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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN583-3 : 1997

The European Standard EN 583-3 : 1997 has the status of aBritish Standard

ICS 19.100

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

Non-destructive testing Ð

Ultrasonic examination

Part 3. Transmission technique

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This British Standard, havingbeen prepared under thedirection of the EngineeringSector Board, was publishedunder the authority of theStandards Board and comes intoeffect on 15 September 1997

BSI 1997

ISBN 0 580 28308 9

BS EN 583-3 : 1997

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Text affected

National foreword

This British Standard is the English language version of EN 583-3 : 1997. There haspreviously been no direct British Standard equivalent to this standard.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeWEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the responsibility to:

± aid enquirers to understand the text;

± present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on theinterpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;

± monitor related international and European developments and promulgatethem in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request toits secretary.

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European publicationsreferred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under thesection entitled `International Standards Correspondence Index', or by using the`Find' facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunityfrom legal obligations.

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,pages 2 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.

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CENEuropean Committee for Standardization

Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation

EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈ r Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

1997 All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide to CEN national members

Ref. No. EN 583-3 : 1997 E

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 583-3

NORME EUROPEÂ ENNE

EUROPAÈ ISCHE NORM May 1997

ICS 19.100

Descriptors: Non-destructive tests, ultrasonic frequencies, ultrasonic tests, transmission, generalities, inspection methods, measurements ,comparison analysis

English version

Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonic examination ÐPart 3: Transmission technique

Essais non destructifs Ð Controà le ultrasonore ÐPartie 3: Technique par transmission

ZerstoÈrungsfreie PruÈfung Ð UltraschallpruÈfung ÐTeil 3: Durchschallungstechnik

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-04-10. CEN members arebound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate theconditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standardwithout any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standardsmay be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of aCEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has thesame status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

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Page 2EN 583-3 : 1997

BSI 1997

Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared byTechnical Committee CEN/TC 138 Non-destructivetesting, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This European Standard shall be given the status of anational standard, either by publication of an identicaltext or by endorsement, at the latest byNovember 1997, and conflicting national standardsshall be withdrawn at the latest by November 1997.

This standard consists of the following Parts:

EN 583-1 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 1: General principles

EN 583-2 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 2: Sensitivity and range setting

EN 583-3 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 3: Transmission technique

EN 583-4 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 4: Examination for imperfectionsperpendicular to the surface

EN 583-5 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 5: Characterization and sizing ofimperfections

ENV 583-6 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 6: Time-of-flight diffractiontechnique as a method for detection andsizing of imperfections

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this EuropeanStandard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Contents

Page

Foreword 2

1 Scope 3

2 Normative references 3

3 Definitions 3

4 Principles of the examination 3

4.1 Basic techniques and set-up 3

4.2 Capability of detection ofimperfections 3

4.3 Requirements for geometry and access 5

4.4 Effects of variation in coupling,angulation and alignment of probe 5

5 Examination technique 5

5.1 General 5

5.2 Sensitivity setting 5

5.3 Scanning 5

5.4 Evaluation of imperfections 5

5.5 Determination of attenuationcoefficient 5

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Page 3EN 583-3 : 1997

BSI 1997

1 ScopeThis part of the standard specifies the principles oftransmission techniques.

Transmission techniques can be used for:

± detection of imperfections;

± determination of attenuation.

The general principles required for the use ofultrasonic examination of industrial products aredescribed in part 1 of this standard.

The transmission technique is used for examination offlat products, e.g. plates and sheets.

Further, it is used for examinations, e.g:

± where the shape, dimensions or orientation ofpossible imperfections are unfavourable for directreflection;

± in materials with high attenuation;

± in thin products.

2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates, by dated orundated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at theappropriate places in the text and the publications arelisted hereafter. For dated references, subsequentamendments to or revisions of any of thesepublications apply to this European Standard onlywhen incorporated in it by amendment or revision. Forundated references the latest edition of the publicationreferred to applies.

EN 583-1 Non-destructive testing Ð Ultrasonicexamination ÐPart 1: General principles

EN 1330-4 Non-destructive testing ÐTerminology ÐPart 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing

3 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this standard the definitions inEN 1330-4 apply.

4 Principles of the examination

4.1 Basic techniques and set-up

In its simplest application two probes, one emittingand the second receiving, are placed so that thereceiving probe receives the sound transmitted throughthe object. This can be achieved with straight beamprobes or angle beam probes. See figures 5 to 8.

