Brother enemy
Transcript of Brother enemy
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg
Nay:an; can;da
ERbsRmÜleday eTB em:gXan
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
ÉksarbkERbTI5énmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Nay:an; can;da ³ sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg
ERbsRmÜlCaPasaExµreday eTB em:gXan BinitünigEksRmÜleday qaMg yu RkahViknigkMuBüÚrT½rkarIeday Kwm
suvNÑdanI rcnaRkb nig tYesovePAeday qaMg yu nig Kwm suvNÑdanI e)aHBum<pSayelIkTI1 enAqñaM2006
rkSasiT§i
Translation Series No.5 Documentation Center of Cambodia
Nayan Chanda: Brother Enemy, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge RevolutionTranslated by Tep Meng Khean Edited by Youk Chhang Graphic by Kim Sovanndany Cover and
Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany Printed in Cambodia, 2007 Copyright
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Searching for the truth.Documentation Center of CambodiaP.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, CambodiaTel.: + 855 (23) 211-875Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358Email: [email protected]: www.dccam.org
DISCLAMER
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
TsSn³beBa©jenAkñúgesovePAenH KWrbs;GñkniBn§Etmñak;Kt;.
ISBN-10: 99950-6-08-6
lsxG-10³ 99950-6-08-6
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-08-4
lsxG-13³ 978-99950-60-08-4
Printed in Cambodia
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haNUy nigbnÞab;BIkarvayRbharmUldæanT½Bnanarbs;evotNam kñúgTwkdIkm<úCarYcmk. kñúgEpñkénkar
eqøIyqøgKñatamsMbuRtEdlsresredayeRbIsBaØasm¶at;enH eKGacTajehtuCasMGagCaBisskar
snüay:ag»Larikrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaH eL DwkfU nUvXøafa «edaykareKarBy:agesµaHs½µRKnigGs;BI
dYgcitþ»EdlKat;enAEteKarBedayx¢ab;x¢ÜncMeBaHmaKa’ «samKÁIPaBd¾CitsñiT§ nigmitþPaBCabgb¥Ún nig
bdivtþrvagRbeTskm<úCanigevotNam»Canic©39. TaMgsßirPaBEpñkkmøaMgkñúgépÞbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
TaMgsßankarN_CatinigGnþrCatienABuMTan;eFVI[mankarRbQmmuxmYyedaypÞal;CamYyevotNamenA
eLIyeT. eKetagEtrg;caMbIqñaMEfmeTot.
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RBwtþikarN_mYyEdlhak;dUcCarnÞH)aj;kNþaléf¶Ecs)anmkdl; eGog sarI ]bnaykrdæm®nþI
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶TI13 Extula qñaM976. kñúgdMeNIrRtLb;BIRkúgjÚvy:kmkvij bnÞab;BIkar
ehaHehIrmYyEdleFVI[Gs;kmøaMg eGog sarI EdleTIbmkdl;nievsndæanrbs;Kat;enATIRkúgEbl®háad
(Belgrade) esÞIrEtminTan;RsYlbYlpg Rsab;Etelak Duysan háas):arI RbFannaykdæanGasuIénTIsþI
karRksYgkarbreTsyUehÁasøavI EdlCaGñkTak;TgsMxan;bMputrbs;Kat;enATIRkúgEbl®hÁad )anedIrcUl
mkkñúgbnÞb;TTYlePJóvedaybeBa©jTwkmuxKYr[xøac. háas):arI )anR)ab;dMNwgfa «Ék]tþm¡ ´)anTTYl
karENnaM[pþl;B½t’manR)ab;elakGMBIkarvivtþénsßankarN_cugeRkayenHenARbeTscin. rdæm®nþIkar
breTscineTIbnwgGHGagBIkarcab;xøÜnelakRsIcag Qij/ hSagCunCIv/ y:avviunyn; nig v:aghugevn BI
bTeFVIskmµPaBRbqaMgbkSnigrdæ». eRkaymk háas):arI )anerobrab;fa eBlenaHQam)anRcal
RkhmeBjépÞmuxEdlRsLaMgkaMgrbs; sarI mYyrMeBc ³ «eT¡ vaBuMGaceTACadUecñHeT GñkTaMgenaHsuT§Et
CasmasPaBd¾l¥. sarI eBalrGU‘tic²edaysMeLgmYyEdleKsþab;swgEtminB¤»1.
taMgBIsrTrdUvqñaM1971 CakalbriecäTEdlKat;sßitenARkúgeb:kaMgkñúgzan³CatMNagbkSkumµúy
nIsþkm<úCaGmbkSkumµúynIsþcin sarI )ancgmitþPaBCamYyBYkr:aDIkal;CaeRcInnak;. BYkyuvCn nigGñk
EdlrIkrayxøaMg)ankøayeTACamnusSsMxan;enAsm½ybdivtþn_vb,Fm’d¾RcbUkRcbl;kñúgeBlEdl em:A
CMruj[BYkqµaMRkhm«bM)ak;muxBYkvrCn»rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcin nige)assm¥atKuNvibtþiepSg²énlT§i
esIerIniym. CaBiess y:av vuinyn; EdlCamitþd¾CitsñiT§bMputrbs; sarI. y:av CaGñkTietonxagGkSr
sa®sþénRkúgs‘agéhEdleKminsUvsÁal; )ankøayeTACasmaCikkariyal½yneya)ay enAqñaM1964.
Kat;manKMnitmincUlcitþ ¬s¥b;edaymindwgerOgGVI¦ cMeBaH semþc sIhnu dUcemdwknaMExµrRkhmEdr eday
BYkenHcat;TuksemþcCamnusS«RbtikiriyataMgBIeCIgrhUtdl;k,al»2. cMeBaH sarI mitþPaBenHman
sarsMxan;EmnETn BIeRBaHedayBit y:av manmuxnaTI dwknaMKN³kmµaFikarkic©karbreTsénKN³
mCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþcin. BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhmdwgfa TisedAeqVgRCúlrbs;xøÜnRtÚv)anFanaGHGag
edaykarKaMRTrbs;cin lÁwkNa y:av nigbkSBYkEdlmanKMnitdUcKña nwgenAEtsßitkñúgmuxtMENg.
GaRs½yehtuenH eTIbeRkayBIenaHbnþic sarI etagEtesuIb[dwgBIerOgcab;xøÜnbNþamitþPkþid¾
CitsñiT§ nigyuT§ikCnrbs;Kat;EdlekIteLIgBIréf¶eRkaykarecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BIRkúgeb:kaMgeTARkúg
83
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elx2341 EdldwknaMedayGtItGgÁrkSrbs; em:A KW v:agdugsuIg )aneFVIkarsRmúkcUlrh½sdUc
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naykrdæm®nþIsþITI hVa KUehVg nigrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTsesnaRbmux ey CanyIgEdlsuT§EtCaeCIgcas;
énbdivtþn_ )anerobcMRbtibtþikarmYyCamYy v:ag nigRtÜtBinitüedayxøÜnKat;pÞal; y:agehackarcat;
karrbs;Kat;eTAelIkarpþac;crnþGKÁisnIsRmab;sßanIy_TUrTsSn_Edr.
b:uEnþTaMgkñúg»kasénkarQb;sMctbIéf¶enATIRkúgeb:kaMg TaMgkñúgkarCYbBiPakSaenAGgÁkarsh
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k,t;enAeb:kaMg. BIréf¶munKat;cakecjBIRkúgjÚvy:keTAkan;TIRkúgEbl®háad Kat;RtÚv)anGeBa¢IjCa
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cagQIg fa BYkr:aDIkal;ElgmanP½BVsMNageTotehIy fVIebIBYkeKCamnusSCitsñiT§bMputnwg em:A Edl
eBlenaHCitsøab;eTAehIyk¾eday. bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþI CU eGnLay enAEx
mkra qñaM1976 BYkeK)anRbwgERbgEsVgrkkarKaMRTBI em:A edIm,Ikm©at;kareLIgsñgtMENgrbs;
mnusSEdl CU KaMBarKWGñkRbtibtþiniym etg s‘avBIg. b:uEnþ R)akdNas; elakRbFan em:A mincg;[
cagQij nigRkúmrbs;nageLIgmkCMnYseLIy. KWehtuenHehIy)anCaKat;eRCIserIsm®nþIbkSmñak;
eQµaH hVa KUehVg EdleKsÁal;c,as;BIsmancitþeqVgniymrbs;Kat;[eFVICanaykrdæm®nþIsþITICaCagyk
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køayeTACaRbFanbkS. ExµrRkhm nig b:ul Bt CaBiess eGog sarI )antamBinitüemIldMeNIr
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etg s‘avBIg». tamkarGHGagrebobminc,as;fa bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCanwgsVaKmn_ hVa edayeBjcitþ
kñúgkrNIEdlKat;edIrtambnÞat;neya)ayrbs;RkúmbdivtþeqVgniym.
k¾b:uEnþvac,as;Nas;fa rdæRbharenARkúgeb:kaMgEdleFVI)anseRmcedayKµanbgðÚrQam)an
bNþal[mankarKitsµanTukCamunnUvkarbþÚrTismYyeTArksþaMniymvij ehIyRbEhlCamankarvil
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rbs; rUm:anI nigcin)an[dwgfa eRkayBIkarQb;sMcty:agxøIenARbeTsrUm:anI nigyUehÁasøavI emdwknaM
ExµrRkhm)ancakecjBITIRkúgbu‘ykaer:s ¬rdæFanIRbeTsrUm:anI¦ enAéf¶TI16 Extula qñaM1976.
tmkeTot Rsab;Et)at;muxElgeXIj Tal;Et25éf¶eRkaymkeTot eTIbelcmuxKat;CafµIenARkúg
PñMeBj. tamFmµta Kat;RtÚvCiHynþehaHmYyeRKÓgrbs;Rkúmh‘un Tarom rbs;rUm:anI eq<aHmkRkúgeb:kaMg
sinCakEnøgEdlKat;RtÚvrg;caMeCIgynþehaHrbs;cin Edlr:ab;rgkarehaHehIrmkRkúgPñMeBj2eCIgkñúg
mYyEx. RKb;karQb;sMctenARbeTscin sarI EtgEtRtÚv)anTTYlenAGakasyandæanedayGnurdæm®nþI
karbreTsmñak;tamTmøab;dUcsBVdgCanic©. RbsinebIkarqøgkat;manry³eBlelIsBImYyéf¶ mansma
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sarB½t’mancin TaMgsarB½t’mankm<úCa BuMmanelIkykmkniyayBITIkEnøgEdl sarI sßitenAeLIytaMgBI
karecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BITIRkúgb‘uykaer:s mk. enATIbMputviTüúRkúgPñMeBj)anRbkaspSayenA
éf¶TI12 Exvicäika qñaM1976fa Kat;eTIbnwg)anTTYlsartaMgBIÉkGKÁrdæTUtbreTsbInak;. esckþI
bBa¢ak;EdleFVIeLIgCapøÚvkarkñúgkarEtgtaMgrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs sun esn [eFVICardæm®nþIkarbreTssþI
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briecäTenH4.
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eTot. yuvCnTaMgBIrnak;enH)anCYbKñaenAeBlEdlBYkeKsikSaenATIRkúg):arIs. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH
b:ul Bt )ancab;citþRsLaj;bgRsIrbs; FIriT§ KW exov bu:NÑarI EdlCanisSitenA):arIsEdr. minyUr
mnusSmñak;eQµaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsÁal;esaH 85
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)ansñak;enARbeTsciny:agehacNas;k¾bIs)aþh_Edr. karenAes¶óms¶at;rbs;sarB½t’mancin Gac
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GacsgÇwmelIkarKaMRTrbs;RbeTscinmYy EdlGMNwHteTAkMBuglem¥ógeTAsþaMtaMgBImankarTat;ecal
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bMNgRbqaMgrbs;cincMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;evotNamnigkarerobcMTb;Tl;nwgBYksUevotmanTm¶n;
mYyy:agsem,ImCagxdak;lkçxNÐepSg²rbs;emdwknaMcinfµImkelIkm<úCarbs; b:ul Bt eTAeTot. mun
mYyqñaM mitþPaBcin-km<úCanwgRtÚvbBa¢ak;GHGagCafµI ehIyenATIbMput b:ul Bt EdlecjBIPaBGnamik
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manRbPBmkBIRbeTscinfa RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;xøaMgNas; enAeBlEdleFVIkarpSBVpSaykñúgRbeTs
eTaHCaKYrdl;kalk¾eday. KµanbBaðaRBman[dwgBIKMnitminsmehtuplTaMgLaycMeBaHGñkenAkñúgbkS
Edlvaytémøfa b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI eFVIGVI²RCúlhYskñúgRbB½n§neya)aymUlvivdþniym (Radicalisme)
eLIy. sarlixitEdlepJICUn hVa KUehVg BuMRtÚv)anpSBVpSaytamviTüú PñMeBjEdlCaRbPBpþl;B½t’man
EtmYyKt;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlrs;enAray):aytamCMrMRbmUlpþúMeFVIkargarnananigenAdac;q¶ayKña
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nigkarcab;xøÜn«bn4nak;». dMNwgRtÚv)anpSay edayKµaneFVIkarbBa¢ak;GMBIGtþsBaØaNénbNþa
smaCikrbs;«bn»enHbnþicesaHeLIy TaMgminniyay[dwgBIRbePTénbT]Rkidærbs;GñkTaMgenaHpg.
edayKab;CYn KN³RbtiPUesdækic©nigBaNiC¢kmµmYyrbs;km<úCa)ansñak;GaRs½yenARbeTs
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pÞHnUvkarGHGagfa «Rkúgeb:kaMgnwgenAEtCamitþd¾Tukcitþmñak;rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRbCaCnkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyüCanic©kal»5. k¾b:uEnþ lT§plGviC¢manEdleKminGacRbmaNdwgmunkñúgkar«bt;eTAsþaM» Edl
cab;epþImedayRbeTscinmkelIkRmiténCMnYyrbs;xøÜnmk[km<úCa ehIyelIsBIenHeTot mkelIpøÚvcitþ
rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa )aneFVI[ b:ul Bt RBÜy)armÖy:agCak;c,as;. GMNwHteTAenARKb;kal³eTs³
km<úCaEtgEteRkInrMB£k[RbeTscindwgfa smiT§plrbs;bdivtþn_vb,Fm’niyaymü:ageTotKWviFankar
eqVgRCúlhYsehtuTaMgb:unµan EdlcinRbkan;ykenAcenøaHqñaM1966 nig1971 RtÚvEtkarBar[)an
nigBRgIkEfmeTot ehIyfa kartsU‘vNѳ)anbgábegáItCa«kgRcvak;mYy EdlnaMeTArklT§plcug
eRkay»kñúgkarksagRbeTspgEdr. enAéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1976 kñúg»kasCb;elogmYyCakitþiys
dl;KN³RbtiPUénTIPñak;garB½t’mancinfµIenARkúgPñMeBj h‘U nwm rdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man)anEføgsresIr
mnusSmñak;eQµaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsÁal;esaH 87
cMeBaHkarbMpøaj[sabsUnünUv«bn4nak;» b:uEnþKat;)anniyayTukCamunfa RbCaCncin«nwgminbeNþay
[lT§iesIrIniym b¤vNѳmUlFnniymegIbk,aleLIgvij)aneLIy». enHCaRbeyaKsEmþg[eXIj
EfmeTotnUvkarRBÜy)armÖmYyCagkareCOCak;BitR)akdmYy.
karraErkrbs;cin
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ry³esckþIEføgkarN_epSg²rbs;KN³RbtiPUcinEdlmkeFVITsSnkic©CapøÚvkarenARkúgPñMeBj kñúgExFñÚ
KWkarKaMRTrbs;cinmanlkçN³eBjeljelIkElgEtkares¶IcsresIredayeFVImindwgy:agKYrsmnUv
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CMenarxül;BITisxaglic 159
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CMenarxül;BITisxaglic 161
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CMenarxül;BITisxaglic 175
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PaBs¶b;s¶at;munxül;BüúH 247
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edaHsaEterogxøÜn. PUmiPaKbUBa’CaRbPBpþl;kmµaPi)aly:ageRcInsem,ImEdlmanRkúmGñkEbkbkS
BYk b¤GñkEdlRtÚvsmøab;muneBlEdlminGacb:unb:geFVIGVITaMgGs; 35.
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Pwm manedImkMeNItCaksikrEdlmanrUbragFat;k®nÞl duHk,aleBaH muxmUldUcRBHc½nÞKWCamnusSFøab;
)andwknaMclnakumµúynIsþenAPUmiPaKenHrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyPaKbYnénstvtSr_mk
ehIy. enAqañM1954 Kat;k¾manmuxenAkñúgcMeNamCnkumµúynIsþExµrrab;Ban;nak;EdlRtÚvRbmUlpþúMKñaCafµI
enATIRkúghaNUy b:uEnþKat;)anlYcvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij edIm,IerobcMksagbkSCafµI. enAqñaM1963
Kat;)aneLIgzan³cUlkñúgKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS¬esµInwgkariyal½yneya)ayEdr¦. KN³
Gcié®nþy_enHEdlmansmaCikR)aMrUb KWRKb;RKgedayBYkbBaØvnþRbqaMgevotNamrbs; b:ul Bt ehIy
manEtKat;¬esa Pwm¦mñak;b:ueNÑaH EdlmanedImkMeNItCaksikr. kñúgGMLúgbNþaqñaMeFVIs®gÁamT½BéRB
RbqaMgrbb ln; nl; Kat;)ankøayeTACanayGKÁesnaFikarrgénkgT½Brbs;ExµrRkhm. kñúgGMLúg
TsvtSr_60nig70 Kat;)ancUlrYmshkary:agCitsñiT§CamYyBYkkumµúynIsþevotNam ebITukCaman
karregáóscitþKñamþgmáalk¾eday. \T§iBlrbs;Kat;kñúgPUmiPaKeRkayqñaM1975manrwtEtxøaMgeLIg
EfmeTot enAeBlEdlKat;)ankan;kab;muxtMENgBIrEtmñak;ÉgKWsmaCikKN³Gcié®nþy_pg nigCaelxa
bkSPUmiPaKpg. mnusSCaeRcInvaytémøfa PUmiPaKbUBa’RtÚvCMBak;KuNKat;cMeBaHPaBsm,ÚrN_sb,ay
EdlmineTogrbs;PUmiPaKenH b:uEnþ GñkÉkeTsenAEtBicarNaenAeLIy GMBItYnaTIrbs;Kat;enAkñúgkar
smøab;rgÁalenATwkpþac;RBR½t.
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg286
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kñúgPaBRcbUkRcbl;EdlekItmanbnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;kgT½BRkúghaNUy kgÉkPaBT½BmYycMnYn
rbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a )an)aj;kaMePøIgtTl;KñaCamYykmøaMgT½BCMnYyrbs;mCÄimEdleTIbnwgmkdl;BIPUmiPaK
kNþal. edaykgÉkPaBTaMgenH)ak;T½Brt;x©at;x©ayenAcMeBaHmuxkarrulmkmuxrbs;evotNamkalBI
mun enAeBlenHkgT½BTaMgenaHRtÚvCab;sgS½yy:agxøaMgBIkarXubXitCamYysRtÚv. mþgmYy²
kmµaPi)alT½BTaMgGs;EdlmannaTICanirsarrbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a RBmTaMgbNþaembBa¢akarkgBlFMrbs;
PUmiPaKkNþalEdlcUlrYmkñúgkarRbyuT§enH RtÚv)anekaHehAmkRkúgPñMeBjedIm,I«RbCMu» ehIyRtÚv)at;
xøÜnedayKµaneXIjvilRtLb;eTAvijCaerogrhUt. ÉksarCaeRcInenAKukTYlEsøg)anbgðajfa rhUt
mkdl;éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM1978 cMnYnGñkeTasEdlmkBIPUmiPaKbUB’aman409nak; KWeRcInelIsBI
cMnYnGñkeTasmkBIPUmiPaKBay½BürhUtdl;eTAdb;dg. enAéf¶bnÞab; mnusScMnYnémÖR)aMbInak;eTotRtÚvExµr
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BIrrbs;PUmiPaKkNþalEdle)aHTItaMgRbcaMenAPUmiPaKbUB’a k¾RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnpgEdr. embBa¢akarmñak;
kñúgcMeNamBIrnak;EdldwknaMbBa¢akgBlFMelx290 maneQµaHfa ehg tal; EdlRKb;RKgbBa¢aelI
kgBlFMelx290. Kat;KWCabgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs; ehg sMrin 36.
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GVI²TaMgGs;RKan;EtCatYelxb:ueNÑaH. yuT§mñak;kñúgCYrrbs;eyIgRtÚvEtsmøab;evotNam[)ansamsib
nak;. >>>niyaymü:ageTot karxUcxaterogxøÜnnwgsßitenAkñúgpleFobKWmYyTl;nwgsamsib EdltRmÚv
[eyIgmin)ac;bBa¢ÚnmnusSR)aMbIlannak;¬RbCaCnEdl):an;sµanenARbeTskm<úCa¦[cUlRbyuT§eT.
dUecñHeyIgRtÚvkarmnusSEtBIrlannak;b:ueNÑaH sRmab;kemÞcevotNamcMnYnhasiblannak; ehIy
eyIgnwgenAsl;RbCaCnR)aMmYylannak;eTot». karcab;epþImeFVImYyEdlRbkbedaymhicätakúñgkar
TamTar[mankarcUlRbyuT§TaMgRsugBIsMNak;kgT½B bkS nigRbCaCnTaMgmUl «eyIgRtÚvEte)assm¥at
CYrT½BnigbkSrbs;eyIg[s¥atbrisuT§ ehIyk¾RtÚve)assm¥atkñúgCYrmhaCn[dUcKñaEdr kñúgeKalbMNg
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karGuCGal[rwtEtmanerOgFM 287
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Edr. TIbMput enAeBlEdlKat;)andwgBIkarcab;xøÜnembBa¢akarkgBlFMTaMgBIrrbs;PUmiPaKkNþal Edl
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edaysarstism,CBaسeKarBvin½ybkSrbs;Kat; nigPaBR)akdkñúgcitþrbs;Kat;fa karcab;xøÜnmnusS
y:ageRcInnigkarsmøab;mnusSy:agrgÁalenH BMuGacqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIsarCatiBitR)akdrbs;bdivtþn_
eLIy. enAeBlEdlkare)assm¥atrIkraldalkan;EtxøaMgeLIg² ehIyEdlKµanGVIGacbBaÄb;)anenaH
Kat;hak;dUcCaRtÚveFVI[Pan;PaMgRsLaMgkaMgElgeFVIGVIekIt. pÞúyeTAvijtameyabl;elak sÞIvehVn
hIuD½r fa bnÞab;BIkarvaybukTmøúHrbs;evotNamenAExFñÚ esa Pwm )anRtÚvr:UvKñaCamYy b:ul Bt edIm,I
km©at;smaCikénbBa¢akardæankgT½Brbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;. sRmab;emdwknaMmñak;rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
rebobEtmYyKt;kñúgkarykrYcxøÜncMeBaHbraC½ymYy KWmanEtTmøak;karTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIk,t;eTA
elIGñkenAeRkambgÁab;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaH huID½r yl;fa «vaBitR)akdNas;nUvGVIEdl esa Pwm )andwknaM
enAeBlRbwgERbgRTRTg;vibulPaBminR)akdmYykñúgPUmiPaKbUB’a nigsakl,gcat;EcgerobcMkgT½BTaMg
tMbn; k¾dUcCamUldæan b:uEnþKat;BMu)andwgfa xøÜnKat;pÞal;CamnusSEdlRtÚvsgS½yEdreT»38.
ebIBinitü[eRCARCHeTA etI)ankarGVIebI esa Pwm EdlCaemdwknaMRbkbedayectnaRtwmRtÚvmñak;
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esckþITukcitþeTAehIyenaH? GVIEdlRtÚvKitKWfa karBüayamTaMgGs;sgÇwmrbs;Kat; edIm,IerIbRmHecj
BIdegáóbEdlrYbrwtmkelIKat; muxCabeBaäH[mans®gÁamsuIvilmYyEdlkan;EtsahavéRBépSeLIg²
rhUtdl;mankarcUleFVIGnþraKmn_saCafµIrbs;evotNam EdlelIkenHmanTMhMFMeFgbMput.
enAcugEx]sPa qñaM1978 Ek Bk emdwknaMPUmiPaKkNþalEdl b:ul Bt cat;[TTYlParkic©dwknaM
eFVIkare)assm¥atepSg²)anepJIeTA[ esa Pwm nUv«sMbuRtGeBa¢IjRbCMu»mYy. Pwm )andwgR)akdBIGVI
EdlKat;RtÚvRbkan;Gakb,kiriyay:agNa²ehIykñúgerOgenH. edayévqøatKat;)anbBa¢ÚnnirsarbInak;
EdlkñúgenaHmanfñak;dwknaMbkSCan;x<s;mñak;pg[eTAesuIbsYrBIkmµvtßúénkarRbCMuenH b:uEnþKµaneXIjGñk
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ecjq¶ayeTAehIy EdlGmdMeNIredayRbBn§ kUn² nigGgÁrkSCaeRcInnak;rbs;Kat;edayePosxøÜntam
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eTotpg. tameyabl; huID½r fa «Pwm eCOfakgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKkNþal)anRbRBwtþhYsBIbTbBa¢arbs;
mCÄim. edayehtuenH Kat;bBa¢a[kUnecArbs;Kat;RbyuT§tTl;eTAvij rhUtTal;EteFVIy:agNa[ b:ul
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eKaledAEdlRtÚvvayRbharBIsMNak;KN³dwknaMmCÄimbkSeLIy enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt RtÚvjúaMg[
eCOCak;taMgBIEx]sPa qñaM1978mkfa Kat;¬esa Pwm¦CaemdwknaM«bkSBlkrkm<úCa»lYclak;mYy
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bBa¢Únnirsarmñak;[erobcMkarTak;TgKñaCadMbUgmYy. enAéf¶TI2 Exmifuna qñaM1978 «KN³kmµaFikar
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kmøaMgT½B. Pwm cab;nwksgS½ycMeBaHGVI²EdlenArg;caMKat;CaeRsc. Kat;)andkkaMePøIgxøIrbs;Kat;
)aj;cMkNþaledImRTÚgsøab;)at;bg;CIvitPøammYyrMeBc40.
