitary.

!) hyothalamus to the osterior ituitary.

$) anterior ituitary to osterior ituitary

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

. (ormone secretion by the anterior ituitary is controlled by

A) hormones of the thalamus.

B) neurohormones of the hyothalamus.C) itself 4anterior ituitary) because it is the master gland of the body.

!) the overall rate of metabolism.

$) neurons from the hyothalamus.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

. A function of the hyothalamohyohysial tract is to

A) move A!( from the hyothalamus to the anterior ituitary.

B) move releasing hormones from the hyothalamus to the osterior ituitary.


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C) carry action otentials to the osterior ituitary causing the release of o"ytocin.

!) cause the release of insulin from the anterior ituitary.

$) form a vascular connection from the hyothalamus to the osterior ituitary.

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5. Arrange the follo%ing in the sequence in %hich releasing hormones travel through them. 1. econdary caillary

net%or+

2. :rimary caillary net%or+

3. (yothalamohyohysial ortal vessels

A) 1* 2* 3

B) 3* 2* 1

C) 2* 3* 1

!) 3* 1* 2

$) 2* 1* 3

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7. 6eleasing hormones

A) travel on a"ons to the osterior ituitary.

B) increase anterior ituitary secretion .

C) cause action otentials to be generated by anterior ituitary cells.!) are roduced in the ars distalis.

$) decrease secretions of the anterior ituitary.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

1;. (ormones are released from the osterior ituitary %hen osterior ituitary cells are stimulated by

A) hyothalamic releasing hormones.

B) hormones from the anterior ituitary.

C) action otentials from hyothalamic neurosecretory cells.

!) the rimary caillary net%or+.

$) the symathetic nervous system.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

11. The hyothalamohyohysial tract connects the hyothalamus to the

A) anterior ituitary.

B) osterior ituitary.

C) ars distalis.

!) adenohyohysis.

$) infundibulum.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

12. 8hich of the follo%ing hormones is synthesied by the hyothalamus0

A) A!(

B) ,(

C) T(

!) ACT(

$) T3 and TAns%er& a 'evel& 1

13. =f fluid inta+e increases dramatically over a short time frame*

A) A!( secretion increases.

B) A!( secretion decreases.

C) there is no effect on A!( secretion.

!) A!( secretion stos.

$) none of the above

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2


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1. A!( secretion %ill increase %hen

A) blood osmolality increases.

B) blood ressure increases.

C) blood volume increases.

!) blood ( increases.

$) blood osmolality decreases.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

1#. A erson %or+ing outside in the hot sun can ersire a great deal. This increase in ersiration results in an

increase in %ater loss from the body. =ncreased %ater loss causes the

blood osmolality to increase. This increased osmolality is FsensedF by the

A) +idneys.

B) osmorecetors.

C) cerebral corte".

!) anterior ituitary.

$) barorecetors.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

1. >rine volume %hen A!( secretion decreases.

A) increasesB) decreases

C) is not affected

!) declines


Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

1. A!(

A) is roduced by cells of the anterior ituitary.

B) is stored and released from the osterior ituitary.

C) has the uterus as its rimary target.

!) travels on a"ons to its target tissue.

$) travels in the blood from the hyothalamus to the osterior ituitary.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

15. 9"ytocin is resonsible for

A) reventing release of insulin from the ancreas.

B) reventing the formation of goiters.

C) mil+ roduction by the mammary glands.

!) regulating blood calcium levels.

$) causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

17. 9"ytocin release is stimulated by

A) nursing a baby.

B) increased blood ressure.

C) increased urine outut.!) a hyothalamic-releasing hormone.

$) increased blood osmolality.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

2;. 8hich of the follo%ing hormones is secreted by the anterior ituitary0

A) A!(

B) T6(

C) C6(

!) @(


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$) 9"ytocin

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

21. Anterior ituitary hormones

A) are all roteins or glycoroteins.

B) are transorted in the hyothalamohyohysial ortal system.

C) bind to intracellular recetor molecules.

!) have a half-life of hours.

$) are released as a direct result of action otentials.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

22. A!( is synthesied by the %hile T( is synthesied by the .

A) +idneyD thyroid

B) osterior ituitaryD thyroid

C) hyothalamusD anterior ituitary

!) +idneyD anterior ituitary

$) osterior ituitaryD hyothalamus

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

23. /ro%th hormone

A) increases amino acid uta+e in cells.B) decreases the use of fat as an energy source.

C) decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.

!) increases the use of glucose for energy.

$) facilitates the uta+e of glucose by cells.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

2. 8hich of the follo%ing %ill inhibit the secretion of gro%th hormone0

A) gro%th hormone-releasing hormone 4/(6()

B) gro%th hormone-inhibiting hormone 4/(=()

C) somatomedins

!) a osterior ituitary-inhibiting hormone

$) T3 and T

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

2#. =f gro%th hormone 4/() secretion is deficient in a ne%born* the child %ill A) develo acromegaly as an adult.

B) mature se"ually at an earlier age.

C) be in constant danger of dehydration.

!) robably e"erience reduced bone gro%th.

$) robably e"erience increased bone gro%th.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing hormones romotes the brea+do%n of fatty acids0

A) liotroins

B) somatotroins

C) gonadotroins

!) thyrotroins$) fatotroins

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing stimulates the develoment of follicles in the ovary0

A) A!(

B) rolactin

C) @(

!) ACT(


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$) '(

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

25. !uring a race* a long-distance runner t%isted his an+le. (e finished the race %ithout feeling any ain in his an+le.

This lac+ of the ercetion of ain could be the result of an increase in

A) gonadotroins.

B) liotroins.

C) somatotroins.

!) einehrine.

$) beta endorhins.

Ans%er& e 'evel& 2

27. ynthesis of rogesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by

A) '(.

B) ,(.

C) T(.

!) ACT(.

$) @(

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

3;. 6emoval of the anterior ituitary %ould affect the functioning of theA) thyroid gland.

B) ancreas isles of 'angerhans in the ancreas.

C) arathyroid gland.

