UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAKFACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYINGDEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGBUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING IDBG 213AAP 116 ASSIGNMENT : COLD & HOT WATER SUPPLY

PREPARED BY :NAMEMATRIC NUMBER

NOR FIRDAUS AFIQ BIN NORZIAN2013121433

MUHAMMAD NUR SHAFIQ BIN MESRAN2013784679

MUHAMMAD NAIM BIN MOHD RAMLI2013109367

MUHAMMAD FARID BIN AZMI2013569773

MUHAMMAD FAREZ AMRI BIN ROSLAN2013331411

MUHAMMAD ZAID BIN ISMAIL2013756753

GROUP : AAP116 ( 3A)LECTURER NAME : PN NURUL HUDA BINTI ABDUL HADI

TABLE OF CONTENT

NOCONTENTPAGE

1.0Chapter 1

2.0Chapter 2 : Theoretical Review

3.0Chapter 3 : Case Study

4.0Conclusion

5.0References

6.0Appendix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude towards everybody that have be co-operation and encouragement with helps us in completing of this report. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and helps of many individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. In performing our report, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this report gives us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Puan Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Hadi who are lecturer the subject of Building Services Engineering (DBG 213) for giving us a good guideline for report throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in writing this report.Last but not least , thanks to our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment suggestions on this report which gave us an inspiration to improve our report. We thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our report. We hope that this report can be a stepping stone for us to understand better the Building Services Engineering in Malaysia or oversea standards and thus preparing for the coming final exam.

CHAPTER 1.0

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Firstly , It is a necessity not only for domestic uses but also for commercial uses such as in hotels and hospitals. Hence, functional cold and hot water system is essential to meet the needs of different buildings from residential houses to high rise buildings.There are many different types of cold or hot water supply systems which can be separated into two main categories such as localised and centralised system. These both systems are the methods they distribute the water and are then branched out to meet each personalised requirements. Localised system is mainly for domestic use which emphasise more on its small-scaled instantaneous yet affordable heating system. On the other hand, centralised system has an advantage of having a large storage to accommodate its huge demand while having efficient pipework to deliver to each drawing-point. It also have direct and indirect system for cold and hot water supply.Finally, the awareness of going green has gradually become more wide-spread. These methods have their own specialised for example like design , services , function and another else.

1.2 OBJECTIVEFurthermore, the site visit was carried out in order to completing the objectives below:i. To identify the type of system that used in the cold and hot water supply in hotel.ii. To study basic on the operation and maintenance of cold and hot water supply equipment.iii. To study the problems and solutions in hotel.

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDYThe location of study at M.S. GARDEN HOTEL KUANTAN , Lot 5 & 10, Lorong Gambut, Off Jalan Beserah , 25300 Kuantan , Pahang Darul Makmur. Then, to study the factor that be considered when determining the suitable type for the hotel. For examples , required consumption, peak demands, operation, required storage capacity, insulation of pipework and further action that has been minimise future problems. In addition, there are some advantages and disadvantages in using indirect cold and hot water supply. For examples , separate circuit for the water drawn off at taps, used in hard water areas to prevent scaling of pipes, used when heating is combined with the system and less maintenance cost.

Figure 1.3.1 : Location ( Street Map )

1.4 METHODOLOGYThe research of hot and cold water system has been done by using all of this method;1. REFERENCESInformation from internet that has been used is htttp://www.hse.gov.uk/legionnaires/hot-and-cold.htm, http://www.terreal.com.my/faq.php?id=92 and http://msgarden.com.my/. There are the references that have been used to get more information about this method.

2. OBSERVATIONIn the observation, down feed distribution is the system that the building use. There are water storage tank placed on the roof level. Besides, there are solar water heater system placed on the roof level. M.S. Garden Hotel use solar water heater as the hot water supply connect to all essential parts of the hotel. Hot water is necessary to bathroom, kitchen and utility area of the building.

3. SITE VISITThe site visit has been done on Saturday, 21 February 2015 with the cooperation of M.S. Garden Hotel. The building placed at Lot 5&10, Lorong Gambut, Jalan Beserah, 25300, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur. Besides, the building was at the middle of Kuantan City, surrounded with other high rise building. The

4. INTERVIEW The interview has been done with En. Hazman Bin Kadir, Chief Maintenance of M.S. Garden Hotel. En. Hazman are very kind and helpfull person. There are a lot of information in doing the research of hot and cold water system with this method.