Alternatively, the examination can be carried out usinga single probe where the sound is reflected on asurface of an object on the opposite side of theexamination object or on the opposite surface of theexamination object (back wall). See figures 1 to 4. Seealso table 1.

Table 1. Techniques and typical set-ups used intransmission technique

wave mode continuous waves pulsed waves

wave type longitudinal ortransverse

longitudinal ortransverse

number oftransducers

2 1 or 2

angle ofincidence

normal normal or oblique

evalution of amplitude oftransmitted sound

amplitude or time offlight of transmittedpulse or echo

The decrease in amplitude of the transmitted signalcan be used to indicate the presence of a discontinuitylocated in the sound path, or to indicate materialattenuation. In addition, the position of the transmittedsignal along the timebase of the instrument can beused to indicate material thickness.

Examination can be carried out with either continuousor pulsed ultrasonic waves, except when the techniqueis used for thickness measurement where only pulsedultrasonic waves apply.

Straight beam or angle beam probes can be useddepending on the scope of the examination.

A probe can be coupled to the product by means of acouplant, a squirter, by immersing the product, or byapplying a wheel probe.

4.2 Capability of detection of imperfections

When used for the detection of imperfections, anyimperfection (or group of imperfections) shall intercepta significant proportion (i.e. 25 % to 50 %) of thecross-sectional area of the ultrasonic beam before anunambiguous change in signal amplitude is observed.This technique can only be used for detectingimperfections or groups of imperfections which arerelatively large compared to the ultrasonic beam area,e.g. laminations in plate material.

Within the limitations mentioned above, the techniqueprovides positive proof of the absence of animperfection at any position along the sound path.However, it does not indicate the position in depth of adetected imperfection.

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Page 4EN 583-3 : 1997

BSI 1997

Table 2. Possible configurations for transmission techniques

One probe Two probes

Straight beam contact

Figure 1 Figure 5

Angle beam contact

Figure 2 Figure 6

Total immersion

Figure 3 Figure 7

Local immersion(squirter)

Figure 4 Figure 8

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Page 5EN 583-3 : 1997

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1) Prior to the publication of the EN Standard related to this subject the corresponding national standards can be used.

4.3 Requirements for geometry and access

The technique requires that the geometry of the objectunder examination and access to its surfaces allow thetransmitting and receiving probes to be so positionedthat their beam axes are coincident, either with orwithout intermediate reflection from a surface of theobject.

4.4 Effects of variations in coupling, angulationand alignment of probe

The technique is particularly sensitive to variations inprobe coupling and misangulation due to surfaceirregularities, since these factors also cause a markedreduction in transmitted signal amplitude. To improvethe uniformity of coupling immersion or squirterscanning is most frequently used. Dressing of thesurface to improve coupling uniformity can benecessary, especially for contact scanning.

When using separate transmitting and receiving probesand/or a reflecting object on the opposite side of theobject to be examined their positions in relation toeach other are also critical, and wherever possible theyshould be maintained in alignment by permanentorientation.

5 Examination technique

5.1 General

The technique described under this clause refers to thedetection of imperfections, and where applicable theirsize determination, and to the measurement of soundattenuation in the material.

5.2 Sensitivity setting

The test sensitivity shall be set on either a referenceblock of the same relevant dimensions, surface finishand similar ultrasonic properties as the object to beexamined or on an area of the latter known to be freefrom imperfections and of known or previouslydetermined attenuation in accordance with 5.5. Theprobes shall be maintained in alignment in ultrasoniccontact with the block or object and the gain adjustedto set the transmitted signal to a specified level. Formanual examination a level of 80 % full screen height isrecommended.

5.3 Scanning

Scanning shall be carried out in accordance with therequirements of the applicable test procedure, at alltimes keeping the probes in correct alignment to eachother and to the object under examination.