!) adrenal medulla.

$) +idney.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

31. /onadotroin-releasing hormone 4/n-6() regulates the release of

A) rolactin and o"ytocin.

B) @( and '(.

C) estrogen and testosterone.

!) rogesterone and rolactin.

$) T6( and T(.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

32. 8hich of the follo%ing %ould aly to the descrition of a thyroid follicle0

A) %alls contain a single layer of arafollicular cells

B) center is called the isthmus

C) stores thyroid hormone

!) small caillary net%or+s

$) it is a solid ball of cells

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

33. 8hich of the follo%ing ions is necessary for thyroid hormone roduction0

A) otassium

B) calciumC) iodine

!) sodium

$) chlorine

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

3. T3 and T are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as art of the molecule.

A) thyrotroin

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone

C) thyro"ine-binding rotein


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!) thyroglobulin

$) calcitonin

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

3#. =n the blood

A) most T3 and T molecules are found bound to thyro"ine-binding globulin 4TB/).

B) T3 and T are raidly metabolied.

C) T3 is converted into T.

!) T3 but not T is bound to T(.

$) most thyroid hormones are transorted in a free form.

Ans%er& a

'evel& 1


A) $nymes brea+ do%n thyroglobulin to release T3 and T.

B) T3 and T are stored %ithin thyroid follicles.

C) =odine is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin.

!) Thyroglobulin is ta+en into thyroid cells by endocytosis.

$) =odide is actively transorted into thyroid follicle cells.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 23. Thyroid hormone interacts %ith its target tissue by

A) using the intracellular mediator system.

B) binding to a membrane bound recetor.

C) increasing iodine uta+e in the target cells.

!) releasing thyroglobulin.

$) binding to recetor molecules in the nucleus.

Ans%er& e 'evel& 2

35. Gohn mith %or+s outdoors in the %inter at a s+i resort. (is thyroid hormone levels are

A) lo%er in the %inter to conserve body heat.

B) higher in the %inter to increase body temerature.

C) lo%ered in the summer after his


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B) e"ohthalmos

C) %arm* flushed s+in

!) increased heart rate

$) %eight loss

Ans%er& a

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2. 8hich of the follo%ing is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels0

A) thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior ituitary

C) ositive feedbac+ mechanisms

!) arathyroid hormone levels

$) blood calcium levels

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

3. 8hich of the follo%ing is a target tissue for arathyroid hormone0

A) thyroid

B) blood

C) ancreas

!) small intestine$) stomach

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

. The rate of secretion of arathyroid hormone increases %hen

A) serum calcium levels increase.

B) serum calcium levels decrease.

C) serum levels of T( decrease.

!) serum levels of T( increase.

$) serum levels of sodium levels increase.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

#. :arathyroid hormone 4:T()

A) tends to inhibit osteoclasts.

B) decreases blood calcium levels.

C) allo%s the +idneys to retain calcium.

!) increases calcium e"cretion by the intestine.

$) stimulates +idneys to e"crete calcium.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

. 9verall* :T( blood hoshate levels.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) elevates

!) enhances

$) has no effect on

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1. =n hyocalcemia*

A) incidence of bone fractures increases.

B) muscular %ea+ness is common.

C) cardiac arrhythmias occur.

!) constiation becomes a roblem.

$) the nervous system becomes deressed.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2


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5. Gulie %as diagnosed %ith an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. urgery %as erformed to remove the thyroid.

(o%ever* ost-oeratively* Gulie?s blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most

li+ely due to

A) thyroid hormone relacement theray after the surgery.

B) damage to the anterior ituitary during surgery.

C) accidental removal of the arathyroid glands during surgery.

!) imroer laboratory handling of blood samles.

$) ost-traumatic stress disorder.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 3

7. The endocrine glands located on to of the +idneys are the

A) thyroid glands.

B) vestibular glands.

C) adrenal glands.

!) arathyroid glands.

$) renal glands.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

#;. The adrenal medulla

A) has acetylcholine as its ma


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$) cortisol and A!(.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

##. A tumor in the adrenal corte" causes e"cessively high levels of aldosterone. The high aldosterone levels cause

A) hyonatremia.

B) acidosis.

C) hyo+alemia.

!) hyocalcemia.

$) hyer+alemia.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

#. The ona fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes the hormone

A) androstenedione.

B) aldosterone.

C) cortisol.

!) einehrine.

$) A!(.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

#. The glucocorticoids

A) stimulate gluconeogenesis.B) increase the inflammatory resonse.

C) sulement the se" hormones from the gonads.

!) decrease synthesis of glycogen.

$) glycogenolysis.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

#5. 8hich of the follo%ing %ill decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal corte"0

A) hyoglycemia and stress

B) increased C6( roduction

C) increased lasma levels of cortisol

!) increased lasma levels of ACT(

$) decreased lasma levels of cortisol

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

#7. 8hich of the follo%ing situations might be the result of hyersecretion of glucocorticoids0

A) %eight loss

B) hyoglycemia

C) deression of the immune resonse

!) increased lasma levels of ACT(

$) roteins and fats are unused

Ans%er& c

'evel& 2

;. =f both ACT( 4adrenocorticotroic hormone) and cortisol levels increase* %hich of the follo%ing %ould occur0

A) ACT( roduction is increased even more by ositive feedbac+.

B) (igh cortisol levels %ill begin to cause ACT( levels to decline.C) (igh ACT( levels %ill begin to cause cortisol levels to decline.

!) Aldosterone levels %ill increase.

$) one of the above %ill occur.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 3

1. Adrenal androgens

A) are roduced in the adrenal medulla.

B) stimulate gro%th of ubic hair in females.


16/38

C) reduce the inflammatory resonse.

!) cause reabsortion of otassium ions by the +idney.

$) decrease the se" drive.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing glands is both an endocrine gland and an e"ocrine gland0

A) thyroid gland

B) adrenal gland

C) ancreas

!) arathyroid gland

$) ituitary gland

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

3. A function of insulin is to

A) increase the uta+e of glucose by its target tissues.

