Chemical Equilibrium Brown, LeMay Ch 15 AP Chemistry Monta Vista High School 1.
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Transcript of Brown, LeMay Ch 25 AP Chemistry Monta Vista High School Problem Set: #5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, 23...
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Brown, LeMay Ch 25AP Chemistry
Monta Vista High School
Problem Set: #5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, 23 (not c), 41(not c), 44;Recommended: #2, 16, 17, 43, 69
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25.1: Organic ChemistryThe study of carbon compounds, but not
limited to living systemsBiochemistry: study of the chemistry of living
things
Hydrocarbons are Compounds composed of only C and H
Combust to form CO2 and H2O Hydrocarbons have a
-parent carbon chain: It is the longest continuous carbon chain (does not have to be straight)- and a side substituent: Ex: alkyl groups 2
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25.2: Intro to HydrocarbonsTypes:1. Alkanes: contain only single C-C bonds.
General formula Cn H2n+2, ending -ane Also called saturated (contain the maximum # of
H’s) Ex. Methane, Ethane etc.
Unsaturated: contain < maximum # of H’s2. Alkenes: contain at least one C=C bond.
General Formula CnH2n, ending - ene3. Alkynes: contain at least one C≡C bond.
General Formula CnH2n-2, ending - yne4. Aromatics: C’s connected in a planar ring
(contain and bonds) and have delocalization. Contain benzene ring, ex: benzene, chlorobenzene
3
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Organic Nomenclature
Originally formulated by IUPAC in 1892(http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/)
1. Find the longest continuous chain of C atoms; use the name of this chain as the base of the compound’s name. This is called the parent carbon chain.1 = meth- 2 = eth- 3 = prop- 4 = but- 5 = pent-6 = hex- 7 = hept- 8 = oct- 9 = non- 10 = dec-
4
prefix base suffix
What substituents?How many carbons in longest
chain?
What “family”?
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2. Number the C atoms in the longest chain, beginning with the end nearest to a substituent. If different substituents are present, give the lowest number to the substituent with highest priority (see list on the website). The idea is to number the parent carbon chain to give the side substituents the lowest numbering.Priority List: carboxylic acid> aldehyde> ketone>alcohol> double or triple bond> alkyl grouphttp://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/orgnom/functional/func.html
5
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3. Name and give the location (carbon #) of each substituent as prefixes or suffixes. (It varies.)
4. When 2 or more substituents are present, name them in alphabetical order as prefixes
When 2 or more of the same substituents are present, use a Greek prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, …)
Examples:
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Saturated hydrocarbonsAlkanes: CnH2n+2; suffix is -ane
Cycloalkanes: CnH2n (n>2); prefix is cyclo-C’s bonded in a ring; not planar like an aromatic
compound (except cyclopropane)Ex: Draw Lewis structures of the first 4
cycloalkanes and name them.