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg318
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kic©karneya)ay EdlecHniyayPasaevotNamdUcKat;Edr[eFVIdMeNIreTARkúghaNUyenAExFñÚ
edIm,Icab;epþImBinitüemIlTItaMgsRmab;sagsg;sßanTUtnigEpnkarerobcMmYy.
b:uEnþCadMbUg haF½r )aneTABinitüBic½yGKarepSg²énGtItsßanTUtevotNamxagt,ÚgenA
TIRkúgv:asuInetansin munnwgRbKl;[RkúghaNUyeRbIR)as;. enHKWkarRsavRCavtaMgBIedImmkvij.
kRmalRBMsuT§EtduHpSit ehIyrUbKMnUrEdlBüÜrnwgCBa¢aMgeLIgeRbHEbkRska b:uEnþebIBinitü[l¥itl¥n;
GVI²TaMgGs;BuMmanpøas;bþÚreT taMgBIkarcakecjrbs;GñkkarTUtevotNamxagt,ÚgkalBIExmIna qñaM
1975. TsSnavdþIEfm nigjÚvsVic cas;²Edlerobrab;BIRBwtþikarN_énkardYlrlMrbs;RkúgéRBnKr
enArat;rayelItuCamYycanKRKicCaeRcIn EdlbBa¢ak;[dwgBIkarbriePaKGaharcugeRkaymYy. kariya
l½yTTYlbnÞúkemIlxusRtÚvGKarepSg²rbs;breTs (Bâtiments étrangers) )anbdiesFminTTYlbnÞúkeFVI
karCYsCulEdlcaM)ac;xanmin)aneT ebITukCamankarsnüaEdleFVICamYykariyal½yenHBIkarsgR)ak;
enAeBlxagmuxk¾eday. rYcmkehIyEdlkarcMNaysRmab;GsgðarimkmµrfynþepSg²rbs;GtIt
sßanTUtRtÚvFøak;mkelIkariyal½yenH¡.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg326
GVI²TaMgenHKµan)anRbeyaCn_esaHeLIy. edaymin[RksYgkarbreTsdwg estvimankMBug
EttRmÚv[RBwtþikarN_epSg²RbRBwtþeTAtamdMeNIrmYyxusKñaTaMgRsug.
Rkúgv:asuInetanbgðajBIeKalbMNgepSg²rbs;cin
enAeRkayeBlcb;karsnÞnaCamYy fac; naevlayb;éf¶TI27 ExkBaØa hUlRb‘Úk nigeGKIb rbs;
Kat;)ancakecjBIsßanKN³ebskkmµrbs;evotNam ehIykarebIksßanTUtmYyrbs;GaemrikaMgTMng
CaBit. b:uEnþ GñkxøHenAEtsgS½yminGs;minehIy. mIEsðl GUesnbWk nwkeXIjsmþIEdlniyayeTA
kan; hUlRb‘Úk fa «DIk ¬CaeQµaHehAeRkArbs; hUlRb‘Úk¦ evotNam)ane)akbeBaäatelakKWBYkeK
cMGk[elak». hUlRb‘Úk )anRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥IlBIPaBsVitsVajrbs; fac; EdlxaMRkajnwgkarTamTar
CMnYyEpñkesdækic©rbs;Kat; ³ «Tal;Etdl;naTIcugeRkay eTIbKat;e)aHbg;karTamTarCaGaTiPaBenH
eRkamkarqaeqArMxanrbs;hUlRb‘Úk. bnÞab;BIenaHeTA fac; manbMNgfaRtÚverobcM[manBiFIsar
RBmeRBógKñamYy eTaHbICaKat;dwgfaenHBuMEmnCaTMenomTmøab;karTUtk¾eday». GUesnbWk )anRtÚvjúaMg
[eCOCak;fa evotNamRKan;EtbeBaäatBiPBelakb:ueNÑaH ehIycg;bgðajxøÜnfaCaemKMniténkareFVI[
manRbRktIPaB b:uEnþKµanbMNgeFVI[ecjCalT§plBitR)akdeT. tamKat;yl; PaBbnþKñaénRBwtþikarN_
epSg²enAsrTrdUvqñaM1978)anTajRbeTsTaMgBIreTArkTispÞúyKña. «édTaMgBIrlUkeTArkKña b:uEnþ
R)akdNas;favanwgmineQagdl;Kña)aneT»29.
GUesnbWk manbMNgbkRsayerOgr:aveLIgvij bnÞab;BIkarb:HTgÁicKñamYykþarEmnb¤?
b¤mYykardwgehtumunrbs;Kat;TMngCaEp¥keTAelIkardwgfa Kat;manGriPaBnwg Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI cMeBaHkareFVI[
manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNameTdwg? BIeRBaHenATIbMput Kat;KµansgS½yesaHeLIyfa enA
eBlenaH RkúghaNUy)aneRtómeFVIBlIkmµy:ageRcInedIm,IQaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBógmYy. karraErk
rbs; fac; dUcEdl hUlRb‘Úk yl;FøúHBIerOgenHKWRKan;EtCal,icklmYynigCakarsakl,gcugeRkay
mYy edIm,IeFVI[TTYl)anBIshrdæGaemriknUvkarsnüapþl;EpñkhirBaØvtßúmYyb:ueNÑaH. evotNamyl;
eXIjfa BYkeKminGacRbTHeRKaHfñak;FMduMeT ebIRKan;EtPan;RcLMbnþicbnþÜcenaH ehIyBYkeKeCOfa kic©
RBmeRBógnwgseRmcecjCarUbrageLIgPøambnÞab;BIkare)aHbg;minniyayBIGaTiPaBénkarpþl;CMnYyCa
munrbs;xøÜn.
hUlRb‘Úk KµanKMnitTuTidæiniymdUc GUesnbWk Tal;EtesaH. Kat;minbgðaj[eXIjfa ]bsKÁ
epSg²minsUvsMxan;eT b:uEnþ Kat;k¾mineCOfa ]bsKÁTaMgenaHminGacBuHBar)anEdr. TsSn³rbs;
Yankee RtLb;mkvijmk¡ 327
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI minEmnfa Kat;mindwgenaHeT. k¾b:uEnþ Kat;RBÜy)armÖBIkarcUlBak;B½n§Cayfaehtukñúgs®gÁam
RBMEdnmYy rvagevotNamnigkm<úCaeRBaHEtmhaGMNacnana. munbnþicénkarCYbrbs;Kat;CamYy fac;
ynþehaHQøbykkarN_mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlkMBugehaHehIrEk,reqñrsmuRTPaKkNþalRbeTs
evotNam)ancab;)ankarTak;TgKñatamviTüúEdlbgðaj[dwgfa kgT½BeqñImrbs;evotNammYykgBl
FMkMBugEtraybNþak;KñaenAtamRBMEdnrbs;km<úCa. kareFVIclnarbs;kgT½BRtÚv)anRbkas[dwgCa
saFarN³fa enATIenHnigTIenaH. r:ahVaEGl yunháWric CaGñkÉkeTsd¾eqñImelIseKxagbBaða\NÐÚcin
enAkñúgEpñkesuIbkarN_sm¶at;énRksYgkarbreTs)anniyayTukCamun enAExsIhafa evotNamnwgmin
RtÚvkareBlevlaR)aMmYyExedIm,IpþÜlrMlMrbb b:ul Bt eT30.
karxitcUlCitKñac,as;las;bMputrvagsUevot-evotNam EdlCaP½sþútagénkarcUlCasmaCik
GgÁkarkUemkugkñúgeBlfµI² )anrYmbgáCamUlehtuRBÜy)armÖmYyeTot. hUlRb‘Úk )anbegðIberOgenH
R)ab; fac; Edr. fac; )aneqøIyR)ab;Kat;vijfa «ectnarbs;eyIgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³Ca
karkarBarxøÜnsuT§saF. enHCaerOgmYyEdlKYrTTYlyk)an ehIyBYkGaemrikaMgRtÚv)anR)ab;[dwg
BIkarqµk;vayRbharrbs;ExµrRkhm EdleTIbmanfµI²enAmçageToténRBMEdn. yunháWric )anniyay
R)ab;´Casm¶at;fa «tamkarBit hUlRb‘Úk nigeyIg TaMgGs;Kña)ankan;eCIgBYkevotNamGMBIbBaðaenH
rhUtdl;cugqñaM1978/ faG‘ÍcwgeTAcuH. evotNam)anRtÚvExµrRkhmrMelaPbMBaneTAelITwkdIpÞal;
rbs;eK k¾dUcrMelaPBYkéfEdrebI»kashuc[. sRmab;eyIg b:ul Bt KWCaEqáqáÜtmYyk,al CamnusS
EdleKmincUlcitþRKb;KñaenAkñúgtMbn; nigCaKMrUePrvCnpg»31.
v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk Kitfa vtþmanrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkñúgtMbn;d¾vwkvrenHnwgedIrtYnaTIeFVI[FUr
RsalmYy. KWeRkamTsSn³enHehIyEdlGñkTaMgBIrmanbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBEpñkkarTUtCamYy
RbeTscinnigRbeTsevotNam. d,itGI ebIsinCaCemøaHépÞkñúglT§ikumµúynIsþrYmbgáCakarKMramkMEhg
mYycMeBaHsßirPaBtMbn; vaGacCa»kaseFVI[\T§iBlrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuIkeRmIkeLIgvijEdr.
rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGU®sþalI elak eGnRDÚ PIxUk )anyl;RsbnwgTsSn³enHTaMgRsug. karRbkas[
dwgCasaFarN³nUvkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNam )aneFVI[Kat;eBareBjeTAeday
karsb,ayrIkrayy:agxøaMg ebIeTaHbICaKat;eCOfa GacenAmandMeNIrEvgq¶ayeTAmuxeTotk¾eday.
PIxUk )anniyayR)ab;eKÉgfa «enAeBlEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ekItmaneLIg dUecñH´yl;fa vaKYrdl;
eBlevlaEdlbNþaRbeTsxøH-RbeTsGU®sþalICa]TahrN_ b:uEnþ RbeTskaNada nig nUEv:lehSLg;
Edr-RtÚvcab;epþImbnþkarsnÞnaEpñkkarTUteLIgvijCamYyRbeTskm<úCaehIy edaykuMePøcR)ab;[
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg328
RbeTscindwgBIKMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgGs;EdlnwgRtÚvRbkan;ykeTAtamTisenHpg. ´)anpþl;KMnitdl;
v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk GMBIerOgenH eRBaHfakñúgenaH ´emIleXIjmeFüa)aybgáarTukCamunnUvplGviC¢man
EdlGacekItmanCayfaehtuBIkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNameTAelITMnak;TMng
epSg²rvagRbeTscin nigshrdæGaemrik»32. hUlRb‘Úk KµanrkSaTukGnusSavrIy_NamYykñúgkar
CECkBiPakSaenHeT «´mincaMGVIeTKWmanEtb:uNÑwg. b:uEnþ ´BuMmanehtuplNamYyeFVI[sgS½ynUvGVIEdl
eGnRDÚ )anGHGageLIy»33.
enAéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa karsegçbxøI²nUvRBwtþikarN_GnþrCatiTaMgLay EdlerobcMerogral;éf¶
edayRksYgkarbreTs edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNgelakRbFanaFibtI BitCa)anbBa©Úlr)aykarN_
mYysþIBIkarCYbKñarvag hUlRb‘Úk nig fac; Edr. r)aykarN_enaH manGmeTAedaykMNt;xøImYy rbs;
v:an;s_ pg EdlENnaMedayTTUckñúgkareFVI[nUvTMnak;TMngEpñk karTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamman
RbRktIPaBqab;rh½s. vaTMngfa elak xaF½r )aneCOtamKMnitenHrYceTAehIyedayehtufa enAedImEx
Kat;)anpþl;karbgÁab;bBa¢a[ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI eRbIRKb;lT§PaBTaMgGs;edIm,IQaneTAdl;«karTTYlsÁal;
RbeTscinnigRbeTsevotNamdMNalKña»34.
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anbgðaj[eXIjkarExVgeyabl;rbs;Kat;CamYy v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk. Kat;)an
CMTas;nwgKeRmag«bBa©ÚlRbeTsevotNameTAkñúgGPiRkmén[kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBcinnigGaemrikaMg]».
kñúgyuT§sa®sþRbqaMgsUevotrYmrbs;xøÜn bBaðaepSg²kñúgtMbn;)anedIrtYnaTIbnÞab;bnSMmYyb:ueNÑaH. kar
s¥b;QñanIsEdlmanrab;stvtSmkehIyrvagevotNamnigcin RbEhlCakgVl;cugeRkayrbs;Kat;.
Kat;vaytémøxusBIkarP½yxøacEdlRbeTscinjúaMg[bNþaRbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜnykKMniteFVItamnig
bdiesFfa evotNamRBWxøacNas;cMeBaHkarrulmkmuxmYyrbs;cinsMedAmkTisxagt,Úg ³ «KµanGVIGac
GHGagBIKMnitenHeLIy TaMgtamRbvtþisa®sþ TaMgtamyuT§sa®sþ». tamKat;yl;RbeTsevotNam
RKan;EtCa«GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_epSg²BIshPaBsUevot»b:ueNÑaH ehIyKat;yl;RsbnwgkarP½y
xøacrbs;RbeTscinEdleXIjRbeTsevotNamERbkøayeTACamUldæanmYyrbs;sUevot. Kat;kt;
smÁal;fa ³ «v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk )aneFVIyuT§nakarCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
RbeTsevotNam Edltam´yl;enHCakarPan;RcLMmYysuT§saF EdleFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;karxit
cUlCitKñaCamYyRbeTscin CaBiessxagEpñkyuT§sa®sþ». Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI cg;R)aRs½ykargarnwg hUlRb‘Úk
Edr. «´RtÚveFVI[eCO Cak;fa hUlRb‘Úk [kñúg»kasénkarCYbKñaenAExkBaØa qñaM1978 naTIRkúgj:Úvy:k]
KµaneKalbMNgGVIeRkAEtBIjúaMg[evotName)aHbg;ecalsMeNIsuMCMnYyEpñkesdækic©rbs;eKb:ueNÑaH
Yankee RtLb;mkvijmk¡ 329
edIm,IsRmÜldl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaB ehIy´riHKn;meFüa)ayTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;y:agxøaMg»35.
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nwgBiPakSaCamYyRbFanaFibtIBIPaBb:HTgÁicEdlecosminput kñúgkarseRmccitþmYy
EbbenaH ehIy xaF½r Edlyl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs;Kat;)anelIkkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
evotNameTAeBleRkayvij. karbkRsayrbs;Kat;BIRBwtþikarN_epSg²manmktaMgBIqñaM1981.
enAkalbriecäTenH RbeTsevotNamesÞIrEtRtÚvefáaleTasCasaFarN³BIbBaðamnusSFm’eTAehIy.
karkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCaKWCaGMeBIEdl)aneFVIRCúleTAehIymYy. RbCaCnePosxøÜntamTUkrab;Ban;nak;
)ansakl,grt;ecjBIRbeTs. tamsmþIKat;EdlGYtxøÜnfa KWKat;Etmñak;ÉgKt;EdleFVI[braC½ydl;
kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkúghaNUy. Kat;RbEhlCaeCOBIGMNacrbs;Kat;Cardæbursmñak;Bit
Emn. b:uEnþkñúglMdab;TsSn³enH \sSrCnmñak; eTotk¾manzan³GacGYtxøÜn)anEdrKW eLGUNard_ vUdxUk.
vUdxUk enHÉgEdlCaGñkepþImdMeNIrkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBedaydwknaMKN³ebskkmµmYyrbs;
RbFanaFibtIeTARkúghaNUyenAniTaXrdUvqñaM1977.
kñúgzan³CaRbFankariyal½yTMnak;TMngrbs;GaemrikaMgRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMg Kat;manebskkmµcrca
EsVgrkkic©RBmeRBógmYykñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin. dUecñH eKnwkEtkñúgcitþfa
kRmiténkarRBÜy)armÖrbs;Kat; RbEhlCapøas;bþÚry:ageRcIn taMgBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúg
haNUy. karcrcaCamYyBYkcin Edlcab;epþImCasm¶at;enAExkkáda naTIRkúgeb:kaMg eBlenaHKWsßitenA
kñúgdMNak;kalRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;mYy. vUdxUk GaclubbM)at;]bsKÁepSg²EdlenAsl; ehIy
EdlRtÚvBuHBar[)anenAkñúgBiFIbriePaK)aymYyEdlpþl;CUnedayrdæm®nþIkarbreTscin hYg hY enAéf¶
TI3 Extula qñaM1978 naTIRkúgjÚvy:k. kñúg»kasenaH v:an;s_ hUlRb‘Úk nig GUesnbWk )anrYmdMeNIr
CamYyKat;Edr. enAyb;dEdlenaH elak hSk XInFIn )anerobcMenA Central Park ekoknwgsßan
ebskkmµcin nUvkardutkaMRCÜcEbøkxuseKmYykñúgcMeNamkardutkaMRCÜcEbøkxuseKrbs;Kat;. sñÚrénkar
pÞúH)anlan;B¤RThwg eFVI[bg¥ÜcGKarnanaj½rrNþM. briyakasEdlmanlaykarkMEbøgnigP½yRBÜyenH
KWvaRtÚveTAtamkal³eTs³ ³ karCYbKña)anRbRBwtþeTARbkbedaylkçN³d¾rMeCIbrMCYl. hYghY )anriHKn;
edayRtg;²Kµanlak;elom. Kat;)antiHedol v:an;s_ y:agxøaMgBIkarcecsrbs;shrdæGaemrikEdl
rkSaTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYy étv:an; niglk;eRKÓgsBVavuFeTA[eTot. enAem:ag10yb; eKetagEtnwk
KiteTAdl;GahareBll¶ac. edayerobcMy:agsRmaMgenAelItumðÚbGaharrbs;cin)aneLIgRtCak;
Gs;. hUlRb‘Úk )anrMB£kenAnwgmux´BIPaBesakesAénkarbriePaKGahareBll¶acEdleLIgRtCak;min
ecHcb;enH. «G‘ÍcwgehIy )anCaeyIgBuMmanlT§PaBegIbeTAemIlkaMRCÜc. ehIyl,icTaMgenH)aneFVI[
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg330
B¤sUrsMeLgKYr[xøacy:agxøaMgdUckar)aj;kaMePøIgt,al;Edr. eKnwgsnñidæandUcenARkúgéRBnKrkñúg
ry³eBlmans®gÁamG‘Icwg».
vUdxUk )anRtÚveFVI[Gs;sgÇwmKYrsm. b:uEnþ BnøWénesckþIsgÇwmtUcmYy)anelceLIgeRBaH
shkarImñak;rbs; hYg )anmkCYbKat;Casm¶at; edIm,IesuIbsYrBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg
vij. elIkenH Kat;R)afñafa mþgenHeKRtÚvRBmeRBógKñaedayKµanBnüareBlGMBIeKalkarN_énkar
snÞnaCahUrEhfµImYyenAkñúgrdæFanIcin. enHRbEhlCakar[sBaØamYyehIyemIleTA. edayBi)ak
niyayKñaCamYy v:an;s_ BYkcinRbEhlCasEmþg[eXIjPaBqab;RsuHRsYlCamYy vUdxUk CagEdl
BYkeKdwgfa Kat;eFVIkarkñúgRkúmshkarId¾CitsñiT§CamYy xaF½r nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI Edr.
enAéf¶TI11 Extula qñaM1978 eBlEdl xaF½r sYrKat;enAcMeBaHmux Rb‘ÍhSInsÁIkñúgkariyal½y
BgRkeBIénestvimanfa etIKat;eBjcitþbnþkarRbCuMedIm,IcrcaCamYyRbeTsevotNamb¤eT cemøIy
rbs;Kat;KWeTdac;xat. vUdxUk )anBnül;R)ab;RbFanaFibtIfa kñúgkal³eTs³bc©úb,nñ BYkeK ¬v:an;s_ nig
hUlRb‘Úk¦ manTwkcitþeFVI[braC½ydl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinEtmþg. BitehIy
karbgðajedImehtupÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat;manlkçN³c,as;las; ³ Kat;mincg;RbfuyeFVI[manGnþraydl;
ebskkmµEdleKRbKl;[Kat;bMeBjenARkúgeb:kaMgeLIy. b:uEnþ etIBYkcinRbkasedayCak;lak;fa xøÜn
RbqaMgnwgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNamEdreT?. vUdxUk )ansarPaBR)ab;´fa
Kat;minEdlsÞabsÞg;BYkcinBIcMNucenHeLIy edayTuk[BYkePJóvGaemrikaMgxøHsYrBIerOgenHcuH. CYn
kalePJóvmñak;kñúgcMeNameRcInnak;)ansYrBYkcinfa ³ «etIelaknwgmanRbtikmµEbbNakñúglT§PaBEdl
eyIgnwgeFVI[TMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYyRbeTsevotNammanRbRktIPaBeLIgvij? tamFmµtacemøIy
KWEtgEtRby½tñRbEygCanic© b:uEnþ KµanemdwknaMcinNamñak; sEmþg[eXIjkarRbqaMgdac;GhgáareLIy».
tamkarBitebI vUdxUk P½yxøacRbtikmµGviC¢manmYyenaHKWRKan;EtfabBaðaminTan;)anedaHRsayeday
Cak;lak;b:ueNÑaH. «karcrcaCamYyRkúgeb:kaMg)anepþImenAExkkáda ehIykarsnÞnarbs;´CamYy
elakRbFanaFibtI)anekItmanenAExtula. kñúgry³eBlbIExenH edayKµaneBlniyayBIRbeTsevot
NamCamYyBYkcinTal;EtesaH ´GacvaytémøerOgenHbnþicbnþÜcenAeBlbc©úb,nñEdleyIgQandl;
eKaledAehIy eRBaHmincg;begáIt[mankarmnÞilsgS½ymkelIsuqnÞ³rbs;eyIg»36.
karbkRsayBIrEdlpÞúyKñaRsLHGMBI\riyabfrbs;cin )aneFVI[rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMg Ebk)ak;
CaBIrEdr ³ mçagKWkarbkRsayrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI-vUdxUk ehIymçageTotKWkarbkRsayrbs; hUlRb‘Úk.
hUlRb‘Úk )anerobrab;R)ab;´fa ³ «´enAnwkeXIjedayeBjeljnUvsmþIsnÞnarbs;BYkcinkñúg»kas
Yankee RtLb;mkvijmk¡ 331
mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM1978 ³ «kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNam
minTak;TgnwgeyIgeT sUmelakbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsNa Edlelakcg;cuH». mnusS
RKb;Kñayl;fa evotNamBuMEmneRtkGreT b:uEnþ BYkeKsuxcitþxaMmat;sgát;citþ ¬eRBaHecosminrYc¦»37.
elak xaF½r yl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nig vUdxUk. Kat;yl;eXIjfa «bBaðacinman
sarsMxan;Casarvnþ» ehIyKat;)anseRmcfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNamnwg
ekItmanbnÞab;BIkarcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógCamYyRbeTscinrYcehIy38.
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eday dug ehIy eRKógsak; naykrdæm®nþIéf)anhamXat;min[RbeTsTaMgBIr «RbRBwtþGMeBI viT§gSna
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rbs;BYkeKnUv«karGagkmøaMgT½Bb¤karKMramkMEhg»pgEdr. BYkéf)anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkardak;bBa©Úl
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kñúgeKaledAbgá[manGriPaBnwgKña. BaküniyaybBaäitbeBaäógeTArkRbeTscin nigkm<úCaenH man
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NUEGlRkhm 355
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eBlEdlBYkeKcUleFVIGnþraKmn_edayeyaFaenARbeTskm<úCa. BYkemdwknaMRkúghaNUyKitfa kar
seRmckic©RBmeRBógCa]PetaPaKI CabnþbnÞab;CamYybNþaRbeTsCitxagxøÜnenAPaKxagt,Úg nigkic©
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EdlBYkeK)anseRmccitþcuHhtßelxaCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚEdr.
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ehIy. enAcugrdUvekþAqñaM1978 bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anmankaregOgq¶l;xøH²Edr BIkarTTUc
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qñaM1978 y:agyUrbMput. GñkkarTUtmYycMnYnFM)aneFVIkarsnñidæanfa RkúghaNUycg;eFVI[)anmun etg
s‘avBIg EdldMeNIrTsSnkic©enARbeTséf sigðburI rbs;Kat;RtÚv)aneRKagTukenAkñúgExvicäikaqñaMenaH.
b:uEnþminRtwmEtb:uNÑwgeT RkúghaNUyEfmTaMg)aneFVIkarekobsgát;y:agxøaMgeTAelIbNþaRbeTsxøHén
smaKmGas‘an edIm,IbgçitbgçMRbeTsTaMgenaH[bgðajqnÞ³rbs;xøÜn¬Rbkan;ykxagNa²¦CaKuN
RbeyaCn_dl;kic©RBmeRBógmitþPaBmYyeTotpg. ]TahrN_ GñkkarTUtm:aeLsuI EdlmanmuxtMENg
RbcaMenArdæFanIrbs;evotNam-taMgBIÉkGKÁrdæTUtrhUtdl;elxaTIBIr-suT§EtRtÚvdak;[sßitenAeRkam
karqaeqArMxanmYyedayBitR)akd. KUsnÞnarbs;BYkeK eRcInecalsmþIy:agc,as;fa RkúghaNUyGac
nwgesIerIBinitüeLIgvijnUvneya)aymitþPaBrbs;xøÜnCamYyRbeTsm:aeLsuI ebIsinCaTsSnkic©rbs; paM
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sn§isBaØaEdlesñIeLIgedayevotNam. RBmCamYyKñaenaH enAcugmçageToténBiPBelakKWenATIRkúg
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg356
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evotNammincg;[éf¶ExEdleKkMNt;TukekokKñaxøaMgeBkeTAnwgéf¶cuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaB
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pÞal;kñúgkarcab;epþImkarRbyuT§KñaenH. evotNamnwkKit\tQb;Qrfa sn§isBaØaRtÚvcuHhtßelxa[
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bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anEdr. evotNamxMRbwgEsVgrkkarKaMBarBIBYksUevot b:uEnþBuMEmnRtÚvbg;
témøGVIk¾edayenaHeT ehIyk¾minRtÚveFVI[sm<½n§PaBenHbiTRKb;RckTVarsRmab;bs©imRbeTs TaMgk¾min
RtÚveFVI[CemøaHrbs;xøÜnCamYyRbeTscinnigkm<úCanaMeq<aHeTAPaBÉekaTaMgRsugmYyEdr. kñúgRKb;
krNIBiessTaMgGs; neya)aykarTUtd¾skmµmYynwgeFVI[evotNammansßanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun
sRmab;CECkrkxusRtÚvCamYyBYkrusSúI.
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eTaHCay:agNak¾eday bnÞab;BIdMeNIrB½T§CMuvijGasIuGaeKñy_rbs; paMv:an;dug enABak;kNþal
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seRmceFVI[karmnÞilsgS½yrbs;smaKmGas‘anfycuHeLIy edayehtuenH Kat;RtÚvEte)aHbg;
ecalPøamnUvKMnitTaMgGs;GMBIerOgsn§isBaØa. enAExsIhanigkBaØa ePøóg)anbg¥úry:agxøaMgEdlminFøab;
manBImunmkenARbeTsevotNam-BüúHsgÇranigTwkCMnn;-enAEdndITenøRkhm TenøemKgÁ nigPaKkNþal
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k¾RtÚvvinasGnþray. »nPaBEpñkplitplksikmµEdlCaehtuénkarGnþrayBitR)akd)anekIneLIgkñúg
smamaRtd¾sem,Im. tamkarvaytémøenAeBlenaHKW3lanetan4.
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evotNamGMBIsßanPaBdIEdlEbkPk;b:biucb:)ac;Edr ykl¥KWTal;EteRkayrdUvePøóg. GVIEdleFVI[
rwtEtRBÜy)armÖEfmeTot KWeKKµanTTYl)andMNwgGVIesaHBIshrdæGaemrik. rIqad hUlRb‘Úk )ancab;
epþImdMeNIrTsSnacrmYyenAGasIukñúgeBlEdl fac; Fujfb;edaykarrg;caMyUrenATIRkúgjÚvy:k.
enAdMNac;Extula qñaM1978 kariyal½yneya)ayrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam)aneFVIkar
NUEGlRkhm 357
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y:agNak¾eday k¾karcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØaCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚBuMGacBnüareBl[yUrteTAeTot)an
eT. bnÞab;BIkarp¥akBIrelIk Gñkcrca)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTATIRkúgmUsÁÚmþgeTot. fac; )anTTYlbBa¢a[
cakecjBIjÚvy:keTACYbKñaenATIenaHEdr.
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CaBiessBIRkúmhu‘nGakascrN_ AEOFLOT rbs;sUevot)ancuHctenAcMNtGakasyandæannuykUv:U
eRkamsMeLgTHédGbGry:agxøaMgBIGñkmkTTYl. smaCikkariyal½yneya)aycMnYnR)aMrUb smaCik
KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSR)aMbYnrUb nigGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;Cagdb;rUbeTot)anmkRbmUlpþúMKñaenATI
enH. BiFIeFVIbdisNæarkic©manlkçN³rak;Tak;EbøkBIFmµta. eRkamkarftrUbPaBrbs;kaemr:aTUrTsSn_
CaeRcIneRKÓg eLGUnId eRbseNv [CaGKÁelxabkSkumµúynIsþsUevotBIqñaM1977 dl;qñaM1982]
)ancab;»brwtKñay:agyUrCamYysmPaKIevotNamrbs;Kat; eL yn;. bnÞab;BIkareKarBePøgCatiTaMg
BIrrYc eL yn; nig paM v:an;dug )anedIrRtÜtkgkitþiys bnÞab;mkKN³RbtiPUTaMgmUl)anecjdMeNIreTA
kan;nievsndæansRmab;ePJóvbreTssñak;enA. tambeNþaypøÚvEdlRtÚveFVIdMeNIreKeXIjTg;Catievot
Nam nigsUevotrlas;rvic²laycRmúHKñay:ages¥ksáH edaymancgbdakat;TTwgfñl;RbsiT§iBry:ag
eRcIn EdlmanxøwmsarCaGaT×fa «sVaKmn_dMeNIrmkdl;rbs;mitþevotNam» nig «Ceya¡ saFarNrdæ
sgÁmniymevotNamEdlCakMEBgCYrmuxénlT§isgÁmniymenAGasuIGaeKñy_».
enATIbMput bMNgd¾x¢ab;x¢Ünrbs;BYksUevotEdlrkSaTuktaMgBIyUryarmkehIy kñúgkarbBa©Úl
RbeTsevotNamkñúgsm<½n§PaBmYyRbqaMgRbeTscinRtÚv)anseRmcenAeBlenH. enAéf¶TI3 Exvicäika
qñaM1978 BYkemdwknaMénRbeTsTaMgBIr )anCYbCuMKñakñúgmhasalénvimanRkwmLaMg edIm,IcuHhtßelxa
elIsn§isBaØamitþPaB nigshRbtibtþikarmYyEdlkMNt;sRmab;ry³eBl25qñaM. maRtaTI6énGtßbT
kic©RBmeRBógenH)anbgðajBIkarFanafa RbeTsevotNamsVHEsVgrk[)ankarKaMRTmYyRbqaMgnwg
karvayRbharCayfaehturbs;cin ³ «ebIsinPaKINamYykñúgcMeNamPaKITaMgBIrRtÚvvayRbhar b¤
rgTTYlkarKMramkMEhgBIkarvayRbharNamYy RbeTshtßelxITaMgBIrRtÚvcUlrYmbþwgbriharcMeBaH
erOgenHCabnÞan; edIm,Ikm©at;ecalkarKMramkMEhgenH nigcab;epþImGnuvtþviFankarsmRsbkñúgkarKaMBar
snþiPaB nigsnþisuxrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIr»5.
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg358
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dl;kRmiténPaBtantwgB§d¾épÞkñúgrbs;xøÜnminsb,aycitþeLIy. Kat;)anbEnßmfa «cab;BIeBlenHeTA
sn§isBaØaenHKWCatfPaBneya)aymYy ehIyfaRtÚvEtykcitþTukdak;nwgerOgenHeTaHCaeBjcitþb¤min
eBjcitþk¾eday»6.
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qab;rh½s. «viFankarsmRsb» EdlrMB£kedaymaRtaTI6énsn§isBaØa k¾mandak;bBa©ÚlnUvkarGnuBaØat
[BYksUevoterobcMdak;mUldæannavacrN_nigGakascrN_enAelITwkdIrbs;evotNamEdr. sRmab;
RbeTsevotNam enHCatémøEdlRtÚvbg;edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMBarBIsUevotRbqaMgnwgRbeTscin kar
pÁt;pÁg;brimaNGavuFyuT§PNÐ nigsmÖarbrikçarepSg²y:agsn§wksn§ab;mYyRBmTaMgkic©snüapþl;CMnYy
esdækic©mYyEfmeTot CaBiesskarpþl;RKab;FBaØCaticMnYn1/5lanetan. b:uEnþ enAExsIha qñaM
1978 enAeBlEdlral;esckþIsgÇwmkñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyshrdæGaemrikenAminTan;
)at;bg;enaH paM v:an;dug )anbBa¢ak;fa RbeTsrbs;Kat;mincg;BwgEp¥kelIRbeTsmYykñúgkic©karrbs;xøÜn
eT. Kat;niyayfa «taMgBI4000qñaMmkehIy erogral;elIkEdlRbeTsrbs;eyIgbENþtbeNþay
BwgEp¥kEtGñk]btßmÖKaMBarmñak;lT§plKWkarvinashinehacmYy»7. bIExeRkaymk sßanPaBRbeTs
evotNammanrebobdUcenaHÉg.
bnÞab;BIcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØarYcmk kñúg»kasCb;elogmYyenAvimanRkwmLaMg eL yn; )an
Rbkasfa cab;BIeBlenHeTA RbeTsevotNammanmeFüa)ayRKb;RKan;edIm,I«bMeBjRbkbeday
kitþiysnUvebskkmµd¾BisidæsRmab;Catirbs;xøÜn» RBmTaMg«katBVkic©d¾x<g;x<s;CaGnþrCati»rbs;xøÜnpg KW
karBarxøÜnRbqaMgTl;nwgRbeTscin nigeFVIGnþraKmn_enARbeTskm<úCa. kardwgKuNrbs;evotNam
cMeBaHBYksUevot tammtiGñksegátkarN_breTsxøHfa KWFMNas;eTArhUtTal;EteFVI[evotNamman
GarmµN_fa dUc)anTTYl«GMeNaysRmab;CIvit»G‘Icwg. eL yn; bnÞn;xøÜneKarB«m©as;pÞH»BIrdgmunnwg
eLIgelIynþehaHRtLb;mkRbeTsvij. eBlenaHKWéf¶9 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
karerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIs®gÁamenARBMEdnrbs;cin
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Edr BYkeK)anerobcMbegðIyCasm¶at;kñúgkardwknaMbBa¢a bBa¢ÚnP½sþúPar nigsmÖarswkrYcCaeRscsRmab;
karvaylukrbs;xøÜnRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam. taMgBIExsIha qñaM1978 EpñkesuIbkarN_sm¶at;
NUEGlRkhm 359
rbs;GaemrikaMg)anrkeXIjsBaØaepSg²énkarbegáInskmµPaBd¾xøaMgkøamYyenAkñúgeyaFPUmiPaK
háagh‘SÚ Cab;nwgRBMEdnRbeTsevotNam. bNþasßanIypáayrNbcarkmµEdlkMBugRtÚveRbICaP½sþútag
bEnßmeTAelIcemIøyCasakSIrbs;GñkdMeNIrGaemrikaMgenAPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscinenaH )anbgðaj[dwg
fakgynþehaHmic-19 nigmic-21 mYycMnYnFMrbs;kgGakascrN_eyaFacin)anerIpøas;kEnøgmk
kan;GakasyandæannanaEdlenAekokRBMEdnevotNamCageKbMput CaBiessenANan;nIg [TIrYmextþ
háagsuI] nigKn;mIg [TIrYmextþyunNan]. kgrfeRkaHnigkaMePøIgFunF¶n;k¾RtÚvdwkCBa¢ÚnsMedAmkPaKxagt,Úg
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d¾eRcIn)ansßitenAtamTItaMgEk,rbegáIynwgRBMEdn. kEnøgsþúkeRbg\n§n³FM²k¾)anksagrYcCaeRsc.
enABak;kNþalExvicäika BYkGaemrikaMg)anesuIbdwgBIkarerobcMtaMgsßanIybNþak;mYysRmab;eqøIyqøg
tamTUrs½BÞ edayeRbIrlkFatuGakasxøIenAelIkMBUlPñMtUcmYykñúgextþháagsuI. sßanIyenHGnuBaØat[
GKÁesnaFikarkgT½B nigKN³kmµaFikarkic©kareyaFarbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcin manlT§PaBTak;TgKñaeday
pÞal;CamYybBa¢akardæannanarbs;kgT½BrMedaHRbCaCnEdlsßitenAPaKxagt,Úg8.
cMeBaHkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIs®gÁamrbs;cin eK)anBwgBak;elIB½t’manepSg²EdlGñkrt;ecal
CYrmñak;énkgT½BrMedaHRbCaCncin)anniyayR)ab;RkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;GaemrikaMg enHBitCakMNb;
dMNwgmYyy:agsMxan;. Gñkrt;ecalCYrenHmanzan³CaGnuesnIy_RtIEdlbMeBjmuxgarenAeyaFPUmiPaK
háagsuI ehIyEdlRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnedayb:UlishugkugkñúgeBlEdlKat;b:unb:geRCótcUlmkkñúgTwkdI
GaNaniKmGg;eKøsedayxusc,ab;. b:Ulis)anRbKl;rUbKat;eTA[EpñksYrykkarN_xageyaFarbs;
Gg;eKøsnigGaemrikaMgenATIenaH ehIyKat;)anlatRtdagfa enAcugExvicäika qñaM1978 embBa¢akarén
kgÉkPaBrbs;Kat;)anEføgsunÞrkfamYy edayrMBJkBIlT§PaBEdlGacmans®gÁammYyRbqaMgevotNam
enAeBlxagmuxqab;². minyUrb:unµaneRkaymkKWenAéf¶TI11 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 ]tþmesnIy_ év háÚCIg
RbFankic©karneya)ayénkgT½BrMedaHRbCaCn)anRbkaskñúgsm½yRbCuMmYyenANan;nIgkñúgBiFIbuNü
xYbelIkTI20énkarbegáItPUmiPaKsVy½t hSag kñúgextþháagsuIfa RbeTsevotNam)anbgáGMeBIRbTUs
r:ayy:ageRcIn ehIyfa RbeTscinmaneKalbMNg«pþl;emeronmYy» cMeBaHRbeTsenH. év Gayu
72qñaM CaemdwknaMCnCatiPaKtic hSag enAPUmiPaKenHKWCamnusSmñak; EdlRtÚvrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgcMeNam
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rbs; etg s‘avBIg EdlCaCnxøaMgfµImñak;rbs;RbeTseTotpg. sunÞrkfarbs;Kat;)an[sBaØadl;kar
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg360
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evotNam. Kat;Føab;eFVICaTIRbwkSaeyaFaGmbBa¢akardæanrbs;evotNamenAeBlEdlmankareLam
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epSg²rbs;Kat;. «karvayRbharmYyRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNambgðaj[eXIjfaCaGMeBIkarBarxøÜn
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TMhMy:agFMenaH. Ep¥kelIB½t’manepSg²EdlbBa¢ÚnmkedayRkúmesIubkarN_GaemrikaMg Kat;snñidæanfa
kgT½BsUevotEdlRbmUlpþMúy:ageRcInsem,ImenAtamRBMEdnrbs;cin BMuGaceFIVRbtibtiþkarvaylukTmøúH
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y:agelOnsMedAmkRkúgeb:kaMg)aneT ehIyRbeTscinGacRbQmmuxnwgkarvaylukEdlmankMNt;
mYy. tameyabl; etg fa mü:ageTotkareFIVGnþraKmn_bgáarCamunmYyRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam
nwgBMubgá[mankarRbqaMgBIshKmn_GnþrCatieLIy. enATIbMput kareFVIGnþraKmn_BMumanGVIbg¥ak;TMenIbkmµ
TaMgbYnrbs;eyIgeT ehIyRbEhlCararaMgRbeTsevotNam[e)aHbg;ecalKMniteFVI[Gak;dMeNIrkar
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eKaledAeyaFarbs;xøÜnk¾eday k¾kareFVIRbtibtþikarlµmEtsakl,gEdr. karmin)aneCaKC½ynwgrYm
bgáCakarR)ab;[dwgd¾mantémøGMBIPaBTn;exSayénkgT½BrMedaHRbCaCnnigCaeRKÓgelIkTwkcitþsRmab;
kareFVITMenIbkmµrbs;xøÜn. sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot vanwgbgðaj[shPaBsUevotnigRbeTsevotNam
dwgBIsmtßPaBrbs;RbeTscin kñúgkarRbqaMgral;karb:unb:gh‘umB½T§rbs;BYkeKpg. etg s‘avBIg )an
snñidæanfa yuT§sa®sþrbs;sUevotnwgTTYlrgbraC½ymYyenAGasIuminxan19.
kariyal½yneya)aybkSkumµúynIsþcin )an[esckþIyl;RBmcMeBaHkardwknaMTisenHEfmeTot.
kariyal½yneya)ayk¾pþl;nUvkarFanarbs;xøÜnkñúgkarBYkédKñaCamYyshrdæGaemrik edayTukbBaða
étv:an;eTAmçagsin. cMeBaHelak mIEsðl GUkesnbWk yl;fa yfaPaBénskmµPaBeyaFamYyRbqaMg
RbeTsevotNam «muxCaRtÚvBiPakSaKñaBIGVIEdlTak;citþeRcInCagmunEfmeTot cMeBaHkarbBa©b;dMeNIr
énkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyshrdæGaemrik. eKGacKitdUcKñafa vaCYyBRgwgsßanPaBrbs; etg
[rwtEtrwgmaMeLIgkñúgkarRbQmmuxTl;nwgGñkdwknaMTaMgGs;enARbeTscin Edlyl;eXIjtémøénkareFVI
[manRbRktIPaBx<s;xøaMgeBk»20.
enAExFñÚ qñaM1978 etg s‘avBIg )ansMEdg[eXIjc,as;eday\tRbEkk)ankñúgzan³Ca
«mnusSxøaMg»rbs;bkSedaymeFüa)ayykQñHsMxan;bMputbIy:agrbs;Kat; ³ karrYbrYmrlaysac;
mYy edayneya)ayRbtibtþiniymEpñkesdækic© \riyabfcMeBaHRbeTsevotNamnigbMNgeFIV[man
RbRktIPaBeBjeljrbs;Kat;kñúgTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg. eKeXIjfa karp¥akTuksinnUvneya)ay
\NÐÚcinrbs; etg )anekItmaneLIgRBmKñaCamYyKeRmagkarepSg²ry³eBlxøIrbs;elak hSImIxaF½r
Edr. enAéf¶TI2 Exviciäka enAeBlEdlRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgepIJeTA[ etg nUvsMeNIcugeRkayrbs;
GaemriksIþBIkareFIV[manRbRktIPaB etg )an[eyabl;faGIV²nwgRtÚvedaHRsayenAExmkra.
GUkesnbWk )ankt;smÁal;fa RbFanaFibtI xaF½r (Carter) «)aneFVI[mankarsb,ayrIkraymYyEdl
RbkasR)ab;RbCaBlrdæGaemrikaMg[dwgnUveCaKC½yFM²bIsRmab;buNüNUEGl ³ karseRmc)ankic©
RBmeRBóg exm davId kareFIV[manRbRktIPaB[CamYyRbeTscin] nigsni§sBaØakat;bnßyGavuF
NUEGlRkhm 367
yuT§sa®sþTIBIr (S.A.L.T.II)»21.