B) decrease the uta+e of amino acids by its target tissues.

C) increase glycogen brea+do%n in the liver and s+eletal muscle.

!) increase brea+do%n of fats.

$) increase gluconeogenesis.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1. 8hich of the follo%ing statements concerning the ancreas is true0

A) ,ost of the hormones roduced by the ancreas flo% into the ancreatic duct.

B) Both glucagon and insulin are roduced in the islets of 'angerhans.

C) The ancreas is located above the liver.

!) The endocrine ortion of the gland is called the ona reticularis.

$) Alha and beta cells are associated %ith the acini.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

#. 8hen blood sugar levels decrease*

A) insulin and glucagon secretion increase.

B) insulin and glucagon secretion decrease.

C) insulin secretion increasesD glucagon secretion decreases.

!) insulin secretion decreasesD glucagon secretion increases.

$) there is no change in insulin or glucagon levels.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 2

. =nsulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the resence of glucose in e"tracellular fluid. 8hen insulin

levels are lo%

A) the erson feels FfullF or satisfied.

B) the erson is intensely hungry.

C) the erson is thirsty.

!) the erson is sleey.

$) there is no effect on hunger or satiety feelings.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

. 8hich of the follo%ing occurs %hen insulin molecules bind to their recetors on target cells0A) increased m6A synthesis in the target cells

B) minimal uta+e of glucose by target cells

C) hoshorylation of roteins in the nuclear membrane in the target cells

!) increased numbers of active transort molecules for glucose

$) stimulates mitosis.

Ans%er& d

'evel& 2

5. /lucagon rimarily influences cells of the


17/38

A) brain.

B) liver.

C) +idneys.

!) s+eletal muscle.

$) ancreas.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

7. =n gluconeogenesis

A) glucose is used for energy.

B) glycogen is bro+en do%n to glucose.

C) glucose is formed from amino acids.

!) glycogen is synthesied from e"cess glucose.

$) glucose is formed from fatty acids.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

;. 8hich of the follo%ing %ould affect blood glucose levels0

A) fat content of a meal

B) gastrointestinal hormones

C) brea+do%n of glycogen

!) aldosterone roduction$) rotein content of a meal

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

1. =ncreased insulin secretion immediately follo%ing a meal %ill result in increased

A) fat catabolism.

B) glycogenolysis.

C) gluconeogenesis.

!) glycogen synthesis.

$) release of glucose into the circulatory system.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 2

2. 8hich of the follo%ing hels to +ee blood nutrients at normal levels si" to eight hours after a meal0

A) arasymathetic stimulation of the ancreas

B) brea+do%n of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose

C) increased roduction of insulin by the ancreas

!) increased glucose uta+e by cells

$) glycogen synthesis.

Ans%er& b

'evel& 2

3. A erson %ith insulin-deendent diabetes mellitus 4=!!,) forgets to ta+e their insulin. This causes

A) al+alosis.

B) hyoglycemia.

C) decreased urine roduction.

!) decreased aetite.

$) hyerglycemia.Ans%er& e

'evel& 2

. !uring e"ercise the energy necessary to sustain s+eletal muscle cell contraction comes from

A) increased insulin roduction.

B) increased einehrine and glucagon release.

C) decreased symathetic nervous system activity.

!) storing glucose as glycogen.


18/38

$) conservation of glucose.

Ans%er& b

'evel& 1

#. =nsulin shoc+ occurs %hen there is

A) damage to ancreatic beta cells.

B) too much glucagon is available.

C) a raid fall in the blood sugar level.

!) overstimulation of alha cells.

$) not enough glucagon is available

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

. ecretions of the ineal body

A) include vasoressin.

B) may be involved %ith develoment of the immune system.

C) may inhibit reroductive functions.

!) increase the release of /n6( from the hyothalamus.

$) decrease the tendency to slee.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

. The amount of melatonin secreted by the ineal body is regulated byA) the stress resonse.

B) blood glucose levels.

C) a erson?s individual metabolic rate.

!) the amount of slee a erson gets.

$) the hotoeriod 4the daily amount of daylight).

Ans%er& e 'evel& 2

5. Autocrine chemical signals

A) influence the same cell tye that roduced them.

B) are secreted by some endocrine glands.

C) have systemic effects.

!) such as en+ehalins may modulate the sensation of ain.

$) influence the activity of another cell tye.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

6efer to the follo%ing figure for questions 7-53.

7. 'abel art HAI on the diagram.

A) otic chiasma

B) anterior ituitary

C) infundibulum

!) hyothalamus

$) osterior ituitary

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

5;. 'abel art HBI on the diagram.A) otic chiasma


C) infundibulum

!) hyothalamus


Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

51. 'abel art HCI on the diagram.


19/38

A) otic chiasma


C) infundibulum

!) hyothalamus


Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

52. 'abel art H!I on the diagram. A) otic chiasma


C) infundibulum

!) hyothalamus


Ans%er& b

'evel& 1

53. 'abel art H$I on the diagram.

A) otic chiasma


C) infundibulum

!) hyothalamus$) osterior ituitary

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

@or questions 5 to 55 read the t%o statements and use the follo%ing +ey to ans%er them.

A) ,ar+ this if the first item is greater than the second item.

B) ,ar+ this if the first item is less than the second item.

C) ,ar+ this if the first is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

5. 1) amount of %ater reabsorbed by the +idney %hen A!( is resent 2) amount of %ater reabsorbed by the +idney

%hen A!( is absent Ans%er& a

'evel& 3

5#. 1) level of ACT( during stress 2) level of ACT( during rela"ation Ans%er& a

'evel& 3

5. 1) metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are under secreted 2) metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are over secreted

Ans%er& b

'evel& 3

5. 1) blood calcium levels if arathyroid secretion decreases 2) blood calcium levels if arathyroid hormone secretion

increases Ans%er& b

'evel& 3

55. 1) amount of otassium e"creted by the +idney if aldosterone secretion is high 2) amount of otassium e"creted

by the +idney if aldosterone secretion is lo%

Ans%er& a

'evel& 3

@or questions 57 to 73 match the hormone %ith its aroriate function.

A) stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones

B) increases adrenal corte" secretions

C) develoment of immune system

!) mil+ roduction

$) decreases blood calcium levels

57. calcitonin Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

7;. T( Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

71. ACT( Ans%er& b 'evel& 1


20/38

72. rolactin Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

73. thymosin Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

@or questions 7 through 75 match the endocrine gland %ith the hormone it secretes.

A) glucagon

B) rogesterone

C) cortisol

!) T3

$) rolactin

7. thyroid Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

7#. ancreas Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

7. adrenal corte" Ans%er& c

'evel& 1

7. anterior ituitary Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

75. ovary Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

@or questions 77 to 1;3 match the cell tye %ith the hormone roduced by that cell tye.

A) mineralocorticoids

B) :T(C) insulin

!) A!(

$) T3

77. beta cells Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

1;;. follicular cells of thyroid Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

1;1. ona glomerulosa cells Ans%er& a

'evel& 1

1;2. cells of arathyroid gland Ans%er& b

'evel& 1

1;3. neurosecretory cells Ans%er& d

'evel& 1

@or questions 1; to 1;5 match the follo%ing athological conditions %ith their cause.

A) decreased amounts of thyroid hormone

B) increased amounts of thyroid hormone

C) abnormally lo% levels of aldosterone and cortisol

!) increased levels of gro%th hormone in adults

$) lac+ of A!(

1;. diabetes insiidus Ans%er& e

'evel& 2

1;#. cretinism Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

1;. /rave?s !isease Ans%er& b

'evel& 21;. acromegaly Ans%er& d

'evel& 2

1;5. Addison?s disease Ans%er& c

'evel& 2

@or questions 1;7 to 112 use the follo%ing information to determine the best ans%er.

ormal serum levels for T3* T* and T(

T3 7; to 23; ngJdl


21/38

T # to 13.# mcgJdl

T( 1# K L>JmlConsider the follo%ing laboratory results T3

are as follo%s&

of thyroid function and T( levels.

:atient A :atient B :atient C :atient !

##; ngJdl ;; ngJdl ; ngJdl #; ngJdl

T

3; mcgJdl 2; mcgJdl 3 mcgJdl 3 mcgJdl

T(

3; K L>Jml 1; K L>Jml 3 K L>Jml 3; K L>Jml 1;7. Based on these laboratory results*

athological condition& destructive tumor of anterior ituitary that destroys T( secreting cells0 Ans%er& :atient C

'evel& 3

11;. Based on these laboratory results* %hich atient is most li+ely to have the follo%ing athological condition&

roliferative tumor of anterior ituitary cells that roduce T(0 Ans%er& :atient A

'evel& 3

111. Based on these laboratory results* %hich atient is most li+ely to have the follo%ing athological condition&/ravesM disease0

Ans%er& :atient B

'evel& 3

112. Based on these laboratory results* %hich atient is most li+ely to have the follo%ing athological condition& goiter

due to iodine deficiency0

Ans%er& :atient !

%hich atient is most li+ely to have the follo%ing

'evel& 3

@ill in the Blan+

113. The ituitary is a neural e"tension of the hyothalamus. Ans%er& osterior

'evel& 1

11. Another name for the anterior ituitary is the . Ans%er& adenohyohysis'evel& 1

11#. The hyothalamohyohysial ortal system e"tends from the hyothalamus to the .

Ans%er& anterior ituitary

'evel& 1

11. Adrenocorticotroic hormone 4ACT() is an anterior ituitary hormone derived from a recursor molecule called

.

Ans%er& rooiomelanocortin

'evel& 1

11. /lucagon is synthesied by the cells of the ancreas. Ans%er& alha

'evel& 1

115. monitor the concentration of solutes in the lasma. Ans%er& osmorecetors

'evel& 1

$ssay Nuestions

117. =n (ashimoto?s disease* thyroid gland function is deressed.

A) 8ould the levels of T3 and T be higher or lo%er than normal0 $"lain.

B) 8ould the level of T( be higher or lo%er than normal0 $"lain.

Ans%er& a) The levels of T3 and T %ould be lo%er than normal because there is a deficiency of iodine* %hich is

needed to roduce these t%o hormones.


22/38

b) The level of T( %ould be higher than normal because the lo% levels of thyroid hormones %ould cause the

hyothalamus to release more T6(* %hich stimulates the anterior ituitary to release more T(.

'evel& 3

12;. uose that a erson?s immune system made antibodies that destroyed recetors for testosterone in the target

cells of this hormone. 8hat effect4s) %ould this have on the

functioning of the body0

Ans%er& =f these recetors %ere destroyed early in embryonic develoment* then develoment of the reroductivesystem %ould roceed as if no testosterone %ere resent. The male reroductive system %ould not develo* and the

indifferent genitalia %ould develo as female structures. =f the immune system began destroying the testosterone

recetors later in life* then the maintenance of a functional reroductive system* male se"ual characteristics and

behavior* and sermatogenesis %ould not be ossible.

'evel& 3

121. 6oger had his osterior ituitary removed by accident during surgery. =mmediately after surgery* 6oger?s A!(

levels declined dramatically. About 1; days after surgery* 6oger?s A!( levels began to climb again. 8hile his A!(

levels never quite reached re-surgical levels* they %ere certainly adequate. (o% do you e"lain these results0

Ans%er& The sudden decline in A!( after surgery occurred because the osterior ituitary* the storage site of A!(*

%as removed. A!( levels increased later because neurosecretory cells of the hyothalamus continued to roduce

A!( and this A!( found its %ay into the blood stream. 'evel& 3

122. Goshua and Gennifer are studying for an e"am over the endocrine system. Goshua tells Gennifer that the adrenalcorte" has three ones of cells that roduce hormones&

Ans%er& ona fasciculata - roduces aldosterone

ona glomerulosa - roduces cortisol

ona reticularis - roduces einehrine

Gennifer told Goshua he had some of his information mi"ed u. Correct Goshua?s mista+es. Ans%er& The ona

fasciculata roduces cortisolD the ona glomerulosa roduces aldosterone and the ona reticularis roduces adrenal

corte" androgens.