CHAPTER 2.0 : THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF HOT & COLD WATER SUPPLY2.1.1 Hot Water SupplyIn a centralised system, the water is heated in the storage vessel and boiler that is located in an appropriate position of the building. The water is fed to and fro from the boiler by what it is called as primary flow and return pipes. This water circulates throughout the whole system by convection or the aid of circulating pumps. Moreover, the temperature of the water stored inside the storage vessel should not exceed 60C. If the temperature drops below 60C, health issues will arise as Legionella bacterias survival time increases. An easy way to eliminate this risk is to install a thermostat to monitor its temperature. the water in a centralised system is heated in a hot storage vessel, a boiler or a small gas circulator. They are connected by supply pipework and circulatory pipework. The instruments are placed in a position where it is able to reach to every draw-off points of the building through a system of pipework. There are two type of system such as direct and indirect hot water system. (Burberry. P, 1997).A source of hot water for residences and public and industrial enterprises to satisfy domestic and production needs; also, the complex of equipment and structures that provide it. Hot water supply systems consist of heat sources, water treatment apparatus, water heaters, pipelines to transport the water, and devices to regulate and control the waters temperature.(Greeno.R., 1997 )To prevent cooling of the water in hot water supply delivery pipelines, a constant circulation is maintained during low-demand periods with the help of so-called circulation pipelines. In baths and showers there are heaters connected to the circulating system; with these the rooms are warmed and the towels are dried. In a local hot water supply system, the water heaters are installed right at the locations where the hot water will be used (baths, showers, washing machines, production equipment) and are heated by the burning of fuel (gaseous, liquid, or solid) or electric power. These devices usually require considerable expenditures of time and labor for servicing and, as a rule, do not operate continuously. ( Klien. G, 2005 )

The delivery of hot water to faucets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, and other hot water-using products in the typical home is an important driver in the water use profile of that home. In some homes, the design of the plumbing system is such that water is wasted while the user is waiting for hot water to arrive at the end fixture. This waste may be avoidable with a properly designed plumbing system. In new homes, the emphasis is upon structured plumbing, while in older homes (where it is usually not cost-effective to install a new structured plumbing system), certain add-on pieces of equipment can sometimes be installed to reduce water waste.( Blower, G. J. , 2002a )2.1.2 Cold Water SupplyUnder the Water Supply ( Water Fittings ) Regulations 1999 every dwelling is required to have a wholesome water supply and this should be provided in sufficient quantities for the needs of the user and at a temperature below 20 C . They may be occasions during summer months when mains water could rise as high as 25 C. Precautions should be taken to amke sure that this temperature is not exceeded. Water may be supplied to cold taps either directly from the mains via the supplly pipe or indirectly from a protected cold water storage cistern. In some case a combination of both methods of supply may be the best arrangement. A supply direct from the mains is preferred because water quality from storage cannot be guaranteed. However , pressure reliability of the mains supply should be considered especially where connections are made near to the ends of distributing mains. Where constant supply pressure may be a problem , storage should be considered. There are two type of system of cold water such as direct and indirect water supply system.(Greeno.R., 1997 )

2.2 HISTORYThough not very popular in North America, another type of water heater developed in Europe predated the storage model. In London, England, in 1868, a painter named Benjamin Waddy Maughan invented the first instantaneous domestic water heater that didn't use solid fuel.[4] Named the geyser after an Icelandic gushing hot spring, Maughan's invention made cold water at the top flow through pipes that were heated by hot gases from a burner at the bottom. Hot water then flowed into a sink or tub. The invention was somewhat dangerous because there was no flue to remove heated gases from the bathroom. A water heater is still sometimes called ageyser in the UK. The terms electric water boiler, electric dispensing pot or electric water urn are also commonly used there.(Mammothplumbing.posterous.com, n.d. )Maughn's invention influenced the work of a Norwegian mechanical engineer named Edwin Ruud. The first automatic, storage tank-type gas water was invented around 1889 by Ruud after he immigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US). The Ruud Manufacturing Company, still in existence today, made many advancements in tank-type and tankless water heater design and operation.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki, n.d. )

2.3 TYPE OF COMPONENTComponents and symbols used in this book, where possible based on those given in BS 1192 : Part 3. However, there are many components not included in BS 1192, so symbol from others sources have been used. In plumbing system coponents have pipe, vavle, meter, pump, auto pneumatic pressure vessel, tap, water storage tank and water heater. ( Gareth R.H , 2000 )

Figure 2.3.1 : Flow Chart Operation Of Cold And Hot Water Supply (http://visual.merriam- webster.com, n.d.)