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GVI²TaMgGs;)anRtÚvseRmcedaygayRsYlEtkñúgrvagBIrb¤bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH. éf¶TI2 Exvicäika ³ kar
bBa¢ÚneTARbeTscinnUvsMeNIcugeRkayTaMgLayrbs;GaemrikaMg. éf¶TI3 Exvicäika ³ karcuHhtßelxaelI
sn§isBaØasm½<n§PaBeyaFarvagsUevot-evotNam. éf¶TI6 Exvicäika ³ karcab;epþImdMeNIrTsSnkic©
rbs; etg s‘avBIg enAGasuIGaeKñy_. PaBehgs‘yénneya)aykñúgRbeTsrbs;GaemrikaMgnigcin-
eCaKC½yén])ayEbbkariyaFibetyürbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI RbqaMg v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk. karerobcM
rbs;RkúmniymeqVgénbkSkumµúynIsþcineday etg s‘avBIg-nigkarvivtþn_énsßanPaBCayuT§sa®sþ
hak;dUcCatRmg;eTArkeKaledAEtmYydUcKña ³ karbegáItedayqab;rh½snUvsm½<n§PaBmYyrvagcin-
GaemrikaMgedayEp¥kelIkarKMramkMEhgeFVIs®gÁam. BIrqñaMeRkaymk GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak;)an
niyayerOgGaf’kM)aMgR)ab;´fa «rhUtmkdl;sm½yRbCuMrbs;kariyal½yneya)ayenAExvicäika-FñÚ
hVa KUehVg )ansEmþgecjkarRbqaMgCMTas;cMeBaHkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkúgv:asuInetan ebI
y:agehacNas; kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBRtÚvEtrYmbBa©ÚlkarrkSaTMnak;TMngeRkApøÚvkarrvagshrdæ
Gaemriknigétv:an;pg». etg CaGñkEdlcat;TukkarKMramrbs;sUevot-evotNamCaerOgsMxan;Bit
R)akd TaMgcMeBaHRbeTscink¾dUcsm½<n§mitþkm<úCarbs;xøÜn ehIyCaGñkcUlcitþRbkan;\riyabfqab;RsuH
RsYlCagmunmYysþIBIbBaðaétv:an;. kardak;eRbIshRbtibtþikarBhusNæanCamYyshrdæGaemrik
KWCakarxatbg;edIm,I)anGVImYy.
enAéf¶TI4 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 BYkcin)anbnøúyBakü[dwgCaelIkdMbUgfa BYkeKGacyl;RBmeFVIkar
sRmbsRmÜlmYyGMBIbBaðaekaHétv:an;. kalBIBIréf¶mun RkúghaNUy)anRbkasCasaFarN³BIkar
begáItrNsirSmYyEdlmansuT§EtGñkRbqaMgnwgrbb b:ul Bt KWrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa.
naéf¶enaH enAeBlEdlÉkGKÁrdæTUt vUdxUk CYbrdæm®nþIkarbreTssþITIrbs;cin han nanLúg edIm,I
BiPakSaBIsMeNIfµI²rbs;GaemrikaMg Kat;)ansmÁal;eXIjPøam²nUvmnusSfµI²CaeRcIn EdlenAGm
CuMvijKUsnÞnarbs;Kat;. shkarIBIrnak;rbs;elakrdæm®nþI-EdleKBinitüeXIjfa CaGñkniymeqVgbMput
ehIyEdlFøab;cUlrYmRKb;karcrcaTaMgGs;-BuMmanmuxenATIenaHeT ³ v:ag éhru:g CakµÜyRsIrbs; em:A nig
Nan;suI tag GñkbkERbPasaEdlmaneQµaHl,I. BYkeKRtÚv)anCMnYsedayGñkkarTUtGaCIBBIrrUb
vij. han nanLúg pÞal;k¾pøas;bþÚrrebobniyayEdr. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH RbeTscinminRBm
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg368
e)aHbg;ecalkareRbIkmøaMgRbqaMgnwgétv:an;eLIy ehIyk¾RbqaMgpgEdrcMeBaHGVIEdlshrdæGaemrik
elIkykmkniyayCaÉketaPaKIBIbMNgQaneTAdl;karedaHRsayedaysnþiviFImYy. b:uEnþ enAéf¶TI4
ExFñÚ han )anR)ab;[ vUdxUk dwgfa RbeTscinnwg«minRbEkkCasaFarN³»eLIy ebIsinCaRkúg
v:asuInetanecjpSayCasaFarN³nUvesckþIEføgkarN_mYyeTAtamn½yenH. mü:ageTot ]bnayk
rdæm®nþI etg s‘avBIg R)afñaCYbÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMgenAeBlqab;²xagmuxenHEdr.
enAéf¶TI13 ExFñÚ eBlEdl vUdxUk QaneCIgcUlkñúgvimanRbCaCnd¾FMsáwmésá naTIRkúgeb:kaMg
Kat;mindwgfa etg s‘avBIg EdlKat;nwgCYbCaelIkdMbUgenH )anseRmceFVI[BYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;bMput
rbs;bkSKaMRTKat;kñúgKeRmagkardak;TNÐkmµrbs;Kat;cMeBaHRbeTsevotNameLIy. emdwknaMcinman
sgÇwmy:agxøaMgfa karbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRkúgv:asuInetannigkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTAshrdæ
GaemrikenAeBlqab;²xagmux-elak xaF½r )anbBa¢ÚnsMbuRtGeBa¢IjeTAKat;kalBIBIréf¶mun-nwgeFVI[
Kat;mankarKaMBarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBCasßaBrteTARbqaMgTl;nwgkartbtCayfaehtumYyrbs;Rkúg
mUsÁÚ. Kat;manbMNgbegáItrNsirSrYmcin-GaemrikaMgd¾rwgmaMmYymunnwgl,gRbfuysMNagcugeRkay
rbs;Kat;enARbeTsevotNam. vUdxUk )andwgnUvr)aykarN_epSg²rbs;RkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;
GaemrikaMg EdlniyayGMBIkarcl½tT½BenAEk,rRBMEdnrbs;evotNamtaMgBIExvicäika qñaM1978mk.
b:uEnþ Kat;enAEt«minRBmeCOGVI²TaMgGs;»cMeBaHyfaPaBmYyénkarvayRbharrbs;cin22.
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eK)anGHGagfa GñkTTYlxusRtÚvGaemrikaMgEdlcab;epþImeFVIkñúgkarcrca
edaysm¶at;bMputCamYyRkúgeb:kaMg)ansmøwgemIledayEPñkmçag EdlbgðajlkçN³GnueRKaHdl;kar
erobcMRbúgeRbóbEpñkeyaFarbs;cin ehIyRBÜy)armÖy:agxøaMgcMeBaHkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbEpñkeyaFa
rbs;evotNam. shrdæGaemrikminsYrnaMGVITaMgGs;eRkABIrYbrYmCamYyRbeTscinRbqaMgsUevot. b:uEnþ
KMnitenHhak;dUcCaminRtÚvBinitüesI²eLIy EdlfaRkúgeb:kaMgGaceRbIR)as;RbRktIPaBcin-GaemrikaMg
edIm,IeFVI[seRmcnUveKaledAEpñkeyaFaTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn enAGasuI-GaeKñy_. evorElgEtRbeTscin
mincUlcitþxagNaCagxagNa. b:uEnþvaBitfa ebIBYkGaemrikaMgvaytémøRbesIrCagmunBItémøEdlyk
citþTukdak;xøaMgedayRkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBenaH BYkeKnwgGaceKcevHBIkareFVIsm,Tan
xøH²GMBIbBaðaétv:an;minxan.
kñúgPaBeFVImindwgEdlenHCabMNgepSg²rbs;cin vUdxUk )anRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥IlTaMgrYsray.
etg )anniyayR)ab;Kat;fa «eyIgyl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs;elak. ´yl;RBmtamkarGeBa¢Ij
rbs;elakRbFanaFibtI xaF½r eTAeFVITsSnkic©RbeTsrbs;elak». GnuRbFanaFibtIcinhak;dUcCa
NUEGlRkhm 369
bgçM[qab;Edr. Kat;niyayR)ab; vUdxUk Casm¶at;fa Kat;R)afñaeTAkan;shrdæGaemrikenAExmkra
qñaM1979 KWmYyExbnÞab;BIkareFVI[manRbRktIPaB 23. erOgTaMgenH manlkçN³EbøkKYr[q¶l;xøaMg
dUcKña. etg )anyl;RBmCamYykarykcitþTukdak;nUvGVIEdlKat;)anbdiesFkalBImindl;mYyqñaMknøH
mun. edayBit sMeNIrbs; xaF½r )aneFVIbnþeLIgvijnUvsMeNIrbs; v:an;s_ kalBIExsIha qñaM1977.
RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgmanbMNgBnüarkic©RBmeRBógkarBarCamYyétv:an;mYyqñaMeTot nigbnþlk;GavuF
EdlmankareRCIserIseTA[RbeTsenH bnÞab;BIkarputkMNt;énkic©RBmeRBógenH. cMENkRbeTscin
vij RtÚvEttmmineFVIRbtikmµcMeBaHkarsgát;bBa¢ak;CafµIBIbMNgrbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,IQaneTAdl;kar
EsVgrkdMeNaHRsayedaysnþiviFImYyGMBIbBaðaenHEdr24.
xaF½r RtÚveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayy:agxøaMgcMeBaHRbtikmµrbs; etg s‘avBIg. mUldæanénkic©RBm
eRBógeFVI[manRbRktIPaBRtÚv)aneFVI[ekItman. b:uEnþ edIm,Iecosvagfa karelcFøayerOgsm¶at;
Cayfaehtubgá[mankarRbqaMgBIBYkEdleFVIGVI²CaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;étv:an;enAsPaCan;Tab elak
xaF½r )anseRmccitþKMhukerOgenaHEtmþg. CaCagrg;caMéf¶TI1 Exmkra dUcEdleRKagTukCamun elak
xaF½r )anRbkasBIdMNwgenHPøam. Kat;cMGkLkLWyfa «dl;evnEdl´RtÚveFVI[ etg PJak;ep¥Ilmþg
ehIy». vUdxUk )anTTYlkarbgÁab;bBa¢a[esñIsuMCYb etg enARBwkéf¶TI14 ExFñÚ nigesñI[Kat;RbkasBI
kic©RBmeRBógCasaFarN³enAéf¶bnÞab;. karsresresckþIEføgkarN_rYmenABuMTan;)anRbúgeRbóbenA
eLIy. dUecñH sMeNIrbs;Kat;)anERbRtLb;eTACaRbkaskic©RBmeRBógmuneBlEdlvaminTan;seRmc
CapøÚvkareTAvij¡ b:uEnþ etg EdlRtÚveFVI[RsLaMgkaMg)anyl;RBm.
karpøas;bþÚreRKagkarenH BuMmanTak;Tgnwg suIrus v:an;s_ eT. karRbQmmuxeday Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GMBI
kardwknaMneya)ayrbs;cin )anERbeTACakarcaj;eRbóbeKCasßaBrsRmab;Kat;. vaElgmanbBaða
rkSalMnwgmYykñúgTMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTscin nigevotNam dUcEdlKat;niyayENnaM[eFVItam
eTotehIy ³ kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBEpñkkarTUtCamYyRkúghaNUyRtÚv)anp¥akTaMgRsug kñúgGMLúgeBl
énkarcrcaCamYyRkúmeb:kaMg. ehIyerOgenaH elakRbFanaFibtIElgTukCasMxan;eTotehIynUv
eyabl;[RbúgRby½tñrbs;Kat;kñúgkareRbI«snøwkebo»cin nigkarRBÜy)armÖrbs;Kat;BIkareFVI[Gnþray
dl;TMnak;TMngsUevot-GaemrikaMg. v:an;s_ )anpþl;nUvkaryl;RBmrbs;Kat;edIm,Inwg[kareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin RtÚv)anRbkasCasaFarN³enAéf¶TI1 Exmkra qñaM1979 b:uEnþ Kµan
krNINamYyRtÚv)anRbkasmuneT. eKGacRbmaNdwgCamunfa dMNwgenHnwgeFVI[rdæm®nþIkarbreTs
sUevot Gg;eRd RháÚmIkU Gn;citþEdlKat;RtÚvCYbKñakñúgrvagExFñÚ ehIyfadMeNIrmantKñahUrEhénkarcrca
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TI14 ExFñÚ elak xaF½r )anTUrs½BÞBITIRkúgehSrUssaeLm edIm,IR)ab;Kat;[dwgfa kareFVI[manRbRktI
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)anniyayRtÜs²kñúgniekçbbTrbs;Kat;fa «dMNwgenHKWCakareFVI[Tas;citþBitR)akdmYy. enAcMeBl
EdlmanGasnñ ehIykñúgry³eBlRbEhlR)aMmYyem:ag Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anseRmceCaKC½ykñúgkarbMEbk
Gnurdæm®nþIkarbreTs v:er:n RKItUhVhVW nigrdæelxaFikar rIqad hUlRb‘Úk ecjBIsßab½nEdlmanGMNac
eFVIkarseRmccitþ. GñkTaMgBIrBuMGacpþl;dMNwg[´BIGVIEdl)anekIteLIgeT»25.
enAeBlEdl v:an;s_ eRtómxøÜnRtLb;mkTIRkúgv:asuInetanvij-vaGacfaKat;minsßitenATIenaHeT enA
éf¶EdlekItmanRBwtþikarN_sMxan;-xaF½r EdlrhUtmkdl;eBlenHmancitþrIkrayy:agxøaMg nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI
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cineLIy. vUdxUk )anrMB£kehIy xaF½r )anepJImk[Kat;enAevlaRBwkéf¶TI15 ExFñÚ ¬RtÚvnwgéf¶TI14l¶ac
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éf¶munCamYy etg b:uEnþ \tmaneT ³ Kµankarsþab;KñaBuM)anNamYyGacmaneLIy. xaF½r TTUcfa Kat;RtÚv
EtCYb etg mþgeTotCadac;xat. eKRBmeRBógKñaeFVIkarNat;CYbKñafµImYy-elIkTIbIkñúgrvag24em:ag-
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GnuRbFanrbs;Kat; esþpWlfun r:y (Stapleton Roy) )anCYb etg enAvimanRbCaCn.
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eLIgvijGMBICMhrrbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarbnþlk;GavuFeTA[étv:an; etg )ansEmþgkMhwgPøamfa ³ «ehtuGVI
)anCaelIkbBaðaenHmkniyayeTot?». vUdxUk pÞal;BuMGacbBa©úHbBa©Úl etg BIGtßRbeyaCn_énkar
CYbKñaenH)aneT b:uEnþ Kat;xMRbwgERbgBnül;fa tamkaremIleXIjrbs;RbCaCnGaemrikaMg karpþl;
GavuFsRmab;karBar[étv:an;KWCakarFanasßirPaBrbs;RbeTsenH. vUdxUk )andMNalR)ab;´ eRbób
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NUEGlRkhm 371
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Kat;ykcitþTukdak;CasMxan; KWRbRktIPaB. vUdxUk )aneRkInrMlwkfa «TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTscindIeKaknig
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enH ]bsKÁepSg²EdlBuMGacBuHBar)annwgRtÚvbM)at;edaygayRsYlCamYynwgeBlevla»26.
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[eyabl;edayTTUcbgçMfa eyIgRtÚvbBa©b;nUvGVIEdleyIg)ancab;epþImehIy. emdwknaMcin)antb
Pøam²fa «yl;RBm¡» EdleFVI[KUsnÞnarbs;Kat;FUres,Iykñúgcitþy:agxøaMg. bBaðaEdlTukminTan;
edaHRsay KWkarlk;GavuFeTA[étv:an; EdlnwgeFVI[lM)akdl;TMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikenAeBleRkay.
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sak; )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarcUleFVIGnþraKmn_edaypÞal;TaMgGs;. Kat;sYrfa ³ «kñúgnamGñkNa? kñúg
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nayTahanxøHrbs;éfedaysar «c,ab;» tRmÚv[sRmab;karRbKl;sBVavuFrbs;cin29.
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edaysarCMnYyrbs;GnþrCati nigkarbMBak;yuT§abkrN_CafµIedaykarpÁt;pÁg;GavuFrbs;cin. enAcugqñaM
1980 eK)anvaytémøfa cMnYnT½Brbs;ExµrRkhm)aneLIgBI2muWnrhUtdl;4mWunnak;30.
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sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg424
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mineRbIsiT§rbs;xøÜnkñúgkare)aHeqñat edIm,IeFVI[ b:ul Bt mannItism,TaeLIgvijenAGgÁkarshRbCa
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rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiebIkRbCMuenAqñaM1981»32.
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04]sPa karvayRbharrbs;ExµrRkhmenAelIekaHnanarbs;evotNam.
12]sPa karsÞak;cab;)annavadwkTMnijGaemrikaMgmYyeRKÓgeQµaH ém:y:aehÁ edayBYk
ExµrRkhm.
12mifuna karkan;kab;ekaHmYyrbs;km<úCaedayRbeTsevotNam. TsSnkic©Casm¶at;
rbs; b:ul Bt enARkúghaNUy.
21mifuna karCYbKñaCasm¶at;rvag em:A esTug nig b:ul Bt enARkúgeb:kaMg.
18 sIha karsnüarbs;cinkñúgkarpþl;CMnYyesdækic©y:agsn§wksn§ab;mk[RbeTskm<úCa.
25kBaØa karbBa©b;TsSnkic©rbs; eL yn; enARkúgeb:kaMg KµankarRBmeRBógKñaNamYy
RtÚv)anseRmceLIy.
30tula karsnüarbs;sUevotcMeBaHRbeTsevotNamkñúgkarpþl;CMnYyesdækic©ry³eBl
yUrkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarsñak;GaRs½yrbs; eL yn; enATIRkúgmUsÁÚ.
21vicäika karRbkaspSayCasaFarN³nUvkarbRgÜbbRgÜmPaKxageCIg nigPaKxagt,Úg
evotNamEdlc,as;CaekItmankñúgeBlqab;².
qqññaaMM11997766
06kumÖ³ karcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógpþl;CMnYyeyaFaCasm¶at;rvagRbeTscin nig
km<úCa.
02emsa karlaElgrbs; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BImuxtMENgCaRbmuxrdærbs;
km<úCa.
14emsa karRbkasBIrdæaPi)alfµIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt.
20kkáda karTTYlCYbKN³RbtiPUGñkkaEstevotNammYyRkúmeday b:ul Bt.
09kBaØa mrNPaBrbs;RbFan em:A.
457
06tula karcab;xøÜnbNþasmaCikrbs; «bn4nak;».
14FñÚ karebIkmhasnñi)atrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam.
qqññaaMM11997777
24kumÖ³ karRbkasCasaFarN³nUvkarminbnþpþl;CMnYyrbs;cineTA[RbeTsevotNam.
16mIna karepþImsñak;GaRs½yenARkúghaNUyrbs;KN³RbtiPUtMNagRbFanaFibtI
GaemrikaMgmYyRkúmEdldwknaMedayelak eLGUNard_ vUdxUk.
25emsa karepþImTsSnkic©rbs; paM v:an;dug enAGWr:ubxaglic.
30emsa karvayRbharrbs;ExµrRkhmeTAelIPUminanarbs;evotNamenAtamRBMEdn.
03]sPa karebIkkic©snÞnakñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMgnigevotNamenA
TIRkúg):arIs.
07mifuna karCYbKñarvag paM v:an;dug nig eLGUnIdeRbseNv enATIRkúgmUsÁÚ.
10mifuna karCYbKñarvag paM v:an;dug nig lI s‘annan enARkúgeb:kaMg.
17kkáda karcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØamitþPaBmYyEdlmanry³eBl25qñaMrvagRbeTs
evotNam nigRbeTsLav.
24kBaØa karvayRbhareTAelIPUmirbs;evotNammYyedayExµrRkhm bNþal[Cn
suIvilsøab;Gs;RbmaN100nak;.
28kBaØa karcab;epþImeFVITsSnkic©RbkbedayeCaKC½yrbs; b:ul Bt enARbeTscin.
10tula karmkdl;RbeTsevotNamnUvKN³RbtiPUeyaFasUevotCan;x<s;mYyRkúm.
21vicäika TsSnkic©rbs; eL yn; enARkúgeb:kaMg. kñúgeBlenaHmankarb:unb:gbMEbk
BYkcin[XøatecjBIExµrRkhm.
03FñÚ TsSnkic©rbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþIcin ecn y:ughSIú enARbeTskm<úCa.
25FñÚ karvayRbharrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<úCa.
31FñÚ karpþac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagRbeTskm<úCanigevotNam.
qqññaaMM11997788
18mkra karsñak;GaRs½yenARbeTskm<úCarbs;elakCMTav etg yIgCav PriyasB
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg458
elak CU eGnLay EdlmkeFVITsSnkic©edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlExµrRkhm[Rbkan;
ykneya)ayniympøÚvkNþal.
05kumÖ³ sMeNIrbs;evotNamGMBIbTQb;)aj;Kña nigkarebIkkic©crcaCamYyRbeTs
km<úCa.
22kumÖ³ dMeNIrCasm¶at;eTARkúgeb:kaMgrbs;GñkcrcaevotNammñak;.
24mIna karcab;epþImeFVIkarb®gáabeTAelIGaNikCncinenARbeTsevotNam.
22emsa karbegáItkgBltUcTI1rbs;ExµrenARbeTsevotNamedIm,IRbqaMgrbb b:ul
Bt.
12]sPa karlubecalEpñkxøHénCMnYyrbs;cineTA[RbeTsevotNam.
20]sPa karmkdl;Rkúgeb:kaMgrbs;elak b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI.
24]sPa enARbeTskm<úCaPaKxagekIt b:ul Bt )anepþImkarvayRbharrbs;xøÜnTl;nwg
GñkRbqaMgkñúgépÞbkS. karbþwgbriharedayRkúgeb:kaMgGMBIeCaKvasnaEdl
bRmúgTuksRmab;GaNikCncinenARbeTsevotNam.
28mifuna karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarsgÁhesdækic©(COMECON)rbs;RbeTsevotNam.
05kkáda enARkúgeb:kaMg karepþImkic©crcaCasm¶at;rvagGaemrikaMg-cin sþIBIkareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBeLIgvij.
11kkáda karlHbg;lkçxNÐCaGaTiPaBCapøÚvkaredayRbeTsevotNamkñúgkareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBCamYyRkúgv:asuInetan.
10kBaØa karcab;epþImeFVITsSnkic©rbs; paM v:an;dug kñúgbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynIsþenA
GasuIGaeKñy_.
27kBaØa karCYbsnÞnaKñaCasm¶at;rvagGaemrikaMg-evotNam EdlmanvDÆnPaBy:ag
qab;rh½sGMBIGPiRkménkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeLIgvijrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr.
11tula karp¥akdMeNIrénkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNamedayelak
RbFanaFibtIGaemrik xaF½r rhUtdl;karbegáIt[manTMnak;TMngCamYyRkúgeb:kaMg
sin.
03vicäika karcuHhtßelxasn§isBaØamitþPaBmYyrvagsUevot-evotNam Edlmanfirevla
25qñaM.
kalb,vtþisMxan;² 459
05vicäika etg s‘avBIg cab;epþImeFVITsSnkic©mYyenAbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynIsþenA
GasuIGaeKñy_. KN³RbtiPUrbs;cinmYyeTot)aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RbeTs
km<úCa.
11vicäika karebIksm½yRbCMuvisamBaØmYyrbs;RkúmemdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþcin ³ etg
s‘avBIg cab;epþImBRgwg]tþmPaBrbs;Kat;.
02FñÚ karRbkasCasaFarN³edayRkúghaNUysþIBIkarbegáItrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaH
Catikm<úCaEdlRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt.
15FñÚ karRbkasCasaFarN³sþIBIkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBEpñkkarTUtrvagRkúgeb:kaMg
nigRkúgv:asuInetan.
25FñÚ karcab;epþImkarcUllukluyRbeTskm<úCaedayRbeTsevotNam.
qqññaaMM11997799
07mkra karvaydeNþIm)anRkúgPñMeBjedayevotNam.
14mkra karCYbKñaCasm¶at;rvagcinnigéf ³ karKaMRTs®gÁamT½BéRBRbqaMgevotNamenA
RbeTskm<úCa.
28mkra dMeNIreTAdl;Rkúgv:asuInetanrbs; etg s‘avBIg. enATIenaHKat;)anEføg[dwgBI
KeRmagkarrbs;Kat;kñúgkarpþl;«emeron »mYy[RbeTsevotNam.
17kumÖ³ RbeTscin)ancUllukluyRbeTsevotNam.
27mIna navacm,aMgsUevotmYykg)ane)aHyufáasMctenAqksmuRTkaMr:aj;rbs;evot
Nam.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg460
GkSrkat;EdleRbIR)as;kñúgRbPBÉksarsMGag
A.C.N. Agence Chine Nouvelle ¬TIPñak;garB½t’mancinfµI¦
A.F.P. Agence France-Presse ¬TIPñak;garB½t’man)araMg¦
A.V.I Agence Vietnamienne d' Information ¬TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam¦
B.P Bangkok Post ¬kaEst)agkkb:usþצ
C.V. Le Courrier du Vietnam
F.E.E.R. Far Eastern Economic Review ¬TsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUBa’¦
F.B.I.S.-P.R.C. Foreign Broadcast Information Service-People's Republic of China.