'evel& 2

Chater 2#& utrition* ,etabolism* and Temerature 6egulation

,ultile Choice

1. utrition includes the study of

A) the nutrients in foods.

B) the body?s utiliation of nutrients.

C) ho% nutrients lay a role in your body?s health.

!) digestion* absortion* and transortation of nutrients.

$) all of the above

Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing are energy nutrients0

A) carbohydrates* roteins* and fat

B) roteins* %ater* and minerals

C) fats* minerals* and vitamins

!) vitamins* fats* and carbohydrates$) %ater* minerals* vitamins

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

3. $ssential nutrients

A) are imortant in the diet but not necessary for life.

B) are the only nutrients required by the body.

C) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.

!) are needed to ma+e food taste good.


23/38

$) are manufactured by the body.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

. A food guide yramid suggests that

A) you eat as many s%eets as you %ant.

B) your diet should contain a variety of foods.

C) meats are the most imortant art of your diet.

!) mil+ and cheese should be the main art of your diet.

$) you should only eat one or t%o servings of bread* cereal* rice* asta er day.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

#. A +ilocalorie 4+cal) is a measure of the

A) rotein content of food.

B) acidity of food.

C) fat content of food.

!) energy content of food.

$) heat content of food.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

. 9ne gram of carbohydrate* one gram of fat* and one gram of rotein yield * * and +ilocalories

resectively.A) * *

B) 7* 7* 7

C) * 7*

!) * 7* 7

$) 7* 7*

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

. tarches and sugars are e"amles of

A) carbohydrates.

B) liids.

C) roteins.

!) vitamins.

$) minerals.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

5. Comle" carbohydrates include

A) glucose and fructose.

B) maltose and sucrose.

C) starch* glycogen* and cellulose.

!) cellulose and glucose.

$) glucose and lactose.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

7. 8hich of the follo%ing statements is true0

A) The rimary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source.

B) Carbohydrates include sugars* starches* and amino acids.C) ,altose is a comle" carbohydrate.

!) ucrose is the rimary source of energy for most cells.

$) ,ost carbohydrates come from animal roducts.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

1;. Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as

A) disaccharides.

B) monosaccharides.

C) oligosaccharides.


24/38

!) olysaccharides.

$) glycoroteins.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

11. The rimary source of energy for most cells is

A) sucrose.

B) fructose.

C) glucose.

!) maltose.

$) lactose.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

12. The most common monosaccharides in the diet are

A) glucose and fructose.

B) galactose and fructose.

C) glucose and glycerol.

!) glycogen and glucose.

$) lactose and maltose.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

13. $"cess glucose is stored as .A) glucagon.

B) sucrose.

C) glycogen.

!) galactose.

$) glycorotein.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

1. 8hich of the follo%ing organs can store glycogen0

A) sleen and ancreas

B) +idney and adrenal gland

C) large and small intestines

!) liver and muscles

$) stomach and ancreas

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

1#. 8hich of the follo%ing statements regarding cellulose is true0

A) Cellulose can be digested by human digestive enymes.

B) Cellulose rovides fiber or Froughage.I

C) Cellulose is another name for glucose.

!) Cellulose is one of the units of a sucrose molecule.

$) Cellulose is a source of energy. Ans%er& b

'evel& 1

1. =f your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates* the result might be

A) obesity.

B) increased subcutaneous fat.C) decrease of muscle mass.

!) constiation.

$) sensation of thirst.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

1. A comound comosed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule %ould be a

A) monoglyceride.

B) diglyceride.


25/38

C) triglyceride.

!) hosholiid.

$) cholesterol.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

15. =f the fatty acid ortion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds* the fat is said to be

A) hydrogenated.

B) olyunsaturated.

C) monounsaturated.

!) saturated.

$) disaturated.

Ans%er& b

'evel& 2

17. 9live and eanut oils are both

A) solid fats.

B) olyunsaturated fats.

C) monounsaturated fats.

!) fatty acids.

$) hydrogenated.Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

2;. :olyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by

A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules.

B) removing the glycerol ortion of the molecules.

C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids.

!) removing hydrogens from the molecules.

$) none of the above Ans%er& c

'evel& 2

21. :hosholiids

A) are found in cell membranes.

B) are used as an energy source by cells.

C) can be modified to form cholesterol.

!) are involved in the rocess of inflammation.

$) are found in organelle membranes.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

22. About 7#O of the liids in the human diet are

A) cholesterol derivatives.

B) lecithins.

C) triglycerides.

!) starches and other comle" olysaccharides.

$) hosholiids.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

23. CholesterolA) must be obtained from lants.

B) can be manufactured by most tissues.

C) is a hormone.

!) is necessary for blood clotting.

$) has no constructive function in the body.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

2. A student?s dietary inta+e includes 1;; grams of fat and a total of 2;;; +ilocalories. 8hat ercentage of the total

+ilocalories in this student?s diet comes from fat0


26/38

A) 1;O

B) 2;O

C) 3O

!) #O

$) #;O

Ans%er& d 'evel& 3

2#. $"cess triglycerides are stored in adiose tissue. Adiose tissue functions

A) to assist the body in temerature homeostasis.

B) ads and rotects.

C) energy storage.

!) insulates.

$) all of the above Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

2. 8hich of the follo%ing is an essential fatty acid0

A) lecithin

B) linoleic acid

C) stearic acid

!) butyric acid$) hydrochloric acid

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

2. $icosanoids are involved in

A) inflammation.

B) blood clotting.

C) tissue reair.

!) smooth muscle contraction.

$) all of the above

Ans%er& e 'evel& 2

25. An essential amino acid

A) can be formed from fats in the body.

B) can be synthesied by the body if there is enough nitrogen.

C) must be made from glucose.

!) must be sulied in the diet.

$) can not be converted to nonessential amino acids.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

27. :roteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

A) acting as buffers.

B) releasing nitrogen.

C) transorting iron.