Figure 2.3.2 : Flow Chart Process Of Cold And Hot Water Supply (http://www.processwatercirculationsystem , n.d. )

Figure 2.3.3 : Graphical symbol and abbreviations (continue)

Table 2.3.3 : Component Of Cold And Hot Water Supply ( Gareth R.H , 2000 )

CHAPTER 3.0 : CASE STUDY

3.1 INTRODUCTIONThe location of the case study at M.S. GARDEN HOTEL KUANTAN , PAHANG. The building is newly renovated. The accommodations of hotel is a choice of 204 contemporary designed and elegantly furnished spacious guestrooms including 117 Deluxe, 49 Family Deluxe, 30 Executive Suites, 4 Premier Suite and a luxurious Penthouse . Guestrooms are large and spacious ranging from 30 sq meters onwards which are comfortably spaced out between the Hotels Tower and Podium Blocks. Then , 15 -storey Tower Block houses 50 rooms including the Penthouse while the balance of 152 rooms are located at the 5-storey podium Block.

Figure 3.1.1 : View Infront Of The HotelThe expansion tank capacity is about 23 000 litres water.The type of services used in the hotel is indirect system.Beside that , for the cold water supply this system is all the sanitary fittings except drinking water offs at sinks and fountains from cold water storage cistern. It supply cold water to baths, basin, showers and feeds the hot water cylinder. Then, the capacity in litres will be approximately double that required for direct system. It must follow the Water Requlations require a cistern of 227 litres minimum capacity and will have to be accommodated in the roof space then will require lagging. Therefore, it not always possible at the early design stage to know the exact the number of people that will occupy the building. So, the solution is calculate the number and type of sanitary fittings are known.In addition , hot water supply is used in temporary hard water disticts or when heating. It used indirect cylinder which this every pipe connection to the boilers must be provided with valves for isolating purposes. There are three way vent valves will ensure the boilers are open to atmosphere at all times. Thus , it avoid the risk of an explosion at the hotel. Then, the calorifiers may be sited at various strategic points in the building and must close to the various hot water draw off points. Each floor is zone with valves because if a repair on one floor may be carried out without draining to the whole of the secondary pipework. This may provide a supply of hot water at all times and in order to accomplish when the boilers is shutting down.Then , the hotel used solar system. This system is made up of feed and expansion cistern, hot-water cylinder and solar panel.Solar panel (Solar collector) is installed at the roof to collect sufficient amount of solar energy for water heating. Its be save the electricity and also the money for paid the high of billing. The hotel also have a addition tank for emergency happen to used it.Finally , the water storage heater which is located above the ceiling of the bathroom. Each of these water storage heaters has the capacity of 135 litre and each hotel room is allocated with one. The hotel must compared it with the standard 60-70 litre domestic water heater that can be found in residential areas to show how high the hot water supply hotels require to maintain its business flow. By then, it can safely deduce that the system this hotel uses is localized instantaneous water storage heater powered by electricity.

3.2 THE OPERATION OF BUILDING SERVICES

ITEMSFIGURE OPERATION

Solar system

Temperature of solar collector is about 10oC higher than the water temperature in the storage tank, the circulation pumps will be switched on and the pumps will be switched off when the temperature difference is around 5oC. The hot water from the storage tank will flow into existing hot water generators and will be discharged to the existing hot water piping system. Install the panel at the roof top.

Expansion Tank

The expansion tank will allow the water to heat exchangers. The capacity of tank is 24 000 litres. Have 2 tank on the roof top. Intallation of tank at roof top.

ITEMSFIGUREOPERATION

Circulation Pump

Meter Pump

To flows the water to storage tank and supply the water to whole of the hotel faster. Increase the poor water supply.

Meter to know the pressure of water is supply. Combine meter for two circulation pump.

Hot & Cold Water Storage

Ball Valve

Supply the water for each room or place in the hotel. Flow the water correctly with the system have been done.

Control the water flow to water storage and flushing cistern. Automatically shut off the supply when reached corect water level

ITEMFIGUREOPERATION

Heat Pump

It produce the heat of water to uses in the hotel. The pump will increase the pressure of hot water. Each unit has a capacity of producing around 2,000 Liter of hot water at50oCper unit.