7
cyclopropanecyclobutane cyclohexane
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Ways to represent Organic Compounds
Molecular Formula Ex: C4H10
condensed formula Ex:
H3C–CH2–CH2–CH3 or CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Structural formula Ex:
8
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Understanding CheckDraw condensed formula and structural
formula for the following: C3H8
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Ex: Name all the molecules.CH4 C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
10
methane ethane
propane
butane
2-methylpropane
2,2-dimethylpropane
pentane
2-methylbutane
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Write the name of the following:
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
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______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
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Draw condensed structural formulas for the following hydrocarbons:•2,3-dimethylpentane
•2,4-dimethylhexane
•Cyclohexane
•2,2-dimethylpropane
•2,4-dimethyl-1-hexene
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•2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene
•cis-2,3-dichloro-2-butene
•1,1,2-trichloroethane
•1,2-methylcyclohexane
•1,4-dichlorobenzene
•1-chloro-2-butyne
•1,3-cyclohexadiene
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25.4 – 25.5: Functional GroupsNotation:“R” stands for:
Alkyl group, such as -CH3
-C2H5
-C3H7, etc. H
Carbonyls: contain a C=O
15
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Name of group
Formula of group
Suffix Name
Example structure
Example chemical
name
Carboxylic acid
O ||
R-C-OH
or
“R-COOH”
-oic acid
Ester
O ||
R-C-O-R
or
“R-COOR”
-yl ___oate
methanoic acid
ethyl propanoate
propyl ethanoate
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Aldehyde
O
||
R-C-H
or
“R-CHO”
-al
KetoneO
||
R-C-R
-one
Alcohol
R-O-H
or
“R-OH”
-ol (suffix if highest priority)
hydroxyl- (prefix if
lower priority)
2-methyl- butanal
2-butanone
2,3-pentadiol
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Ether R-C-O-C-R ___ ether
Amine R-NH2 -amineNH2
NH2
diethyl ether
2,2-pentadiamine
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Alkene \ / C=C / \
-ene
Alkyne R-C≡C-R -yne
Halide R-X
halo-
(bromo-, chloro-, fluoro-, iodo-)
1-propene
2-butyne
2-bromopropane
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Cycloalkene
C ring with
double bond(s)
cyclo-___-ene
Cycloalkane C ringcyclo-
___-ane
Alkane-(CH2)n-
CH3
-yl(as
functional group) or
-ane
cycloheptane
1-cyclopentene
2,3-dimethylbutane
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Isomers:Compounds with same molecular formula but different
structures (different bonding arrangements)There are two main types of isomers:1. Structural Isomers: Same formula but differ in the
arrangement of atoms around the carbon chain. Structural isomers can be:
a. branched chain (depending on C chain)b. positional (position of a side group)c. functional group isomers (position of a functional
group). 2. Stereoisomers: Same formula but different 3-D
orientation. They can be of two types: a. Geometric Isomers ( cis, trans, double bonded C
atoms only) b. Optical Isomers (3D- orientation different-
chirality)21
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Ex: Draw all the structural isomers for...CH4 C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
22
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25.4: Geometric Isomers (cis-trans)Alkenes: CnH2n; prefix is bond #; suffix is –
ene(more than one double bond: –diene, -triene)
Geometrical isomers: same formula & same groups, but different structures.
cis- groups with highest priority on same side ofbond axis (high priority = high atomic
mass)trans- groups with highest priority diagonal/across
thedouble bond
Ex: Draw and name all the isomers of C4H8.
23
x
y
x
y
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The essential requirement for this stereoisomerism is that each carbon of the double bond must have two different substituent groups (one may be hydrogen). This is illustrated by the following general formulas. In the first example, the left-hand double bond carbon has two identical substituents (A) so stereoisomerism about the double bond is not possible (reversing substituents on the right-hand carbon gives the same configuration). In the next two examples, each double bond carbon atom has two different substituent groups and stereoisomerism exists, regardless of whether the two substituents on one carbon are the same as those on the other.Credits: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/sterisom.htm
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Credit: Google Images
Two molecules are optical isomers if they are non super imposable, mirror images of each other.http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Flick/chem341/opticalisomers.html
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*25.7: ChiralityChiral: a molecule having a
nonsuperimposable mirror image(Originally discovered by Louis Pasteur)Compounds containing C atoms with four
different substituents are inherently chiral
Optical isomers or enantiomers: nonsuperimposable mirror images Labeled “L” (levo, left-handed) and “D” (dextro,
right-handed)Racemic: a mixture containing both
enantiomers (both L and D)
26http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/chiral/
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Alkynes: CnH2n-2; prefix is bond #; suffix is–yneReactions: unsaturated molecules are more
chemically reactive than saturated compounds
Addition: H3C-C≡C-CH3 + Br2 → ?
Hydrogenation:CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 → ?
27
Br―Br
→ H3C-C=C-CH3|Br
|Br
H―H→ H3C-CH―CH-CH3|
H|H
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Aromatics: named like alkanes, but primarily based on benzenePrefix describes relative positions of
substituents:ortho- 2 substituents next to each othermeta- 2 substituents separated by one Cpara- 2 substituents separated by two C’s
28
ortho- meta- para-
Naphthalene: “mothballs”