!) binding sodium ions.

$) removing carbon dio"ide from the blood.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 23;. 8hich of the follo%ing recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct0

A) @ats should account for #O of total caloric inta+e.

B) Carbohydrate inta+e should be around #;; grams daily.

C) :rotein consumtion should be ;.5 gram er +ilogram of body %eight.

!) Cholesterol inta+e should be about 3;; milligrams er day.

$) :rotein consumtion should be about 2#O of total +ilocalorie inta+e.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1


27/38

31. A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a4n)

A) lasma rotein.

B) incomlete rotein.

C) comlete rotein.

!) intracellular rotein.

$) adequate rotein.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

32. An e"amle of an incomlete rotein food is

A) eggs.

B) meat.

C) mil+.

!) leafy green vegetables.

$) cheese

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

33. :roteins that function in immunity include

A) enymes.

B) antibodies.

C) hormones.!) collagens.

$) fibrin.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

3. @unctions of roteins include

A) roviding structural strength in connective tissue.

B) serving as a art of the cholesterol molecule.

C) serving as the rimary energy source of cells.

!) transort of nitrogen gas in the blood.

$) adding and insulation.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

3#. 8ater-soluble vitamins include

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin C.

C) vitamin !.

!) vitamin P.

$) vitamin $.

Ans%er& b

'evel& 2

3. 8hich of the follo%ing individuals is most li+ely to be in a negative nitrogen balance0

A) a healthy regnant %oman

B) a 1;-year-old child

C) an adult %oman %ith adequate rotein inta+e

!) an elderly homeless man.$) a healthy adult man %ho e"ercises

Ans%er& d 'evel& 3

3. @at soluble vitamins can be to"ic in large doses because they

A) do not dissolve in %ater.

B) can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.

C) are raidly e"creted.

!) release free radicals.


28/38

$) are flushed out of the body.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

35. $"cessive bleeding due to slo%ed blood clotting is a symtom of vitamin deficiency.

A) A

B) !

C) $ !) P $) C Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

37. Qitamin $ and vitamin C

A) both release free radicals.

B) are needed in 6BC roduction.

C) are both antio"idants.

!) are formed from rovitamins.

$) are required for blood clotting.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

;. 8hich of the follo%ing vitamins is mismatched %ith its function0

A) vitamin ! - bone gro%th

B) vitamin A - rhodosin synthesis

C) folate - synthesis of clotting factors

!) vitamin C - collagen synthesis$) vitamin B12 - red blood cell roduction

Ans%er& c

'evel& 1

1. 8hat %ould haen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism0

A) =t could be recycled.

B) =t %ould become nonfunctional.

C) =t becomes a rovitamin.

!) =t becomes a coenyme.

$) othingD this in normal.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

2. ,inerals

A) are organic nutrients.

B) can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not suly enough.

C) can serve as buffers and comonents of enymes.

!) are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads.

$) are not necessary for normal metabolic function.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

3. 8hich of the follo%ing minerals is imortant in acid-base balance0

A) calcium

B) chlorine

C) iron

!) manganese

$) sodiumAns%er& b 'evel& 1

. 8hich of the follo%ing minerals is art of the hemoglobin molecule0

A) calcium

B) iodine

C) iron

!) inc

$) fluorine


29/38

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

#. 8hich of the follo%ing minerals is mismatched %ith its function0

A) calcium - bone formation

B) inc - hemoglobin synthesis

C) otassium - muscle and nerve function

!) cobalt - erythrocyte roduction

$) selenium - comonent of many enymes

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

. The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is +no%n as

A) absortion.

B) metabolism.

C) digestion.

!) catabolism.

$) anabolism

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

. 8hich of the follo%ing statements is true0

A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions.

B) Anabolic reactions are involved in the roduction of roteins from amino acids.C) The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism.

!) Anabolic reactions release energy.

$) Catabolic reactions consume energy.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

5. The digestion of comle" carbohydrates is an e"amle of

A) anabolism.

B) catabolism.

C) absortion.

!) e"cretion.

$) metabolism.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

7. The roduction of rotein by cells is an e"amle of

A) anabolism.

B) catabolism.

C) glycolysis.

!) hoshorylation.

$) decomosition.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

#;. The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called

A) glucose.

B) yruvate.

C) fat.

!) A!: .$) AT:.

Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

#1. (igh AT: concentrations %ould be found in

A) active cells.

B) resting cells.

C) e"hausted cells.

!) dead cells.


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Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

#2. /lycolysis is best defined as the brea+do%n of

A) glucose to carbon dio"ide and %ater.

B) glucose to t%o of yruvic acid molecules.

C) yruvic acid to carbon dio"ide and %ater.

!) glycogen to glucose--hoshate.

$) glucose to glycogen.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

#3. 8hich of the follo%ing stes in glycolysis occurs last0

A) o"idation of glyceraldehyde-3-hoshate

B) roduction of AT: from hoshoenolyruvic acid

C) hoshorylation of glucose to form glucose--hoshate

!) cleavage of fructose 1* dihoshate

$) inut of 2 A T: molecules

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

#. =n glycolysis*

A) A! is reduced to form A!(.B) more energy is used than roduced.

C) glucose is formed as an end roduct.

!) glyceraldehyde-3-hoshate is used as an enyme.

$) o"ygen must be resent for it to start.

Ans%er& a 'evel& 2

##. 8hen glucose is metabolied in the absence of o"ygen* one of the end roducts is

A) yruvic acid.

B) +etone bodies.

C) lactic acid.

!) citric acid.

$) nitric acid.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

#. 9ne difference bet%een anaerobic and aerobic resiration is that

A) anaerobic resiration utilies the citric acid cycle but aerobic resiration does not.

B) aerobic resiration roduces more AT: than anaerobic resiration.

C) anaerobic resiration ta+es lace inside cells %hile aerobic resiration ta+es lace in the

lasma.

!) aerobic resiration does not require o"ygen.

$) aerobic resiration ta+es lace after anaerobic resiration.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

#. A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactic acid into glucose is called

A) the electron transort system.