Heat Pump Meter

To control the heat of water flow. Set the meter with suitable temperature. It be adjustable meter reading.

Boiler Room

The room that heating the water from storage. It be supply to all the uses. Must be precaution when enter this room.

ITEMFIGUREOPERATION

ABS and Copper Pipes The blue ABS pipe which carries cold water. The copper pipe which carries hot water. The pipe will supply the water every draw off points in the room.

Hot and Cold Tap The finally process from roof to each room. The hot and cold water be supply. The uses can used it.

Bulk Meter

Its located at the infront of the hotel. Measured bulk flows of cold potable water for revenue billing. Then, its distibution system monitoring.

3.3 BUILDING BY LAW OR LOCAL AUTHORITIES REGULATION3.3.1 BUILDING BY LAW 1984123. PIPES AND SERVICE DUCTS1.Where ducts or enclosure are provide are in any building to accommodate pipes, cable or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be-Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and main together with support and fixing.Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other control there to enable repairs, extension and modification to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. 2. The access openings to ducts or enclosure shall be long enough anf suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.3.3.2 WATER SUPPLY (WATER FITTINGS) REGULATION 1999. WARNING AND OVERFLOW PIPESG16.8 All cisterns, except automatically operated urinal flushing cisterns, should be provided with a warning pipe, or some other no less effective device, installed in such a manner that it discharges immediately the water in a cistern reaches the defined overflowing level. Where an alternative no less effective device is installed instead of a warning pipe, an overflow pipe should also be installed. The outlet end of a warning or overflow pipe is not to be at a higher level than the inlet end; it should be installed on a downward inclined plane, and not comprise, include, or have connected to it, any flexible hose.G16.9 Warning or overflow pipes from any cistern should not be installed to discharge into any other cistern.G16.10 A warning/overflow pipe should be not less than 19 mm internal diameter, but the actual internal diameter of the pipe(s) installed should be capable of taking any possible flow in the pipe arising from any failure of the inlet valve.

G16.11 When determining the size of an overflow pipe account should be taken of any insect or vermin screen installed, which may reduce the nominal flow capacity of the overflow pipe.G16.12 When two or more cisterns have a common warning pipe the pipework should be arranged so that the overflow from any cistern cannot enter another. The location of the cistern overflowing must be readily identifiable and the discharge should be in a conspicuous position.COLD WATER STORAGE CISTERNSG16.13 Cisterns storing water for domestic purposes should be watertight and, where required, be lined or coated with a suitable impermeable material; they shall be provided with warning and overflow connections, as appropriate, which are so constructed and arranged as to exclude insects. They should have a rigid, close fitting and securely fixed cover which is not airtight but which excludes light and insects from the cistern; be made of a material or materials which do not shatter or fragment when broken and which will not contaminate any water which condenses on its underside; and, in the case of a cistern storing more than 1,000 litres of water, be constructed so that the cistern may be inspected and cleansed without it having to be wholly uncovered. G16.14 Every cistern should be adequately supported to avoid distortion or damage and only installed in a place or position where the inside may be readily inspected and cleansed, and any float-operated valve or other controls may be readily installed, repaired, renewed or adjusted.TEMPERATURE OF HOT WATER WITHIN A STORAGE SYSTEM.G18.1 Irrespective of the type of fuel used for heating, the temperature of the water at any point within a hot water storage system should not exceed 100C and appropriate vent pipes, temperature control devices and other safety devices should be provided to prevent this occurring.

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION TEMPERATURE.G18.2 Hot water should be stored at a temperature of not less than 60oC and distributed at a temperature of not less than 55C. This water distribution temperature may not be achievable where hot water is provided by instantaneous or combination boilers.G18.3 The maintenance of acceptable water temperatures may be achieved by efficient routing of pipes, reducing the lengths of pipes serving individual appliances and the application of good insulation practices to minimise freezing of cold water pipes and to promote energy conservation for hot water pipes. For references, see Comments and Recommendations of Clause 2.6.4 of BS 6700.VENT PIPES.but not less than 19 mm internal diameter. They may terminate over their respective cold water feed and expansion cisterns, or elsewhere providing there is a physical air gap, at least equivalent to the size of the vent pipe, above the top of the warning pipe, or overflow if there is one, at the point of termination.G20.2 Vent pipes from hot water secondary storage systems should be of adequate size but not less than 19 mm internal diameter and be insulated against freezing.G20.3 Where vent pipes, from either a primary or secondary system, terminate over their respective cold water feed cisterns, they should rise to a height above the top water level in the cistern sufficient to prevent any discharge occurring under normal operating conditions.EXPENSION AND SAFETY DEVICE.G22.1 Expansion valves, temperature relief valves or combined temperature and pressure relief valves connected to any fitting or appliance should close automatically after an operational discharge of water and be watertight when closed.G22.2 Expansion valves should comply with BS 6283: Part 1. They should be fitted on the supply pipe close to the hot water vessel and without any intervening valves, and only discharge water when subjected to a water pressure of not less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) above the pressure to which the hot water vessel is, or is likely to be, subjected to in normal operation.