5.4 Evaluation of imperfections

The evaluation of imperfections shall be done inaccordance with the relevant standard1). Forimperfections whose transmitted signal amplitudeduring scanning is reduced to below the evaluationlevel, the evaluation criteria and requirements can besummarized as follows:

a) confirm that the reduction in signal amplitude isnot due to loss of coupling or to a normalgeometrical feature of the object;

b) measure the maximum reduction in transmittedsignal amplitude. When the zone causing the signalreduction to fall below the evaluation level is smallerthan the beam width, it is possible to relate thereduction in amplitude to the area of animperfection, perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam,placed at a given depth;

c) determine as accurately as possible the volume ofthe object through which the ultrasonic beam isbeing attenuated;

d) determine if an imperfection is continuous orintermittent;

e) if either a complete or a partial loss of thetransmitted signal amplitude is observed, due to asingle large imperfection, the extent of theimperfection may be plotted by noting thosepositions of the sound beam at which thetransmitted signal amplitude has fallen by a givenvalue (most frequently 6 dB) below its value in azone of the object free of imperfections.

5.5 Determination of attenuation coefficient

5.5.1 General

The energy loss, usually called attenuation, is normallyexpressed as an attenuation coefficient determined indB/m of sound path in the examination object.

The value depends on the type of wave, i.e.longitudinal, transverse and on the ultrasonic frequencyetc.

Two techniques for determining the attenuationcoefficient are described in 5.5.2 and 5.5.3.

5.5.2 Comparative technique using a referenceblock

This technique is based on determining the differencein amplitude between 2 echoes. The first echo is thattransmitted through a sample of material whoseattenuation coefficient, a1, is to be determined. Thesecond echo is that transmitted through a samplewhose attenuation coefficient, a2, is known.

It is important to use the same determinationconditions: ultrasonic probes, equipment and settingsfor each amplitude determination and couplingmedium, and the samples shall be of the samethickness and surface finish.

The technique can employ either one probe acting asboth transmitter and receiver, or two separatetransmitting and receiving probes positioned onopposite faces of the sample. Either the firsttransmitted echo, or any subsequent multiple echo maybe used.

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Page 6EN 583-3 : 1997

BSI 1997

The attenuation coefficient (a1) in the material to bedetermined is given by:

a1 = a2 + (1)dB/m20log

A1

A2

B

or equivalent

a1 = a2 + (2)dB/mV22 V1

B

where:

a1 is the attenuation coefficient of the object tobe determined;

a2 is the known attenuation coefficient of thereference sample;

B is the total sound path length in theexamination object (m);

A1 is the signal amplitude in the object to bedetermined;

A2 is the signal amplitude in the reference samplewith known attenuation coefficient;

V1 is the amplification in decibel for signalamplitude A1;

V2 is the amplification in decibel for signalamplitude A2.

5.5.3 Direct immersion technique

This technique is based on comparing the amplitude ofone echo (Am) of a series of multiple echoes, fromwithin a sample of material to be determined, with theamplitude of a subsequent echo (An) within the sameseries. See figure 9.

The technique can employ any of the probeconfigurations described under 5.5.2, but the followingadditional requirements apply:

a) the sound path of the echoes used for themeasurement shall be longer than three near fieldlengths. Equations (3) and (4) apply for non-focusingprobes;

b) allowance should be made for the loss each timethe pulse is reflected at a material water interface.

The attenuation coefficient (a) is given by:

a =

dB/m20log + 20log + 40(n2m) log(R)

Am

An

Bm

Bn

2 (n2m) d

(3)

or equivalent

a =

dB/m(Vn2 Vm) + 20log + 40 (n2m) log(R)

Bm

Bn

2 (n2m) d

(4)

where:

a is the attenuation coefficient in thetest object;

Bm = 2[g + md(cs/cw)] is the equivalentwater path of the mth echo;

Bn = 2[g + nd (cs/cw)] is the equivalentwater path of the nth echo;

cs is the longitudinal sound velocity inthe test object (m/s);

cw is the sound velocity inwater (1480 m/s);

d is the thickness of the test object (m);

g is the water delay between probe andtest object (m);

m, n are the number of evaluated echoes(n > m);

Am is the amplitude of mth echo;

An is the amplitude of nth echo;

R =Zs 2 Zw

Zs + Zw

is the modulus of reflection coefficientwater/sample respectivelysample/water;

Vm is the amplification in decibel for theamplitude Am of the mth echo (dB);

Vn is the amplification in decibel for theamplitude An of the nth echo (dB);

Zs is the acoustical impedance of the testobject (Pa´s/m);

Zw is the acoustical impedance of water(1,4803 106 Pa´s/m).

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Page 7EN 583-3 : 1997

BSI 1997

Figure 1. Measurement of attenuation by direction techniques

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