B) the Cori cycle.C) the citric acid cycle.

!) beta o"idation.

$) sugar cleavage.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

#5. The citric acid cycle begins by combining

A) carbon dio"ide and %ater to form carbonic acid.

B) yruvic acid and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid.


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C) yruvic acid and carbon dio"ide to form lactic acid.

!) o"aloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.

$) yruvic acid and citric acid.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

#7. 8hich of the follo%ing is the correct sequence0

A) acetyl-CoA formation* glycolysis* electron-transort chain* citric acid cycle

B) acetyl-CoA formation* citric acid cycle* electron transort chain* glycolysis

C) citric acid cycle* glycolysis* acetyl-CoA formation* electron transort chain

!) glycolysis* acetyl-CoA formation* citric acid cycle* electron transort chain

$) glycolysis* citric acid cycle* acetyl-CoA formation* electron transort chain

Ans%er& d 'evel& 2

;. 8hich of the follo%ing statements about the citric acid cycle is false0

A) The rocess occurs in the mitochondria.

B) The ma


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B) C92.

C) A!: .

!) A!(.

$) (29.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 2

. $ach A!( molecule fed into the electron transort chain roduces AT:s.

A) 2

B) 3

C)

!) #

$)

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

. 8hich of the follo%ing statements is true0

A) (ydrogen ions are umed across the cell membrane.

B) $lectrons ass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transort chain.

C) 8ater serves as the final electron accetor.

!) Chemiosmosis forms carbon dio"ide.

$) The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of %ater.Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

5. The name of the rocess that coules the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

to AT: roduction is the

A) citric acid cycle.

B) glycolytic ath%ay.

C) chemiosmotic model.

!) Cori cycle.

$) hydrosmotic model.

Ans%er& c

'evel& 2


A) (ydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial comartment.

B) (ydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial comartment.

C) The movement of hydrogen ions through secial channels is couled to AT: roduction.

!) A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.

$) A!( transfer electrons to the electron-transort chain.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

;. The body?s main energy storage molecules are

A) sugars.

B) roteins.

C) liids.

!) vitamins.

$) carbohydrates.Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

1. The correct sequence of events that occurs %hen fatty acids are used to generate AT: is

A) beta o"idation* electron transort chain* deamination.

B) electron transort chain* beta o"idation* glycolysis.

C) beta o"idation* citric acid cycle* electron transort chain.

!) glycolysis* beta o"idation* citric acid cycle.

$) citric acid cycle* glycolysis* beta o"idation

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2


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!) by converting them to ethanol.

$) and can be stored in the body.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

7. Transamination

A) results in free fatty acids.

B) requires glucose.

C) can be used to synthesie essential amino acids.

!) involves moving an amine grou.

$) roduces ammonia.

Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

5;. 9"idative deamination is a chemical rocess in %hich

A) rotein is synthesied.

B) amino acids are buffered in the +idney.

C) the amine grou is removed from an amino acid.

!) fatty acids are bro+en do%n to yield acetyl CoA.

$) glutamic acid is roduced.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

51. 8hen the amine 4(2) grou is stried off of an amino acid* this amine grou isconverted to

A) lactic acid.

B) glucose.

C) ammonia.

!) glycerol.

$) urea.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

52. Arrange the follo%ing in correct sequence& 1. Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver.

2. 9"idative deamination of an amino acid.

3. >rea is eliminated by the +idney.

. Ammonia and +eto acids are formed.

A) 1* 3* * 2

B) 2* * 1* 3

C) 3* 1* * 2

!) * 1* 3* 2

$) 2* 3* 1*

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

53. The formation of glycogen from glucose is called .

A) glycolysis

B) glycogenesis

C) glycogenolysis

!) gluconeogenesis

$) glucogenesisAns%er& b 'evel& 1

5. The rocess that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is

A) +etogenesis.

B) glycogenesis.

C) liogenesis.

!) gluconeogenesis.

$) glycolysis.


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Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

5#. /lucose* amino acids* and fatty acids can be metabolied %ithin the cell to liberate .

A) o"ygen

B) energy

C) carbon dio"ide

!) hydrogen

$) nitrogen Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

5. There is a need for glucose in the body. 8hich of the follo%ing reactions %ill yield glucose0

A) beta o"idation

B) glycogenolysis

C) glycolysis

!) deamination

$) glucogenesis.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

5. 8hy is it imortant that glucose be converted to glucose--hoshate once glucose enters a cell0

A) This form is easier for cells to metabolie.

B) /lucose can?t diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form.

C) The cells can easily e"crete this molecule.!) =t becomes a long-term storage molecule for glucose.

$) =t can no% cross the lasma membrane.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

55. 8hich of the follo%ing events ta+es lace during the absortive state0

A) :rotein is converted into glucose in the rocess of deamination.

B) /lucose is converted into energy* glycogen* or fats.

C) Petones are roduced from fatty acids.

!) @ats are converted into glucose via beta o"idation.

$) /lycogen is converted to glucose.

Ans%er& b 'evel& 2

57. The absortive state

A) occurs immediately after meals.

B) is %hen glycogenolysis usually occurs.

C) has gluconeogenesis as one of its main events.

!) occurs in the large intestine.

$) occurs


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C) formation of glycogen

!) use of roteins as an energy source

$) reduced removal of glucose from the blood

Ans%er& c 'evel& 2

7. ,etabolic rate is the total amount of

A) glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour.

B) heat roduced by body cells in an hour.

C) energy roduced and used by the body er unit of time.

!) carbon dio"ide e"haled er unit of time.

$) +ilocalories consumed.

Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

2 use the follo%ing +ey to choose the best ans%er.

A) Choose A if the first item is greater than the second item.

B) Choose B if the first item is less than the second item.

C) Choose C if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

11;. 1. the number of AT:s roduced in aerobic resirationD 2. the number of AT:s roduced in anaerobic resiration

Ans%er& a

'evel& 1@or questions 113 to 11 match the follo%ing vitamins %ith their function in the body.

