Volume 8:3: October 2009 District Court Overturns Agency ...
Brown versus Board of Education, 1954 Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Unanimously rules that...
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Transcript of Brown versus Board of Education, 1954 Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Unanimously rules that...
Brown versus Board of Education, 1954
Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
Unanimously rules that “separate facilities are inherently unequal”
and therefore in violation of the 14th amendment
The Baby Boom . . . 20 percent
increase in marriage rate between 1945 and 1948
Average marriage age drops to 20 for women and 22 for men
Huge birth rate increase in late 1940s and early 1950s
“This crusade has to be for more than a hamburger.”
-- Ella Baker of the SCLC
Civil Rights Organizations in the early 1960s
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
King’s civil rights strategy
black and white protestors bare their throats in the South
whites respond with vicious violence media rushes to the scene northern public opinion explodes the president is forced to bring in federal
protection
the civil rights act of 1964
If you take federal money, your institution is defined by law as a public institution
Thus it must obey the 14th amendment . . . . . . “equal protection under the laws” . . . Congress established an Equal Opportunity
Employment Commission (EEOC) in 1965 to further the act
but it did not ban discrimination in state and local elections . . .
Born Malcolm Little, 1925
Converted to the Nation of Islam (NOI)
in 1950s Minister of Mosque
#7 in Harlem Left the NOI just
before his assassination in
1965
Sixties era demographics
Before World War II: no public universities with more than 15,000 students
1970: 50 colleges with more than 15,000 students
1970: eight campus with 30,000 students 1970: number of college age Americans
soars to 25 million 1973: ten million college students
Opposed federal programs for the poor
Opposed federal desegregation
Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater
Young Americans for Freedom
Student organization founded in 1960
1965: 250 college chapters and 20,000 members
Sponsored by John Wayne and Ronald Reagan
Article 1, Section 8, paragraph 11 of the United States Constitution
“Congress shall have the Power . . . To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water.”
Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionAugust 7, 1964 Section 2. . . . the United
States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Abolished literacy tests Abolished poll taxes Placed federal monitors
in states with a history of discrimination
By 1967, half of African-Americans in the south had registered to vote
Police attack protestors in Selma to Montgomery march, 1965
34 people killed in the riot
1,000 injured 107,000
participants 16,000 police
and National Guardsmen
intervene
Race Riot in Watts, California
Martin Luther King Jr. in Los Angeles, 1965
the Vietnam era
1965: 375,000 men and women in Vietnam
1968: U.S. involvement peaks at 543,000
only 11 percent of the country opposed the war in 1965
Vietnam war statistics 9 million men and women served in active duty during
the Vietnam war era over 7,000 women served in
Vietnam 58,000 U.S. military
personnel died, 47,000 of those in combat
Another 75,000 “severely disabled”
2,338 Missing in Action 766 Prisoners of War
Total Vietnamese killed in their post-World War II war for independence: 3,800,000 Vietnamese killed One out of ten Vietnamese This includes all wars with France,
Cambodia, the United States, China and Japan . . .
and all political murders committed by Ho Chi Minh, Diem, and other political leaders
Vietnamese killed in the U.S./Vietnam War: 1,719,000
Source: R.J. Rummel, “Statistics of Vietnamese Democide,” http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM
The Great Society Programs, 1965-1967 Project Head Start: federal money for poor
schools Medicare Act: health insurance for the elderly Medicaid: federal aid to pay for medical
expenses of the poor The Omnibus Housing Act: rent subsidies for
the poor Public Broadcasting: Federal aid for non-
commercial radio and television
Napalm gasoline,
napthenic acid and palm oil
burns the flesh off of its victims sucks oxygen
from the area and suffocates
people
1967: support for the war begins to wane 71 percent of
U.S. public support the war
August it drops to 61 percent
October it slips to 58 percent
The Fair Housing Act, 1968
Federal law prohibits discrimination because of . . . Race or color National origin Religion Sex (gender) Familial status (including children under the age of
18 living with parents or legal custodians, pregant women)
Disability
The Presidential Election of 1968
Richard Nixon, 43.42% (301 electoral votes)
Hubert Humphrey, 42.72% (191)
George Wallace, 8.55% (46)
Richard Nixon
Women enter the workforce, 1950-1980 (numbers on right in thousands)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1950 1960 1970 1980
20-2425-4445-64
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act(a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice
for an employer - (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin . . .”
The Patriarchy State
Newspaper jobs divided into male and female Government manuals used “he” and “she” to
describe managers and secretaries Women could not establish businesses without a
male consigner Quotas for women in professional schools Higher university admission standards for women Laws permitting husbands to beat their wives Employers could fire women for weighing too much
1967-1979: insurgent Second Wave Feminism Legal actions sex discrimination against
women on the job Lawsuits against separate want ads for
women and men EEOC suits against discrimination in wages
and promotions Actions against separate standards for
women and men in university admissions