3.4 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSPROBLEMSSOLUTIONS

Leaks Leakages in boilers and pipes happen due to the corrosion of pipes and problems in the boiler limit control.

These boilers and pipes should be regularly checked every 15-20 years

Back siphonage This phenomenon occurs due to the excessive demand of water by user or when there is water supply failure. The risks of back siphonage are contamination risk, health risk and water quality affecting risk. The solution is measures such as air gap to separate supply pipework from the installation pipework.

Poor water flow Air locks, clogged pipes, mineral clogging in the water tank or tankless coil or insufficient water supply and even air drawn through the ventcause poor flow of water in the hot water services. The larger cold feed pipe can be inserted or the storage cistern can be raised so that the pressure of water flow will increase.

PROBLEMSSOLUTIONS

Noises These noises occur due fluctuations in velocity of water flow which causes the pipes to vibrate and make knocking or hammering sounds then occurs in metal pipes but it can also happen in plastic pipes. Noises are one of the main defects in boilers.

These pipes will need to be descaled or replaced with new pipes. Pipes should not be in direct contact with building structure. Use rubber insulated clips to clip overpipes. Design suitable size of pipework to avoid excessive velocity water

Insufficient Hot Water Lack of hot water supply from unsuitable size of hot water cylinder or boiler excessive primary flow and return pipes, and leakages. Due to mineral deposits and blockage in a hot water tank Need to be checked regularly. Replace with new.

4.0 CONCLUSIONIn conclusion able to determine the types of systems in cold and hot water services and understand the differences between each system. Then, the installation and requirements of the different types of cold and hot water supply system. Besides that, able to study the problems and solutions that may be encountered in cold and hot water supply system. Knowledge of the benefits and problems can help to determine how to choose the right water supply system which is to be installed in a particular building. Hence, it also enables to determine how to properly maintainenace the system so that can avoid and prevent problems in the system .There have a better, functional and long-term hot water supply system. As the technology is improving, able to identify several improvements that could be made to cold and hot water supply system in order to enhance the system and eliminate or reduce problems in the system. Then, the advantages of uses the solar system in hot water supply can reduce the cost of billing the electricity.The opportunity to M.S. GARDEN HOTEL as a part of the case study. From this case study, were able to understand how does an instantaneous water supply looks like and also where it could be located in building. This case study enabled to understand better about the application of different types of cold and hot water supply system according to the requirements of the building.

5.0 REFERENCES5.1 Greeno, R. (1997). Building Sevices, Technology and Design. England: Pearson Education Limited.5.2 Blower, G. J. (2002a). Plumbing Mechanical Services Book One. 4th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.5.3 History of Cold Water Supply Cistern. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http:// Mammothplumbing.posterous.com /articles/85190-85190-history-of-cold-water-supply-cistern/.5.4 History of Hot Water Supply Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http:// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/history-of-hot-water-supply-systems /5.5 Chart Operation Of Cold And Hot Water Supply. (n.d). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http:// http://visual.merriam- webster.com /chart-operation-of-cold-and-hot-water-supply/ 5.6 Chart Process Of Cold And Hot Water Supply. (n.d). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http:// http://visual.merriam- webster.com /chart-process-of-cold-and-hot-water-supply/ 5.7 Burberry, P. (1997). Centralised Hot Water Supply. 8th ed. Harlow, England: Addison Wesley Longman.5.8 Klien G. (2005). Hot Water Distribution System. Retrieved from http://www.renewtech.co.uk/UVHWOSG Part 1.pdf 5.9 Gareth R.H. (2000). Hot And Cold Water Supply . 2th ed. England: Blackwell Publishing Company.

APPENDIX Distributing Pipes. Its used to supply water on appliances each floor

Filter water. Its filter cold water from the main pipe. The water supply is from main pipe. Then, it filter the corrosion of water