F.B.I.S.-A.P.A. Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Asia Pacific
N.D. Nhan Dan
N.Y.T. The New York Times ¬kaEstjÚvy:kEfms_¦
P.I. Pékin Information
Q.D.N.D. Quan Doi Nhan Dan
R.R. Renmin Ribao
S.W.B. Summary of World Broadcast (BBC)
W.P. Washington Post ¬kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþצ
461
RbPBÉksarsMGag
CMBUkTI1
1 Roy Rowan, The Four Days of Mayaguez, New York, Norton, 1975; pp. 38-48.
2 The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975: An Analysis of its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh
Tang, Southeast Asia Monograph Series, Vol.3, Washington, D.C., VSAF, 1981, p. 106.
3 Roy Rowan, ibidem, p. 123.
4 karR)aRs½yTak;TgKñapÞal;xøÜnrbs;m®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGU®sþalI eRkaykarsnÞnarbs;
Kat;CamYytUt (Tot) enARbeTsm:aeLsuI/ éf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1979.
5 Michael Chinoy, «A Close Look at the Mayaguez», F.E.E.R, éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa qñaM1975, p. 18.
6- R.M.Smith, Cambodia Foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, p. 159.
7 Ben Kiernan, «man;éRB/ man;Rsuk nigEk¥kTwk ³ PUmiPaKbUBa’eRkamrbb b:ul Bt » kñúgkarniBn§l,g
TI8 «bdivtþn_nigplvi)akkñúgRbeTskm<úCa» David Chandler and Ben Kiernan éd., Monograph Series
Nº25, New Haven, Conn. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1983, p. 178. karbkERbeTACa
Pasa)araMgkñúg Camille Scalabrino nig Marie-Claire Orieux: Cambodge: Rbvtþisa®sþ nigRkya
tMNaMg/ 1945-1985, Asie-Débat 2, l’Harmattan, 1985, pp. 159-160.
8 Dossier Kampuchéa, Vol. 1, C.V., Hanoi, 1978, p. 128.
9 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM v:an;)a GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü/ TIRkúghUCImij/ éf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM1981.
10 S.W.B., 5 août 1975.
11 Dossier Kampuchéa, p. 127.
12 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodia Communism, niekçbbTfñak;
bNÐit/ University of Maryland, 1982, p. 187.
13 Ibid.
14 kMNt;ehtuGUsr:UeNGU sþIBIkarsnÞnarvag v:ag sðagr:ug-sun esn enAéf¶TI6 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1976
Edlbgðaj[dwgkñúgeBlkat;kþI b:ul Bt-eGog sarI edaykM)aMgmux. sMeNAedImRtÚv)at;bg;
b:uEnþkarerobrab;y:agl¥itl¥n;CaeRcIn)annaM[nwkeXIjBIlkçN³BiténkarbkERbCaPasa)araMg
462
enH. CaBiess Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBsþÜcesþIgénCMnYyrbs;cin EdlpÞúynwgkarbBa¢ak;GHGagrbs;
Gñkkan;GMNacevotNam.
15 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI16 Exemsa qñaM1976/ A-7.
16 The Straits Times, éf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1974.
17 hg;rI KIsSIúghÁ½r/ The White House Years, Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, p. 1114. esovePAbkERbCa
Pasa)araMg ³ GMBIestviman ³ 1968-1973, Paris, Fayard, 1979.
18 Kiessing’s Contemporary Archives, janvier 1974, p. 26488.
19 esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA
éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977, A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
20 S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
21 S.W.B., éf¶TI29 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
22 S.W.B., éf¶TI22 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
23 «Fighting a New Kind of War", F.E.E.R, éf¶TI26 ExkBaØa qñaM1975/ p. 10.
24 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI23 ExkBaØa qñaM1975/ A-16.
25 Ibid., A-18-19.
26 tameyabl;m®nþIcinmñak;fa karTamTaredayTTUcrbs; eL faj;gI edIm,IsuMCMnYyrbs;cin kñúg
GMLúgénkareFVIdMeNIrKµanQb;Qrrbs;Kat;)aneFVI[Kat;maneQµaHehAeRkAfa «sµÚmyack».
27 P.I., éf¶TI16 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ pp. 12-16. GtßbTBuMmanbBa¢ak;TaMgkalbriecäTénkarsnÞna
enH TaMgeQµaHemdwknaMrbs;evotNameT b:uEnþ karniyaybBaäitbeBaäógBI «CMgWd¾F¶n;F¶r»rbs; CU
nigkarniyayeyagBI«sm½ys®gÁam»eFVI[eKKitfa Kat;enaHCa eL faj;gI ³ enAExsIha
qñaM1975 RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’manrbs;cin )anelIkykmkniyayBIkarCYbKñamYyrbs; gI
CamYy CU EdlenAeBlenaHcUlBüa)aleraKkñúgmnÞIreBTü.
28 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday A.C.N., éf¶TI19 Exmifuna qñaM1981.
29 GMBIGFibetyüPaBrbs;evotNamelIRbCuMekaH h½gsa nig eRTÓgsa/ RkúghaNUy/ RksYg
karbreTs/ 1979/ p. 60. karbkRsayrbs;evotNam)anRtÚvGHGagbBa¢ak;eday A.C.N.,
éf¶TI14 ExsIha qñaM1979.
30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYynaykrgmCÄmNÐlRbvtþisa®sþsm½ybc©úb,nñrbs;cin/ Rkúg
RbPBÉksarsMGag 463
eb:kaMg/ éf¶TI8 ExmIna qñaM1982.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1978.
32 S.W.B., éf¶TI2 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
33 Carlyle A. Thayer nig David G. Marr, Vietnam Since 1975, Center for the Study of Australian-Asian
Relations, Research Paper Nº20, Brisbane, Griffith University, 1980, p. 7.
34 Ta Kung Pao, hugkug/ éf¶TI27 Exvicäika qñaM1975.
35 Gareth Porter, «neya)ayevotNamnigvibtþienA\NÐÚcin» kñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.
Elliott éd., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, p. 80.
36 S.W.B., éf¶TI26 Exemsa qñaM1976.
37 karsnÞnarbs; eGog sarI CamYyelak Patrice de Beer, GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manénkaEst LWm:ug
sRmab;PUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_/ )agkk/ Extula qñaM1975. ´sUmGKuNelak Beer Edl)an
bBa¢ÚnkMNt;RtaxøI²rbs;elakmk[´.
38 sarin qak/ «RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa», Paris, Dalloz, 1966, pp. 207-208; sUmGanpgEdrnUv esovePA
km<úCa-evotNam/ International Boundary Study Nº155, RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ kariya-
l½yesuIbkarN_ nigRsavRCav/ Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 11-12.
39 esckþIcmøgénkarsnÞnarbs; v:ag Tug CamYyelak James Burnet, haNUy/ éf¶TI12 Exmkra
qñaM1986. B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak James Burnet.
40 S.W.B., éf¶TI6 Exkkáda qñaM1976.
41 S.W.B., éf¶TI18 ExsIha qñaM1976.
42 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYynaykrdæm®nþI
paM v:an;dug enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977», A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
43 Jurgen Domes, RbeTscineRkaysm½ybdivtþn_vb,Fm’/ London, Hurst, 1976, pp. 247-251.
44 Michel Oksenberg, «mYyTsvtSn_énTMnak;TMngcin-Gaemrik», karbreTs/ srTrdUv 1982, pp. 180-
181.
vKÁ ³ «neratþm sIhnu ³ em:agénC½yCmñH»
1 Henry Kissinger, bNþaqñaMEdlclaclxøaMg Little, Brown, 1982, p. 59. karbkERbCaPasa)araMg ³
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg464
«bNþaqñaMd¾rMeCIbrMCYl», Paris, fayard, 1982.
2 GuI pan;dara/ «karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij», Paris, A.M. Métailié, 1982, p. 37.
CMBUkTI2
1 Paul Mus, evotNam ³ sgÁmsa®sþéns®gÁammYy/ Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1952, p. 17.
2 Michael G. Cotter, «Towards a Social History of Vietnamese Southward Movement», Journal of Southeast
Asia History, Vol. IX, Nº1, mars 1968, p. 14.
3 Georges Maspero, «RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a», Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 26. cMeBaHtYelxEdlfµI
bMput sUmGansßitiCMerOnRbCaCnenAqñaM1976 rbs;saFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam.
4 Alexander Barton Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971,
p. 247.
5 David Chandler, km<úCamunsm½y)araMg ³ Politics in a Tributary Kingdom. 1794-1848, Ann Arbor,
Mich., University Microfilms, 1973, p. 108.
6 David Chandler, «An Anti-Vietnamese Rebellion in Early Nineteenth Century Cambodia: Pre-Colonial
Imperialism and a Pre-Nationalist Response», Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. VI, Nº1, mars
1975, pp. 16-24.
7 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak David Chandler, éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1982; aussi, David Chandler, op.
cit., p. 154; David Chandler, «Kampuchea-Vietnam-The Roots of Strife», in The Vietnam-Kampuchea-
China Conflict, Malcolm Salmon éd., Working paper Nº1 Canberra, Department of Political and Social
Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1979, pp. 4-5.
8 erOgxøI²kñúgRbvtþisa®sþenH )anpþl;CaRbeyaKEdleKTenÞjminQb;mYykñúgkareXasnarbs;
ExµrRkhm. cMeBaHkarbkRsayrbs;GñkrYcputBIeRKaHfñak;mñak;CaCnCatikm<úCa sUmGan
esovePA «karvilRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij» rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Paris, Métailié, 1982, p. 129
RBmTaMg esovePArbs;elak A. Pannetier, kMNt;ehtuxøI²GMBIkm<úCa ³ enAkNþalRbeTsExµr/
Paris, Payot, 1921; Paris, Cedoreck, 1983, pp. 15-16 pg.
9 Chandler, op. cit., p.153.
10 esckþIRbkasB½t’man/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ KN³ebskkmµGcié®nþy_enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati/
RbPBÉksarsMGag 465
éf¶TI11 ExFñÚ qñaM1978. tamkarBit erOgenHmanBitR)akdKWcab;BIqñaM1977mk.
11 sarin qak/ «RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa»/ Paris, Dalloz, 1966, tome 1, p. 179.
12 Michael Leifer, Cambodia: The Search for Security, London, Pall Mall, 1967, p. 95; Roger M. Smith,
Cambodia’s foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, pp. 158-159. karTTUcedIm,I
[mankareRbIGakb,kiriyaRby½tñ ¬xagpøÚvkay b¤vaca¦ edayELkmYycMeBaHCnCatiPaKticExµr
eRkamenAPaKxagt,ÚgevotNam KWCamUlehtuénbraC½ykñúgkarcrcaenAExtula qñaM1964
rvagrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNam¬evotkug¦ nigkm<úCa. kMNt;ehtuénkarRbCuMrbs;KN³RbtiPU
énrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNamxagt,ÚgenAvimanTTYlePJóvnaTIRkúgeb:kaMg/ éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM
1964 evlaem:ag4l¶ac/ ÉksarpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak sðal émy½r.
13 Alain Forest, «km<úCanigkartaMgGaNaniKmrbs;)araMg»/ Paris, l’ Harmattan, 1980, p. 452.
14 elIkmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Gareth Porter, «evotNamnigkm<úCa», CemøaH\NÐÚcinelIk
TI3/ David Elliott éd., Boulder, Colo, Westview, 1981, p.124, note 101.
15 RksYgkarbreTs/ TUrelxNº749-S.D.C.S Extula qñaM1952/ manRbPBmkBITIRkúgéRBnKr.
tammtiENnaMdEdlfa bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)anRbKl;GMNac[bkSkumµúynIsþevotNamedIm,I
«erobcMnigdak;[manRkbx½NÐnUvsmaCikrbs;xøÜn EdlmanedImkMeNItCacin ehIyEdlkMBugsñak;
GaRs½yenARbeTsevotNam/ km<úCanigRbeTsLav».
16 GñkÉkeTsxagbBaðaRbeTskm<úCa min)anRBmeRBógKñaGMBIGtßn½yénmhasnñi)atqñaM1960
EdlCakalbriecäTénkarbegáItbkS dUcEdl b:ul Bt )anGHGagb¤mhasnñi)atelIkTIBIrénbkS
RbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa EdlekItmkBIbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcineT. karbBa¢ak;GHGagTaMgBIrRbEhl
CamankarBit¬enAkñúgenaH¦tamcMENknImYy².
17 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Charles Meyer, Rkúg):arIséf¶TI18 Exmifuna qñaM1977.
18 neratþm sIhnu/ esovePA «GñkeTasExµrRkhm»/ Hachette, 1986, p. 416.
19 Harald Munthe-Kaas, «smÖasn_CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu»/ F.E.E.R. éf¶TI9 Extula qñaM
1965.
20 Stephen Header, «Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle: The Origin of an Independent Revolution», Bulletin of
Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 11, Nº1, 1979, p.7.
21 Timothy Carney, «Cambodia: The Unexpected Victory», GtßbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ ExkumÖ³
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg466
qñaM1979/ p.10.
22 Heder, «Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle», p.14.
23 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sðal émy½r/ ):arIs éf¶TI18 Exmifuna qñaM1977.
24 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 250; William Shawcross, ehtukarN_bnÞab;bnSM/ KIsSúIghÁ½r/
nicsun nigkarbMpøajRbeTskm<úCa/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 70.
25 elIkmkniyaysMGagedayelak sðavRkÚs op.cit.p. 123. kñúgn½ydEdlelak sðavRkÚs k¾
elIksmþIrbs;elak William Colby GtItnayk C.I.A. mksMGagpgEdr.
26 Sihanouk, op.cit.
27 Heder, «Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle», p. 14. enAqñaM1968 semþc sIhnu )anGYtGagfa )an[
eKsmøab;GñkRbqaMgCaCnkumµúynIsþ1500nak;taMgBIqñaM1956mk.
28 Ibid.
29 Shawcross, op. cit., p. 250.
30 esovePAexµA/ ehtukarN_nigP½sþútagénGMeBIQøanBannigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa/ PñMeBj ³ RksYgkarbreTskm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ qñaM1978/ p. 86.
31 Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, Boston, Little, Brown, 1981, p. 353.
32 Ibid., p. 341.
33 Ibid., p. 36.
34 Shawcross, op. cit., pp. 335-343.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgeb:kaMg éf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM
1980.
36 Donald Kirk, «Revolution and Political Violence in Cambodia, 1970-74», dans Communism in Indochina,
Joseph Zasloff and Paul Brown éd., Toronto, Lexington, 1975, p. 218.
37 TUrelxEdlerobrab;bBa©Úledayelak Ben Kiernan «man;éRB/ man;Rsuk nigEk¥kTwk ³ PUmiPaKbUB’a
rbs;km<úCaeRkamrbb b:ul Bt »/kñúgkarniBn§l,gTI8sþIBIbdivtþn_nigplvi)akenAkm<úCa/ David
Chandler and Ben Kiernan éd., Monograph Series Nº25, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983, p. 176.
38 Ibid., p. 159.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 467
39 sMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ pp. 9-10.
CMBUkTI3
1 Rbtikmµrbs; eGog sarI cMeBaHkarcab;xøÜnBYkr:aDIkal; RtÚv)anerobrab;R)ab;´ edayshkarI
CitsñiT§mñak;rbs;elak háas):arI enATIRkúg)agkk. BIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1982 háas):arI CaÉk
GKÁrdæTUtRbeTsyUehÁasøavIRbcaMRbeTséf.
2 J.B. Armstrong, Revolutionary Diplomacy: Chinese Foreign Policy and the United Front Doctrine,
Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977, pp. 180-181.
3 cMeBaHkarbriyaymYyGMBIRBwtþikarN_Extula qñaM1976 enARbeTscin sUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Roger Garside, Coming Alive: China after Mao, New York, Mentor, 1981, pp. 101-154; Andres
D. Onate, «hVaKUehVg nigkarcab;xøÜnbn4nak;», China Quarterly, ExkBaØa qñaM1978/ pp. 540-565.
4 tamviTüúRkúgPñMeBjfa enAéf¶TI13 Extula ÉkGKÁrdæTUténRbeTsm:alInigtg;hSanIEdlGeBa¢Ij
mkCUnlixitsartaMgRtÚv)anTTYleday sun esn rdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs EdlbMeBjParkic©kñúg
zan³Cardæm®nþIkarbreTs/ S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
5 sunÞrkfarbs;elak lI Cag (Li Qiang) rdæm®nþIBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTsrbs;cinEføgkñúg»kasBiFI
Cb;elogmYyenAéf¶TI28 Extula qñaM1976/ F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI29 Extula 1976.
6 sgáat;¬GtßbT¦enH sMGagelIkarsnÞnarbs;´CamYyGñkkarTUtEdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúg
haNUynigeb:kaMg naBak;kNþalqñaM1977. enAcugqñaM1976 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anTij
TMnijBIRkúghugkugRtwmEt1landuløarb:ueNÑaH. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da ³
«Phnom Penh Undercover Men»kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUBa’ (F.E.E.R) ecjéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM
1976.
7 Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, ksikr nigneya)ayenAkm<úCa/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.
8 David P. Chandler, «A Revolution and Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea,
ExFñÚ qñaM1976», GtßbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ p. 7.
9 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodian Communism, niekçbbT
fñak;bNÐit/ University of Maryland, 1982, pp. 136-137.
10 David P. Chandler, «Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg468
Party?», Pacific Affairs, été 1983, pp. 297-299; Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, ksikr nig
neya)ayenAkm<úCa/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.
11 Chandler, ibid., p. 297.
12 Chanthou Boua and Ben Kiernan, «kariyaFibetyüénesckþIsøab;», New Statesman, éf¶TI2 Ex
]sPa qñaM1980; David Hawk, «mCÄmNÐlRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg», Index on Censorship,
Exmkra qñaM1986, pp. 25-31.
13 Chandler, op. cit., p. 298.
14 karbkERbGtßbTBITsSnavdþITg;bdivtþedayelak Timothy Carney nig Kem Sos Edlmankñúg
esovePAmYyCitecjpSay e)aHBum<pSayeday Karl Jackson.
15 B½t’manpþl;eday Timothy Carney, CaGñkÉkeTsxagbBaðakm<úCaenAsßanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRkúg
)agkk. sUmGanesovePA «Cambodia’s Communist regime begins to purge its own ranks while
continuing a crack-down», Wall Street Journal, éf¶TI19 Extula qñaM1977.
16 S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
17 A.V.I., éf¶TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
18 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysa®sþacarü R)aemaCJ Naxnfab (Pramoj Nakhonthap) GtItRKÚ
beRgónmuxviC¢aviTüasa®sþneya)ay enAsaklviTüal½yFmµsatRkúg)agkk naTIRkúgevogc½nÞ
éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1982.
19 B½t’manpþl;[enAEx]sPa qñaM1977 edayGñkkarTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkúg
haNUy.
20 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy xaMKuN m®nþIénKN³kmµaFikarRbCaCnextþsVayerog/ sVayerog
éf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1981.
21 bkSkumµúynIsþenAevotNam ³ mhasnñi)atCatielIkTIIV. ÉksarRkúghaNUy/ kare)aHBum<
pSayCaPasabreTs/ 1977, pp. 161-162.
22 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rs; saerOn enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúg
PñMeBj.
23 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Michel Strulovici GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manrbs;kaEstG‘uym:anIet
¬l’Humanité) RbcaMTIRkúghaNUy/ Exvicäika qñaM1977.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 469
24 karsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúgeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI27 Extula
qñaM1977/ hugkug.
25 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA
éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977»/ A.C.N., 22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
26 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak suInNafmb‘Í r:ahSar:atNam rdæm®nþIkarbreTssigðburI/ éf¶
TI19 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1982/ sigðburI.
27 A.C.N., éf¶TI14 ExmIna qñaM1977.
28 S.W.B., éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM1977.
29 S.W.B., éf¶TI9 Exmkra qñaM1978.
30 sMMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ p. 133.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI28 Exmifuna qñaM1977.
32 tamkaEst Sankei Shimbun, elIkykmkniyayCasMGagkñúg Issues and Studies, ExmIna qñaM
1978. enAExvicäika qñaM1977 tamRbPBB½t’manmYyrbs;evotNamfa TIRbwkSaciny:ag
eRcInRtÚvcab;CaeQøIyswkkñúg»kasénkarvaybkmYyenAkñúgEdndIrbs;km<úCa.
33 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug
enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977»/ A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
34 S.W.B., éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM1977.
35 S.W.B., éf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1977. bEnßmBIelIÉksarenH mankarcuHhtßelxaelI ³ sn§i
sBaØakMNt;RBMEdnmYyrvagevotNam-Lav/ kic©RBmeRBógpþl;CMnYyesdækic©mYysRmab;
ry³eBl3qñaMedaymin)ac;sgvij nigpþl;nUvR)ak;km©ImYyedayKµanykkarR)ak; nigkic©RBm
eRBógmYy edIm,Ipþl;TidæakarsRmab;GñkkarTUtnigm®nþIbuKÁlikrdækarRbeTsTaMgBIr. tamÉkGKÁ
rdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMRbeTsLav egVón s‘n; (Nguyen Xuan) fa GVIEdlsMxan;KWCMnYyesdækic©
RtÚvEteRbIR)as;sRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;kgT½BevotNamEdlsMctenARbeTsLav.
36 bTsmÖasn_rbs;smmitþ b:ul Bt CamYyKN³RbtiPUGñkkaEstyUehÁasøavI EdlmkeFVITsSnkic©
enAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ PñMeBj/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü ExmIna qñaM1978.
37 sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt enAmuxKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSnaéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1978 Edl
ykmkbgðajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtþn_RkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1979 eRkamelx
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg470
eyag 2>5>11. tulakarenH)ankat;eTas b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI kM)aMgmux edayRbhar
CIvitbg;.
38 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Nay:an; can;da ³ «Lav/ evotNam ³ mitþCitsñiT§Cag
eK»/ TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI29 Exkkáda qñaM1977.
39 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak háaer:t B½rT½r ³ , «neya)ayrbs;evotNam nigvibtþi
enA\NÐÚcin», p. 97.
40 Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, p. 170.
41 ÉksarNº2.5.11, kñúgkMNt;CasMGagenARtg;elxerog37.
42 S.W.B., éf¶TI14 Ex]sPa qñaM1977.
43 S.W.B., éf¶TI22 Extula qñaM1977.
44 P.I, éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1977/ pp. 20-30.
45 kMNt;ehtusþIBIkarCYbrbs; b:ul Bt CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin/ éf¶TI29 ExkBaØa qñaM1977 RtÚv
rwbGUs)anenATIRkúgPñMeBj ÉksarenHRtÚv)anbgðajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtþn_ naExsIha
qñaM1979 eRkamelxeyag 2>5>28.
46 esckþIraykarN_)anFøak;kñúgédRkúmPñak;garsm¶at;enAétv:an; ehIy)ane)aHBum<pSaykñúg Issues
and Studies, ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ pp. 77-79. esckþIraykarN_enH )ane)aHBum<pSaymYyExmun
karepþIms®gÁamrvagkm<úCanigevotNam Edlvabgðaj[eXIjR)akdEmn.
47 P.I., éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1977, pp. 20-30.
vKÁ«neratþm sIhnu ³ kSRtEdlcakecjBIqakneya)ay»
1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM v:an;)a/ GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü RkúghUCImij éf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM1981.
CMBUkTI4
1 Wang Gungwa, shKmn_nigRbCaCati ³ karniBn§l,gGMBIGasuIGaeKñy_ nigRbeTscin/ Singapore,
Heinemann, 1981, p. 53.
2 Georges Maspero, «RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a», Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 224.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 471
3 kaEst Réalités Cambodgiennes, elxecjéf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM1965.
4 Huynh Sanh Thong, éd. et trad., The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, New Haven, Conn., Yale University
Press, 1979, p. 3.