A) required for the synthesis of clotting factors 4rothrombin)

B) is a comonent of the coenyme @A!

C) romotes calcium and hoshorus use

!) involved in amino acid metabolism

$) a rimary constituent of coenyme A

113. riboflavin Ans%er& b

'evel& 1

11. antothenic acid

Ans%er& e 'evel& 1

11#. yrido"ine 4B) Ans%er& d

'evel& 1

11. vitamin ! Ans%er& c

'evel& 1

11. vitamin P Ans%er& a

'evel& 1

@or questions 115 to 122 match the follo%ing vitamins %ith their associated diseases.

A) scurvy

B) night blindness

C) beriberi

!) ellagra

$) ernicious anemia

115. vitamin A Ans%er& b'evel& 1

117. thiamin Ans%er& c 'evel& 1

12;. niacin Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

121. vitamin C Ans%er& a

'evel& 1

122. vitamin B12 Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

@or questions 123 to 12 match the follo%ing minerals %ith their function.


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A) functions in carbon dio"ide metabolism and transort* also needed for rotein metabolism

B) comonent of hemoglobin

C) a constituent of coenymesD needed for bone formation and roer function of nerve and

muscle

!) needed for the roduction of thyro"ine

$) comonent of nucleic acids and AT:D used in bone formation

123. iodine Ans%er& d 'evel& 1

12. iron Ans%er& b 'evel& 1

12#. magnesium Ans%er& c

'evel& 1

12. hoshorus Ans%er& e

'evel& 1

12. inc Ans%er& a 'evel& 1

@ill in the Blan+

125. are chemicals that are ta+en into the body and used to roduce energy or rovide building bloc+s

for ne% molecules.

Ans%er& nutrients

'evel& 1127. =n the rocess called * glucose is bro+en do%n to t%o yruvic acid molecules. Ans%er& glycolysis

'evel& 1

13;. Catabolism %ithin cells liberates energy* %hich is then catured and used to hoshorylate A!: to form

.

Ans%er& AT:

'evel& 1

131. The formation of fat from e"cess glucose is called . Ans%er& liogenesis

133. 8hen glucose enters a cell* it is hoshorylated to form . Ans%er& glucose--hoshate

$ssay Nuestions

13#. 8hat haens in cells %hen energy inut e"ceeds energy outut0 8hen energy outut e"ceeds energy inut0

Ans%er& =f energy inut e"ceeds outut* the cell %ill engage in metabolic activities that lead to biosynthesis of

comle" molecules and energy storage by synthesiing large amounts of high energy comounds* such at AT: andcreatine hoshate. The organism might begin to convert the e"tra +ilocalories 4energy) to adiose tissue and gain

%eight. =f energy outut e"ceeds energy inut* the cell because of the decrease in available energy* %ill begin to

function at a lo%er efficiency level* or may be unable to survive at all. =n order to obtain energy* cellular comonents

%ould be degraded. The organism might begin to lose %eight or even die as the cells degrade their comonent arts.

'evel& 3

13. $"lain the imortance of the AT:-A!: energy transfer system %ith resect to the normal* day-to-day

functioning of our body cells.

Ans%er& $nergy must be available in a form cells can use. The AT:-A!: energy transfer system is resonsible for

sulying this usable energy. The o"idation of nutrients by the cell releases energy that is used to roduce AT:. =n this

rocess* inorganic hoshate is added to A!: in a rocess called hoshorylation. The energy released from the

o"idation of nutrients in the cell is stored by incororating it into the bond that attaches the terminal hoshate

grou to the AT: molecule. 8hen energy is required by the cell* the AT: molecule can serve as a source of energy.>on hydrolysis of this high energy bond* the terminal hoshate %ith its energy can be transferred to another

comound* thereby transferring the energy.

'evel& 3

13. Cyanide* the resiratory oison used in the gas chamber* binds to one of the molecules in the electron transort

system and bloc+s the flo% of electrons. >sing this fact* e"lain %hy ingestion of cyanide is lethal.

Ans%er& Cyanide is fatal because cyanide inhibits the action of certain enymes 4cytochrome o"idases) that are needed

to run the electron transort system. The only mechanism left to the cell is anaerobic resiration* and this cannot

yield the large numbers of AT:s needed by the cell to survive.


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'evel& 3

135. T%o AT:s are required to start beta-o"idation of a fatty acid chain. @or each acetyl CoA formed 4e"cet for the

last one)* one A!( and one @A!(2 are also roduced during beta- o"idation. /iven this information* comare the

roduction of AT: molecules from the metabolism of a carbon fatty acid %ith the roduction of AT: molecules from

a single molecule of glucose.

Ans%er& i" carbon fatty acid %ill yield three molecules of acetyl CoA. 8ith beta o"idation and three acetyl CoA* the

yield %ill be&

3 turns of citric acid cycle& Beta o"idation&

ingle glucose molecule /lycolysis&

Transition ste&

Citric acid cycle 42 turns)&

7 A!( 3 @A!(2 3 AT:

2 A!( 2 @A!(2

2 AT:

2 A!( 2 A!( 2 AT:

A!( 2 @A!(2

2 AT: 4from $T) AT: 4from $T) 3 AT:

AT: 4from $T) AT: 4from $T)

T9TA' AT:

2 AT:

AT: 4from $T) AT: 4from $T) 2 AT:

15 AT: 4from $T) A:T 4from $T)

T9TA' 35 AT:

o you get more energy from the catabolism of the si" carbon fatty acid than from one glucose

molecule. 'evel& 3

137. =f 1*772 molecules of Acetyl CoA are available to use in the citric acid cycle* %hat is the ma"imum number of

times a cell could FturnF the cycle0Ans%er& 1*772 times* assuming that all CoA molecules %ill be used.

'evel& 2

1;. 8hat does the hrase* F%e are %hat %e eatF mean0

Ans%er& 9ur bodies convert nutrients from the foods %e eat into the various comonents of our body?s cells. o the

nutrient material of the food becomes art of the structure of the cell* and F8e are %hat %e eat.F

'evel& 2

BSC 251 t2 Questions

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