5 Henri Maspero, dkRsg;CasMGagedayelak M. Coughlin, «evotNamkñúgRsemalrbs;cin »,
Journal of Southeast Asian History, kBaØa qñaM1967/ p. 242.
6 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Keith W. Taylor, «The rise of Dai Viet and the establishment
of Thang Long» dans Kenneth R. Hall and John K. Whitmore éd., Explorations in Early Southeast Asian
History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft, Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, Nº11,
Ann Arbor, 1976, pp 165-166, bkERbBIPasaevotNamedayelakétl½r. sMeNAedImCaPasa
cinRtÚv)at;bg;. RbvtþiviTU Wang Gungwu Kitfa lixitenHTMngCa)anbBa¢Ún edayBitR)akd
eRBaH)armÖeFVI[rMCYldl;menaseBa©tnaCatiniym b:uEnþmankarEkbEnßm[kan;Etl¥elIsmunxøHBI
sMNak;Gñksresrkalb,vtþirbs;evotNam.
7 Gungwu, op. cit., p. 64.
8 Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam: the Revolutionary Path, New York, St. Martin’s Press, p. 56.
9 Hodgkin, ibid., p. 89.
10 sa®sþacarü George Mct. Kahin, B½t’manpÞal;xøÜn/ éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM1984.
11 Trung Buu Lam, «Intervention versus Tribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788 -1790», kñúg The
Chinese World Order, John K. Fairbank éd., Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 178.
12 Le Thanh Khoi, Histoire du Vietnam des origines à 1858, Paris, Sudestasie, 1981, p. 214.
13 Lloyd Eastman, Throne and Mandarins: China’s Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy
1880-1885, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1967, p. 43.
14 Trung Buu Lam, ibidem, 174-175.
15 John K. Whitmore, The Development of Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam, niekçbbTfñak;
bNÐit/ Cornell University, 1968, p. 208 nigesovePA «RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a» p. 231 rbs;elak
Maspero pgEdr.
16 Chandler, Cambodia Before the French, p. 63.
17 niekçbbTrbs; vUdés EdlRtÚv)ankarBary:agRtcHRtcg;kñúgesovePArbs;Kat; mancMNgeCIg
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg472
fa evotNam nigKMrUcin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 253-254.
18 Dao Vang Vy, Nguyen Tri Phuong, Saigon, Nha Van Hoa, Ba Van Hoa, Giao Duc Va Than Nien,
1974, p. 53. ´sUmGKuNelak Michael Eiland Edl)anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;´eTAelI
sgáat;GtßbTRtg;enH ehIyEdl)anbkERb[´EfmeTot.
19 John T. McAlister, Jr., «PaBGacnwgekItmansRmab;kargarTUtenAGasuIGaeKñy_», World Politics, Vol.
XIX, Nº2, Exmkra qñaM1976/ p. 273.
20 dkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Huynh Kim Khanh, lT§ikumµúynIsþevoNam/ Ithaca,
N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1982, p. 129.
21 Dossier Kampuchéa, p. 95.
22 Ibid.
23 William Turley, «Vietnam’s View of Regional Order», karTak;TgKñaenAsnñi)atRbcaMqñaMelIkTI26én
smaKmsikSaBIbBaðaGnþrCati/ Washington D.C., 8 mai 1985, p.6.
24 Ibid.
25 GtßbTrbs; Che Viet Tan «Redistribute the work force in order to build and defend the fatherland»,
Tap Chi Cong San, ExsIha qñaM1979 RtÚv)anbkERbcuHpSaykñúgesckþIraykarN_rbs;RbeTs
evotNam/ Nº2148, Washington, D.C., National Technical Information Service, 1979, Washington
D.C., 1979, p. 21.
26 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI4 Exmkra qñaM1985/ K.G.
27 elIkmkniyayCasMGageday Suebsaeng Promboon, Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations, 1282-1853,
niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ University of Wisconsin, 1971, p. 173.
28 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Gungwu, op. cit., pp. 46-47.
29 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Eastman, op. cit., p. 39.
30 Ben Kiernan, esovePA «etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa?»/ London, Verso, 1985, p. 140.
31 esckþIraykarN_EdltamsegátemIltYnaTIrbs;RbeTscinenAsnñisITRkúghSWENv KWsMGagCa
sMxan;elIesovePArbs;elak François Joyaux, «RbeTscin nig karedaHRsayCemøaH\NÐÚcin
TImYy»/ hSWENv qñaM1954/ ):arIs/ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs; Sorbonne, 1979, pp. 231-323.
32 cMeBaHkarviPaKl¥itl¥n;mYyGMBI\riyabfrbs;RbeTscin cMeBaHkarbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTsevotNam
RbPBÉksarsMGag 473
EtmYy sUmGanesovePA CemøaHcin-evotNam rbs;elak Eugène K. Lawson, New York,
Praeger, 1984, pp. 52-69.
33 Roxane Witke, smmitþnarI cag Qij/ Little, Brown, 1977, p. 271.
34 Mohamed Heikal, Nasser: ÉksarRkúgEKr/ London, New English Library, 1973, p. 269.
35 esckþIsarPaBrbs;elakCMTav Wang Guangmei cMeBaHelak David G. Marr, eb:kaMg/ éf¶TI7 ExkBaØa
qñaM1980. GKuNcMeBaHelak David G. Marr EdlbBa¢Únmk[´nUvkMNt;xøI²rbs;elak.
36 Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp. 58-59.
37 RtÚvsaksYredayGñkniBn§enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ enAéf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1978 nayTahanevot
Nammñak;)anRbkasR)ab;´fa ³ «CnCatiLavkat;cinmñak;KW ]tþmesnIy_ PUm:a RtÚv)ansmøab;
kñúgkarRbyuT§enAqñaM1971 b:uEnþeK)anbMepøIsfa Kat;RtÚvkMcat;edayevotNam» edayeFVI[eK
eCOfa BaküccamGar:amRbEhlCamUlehtumYyehIyemIleTA.
38 Pierre Mendès France, Tl;muxKñaCamYynwgGasuI/ New York, Liveright, 174, pp. 107-108. kare)aHBum<
pSaytamsMeNAedIm/ Pierre Mendès France, karsnÞnaCamYynwgGasuIéf¶enH/ esovePAkMNt;
ehtuénkareFVIdMeNIr/ Paris, Gallimard, 1972.
39 Pierre Mendès France, op. cit., p.189.
40 Etienne M. Mana’ch, RbeTsmYyEdlqøgkat;edaybNþaGanuPaBminGacTb;Tl;)an ³ cin-\NÐÚcin
qñaM1972-1973 Paris Fayard, 1982, p. 575.
41 Porter, «evotNamnigvibtþi\NÐÚcin», pp. 74-75.
42 TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI15 Exmifuna qñaM1979, p. 39.
43 Lawson, op. cit., pp. 193-194.
44 karkt;smÁal;rbs; tag ¬Tang¦ RtÚv)anGHGagbBa¢ak;edaym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;enARkúghaNUy
nigdkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Stanley Karnow kñúgesovePA evotNam/ GMBI
Rbvitþsa®sþmYy/ N.Y., Viking, 1983, p. 638.. bYnExmunkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsun
eTAkan;RbeTscin ¬ExkumÖ³ qñaM1972¦ RbeTscin)anTUnµan[RbeTsevotNamTukbBaðaRbFana
FibtI FIv mYyduMsin ehIyseRmc[xagEt)annUvkic©RBmeRBógmYysMedA[mankardkkgT½B
GaemrikcugeRkayecjBIRbeTsevotNam.
45 François Missoffe, karRbyuT§ttYrvagRkúmneya)ayxageqVg/ Paris, Ramsay, 1977, p. 128.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg474
46 Thanh Nam, «eb:kaMgse®gÁaHRkúgéRBnKr » ¬ebkaMgCYyRkúgéRBnKr¦/ Tinanub,vtþievotNam/ Ex
mifuna qñaM1979; Philippe Richer, El,gelgbYnnak;enAGasuIGaeKñy_/ Paris, Presses Universitaires
de France, 1982, p. 49.
47 Joyaux, la Chine, p. 355.
48 Lawson, op. cit., p. 242.
49 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enAéf¶TI14 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
)agkk.
CMBUkTI5
1 Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, New York, Summit Books,
1983, pp. 623-625.
2 tamkic©RBmeRBógRkúg):arIs RbeTsevotNam)ansnüa «CYysRmÜldl;karbBa¢ÚneTAmatu
RbeTsvijnUvsaksBTahanTaMgLayEdl)at;kñúgxøÜnkarRbyuT§»ehIyshrdæGaemriksnüa
«CYypSHmuxrbYss®gÁam».
3 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAéf¶TI17 ExsIha qñaM1984naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan.
4 kariyal½yGnuB½n§B½t’manrbs;estviman/ Presidential Commission on Americans Missing and
Unaccounted for in Southeast Asia: A Report on Trip to Vietnam and Laos March 16-20, 1977,
Washington, D.C., éf¶TI23 ExmIna 1977/ p. 11.
5 W.P., éf¶TI18 ExmIna qñaM1977.
6 fVIebImtiPaKeRcInelIslubmYyénrdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik bgðajPaBGmitþcMeBaHRbeTsevot
NamenAqñaM1975k¾eday k¾manGñkxøHlMeGogeTArkkarpSHpSaKñaEdr. elakvresnIy_RtIy_
ém:xWl GILin EdlRbLÚkyUrmkehIykñúgkarRbwgERbgeFVIs®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\NÐÚcin
)ansresrGnusSrN³mYyeTAGnurdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTsenAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna edayENnaMBIkareFVI
[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkúghaNUy eTaHbICaTRmg;d¾Cak;lak;mYyénCMnYyEpñkesdækic©RtÚvbg;
Catémøk¾eday. sRmab;Kat;yl;fa karraMgxÞb;Epñkesdækic© «KWCaTegVIrMelaPbMBanmYyEfmTaMg
CaTegVIRceLatetattUgmYypg EdlminsmrmüTaMgRsugkñúgneya)ayGnþrCatirbs;RbCaCati
RbPBÉksarsMGag 475
eCOnelOnmYy». edaypÞúyeTAvij GILin )anpþl;CaGnusasn_[Rbkan;ykviFankarl¥itl¥n;
nigemaHmutepSg²Tl;nwgtfPaBénRbeTsevotNamfµI.
7 N.Y.T., éf¶TI19 Exvicäika qñaM1975.
8 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Murray Hiebert, «Playing Politics with the MIAs»,
Southeast Asia Chronicle, Nº85, éf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1982.
9 N.Y.T., éf¶TI25 Exemsa qñaM1976.
10 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.
11 tamkar[dwgrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTsfa kñúgcMnYnsrubmnusS)at;xøÜnenA\NÐÚcin2>546nak;
man753nak;)anRtÚvcat;Tukfa)at;xøÜnkñúgkarRbyuT§/ 33nak;RtÚvcab;CaeQøIys®gÁam/ 647
nak; TMngCasøab; ehIy1>113)anRtÚvsmøab;kñúgeBlRbyuT§ edayeKminGacnaMsaksBmk
)an. sUmGacesovePArbs;elak Bill Herod, «The Unfinished Business of America’s MIAs»,
Indochina Issues, Nº17/ mifuna qñaM1981/ rYmTaMg «America’s Missing: A Look behind the Numbers»,
Indochina Issues, Nº54/ ExkumÖ³ qñaM1985pg.
12 W.P., éf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
13 Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,
1983, 450.
14 snñisITkaEstrbs;RbFanaFibtI xaF½r enAéf¶TI24 ExmIna qñaM1977/ Rkúgv:asuInetan.
15 S.W.B., éf¶TI29 ExmIna qñaM1977.
16 kñúgkarsnÞnamYyenATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM1983elak mIEsðl GUkesnbWk Gñk
ÉkeTsxagbBaðaGasuIenARkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati )anniyayR)ab;´Ca]TahrN_fa ³ «ebskkmµ
rbs; vUdxUk RbRBwtþeTAmin)anl¥eLIy. tamkarBit GñkxøH)anxMRbwgeFVIdMeNIrmYysRmab;Et
erOgTahanGaemrik)at;xøÜnsuT§saF/ »kasénkare)aHtRmúydMbUg²sRmab;kareFVI[manRbRktI
PaBmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNamkMBugnaM[evotNamyl;RcLM. enAcMeBaHmux vUdxUk evotNam
)anbgðajlkçN³Tn;Pøn;GMBIbBaðaCYsCulkarxUcxatedaysars®gÁam. rhUtTal;EteRkaymk
eTIbevotNamElgbnÞn;CMhr ehIyxaMRkajcMeBaHsMeNIsuMCMnYyesdækic©rbs;eK».
17 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy egVón LaM RbFanKN³kmµaFikarEpnkarrbs;evotNamenAéf¶TI31
Exmkra qñaM1981naTIRkúghaNUy. TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶TI28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1981.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg476
18 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.
19 C.Vance, op. cit., p. 122.. xaF½r )ansEmþg[dwgBITwkcitþrbs;Kat;fa «eRtómRbkYtRbECgnwgBYk
sUevotkñúgtMbn;CayuT§sa®sþTaMgLay CaBiessenARbeTsevotNam». N.Y.T., éf¶TI12 Ex
mifuna qñaM1977.
20 Zbigniew Brzezinski, GMNacnigeKalkarN_ ³ kMNt;RbvtþiGMBIRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati (1977-1981),
New York, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983,p. 197.
21 saFardæsgÁmniymevotNamr)aykarN_esdækic©mYy/ FnaKarBiPBelak/ Washington, D.C.,
August 1977, p. 66.
22 TUrelxrbs;ÉkGKÁrdæTUtshrdæGaemrikRbcaMRkúg)agkk Charles Whitehouse, Nº09191-2717442,
éf¶TI27 Exemsa qñaM1977.
23 Asian Wall Street Journal, éf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM1977.
24 karerobrab;l¥itl¥n;enHKW)anmkBIkarsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGnurdæm®nþIkarbreTs pan; ehon
enATIRkúg):arIs naéf¶TI21 Exmifuna qñaM1977 nigCamYyGtItGnurdæm®nþI rIqad hUlRb‘Úk/
Rkúgv:asuInetan>DI>suI>/ éf¶TI24 Exkkáda qñaM1981.
25 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI7 Exmifuna qñaM1977, K-5.
26 Arkady N. Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkúgmUsÁÚ/ New York; Knopf, 1985, p. 265. kare)aHBum<
pSay CaPasa)araMg ³ «karpþac;mitþPaBCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚ» (Rupture avec Moscou), Paris, Payot,
1985.
27 Marc Menguy, haNUyRbqaMgnwgeb:kaMg/ mCÄmNÐlsRmab;kic©karGnþrCati/ Harvard University,
1979, p. 36.
28 Ibid., 40.
29 Ibid., 41.
30 Information-Documents, Nº3, éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1982/ e)aHBum<pSayeday C.V., RkúghaNUy,
p. 11.
CMBUkTI6
1 karerobrab;GMBI]bTÞvehtuenAsNæaKarfaMgLenH KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUtCaeRcIn
RbPBÉksarsMGag 477
EdlmanmuxenAkñúgBiFIbdisNæarkic©. ]bTÞvehtu)anRtÚvelIkykmkniyayedayelak Marc
Menguy GñkkarTUt)araMg EdleBlenaHbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy ³ haNUyRbqaMgnwg
eb:kaMg/ mCÄmNÐlsRmab;kic©karGnþrCati/ 1979, p. 33.
2 hU CImij ³ «ehtuGVI´eRCIserIslT§ieLnInniym»/ skmµPaBnigkarbdivtþn_ ¬Action et Révolution
1920-1967,¦ GtßbTCeRmIs nigerobcMedayelak Colette Capitan -Peter-Paris, shPaBTUeTAén
kare)aHBum<pSay/ coll. 10/18, 1968, p.18.
3 GMBIdMeNIrCIvitrbs; hU CImij sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jean Lacouture: Ho Chi Minh, Paris,
éditions du Seuil, 1977. GMBIclnakumµúynIsþevotNam sUmGanesovePAmYykñúgcMeNamesovePA
nanaEdll¥CageKKW lT§ikumµúynIsþevotNam 1925-45 rbs;elak Huynh Kim Khanh,
Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1982.
4 Gareth Porter, «Vietnam and the Socialist Camp: Center or Periphery», Vietnamese Communism in
Comparative Perspective, William Turley éd., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1980, pp. 228-231.
5 Bernard Fall, esovePA ³ evotmij ³ saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam 1945-60, Paris, Presses
de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1960, p. 116-119.
6 Jean Lacouture nig Philippe Devillers, End of a War: Indochina 1954, New York, Praeger, 1969, pp.
291-293. kare)aHBum<c,ab;edIm ³ TIbBa©b;éns®gÁammYy/ \NÐÚcin qñaM1954, Paris, éditions du
Seuil, 1960.
7 Porter, op. cit., p. 247.
8 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pike: «\T§iBlénCemøaHcin-sUevotcMeBaHGasuI
GaeKñy_», CemøaHrvagcin-sUevot/ Herbert Ellison éd., Scattle, University of Washington Press, 1982,
p. 196.
9 Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi, New York, Pegasus, 1967, p. 127.
10 sRmab;karviPaKsuICeRmAmYyGMBIneya)ayrbs;evotNamcMeBaHshPaBsUevot nigRbeTs
cin sUmGanesovePArbs;elak W.R. Smyser, PaBminBwgEp¥krbs;evotNam ³ lT§ikumµúynIsþ
evotNamenAcenøaH rusSI nigcin/ 1956-69, Papers on International Studies, Southeast Asia Series,
Nº55, Athens, Ohio, Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1980.
11 David Butler, kardYlrlMrbs;RkúgéRBnKr/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985, p. 299.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg478
12 Daniel S Papp., evotNam ³ mtimkBIRkúgmUsÁÚ/ eb:kaMg/ v:asuInetan/ Jefferson, N.C., Mc Farland,
1981, p. 195.
13 Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkúgmUsÁÚ/ pp. 262-263.
14 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAéf¶TI24 Exmkra
qñaM1981 naTIRkúghaNUy.
15 Joseph Alsop, «Showdown Over Southeast Asia», TsSnavdþI Reader’s Digest, elxecjExFñÚ qñaM
1975/ TMB½r128.
16 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy v:ag Tug enAéf¶TI25 Exkkáda qñaM1975 naTIRkúghaNUy.
karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYgkarbreTsevotNam enATIRkúghaNUy
naéf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM1975.
17 Q.D.N.D., éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1974/ dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagkñúg Asian Analyst, éf¶TI4
Exvicäika qñaM1975/ p. 4.
18 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Peter Limqueco, éf¶TI11 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1976.
19 vicarNkfarbs;kaEst Giaiphong éf¶TI28 Exvicäika qñaM1975 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag
eday Le Thi Tuyet, evotNam ³ sgÁmniymkñúgkarEsVgrkmUlFn/ Washington, D.C., Center of
Strategic and International Studies, 1976, p. 9.
20 Nayan Chanda, «Hanoi Opts For a Broad Approach», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM
1977.
21 kareqøIy[karN_rbs;elak Evelyn Colbert GtItGnurdæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasuIxagekIt
nig):asuIhVik enAcMeBaHmuxGnuKN³kmµkarsPaTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasuInig):asuIhVik/ éf¶TI26 Ex
kkáda qñaM1983/ muxgarrbs;sUevotenAGasuI/ Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1983, p. 193.
22 Sevchenko, op. cit., p. 263.
23 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtGWr:ubmñak;enAéf¶TI25 Exvicäika naTIRkúghaNUy. kar
snÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énGgÁTUtrbs;sUevot enATIRkúgeb:kaMgnaéf¶TI6
Exmifuna qñaM1983.
24 GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manGnamik/ «Le Duan backs the loners», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI19 ExmIna
RbPBÉksarsMGag 479
qñaM1976.
25 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Massimo Loche, GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’mankaEst l’Unità enATIRkúghaNUy/
ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
26 «I.M.F., I.B.R.D., Tools of Imperialist Exploitation», TIPñak;garB½t’man Tass, éf¶TI6 Exemsa qñaM
1983/ F.B.I.S., U.S.S.R., éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM1983/ C.C.2.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkúghaNUy naéf¶TI2
Exmkra qñaM1977 enATIRkúghugkug.
28 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ naéf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM
1977.
29 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkaTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI4 Ex
vicäika qñaM1976 enATIRkúghugkug. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ
GU®sþalIenATIRkúghugkugnaéf¶TI4 Ex]sPa qñaM1977. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nayan
Chanda, «Hanoi Opts For Broad Approach» cuHpSaykñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay
éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1977 pg.
30 Robert Ross, Chana’s Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979; The Politic of Alliance Termination,
niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ Colombia University, 1984, p. 140.
31 Nayan Chanda, «Vietnam’s Economy: New Priorities», F.E.E.R., éf¶TI19 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI5
Ex]sPa qñaM1977enATIRkúghugkug.
33 S.W.B., éf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
34 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI19
ExsIha qñaM1977 enATIRkúghugkug.
35 karsnÞnaCamYyelak Philippe Richer GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUt)araMgRbcaMTIRkúghaNUy enAéf¶TI13
Exmifuna qñaM1982 enATIRkúg):arIs.
36 esckþIraykarN_GMBIkarcrcasUevot-evotNamenH KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§Ca
mYyGñkkarTUtCaeRcInrUb TaMgxagbs©imRbeTsk¾dUcxagbøúkkumµúynIsþ rYmTaMgCamYyGñkkaEst
GWr:ubxagekItenATIRkúghaNUy naExvicäika qñaM1977pg. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñk
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg480
TTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;EpñkkarTUtrbs;sUevotenAéf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.
37 Ross, op., cit., 211.
38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtsUevot nig GWr:ubxagekIt enATIRkúghaNUy naExvicäika
qñaM1977. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak; eFVIkarGmBYksUevotenA
éf¶TI17 Exmkra qñaM1986 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
CMBUkTI7
1 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Sandor Gyori, éf¶TI12 Extula qñaM1985.
2 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI30 Exmifuna qñaM
1983.
3 karBiBN’naenHsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCaÉkCnmYyCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvevotNambIrUbkñúgenaH
manmñak;CavresnIy_Ék rYmTaMgCamYyGñkkarTUténbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynIsþ enATIRkúg
haNUy naExmIna qñaM1978pg.
4 esovePAexµA ³ ehtukarN_nigP½sþútagepSg²énGMeBIQøanBannigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;evotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa/ PñMeBj/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qñaM1978/ TMB½r99.
5 sMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ Vol. 2. C.V., Hanoi, 1979, pp. 63-65.
6 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak h‘un Esn/ PñMeBj/ Exkkáda qñaM1981.
7 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI30 Exmifuna qñaM
1983.
8 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naExsIha
qñaM1978 enATIRkúghugkug.
9 karbkRsayRsbKña RtÚv)anpþl;dl;elak Stephen Heder edayelak h‘un Esn nig ehg sMrin
kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnadac;edayELkBIKñaenAExkkáda qñaM1981.
10 tamelak ehg sMrin Edlkan;muxtMENgsMxan;²enAkñúgépÞrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa
enAqñaM1979 nigEdlkøayeTACaRbFanRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_extþkNþal)an[dwgfa Rkúm
GñkbegáItrNsirSenHdMbUgKWmanR)aMbInak; ³ Kat;/ elak h‘un Esn/ nut fn/ jwk hYn/ mas RkÚc/
mas hYn/ G‘ug pn nig eb:g ):at; ¬karsnÞnaCamYyelak Heder, éf¶TI8 Exkkáda qñaM1981
RbPBÉksarsMGag 481
enARkúgPñMeBj¦.
11 karsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUtevotNamnigGasuIenARkúghaNUy naExmIna qñaM1978.
12 CemøaHRBMEdnrvagcin-evotNam manlkçN³CanimitþehtumYyeRcInCagCabuBVehtumYyén
CemøaHEdlmanenAeBlxagmux. CemøaHenH)ancab;epþImenAedImTsvtSr_1970 enAeBlEdl
plRbeyaCn_ CatinigCayuT§sa®sþrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIrcab;epþImExVgKña. cMeBaHkarbkRsay
rbs;evotNam sUmGanGnusSrN³rbs;RksYgkarbreTsénsaFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbgáehtu nigkarrMelaPRBMEdnrab;minGs; EdlBYkGaCJaFrcinenAtambeNþay
RBMEdncin-evotNam CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚv/ haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qñaM1979/ pp. 17-22.
sRmab;PaB c,as;las;epSg²Tak;TgnwgRBMEdnEdneKakenH sUmGanGtßbT China-Vietnam
Boundary, International Boundary Studies, Nº38, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department
of State, Washington, D.C., éf¶TI29 Extula qñaM1964. tamGtßbTenHfa «KµankarvivaTEdndI
NamYyB¤mkdl;eyIgeT ».
13 A.V.I., éf¶TI10 Extula qñaM1977.
14 h½g v:an;hn )ancuHcUlnwgBYkcinenAExkkáda qñaM1979 b:uEnþ TMnak;TMngd¾CitsñiT§rbs;Kat;Ca
mYyBYkcin RtÚveKdwgB¤CasaFarN³taMgBImunkalbriecäTenHemø:H. vaGacfa RkúghaNUyxMRbwg
eRbIR)as;TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;Kat;CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRkúgeb:kaMg
cMeBaHeKalbMNgrbs;xøÜnEdr. BYkcinRbEhlCa)anTTYlBIKat;nUvB½t’mand¾mantémøCaeRcInsþIBI
CMhrrbs; evotNameTAelIbBaðasMxan;². eTaHbICaKat;pÞal;RtÚvTuk[manmuxtMENgCapøÚvkar
¬manEtsMbkeRkA¦ k¾eday k¾kUnrbs;Kat;)ankan;kab;TItaMgd¾sMxan;mYykñúgbkSkumµúynIsþ
evotNamEdr ehIyGacesuIb ykkarN_tamry³mitþPkþinigGñkmansmancitþCaeRcInrbs;Kat;
EfmeTot.
15 sMeNAénkic©RBmeRBóg )anRtÚvRbmUl)anedaykgT½Brbs;evotNamenARkúgPñMeBj enA
Exmkra qñaM1979.
16 S.W.B., éf¶TI14 Exvicäika qñaM1977.
17 esckþIseRmccitþEdlsnµtfaCarbs;elak eL yn; RtÚv)annaMmkniyayedayTIPñak;gar
B½t’mancinfµI(A.C.N.)enAéf¶TI23 Exvicäika qñaM1979bnÞab;BIkarcab;epþImGriPaBrvagcin-
evotNam enAqñaM1978 kñúgeKalbMNgbriharBIkarbþÚrKMnitPøam²rbs;evotNam. k¾b:uEnþ
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg482
vaTMngCasMedARbqaMgnwgesckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;evotNamcMeBaHRbeTscineTAPaBminesµaHRtg;
rbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHRbeTsevotNampgEdr.
18 S.W.B., éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM1977.
19 S.W.B., éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM1977.
20 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM1975/ A-18-19.
21 «Keng Piao’s r)aykarN_GMBIsßankarN_enA]bTVIb\NÐÚcin» Issue and Studies, étbui/ Exmkra
qñaM1981/ p. 85. m®nþIcinfñak;x<s;mñak;)anbBa¢ak;R)ab;´BIlkçN³BiténÉksarenH.
22 GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinCaeRcInrUb EdlRtÚvsaksYrenATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigTIRkúghugkug kalBIqñaM
1979)anniyayGMBIPaBExVgKMnitKñaEdlenAmanbnþkñúgépÞfñak;dwknaMcin rhUtmkdl;cugqñaM
1978 sþIBIbBaðaRbeTskm<úCa. enAkalbriecäTenH CemøaHrvagkm<úCa-evotNam)aneLIgdl;
kRmitminGacRtLb;eRkaymYy edayKMramkMEhgdl;TItaMgCayuT§sa®sþTaMgLayrbs;RbeTs
cin enAGasuIGaeKñy_ ehIy etg s‘avBIg RtÚv)anCMruj[begáInkarKaMRTrbs;cindl;RbeTskm<úCa
TaMgeTIsTal;.
23 N.Y.T., éf¶TI23 ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ p.5.
24 edayelIkyksmþIsnÞnaTaMgenHmkniyaysMGag RbB½n§pSBVpSayrbs;evotNam)ankt;
smÁal;fa «vagayyl;Nas;fa GñkNaEdleRbIsmþIbBaäitbeBaäógEdlmaneKalbMNgTaMg
enH»/ CemøaHevotNam-km<úCa ³ ÉksarmYy/ haNUy/ GKare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/
1979, p. 23.
25 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A, éf¶TI16 ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ H-3.
26 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak can;epg sIupaPMu Cam®nþICan;x<s;enARksYgkarbreTsLav/
éf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1983 enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy v:ag Tug enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúghaNUy.
28 briyakasEdlkMBugRKbdNþb;RkúgPñMeBjnaeBlenaH KWRtÚv)anBiBN’naedayCnbreTsCaGñk
taMglMenAeRkARsukmñak; kñúgcMeNamCnbreTsd¾kRmmanbMput KWGñkRsI LÚr:g;Bic CaPriyarbs;
kmµaPi)alfñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmmñak; EdlGñkRsI)anrs;enARbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM1975 dl;
1979 munnwgcakecjBIsVamInigRbeTsEdlTTYlsÁal;Kat;TukdUcCakUn. sUmGanesovePA ³
«q¶ayhYs eCIgemX ³ R)aMqñaMCamYyExµrRkhm»/ Paris, Barrault, 1984, p. 116.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 483
29 Ibid., p. 115.
30 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI1 Exmkra qñaM1978.
31 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Kieu Ming enAéf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúgPñMeBj.
32 kñúg»kasénsnñisITmYy ¬enATIRkúgeb:kaMg éf¶TI31 ExFñÚ¦ ÉkGKÁrdæTUtkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü biuc
Cag )anRbkasfa ³ «kareRCIserIsEtmYyKt;rvaglT§PaBBIrrbs;eyIgKWvayRbyuT§ edIm,ITak;
TajkarykcitþTukdak;BIbNþamitþrbs;eyIgTaMgCitTaMgq¶ayelITVIbTaMgR)aM edIm,IdeNþImkarKaMRTBI
saFarN³mtiGnþrCati». elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pick kñúgGtßbTCemøaH
evotNam-km<úCa/ r)aykarN_EdleFVIsRmab;GnuKN³kmµkarGMBIGasuI nigkic©kar):asuIhVik/
Committee on International Relations, Washington, D.C., U.S. Congress, éf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1978/
p. 11.
33 TIPñak;garB½t’man A.F.P., éf¶21 Extula qñaM1977.
34 enAsm½yRbCuMeBjGgÁrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcinnaExkkáda qñaM1977 etg s‘avBIg )anEføg
sunÞrkfamYyEdlriHKn;edayRtg;²bMputcMeBaHneya)ayeRkARbeTsrbs;cinedayecaTRbkan;
fa Ep¥keTAelIkarts‘UvNѳxøaMgeBk (Issues and Studies, Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55). mYyExeRkaymk
cMnYnsmaCikBak;kNþalénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim suT§EtCamnusSCitditnwg etg EdlBImunFøab;
RtÚveFVIvisuT§ kmµcMeBaH«PaBlMeGogeTArksþaMniym»rbs;xøÜn ehIyRtÚveFVI[mannItism,Tavij
sRmab;kal³eTs³enH. enAcugqñaM1977 kare)assm¥atTUeTAmYy)ancab;epþImsMedARbqaMg
nwgsøabniymeqVgrbs;bkS. sUmGanesovePA naK nig xøaXµúM/ London, Pall Mall, 1982, pp. 226-
229 rbs;elak Philip Short. eKGacsnñidæanedaysmehtuplfa sßanTUtrbs;km<úCaenATIRkúg
eb:kaMg)antamsegátemIledayykcitþTukdak;nUvkar»nfykitþisBÞénRkúmeqVgniymenARbeTs
cinenH.
35 F.B.I.S., «Trend in Communist Media», éf¶TI11 Exmkra qñaM1978, pp. 10-11, elIkykmk
niyayCasMGagedayelak Ross, «China’s Vietnam Policy», p. 286.
36 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsttiyelakmYyenAéf¶TI4 ExmIna qñaM
1978 naTIRkúghaNUy.
37 Laurence Picq, Au-delà du ciel, p. 52.
38 S.W.B., éf¶TI21 Exmkra qñaM1978.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg484
39 S.W.B., éf¶TI20 Exmkra qñaM1978.
40 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI20 Exmkra qñaM1978/ H-2.
41 S.W.B., éf¶TI23 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.
42 tamRkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;elakxaglicfa karpÁt;pÁg;kaMePøIgFMnigGavuFRbqaMgrfeRkaHrbs;cin
)ancab;epþImmkdl;édkm<úCaenAcugExmkra-edImExkumÖ³. sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Evelyn
Colbert, «Issues of Power, Balance and Security in Indochina», eyabl;enAsnñisITsþIBIsnþisux
enAGasuInigkñúgmhasaKr):asuIhVik EdlRbRBwtþeTAenA Palm Springs 8-10 Exmkra qñaM1982,
p. 14 nigesovePA «\T§iBlénCemøaHcin-sUevot», p. 11 rbs;elak Douglas Pick.
43 sunÞrkfarbs;elak v:a KUehVg enAkñúgmhasnñi)atCatielIkTIV EdldkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag
edayelak Ross kñúgesovePA China’s Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979, p. 290.
44 Ben Kiernan, «Khmer Bodies with Vietnam Mind’s: Kampuchea Eastern Zone, 1975-1978», p. 31.
45 S.W.B., éf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1978.
46 karerobrab;BIRBwtþikarN_epSg²enAPUmiPaKbUBa’KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCamYymnusSCaeRcIn enA
kñúgextþkMBg;camnigéRBEvg naExmIna qñaM1980 nigExmkra qñaM1981.
47 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§ ¬Exmkra qñaM1981¦ CamYym®nþIevotNamfñak;x<s;mñak; Edledaysar
Kat;enHehIy Edl´)andwgPaKeRcInénPaKl¥itl¥n;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIGnþraKmn_
rbs;evotNamenARbeTskm<úCa. sRmab;ehtuplEdl[mnÞilsgS½y m®nþIrUbenHRtÚvkarrkSa
GnamikPaBrbs;xøÜnmin[eKdwgeLIy.
48 B½t’manTaMgenHEdlTak;TgnwgCMrMhVwkhVWnnanarbs;clnats‘Ukm<úCa KW)anmkBIkareFVIsmÖasn_
m®nþIRbmaNCadb;R)aMnak;énrbbelak ehg sMrin enAPñMeBj kMBg;cam sVayerog nig kMBg;FMenA
ExmIna qñaM1980.
49 éf¶ExqñaMénkarbegáItkgBltUcdMbUgenH RtÚv)anniyay[dwgkñúg»kasénkarR)arB§xYbkMeNIt
elIkTIbIrbs;kgBltUcenHenAExemsa qñaM1981/ F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI29 Exemsa qñaM
1981, H-4.
50 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 1414.
51 Richard Dudman, «km<úCaTl;nwgstVRkeBI», Asian Wall Street Journal, éf¶27 ExFñÚ qñaM1978.
52 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI20 ExmIna qñaM1978/ H-2.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 485
CMBUkTI8
1 S.W.B., éf¶3 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
2 Roland-Pierre Paringaux, kaEstLWm:ug éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM1978.
3 Tsai Maw-kuey, esovePA «CnCaticinenAevotNamxagt,Úg» (Les Chinois au Sud-Vietnam), Paris,
bNÑal½yCati/ 1968 pp. 23-29. sUmGanniekçbbTrbs;elak Michael Eiland EdlCitecjpSay
pgEdr(Cornell University) sþIBITMnak;TMngepSg²rvagevotNam-éfenAstvtSr_TI18.
4 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Alexander Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 244.
5 Fujiwara Riichiro, «Vietnamese Dynastie’s Policies Toward Chinese Immigrants», Acta Asiatica, Nº18,
mars 1970, pp. 68-69.
6 Hoa in Vietnam Dossier, Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1978, p. 24. m®nþImñak;énKN³
kmµkarsRmab;kic©karCnCaticinenAÉnaysmuRT )anniyayR)ab;´fa karbkERbCaevotNam
nUvkarRBmeRBógedaymat;TeTenH )anePøcniyayBaküsMxan;mYy ³ «edaysµ½RKcitþ». eday
´saksYrBIerOgenH Nguyen Trong Vinh, ÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamenARkúgeb:kaMg)anGHGag
nwg´fa KWRbeTscinEdlCaGñkeFVI[kic©RBmeRBógERbcakBIsPaBedIm. sUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Nayan Chanda, «Southeast Asia Comes into Focus», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM
1978.
7 Pao-min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, Berkeley Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of California, 1982, p. 11.
8 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Charles Benoit, kñúgesovePA «GñkePosxøÜntamTUkrbs;
evotNam», kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P. Elliott éd. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981,
p. 144.
9 Gareth Porter, «Vietnam Policy and the Indochina Crisis» kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.
Elliott, éd. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981, p. 74.
10 sunÞrkfarbs; To Huu enAsalaRkbx½NÐkmµaPi)al Nguyen Ai Quoc, Giao Duc Ly Luan (traduit),
J.P.R.S. Southeast Asia, 1 ExmIna qñaM1985.
11 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Nguyen Trong Vinh, ÉkGKÁrdæTUtevotNamRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMg/
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg486
eb:kaMg Exmifuna qñaM1978.
12 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug
enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977»/ A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
13 P.I., éf¶TI18 ExsIha qñaM1978/ p. 28. Ibid. éf¶TI16 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ p. 15.
14 cMeBaHesckþIraykarN_mYyGMBIkarBi)akEpñkesdækic©enARbeTsevotNamnaedImqñaM1978
sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da «Hanoi Takes the Campaign behind the Lines» kñúg
TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM1978 nigGtßbT «Hanoi Takes a Grip on the South»,
kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
15 F.B.I.S., éf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1978/ E-11-21.
16 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþIevotNammñak;enATIRkúghUCImij naExkkáda qñaM1979.
17 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enAéf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúg
evogc½nÞ.
18 S.W.B., éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM1978.
19 Nayan Chanda, «Peking Says It Out Loud to Hanoi», F.E.E.R., 12 mai 1978.
20 GMBIRbeTsevotNameFVIkarbeNþjGaNikCncinecj/ eb:kaMg/ GKare)aHBum<pSayesovePA
CaPasabreTs/ 1978, pp. 2-6.
21 Benoit, kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ p. 151.
22 sRmab;PaBCak;EsþgsþIBIkardkCMnYyrbs;cin sUmGanesckþIEføgkarN_rbs;RksYgkarbreTs
evotNamcuHéf¶TI17 Exmifuna/ S.W.B., éf¶TI18 mifuna qñaM1978.
23 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNamenATIRkúgevogc½nÞnaéf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM1978.
24 F.B.I.S.-A.P.N., éf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ K1-7.
25 S.W.B., éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM1978. karRsavRCavmYyrbs;es>GuI>Ga> )anvaytémøeRkay
mkfa CnCaticinRbEhl200>000nak; )anRtÚvsmøab;enARbeTskm<úCaeRkamrbb b:ul
Bt. A Demographic Catastrophe, Washington, D.C., C.I.A., 1980, p. 14.
26 S.W.B., éf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
27 Michael Godley, «A Summer Cruise to Nowhere: China and the Vietnamese Chinese in Perspective», The
Australian Journal of Chinese affairs, Nº4, July 1980, p. 41.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 487
28 Pao-Min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, p. 40.
29 Benoit, op. cit., p. 153.
30 esckþIraykarN_l¥CageKGMBIRbtibtþikarxaghirBaØvtßúKWesckþIraykarN_rbs;elak Barry Wain,
The Refused: The Agony of Indochina Refugees, Hong-Kong, Dow Jones, 1981, pp. 85-106.
31 The Boat People: An «Age» Investigation, introduction de Bruce Grants, Victoria, Australia, Penguin,
1979, pp. 80-81.
32 Stephen Heder, BI b:ul Bt eTA Eb:n suvNÑ/ Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University, 1980, p. 16.
33 tamsakSImñak;EdldkRsg;smþImkniyayCasMGagedayelak Michael Vickery: esa Pwm
Føab;)anRbkasfa eKaledAénkareFVIbdivtþn_ KWelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enA BuMEmneFVI[fyb¤bgçM[
mnusSmñaeTArkPaBevTnaetaky:akkñúgeKalbMNgEtmYyKt; edIm,IeFVI[GñkTaMgenaHsÁal;fa GVI
eTACaPaBRkIRkeLIy ¬EdlenHCaneya)ayrbs; b:ul Bt¦. Michael Vickery, Cambodia, 1975-
1982, Boston, South End Press, 1984, p. 137.
34 sRmab;karviPaKKYr[cab;GarmµN_mYyGMBIPaBTIéTBIKñaénPUmiPaKenARbeTskm<úCa sUmGan
esovePA Cambodia rbs;elak Vickery TMB½r65-188 CaBiess TMB½r131-138. cMeBaH
skçIPaBmYysþIBIdMeNIrrs;enAkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ sUmGanesovePA «man;éRB>>>» pp. 136-196
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan pg.
35 tamRbEhl karb:unb:glYcsmøab;mYykñúgcMeNamkarb:unb:glYcsmøab;dMbUg²eTAelIbuKÁl b:ul
Bt KWkarb:unb:glYcsmøab;rbs; can; cRkI CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvd¾manRbCaRbiymñak;enAPUmiPaK
bUBa’. bnÞab;BIbraC½y Kat;RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;enAéf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM1976. bBa¢I
eQµaH BYkemdwknaMEdlRtÚvsmøab;KWmanenAkñúg «EpnkarrYmcugeRkay», esckþIraykarN_Rbticar
kmµrbs; km<úCaEdlrkeXIjCafµIenAmNÐlsYrcemøIyTYlEsøg. ´sUmGrKuNelak Murray
Hiebert Edl )anpþl;GtßbTbkERbCaPasaGg;eKøsmYymk[´.
36 Kiernan, « man;éRB>>>», p. 187.
37 S.W.B., éf¶15 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Stephen Heder enATIRkúgjÚvy:kéf¶TI20 ExkBaØa qñaM1980.
Heder )ansMGagelIkareqøIysarPaBrbs;bNþashkarIxøHrbs; esa Pwm man PYg CaedIm
nigkar snÞnaCamYyemdwknaMExµrRkhmCaeRcInrUbEdlsÁal;Kat;c,as;.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg488
39 esovePAexµA/ TMB½r101-104. ÉksarxøHEdlrkeXIjeRkaymkenAkñúgKukTYlEsøgbgðaj
farbb b:ul Bt eCOBIGtßiPaBénkarYmKMnitk,t;minBitCaeRcIn EdlBak;B½n§minRtwmEtRkúmesuIb
karN_sm¶at;evotNamb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþshPaBsUevot GaløWm:g;xagekIt shrdæGaemriknig
étv:an;pgEdr.
40 karerobrab;GMBIkarsøab;rbs; esa Pwm KWsMGagelIesovePArbs; Kiernan, op. cit. TMB½r168-
172/ elIkarRsavRCavrbs; Heder nigelIkarsnÞnapÞal;xøÜnrbs;´CamYykmµaPi)al CaeRcIn
rUbrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ enAkMBg;cam nigsVayerog enAExmIna qñaM1980 nigExmkra qñaM1981.
cemøIyCasakSITaMgGs;)anniyayRtÚvKñaGMBIkarN_fa esa Pwm )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan; RkúgPñMeBj
b:uEnþ PaBExVgKMnitKñaxøHenAEtmanGMBITIkEnøgd¾Cak;lak;nigkal³eTs³énkarsøab;rbs;Kat;.
GñkxøHGHGagfa Kat;)anRtÚvsmøab;edaykgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ eKTTYlRsbCaTUeTAfa Kat;
søab;edaykareFVIGtþXad.
41 karniTanrbs; Run Dun embBa¢akarkgvresnatUc/ A.V.I., éf¶TI21 Exmifuna qñaM1978.
42 rUbmnþenHmanmktaMgBIqñaM1971 enAeBlEdlcab;epþImkareFVIvisuT§kmµBYkkmµaPi)al EdlRtLb;
mkBIRkúghaNUyvijCasm¶at;. karsnÞnarbs; Heder CamYyelak ehg sMrin enAéf¶TI8 Ex
kkáda qñaM1981.
43 enAExmkra qñaM1979 enAeBlEdlKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCafµImYyRtÚvbegáIt
eLIg KWkñúgcMeNamsmaCik20rUb man16rUbCaGñkmanedImkMeNItBIbNþaextþrbs;km<úCa Edl
manRBMEdnCab;CamYyevotNam ehIykñúgcMeNamextþTaMgenHPaKeRcInKWenAPUmiPaKbUBa’.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak ehg sMék enAsVayerognaéf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1981.
PaKl¥itl¥n;énsm½yRbCuMEdlnaMeTAlT§plcugeRkayenH RtÚv)anpþl;mk[´edaym®nþIrbs;
evotNamfñak;x<s;mñak;.
45 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Branning Garrett, «The China Card» and Its origins: U.S.
Bureaucratic Policies and the Strategic Triangle», niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit Brandeis University, 1983, p.
132.
46 B½t’manepSg²sþIBIbNþakarCYbKñaCasm¶at;rvagevotNamnigsUevot RtÚv)anpþl;mk[´eday
m®nþIevotNamfñak;x<s;mñak;enAExmkra qñaM1981/ «edaykareKarBcMeBaHRbvtþisa®sþ» ehIy
fVId,itEtkarlatRtdagTaMgenH BuM[cMeNjdl;buBVehturbs;RbeTsevotNamEfmTaMgcMeBaH
RbPBÉksarsMGag 489
GaCIBpÞal;rbs;Kat;k¾eday.
47 «Who is the Instigator?», R.R., e)aHBum<pSayCafµIkñúg On Vietnam’s Expulsion of Chinese Residents,
Pékin, 1978, p. 131.
48 S.W.B., éf¶TI12 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
49 Michael Pillsbury, «Strategic Acupuncture», Foreign Policy, Nº41, hiver 1980-81, p. 56. enAqñaM1975
Pillsbury CaGñkÉkeTsTImYyrbs;GaemrikaMgxagvis½ykarBarRbeTsEdlniyayENnaMCa
saFarN³BIkarRbKl;eRKÓgsBVavuF[RbeTscin. sUmGanesovePA ³ «U.S.-Chinese Military
Ties?» rbs;GñkniBn§dEdl/ Foreign Policy, automne 1975.
50 Michel Oksenberg, «mYyTsvtSr_énTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg», foreign Affairs, automne 1982, p.
185.
51 Jiji Press, TajehtusMGagBIRbPBmYyenAhugkug/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM1978. dkRsg;mk
niyayCasMGagmþgeTotedayelak Masa hi Nishihara, «The Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979: Only
the First Round?», GtßbT)ane)aHBum<pSay.
52 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarrbs;cinmñak;enAéf¶TI12 Ex]sPa qñaM1980
naTIRkúghugkug. cMeBaHkarviPaKd¾l¥itl¥n;mYyGMBICMhrrbs;cincMeBaHRbeTsevotNamenACMnan;
enaH sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Robert G. Sutter, «China’s Strategy Towards Vietnam and Its
Implications for the United States», David W.P. Elliott éd. The Third Indochina Conflict, Boulder, Colo,
Westview Press, 1981, pp. 175-190.
53 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak;enAéf¶TI10 Exemsa qñaM1979 naTIRkúg
hugkug. kñúgsunÞrkfamYyEdlmanlkçN³enAEtsm¶at; EføgenAéf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM1979
ecn )‘av smaCikkariyal½yneya)ayrbs;cin )anniyayGMBIkarRbwgERbgrbs;cinedIm,I
«elIksemþc sIhnu [esayraCüeLIgvij». sUmGanesovePA «Keng Piao’s r)aykarN_GMBI
sßankarN_]bTVIb\NÐÚcin», Issues and Studies, Taipei, Exmkra qñaM1981/ p. 83.
CMBUkTI9
1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI bc©úb,nñCardæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúkRbqaMg
ePrvkmµ/ éf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM1984/ v:asuInetanDI>suI>.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg490
2 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkar\NÐamñak;enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúg
haNUy.
3 esckþIcmøgénsnñisITkaEstEdlpþl;eday pan; ehon enAéf¶TI10 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
TUrelxrbs;RksYgkarbreTs manRbPBmkBIRkúgtUküÚ/ éf¶TI14 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
4 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Gan;RDÚ PIxUk enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a naéf¶TI26 Exvicäika qñaM
1982.
5 esckþIcmøgmYyénkarsnÞnarvagelak hSI>PI>mWrfa nig pan; ehon enHRtÚv)anpþl;[´ eday
GñkcUlrYmGaemrikaMgmñak;énbNþaGñkcUlrYmrbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarCYbKña.
6 Congressional Record Times, éf¶TI22 ExsIha qñaM1978.
7 kaEst Los Angeles Times, éf¶TI23 ExsIha qñaM1978.
8 Daniel Southerland, «US Wary Over Vietnam’s Overtures», Christian Science Monitor, éf¶TI29
ExsIha qñaM1978.
9 Zbignew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 224.
10 Ibid., p. 562.
11 «Teng Hsiao-ping’s speech on Foreign Policy at the Third Plenum, July 20 1977», Issue and Studies,
Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55.
12 Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, Memoirs of a President, London, Collins, 1982, p. 189.
13 Cyrus Vance, Hard Choice: Cristal Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,
1983, p.81.
14 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI15 ExsIha qñaM
1980.
15 William Gleysteen EdleKsgS½ybnþicbnþÜcBIkarpÁab;citþelak Rb‘ÍhSúInsÁI yl;eXIjfa karelc
erOgsm¶at;KWCaplén «karsb,ayrIkrayxøaMgmYyEdlxuskal³eTs³CaCagKitfa CakarXub
XitKñaedaysm¶at;mYysMedAeFVI[braC½y»karRbCuMcrcaEdldwknaMeFVIeday v:an;s_. karsnÞna
rbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak William Gleysteen enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI27 Ex]sPa
qñaM1985.
16 Brzezinski, op. cit. p. 197.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 491
17 Ibid. p. 560.
18 Oksenberg, «mYyTsvtSr_énTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg», p. 183.
19 Vance, op. cit., p. 116.
20 Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lessons of Coalition Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica,
Rand, 1984, p. 29.
21 Brzezinski, op. cit., annexe 1, pp. 1-3.
22 Garrett, «The «China Card» and Its Origins», p. 46.
23 kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYyCamYyGñkniBn§ smaCikmñak;rbs;KN³RbtiPUelak Rb‘IhSInsÁI )an
niyayR)ab;´edaybdiesFminpþl;B½t’manepSg²sþIBIkarsnÞnaKñaenaHfa ³ «esckþIsnñidæanTaMg
Layrbs;elak minpÞúynwgGVIEdl´)andwgeT». tam Electronic Warfare/Defense Electronics,
ExsIha qñaM1978/ p. 23-24 fa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anpþl;eTA[BYkcinnUv «EPñknigRtecokrbs;elak
xaglic». GtßbTe)aHBum<dEdlenH ¬Exmkra qñaM1979¦ manB½t’manmYyEdlRbEhlCaeFVI
[PJak;ep¥Il y:agBitR)akd ³ shrdæGaemrik)anerobcMnigdak;[dMeNIrkarnUvsßanIysegátBinitü
(S.I.G.I.N.T.) CaeRcInenAtambeNþayRBMEdnsUevot-cin. erOgenHRtÚv)anGHGagbEnßmenA
qñaM1981.
24 Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI, Power and Principle, p. 212.
25 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI15 ExsIha qñaM
1980.
26 Vance, op. cit. p. 117.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGtItsmaCikmñak;énRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati enAéf¶TI19 Exvicäika
qñaM1981 naTIRkúghugkug.
28 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enAéf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM1983 enARkúghugkug.
29 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM
1983.
30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enAéf¶TI22 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
31 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI22 ExFñÚ
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg492
qñaM1984.
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Andrew Peacock enAéf¶TI26 Exvicäika qñaM1982 naTIRkúg
kg;Eb‘r:a.
33 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk, enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985 na
TIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
34 Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 228.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI enAéf¶TI27 Exkkáda qñaM1981.
36 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAéf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1984 naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
37 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>. eyabl;Edlfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinKWminRtÚveFVIRsb
KñaCamYykareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam )aneBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgy:agxøaMg
køamYyBIsMNak;bNþam®nþIxøHénRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikenATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigv:asuInetan. kar
KitmémGMBIRbtikmµrbs;RbeTscin KWeRcInEtCaGMeBIrbs;GñkTaMgLay dUcCaelak GUesnbWk
nig elak r:UehS s‘UlIv:an; CaedIm EdlbM)at;nigBnøat;smþIsnÞnatictYcrbs;cinrhUtdl;eFVI[
Kat;GHGagfa karxitcUlCitKñaCamYyRbeTsevotNameFVI[rMxandl;karxitcUlCitKñaCamYy
RbeTscin.
38 J. Carter, op. cit., p. 195. R)aMBIrqñaMeRkaymk bnÞab;BITsSnkic©mYyenACMrMCnePosxøÜnExµr tam
RBMEdnkm<úCa-éf xaF½r )anRbkasR)ab;GñkkaEstfa ³ «shrdæGaemrikRtÚvEtEfrkSaTMnak;
TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTsevotNam. enHCabBaðaRKwHmYy. eTaHCakarExVgKMnitKña sßitenAman
k¾eday k¾vamanRbeyaCn_Cag EdleyIgenArkSakarTak;TgKña»/ Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 mifuna
qñaM1985.
39 B½t’manpþl;edaym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg. karlak;erOgtUctacTaMgenHrbs;
estvimanenAEtCabBaðaresIbmYy. R)aMmYyqñaMeRkaymk m®nþIrUbenH)anTTUcfa kuM[erobrab;
eQµaHrbs;Kat;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGVIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgesckþIbgÁab;bBa¢aTaMgenaHrbs;estviman.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM b‘íj (Pham Binh) RbFannaykdæanRsavRCavGnþrCati én
RksYgkarbreTsevotNam enAéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúghaNUy.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 493
41 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;enAéf¶TI17 Exkkáda qñaM1979. taMgBIedIm
qñaM1978 evotNam)aneRbIkan;EteRcIneLIgnUvExSehaHehIrmYyrbs;\NÐa edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTA
kan;RkúgmUsÁÚ. sMeNIsuMkarGnuBaØateFVIkarehaHehIr )anpþl;dl;BYk\NÐanUvP½sþútagd¾mantémø
mYykñúgkarvivtþn_énTMnak;TMngepSg²rvagsUevot-evotNam.
42 eRkABIehtukarN_Edlfa eKrkyl;mineXIjfa ehtudUcemþc)anCasn§isBaØaeTVPaKImYyCamYy
RbeTsttiyelakmYy KYrEtman\T§iBleTAelIkarseRmccitþTTYlsÁal;RbeTsevotNamrbs;
GaemrikaMgenaH eKRKan;Etkt;smÁal;fa sn§isBaØasUevot-evotNamRtÚv)ancuHhtßelxaenAéf¶
TI3 Exvicäika qñaM1978. karlukluyRbeTskm<úCaedayevotNamcab;epþImenAéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ
qñaM1978 KWvaRKb;RKan;ehIy.
43 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI11 Ex
kkáda qñaM1985.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI enAéf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 naTIRkúgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
45 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
46 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, «A Case of Soviet «Disinformation»», W.P., éf¶TI13 Exvicäika
qñaM1978.
vKÁ«neratþm sIhnu ³ rYcputBIeRKaHfñak;»
1 S.W.B., éf¶TI15 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
CMBUkTI10
1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy ³
Ék]tþmÉkGKÁrdæTUt xaMpan vILaCit (Khamphan Vilachit) enAéf¶TI9 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983
naTIRkúgevogc½nÞ.
GñkkarTUtLavbMeBjmuxgarenARkúgPñMeBjmñak; enAéf¶TI7 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
evogc½nÞ.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg494
\sSrCnpøÚvkarrbs;yUehÁasøavImñak;enAéf¶TI22 Exmkra qñaM1979.
vresnIy_Ék b‘Yy Tin (Bui Tin) enATIRkúghaNUynaéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981.
BYkkmµkrrbs;Rkúmh‘unsuraKarenAPñMeBjéf¶TI23 Exmkra qñaM1981.
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1980naTIRkúgeb:kaMg. sUmGanesovePA
«karvilRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij» rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Métailié, 1982/ pp. 183-186.
2 N.D., éf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM1971.
3 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtm:aeLsuImñak;enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI12 Extula
qñaM1978.
4 «Vietnam-Economic Situation», Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1979, p. 3.
5 TsSnkic©enAshPaBsUevotrbs;KN³RbtiPUbkSnigrdæaPi)alénsaFarNrdæsgÁmniym
evotNam/ mUsÁÚ/ TIPñak;garB½t’manNUvUsÞI (Novosti), 1978, p. 17.
6 Ibid.
7 Gareth Porter, «Vietnam’s Soviet Alliance: A Challenge to US Policy» Indochina Issues, Nº6, ]sPa
1980/ p. 4.
8 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsGaemrikaMgmñak; enAkñúgrdæFanIGasuImYy naéf¶TI13 Ex
kkáda qñaM1983. Don Oberdorfer, «Reds vs. Reds In Indochina: A New, Confusing Kind of War»,
W.P., éf¶TI1 emsa qñaM1979.
9 esckþIsegçbénkarsYrcemøIymYy mankalbriecäTéf¶TI30 Exemsa qñaM1982 RtÚv)anpþl;
mk[´edayGñkÉkeTselakxaglicmñak; EdlsMNUmBrrkSaGnamikPaB. karykcitþTukdak;
rbs;´eTAelItYnaTIrbs; Wei enARbeTsevotNamRtÚv)anTak;TajcitþedaynayTahancinmñak;
kñúgkarsnÞnamYyenAéf¶TI25 ExsIha qñaM1979.
10 TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI17 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
11 karsnÞnarbs; Michael Chinoy CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarfñak;elImñak;enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI11
Exvicäika qñaM1978. ´sUmGKuNelak Chinoy EdlbBa¢Únmk[´nUvkMNt;xøI²rbs;elak. etg
)anrMB£kCasaFarN³pgEdr BIyfaPaBmYyénkardYlrlMrbs;RkúgPñMeBj eTaHbICaKat;RbEhl
mincg;fadUecñHk¾eday. munTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;eTAkan;RbeTséf Kat;)anRbkasR)ab;Gñk
kaEst éfmYyRkúmfa ³ «ebIsinCakar):an;sµanTukCamunrbs;´RtwmRtÚv RbeTskm<úCanwgRtÚv
RbPBÉksarsMGag 495
bMpøaj[sabsUnüTaMgRsug. RbkarenHnwgbgðaj[BiPBelakeXIjBIsarCatiBitR)akdénrbb
rbs;evotNam. enAeBlenaH vanwgCa»kassRmab;Gas‘anEdlRtÚvsEmþgtYnaTId¾sMxan;mYy
kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaehIy». Nayan Chanda, «Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable», TsSnavdþI
F.E.E.R., éf¶24 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
12 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTséf Edl)ancUlrYmy:agCitsñiT§
kñúgkarsnÞnarvageRKógsak;-etg. karsnÞnarbs;´KWmaneLIgenAéf¶TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM1981naTI
Rkúghugkug.
13 Chanda, «Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable».
14 tamÉksarsm¶at;mYyrbs;cinfa rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbeBa©j[dwgsMeNIenH. sUmGan «Keng
Piao’ s Report on the situation of the Indochinese Peninsula», Issues and Studies, Tapei, January 1981,
p. 85. karGHGagbEnßmBIerOgenHRtÚv)anbgðajkñúgesovePA «q¶ayhYseCIgemX>>>» TMB½r141
rbs;GñkRsI LÚr:g; Bic.
15 Jurgen Domes, The Government and Politics of the P.R.C.: A time of Transition, Boulder, Colo. Westview
Press, p. 163.
16 Parris Chang, Elite Conflict in the Post Mao China, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Occasional
Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, Nº2, 1983, pp. 10-11.
17 King C. Chen, Politics and Process of Peiping’s Decision to Attack Vietnam, Taipei, Institute of
Internation Relations, 1983, p. 81. sUmGanesovePA «Keng-Piao’s Report on the Situation of the
Indochinese Peninsula», pp. 85-86.
18 «Keng Piao’s Report», op. cit., pp. 88-89.
19 Chen, Politics and Process, pp. 86-87.
20 Oksenberg, «A Decade of Sino-American Relation», p. 187.
21 Ibid.
22 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelakÉkGKÁrdæTUt eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI8
Extula qñaM1980.
23 Carter, Keeping faith, pp. 198-199.
24 Ibid., p. 197.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg496
25 Vance, Hard Choices, p. 118-119.
26 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelakÉkGKÁrdæTUt eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkúghugkug éf¶TI8 Extula
qñaM1980 nigenATIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI> éf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1984.
27 karminTukcitþeKÉg b¤karPan;RcLMénRkúmPñak;garesuIbkarN_sm¶at;rbs;evotNamhak; dUcCa)an
RbmaNhYsBIvtþmanrbs;CnCaticinenARbeTskm<úCa. PaKeRcInénGñkÉkeTsEdlTTYl)an
B½t’manRtwmRtÚvKitfa cMnYnBitR)akdmanminelIsBI5>000nak;eLIy. eRkaymk vresnIy_
Ékmñak;énkgT½Brbs;evotNam )anGHGagR)ab;´fa QrelImUldæanénGVIEdlKat;segáteXIj
enAPñMeBj TIRbwkSacinKWmancMnYn8>000nak;. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyvresnIy_Ék b‘Yy
Tin enAéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981naTIRkúghaNUy.
28 Daniel Burstein, «On Cambodia: But, Yet», N.Y.T., éf¶TI21 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
29 B.P., éf¶TI9 ExFñÚ qñaM1978.
30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak qatéq Qunhav:an (Chatchai Choonhavan),éf¶TI14 ExFñÚ
qñaM1984 naTIRkúg)agkk.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI2 Extula qñaM1978.
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyRBHGgÁm©as; neratþm rNb£T§i/ éf¶TI26 Extula qñaM1982
enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a.
33 cemøIyCasakSIrbs; Dij kan sþIBIsm½yRbCuMEdlbegáItrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa
RtÚv)anTTYledaym®nþIGU®sþalImñak; naExvicäika qñaM1979 eRkayeBlEdl kan ePosxøÜneTA
RbeTsm:aeLsuI. ´sUmGKuNm®nþIrUbenH Edl)anbBa¢Únmk[´nUvkMNt;xøI²rbs;Kat;. PaKeRcIn
énkarniyayR)ab;erOgGaf’kM)aMgrbs; kan )anRtÚvGHGagbEnßmR)ab;´edaykmµaPi)alExµr
CaeRcInrUbEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarRbCuMenH.
34 rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ RkúmB½t’manénrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ qñaM1979/
31ff., TIkEnøge)aHBum<pSayBuMmanbBa¢ak;.
35 rNsirSÉkPaB\sSr³RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgbnÞab;BImhasnñi)atCatiTI1rbs;clnats‘UExµréf¶TI
17 Exemsa qñaM1950. enAqñaM1952 ÉksarExµrmYy)ansnµteCaKC½yrbs;clnats‘Ufa
mkBI\T§iBlnigkarKaMRTrbs;RbCaCnevotNam.
36 Timothy Carney, «Heng Samrin’s Armed forces and a Military Balance in Cambodia». karbBa¢Ún
RbPBÉksarsMGag 497
B½t’maneTA[snñisITenA Princeton sþIBIkm<úCa/ éf¶TI12-14 Exvicäika qñaM1982, p. 4.
37 smaCikdb;bYnrUbénrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCaKW ehg sMrin ¬GtItExµrRkhm b¤ExµrRkhm¦/
Ca suIm ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ rs; sm½y ¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ m:at; lI ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ b‘un mI ¬ExµRkhm¦/ h‘un
Esn ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ elakRsI man sMGan ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ mas sMNag ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ enA sam:un
¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ m:ug LúgsuIm/ Ehm samin ¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ elakRsI C½y kBaØa/ can; Ev:n nig R)aCJ
s‘un.
38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarevotNammñak;/ éf¶TI29 Exmkra qñaM1981
enATIRkúghaNUy.
39 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyvresnIy_Ék b‘Yy Tin/ éf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981 enATIRkúg
haNUy.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgeb:kaMg naéf¶TI5 Exemsa
qñaM1980.
41 esovePA «karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij» rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ TMB½r180.
42 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Ben Kiernan, éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1982/ RkúgEm:lb‘n.
43 Van Tien Dung, Our Great Spring Victory, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1977, kare)aHpSay
CaPasa)araMgedayelak Camille Scalabrino nig Nguyen Ngoc Giao, Et nous primes Saigon. Le
Sycomore, 1979. Tran Van Tra, Vietnam: history of the Bulwark B-2 Theatre, Vol.5. Concluding the 30
Years War, Washington, D.C., Joint Publication Research Service, 1983. GtßbTRsg;CaPasa
)araMgmYyEdlbkERbedayelak Georges Boudarel KWmanenAkñúgesovePA «kariyaFibetyü
enARbeTsevotNam» ¬kariyal½yenAevotNam¦/ Asie-Débat 1, L’ Harmattan, 1983.
44 Dung, op. cit., p. 25.
45 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ca suT§ enARkúgPñMeBj naéf¶TI6 Exkkáda
qñaM1981 ¬esckþIcmøg¦.
46 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ehm samin/ éf¶TI8 Exkkáda qñaM1981
enATIRkúgPñMeBj¬esckþIcmøg¦.
47 Stephen Heder, GtßbTminTan;e)aHBum<pSay. tam Heder fa mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMgKN³
kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_mYymansmaCikR)aMBIrrUbdwknaMeday Eb:n suvNÑ. smaCikdéTeTotKW h‘un
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg498
Esn/ b‘U fg/ can; KirI/ v:an; sun/ ehg sMrin/ nig Ca suT§. kñúgcMeNamenaH mansmaCikEtBIrrUb
b:ueNÑaH h‘un Esn nig ehg sMrin-EdlCaGtItExµrRkhm cMENksmaCikdéTeTotsuT§EtExµr
\sSr³.
48 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsmñak;xagbBaða]bTVIb\NÐÚcin enAsßanTUtGaemrikaMg
RbcaMRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI11 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983.
49 esckþIdkRsg;énkMNt;ehtuenH manenAkñúg «Record of a conversation between Deng Xiaoping and
Ieng Sary, le 13 Janvier», C.V., octobre 1979. sgáat;GtßbTmþúM²EdlxVHRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayenA
eBleRkaykñúg The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against Kampuchea, 1984. P½sþútagsm,ÚreBarBas
manenAkñúgGtßbTedIménkarsnÞnaKñaTaMgRsug. mü:ageTot lkçN³BiténkMNt;ehtuenH minEdl
RtÚvCMTas;edayRkúgeb:kaMgesaHeLIy.
50 The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against Kampuchea, p. 111.
51 GtßbTdkRsg;énsm½yRbCuMenHKWmanenAkñúgesovePA The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against
Kampuchea, p. 112.
52 Ibid.
53 Don Oberdorfer, «Reds vs. Reds», W.P., éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1979.
54 Newsweek, éf¶TI5 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
55 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 409.
56 U.S. State Department Bulletin, kumÖ³ qñaM1979/ pp. 7-11.
57 Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 409.
58 Zbigniew Brzezinski, «East Asia and Global Security: Implications for Japan» The Journal of International
Affairs, Vol. 37, Nº1, été 1983, p. 8.
59 elak xaF½r niyayfa TsSnkic©rbs; etg )anrYmbgáCa «»kasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputmYy
kñúgcMeNam»kasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputénGaNtþiCaRbFanaFibtIrbs;´. ´rIkrayxøaMgNas;
ehIyemdwknaMcink¾dUecñHEdr» Keeping faith, p. 202.
60 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 408.
61 Vance, Hard Choices, p. 122.
62 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 408.enAéf¶TI2 ExkumÖ³ v:an;s_ )andak;[ xaF½r BinitüesckþIEføg
RbPBÉksarsMGag 499
karN_mYyEdlRtÚvpSayenAkñúgry³eBlénTsSnkic©rbs; etg. tamesckþIEføgkarN_enaHfa
TMnak;TMngrvagcin-GaemrikaMgKWCalkçxNÐd¾sMxan;énsnþiPaByUrGEgVgmYy dUckareFVI[kan;Et
RbesIrCagmunnUvTMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyshPaBsUevotEdr. munnwgGanesckþIEføgkarN_
xaF½r )anrG‘UrTaMfa «mankarsuMeTasEfmeTotpgb¤?». Rb‘IhSInsÁI )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlKat;fa
RbePTénesckþIEføgkarN_enH )anpþl;[shrdæGaemriknUvrUbPaBmindac;eRsc nigminR)akd
mYy. seRmcsRmÜceTA KWBuMmanesckþIEføgkarN_NamYyeLIy.
63 Carter, op. cit., p. 209.
64 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 412. muneBlmankarvaylukrbs;cin ÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMg
enARkúgmUsÁÚ Malcolm Toon )an[elak ®háÚmIkU dwgBIesckþIsgÇwmrbs;Kat;GMBIkarminRbRBwtþGVI[
hYsehturbs;sUevot enAeBlEdlkarvaylukenHekItman. Christian Science Monitor, éf¶TI26
ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
65 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk/ éf¶TI8 Extula qñaM1980enARkúghugkug.
66 P.I., éf¶TI9 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979/ pp. 13-14.
67 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYgkarbreTsCb:un/ éf¶TI31 Ex]sPa
enATIRkúgtUküÚ.
68 kñúg»kasénkarRbCuMedayELkmYyCamYyelak hYg hY elak s‘UNaGU sUNUda rdæm®nþIkarbreTs
Cb:un )anRbkasR)ab;Kat;fa ³ «RbeTscinminRtÚvBwgelIkareRbIkmøaMgkñúgCemøaHRBMEdnrbs;xøÜn
CamYyRbeTsevotNameLIy>>>. kñúgnaménRbeTseyIg RbeTscinRtÚvEteFVIGVImYy eday
Rby½tñRbEyg». kaEst Mainichi Daily News, éf¶TI8 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
69 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak;enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI7 ExmIna qñaM1979.
70 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 140. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYg
karbreTsCb:unenATIRkúgtUküÚ naéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa qñaM1983.
71 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt)araMgmñak;enATIRkúg):arIs/ éf¶TI3ExkumÖ³qñaM1985.
72 enAeBldwgBIkarvayRbharrbs;cin v:a):ayI ¬naykrdæm®nþI\NÐa¦)anbMRBÜjdMeNIrTsSnkic©
rbs;Kat;ehIyRtLb;mkRbeTs\NÐavij. paM v:an;dug )anbnþdMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;.
73 N.Y.T., éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
74 Time, éf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1979.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg500
75 Daniel Tretiak, «China’s Vietnam War and Its Consequences», karbBa©ÚnB½t’maneTAkan;sikçasala
mYysþIBIRbeTscin/ saklviTüal½yrbs;cinenAhugkug/ éf¶TI5-7 ExFñÚ qñaM1979/ p.7.
76 Garrett, «The «China Card» and «Its Origins»», p. 156.
77 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 414.
78 kñúgB½t’manmYymancMNgeCIgfa «Major Power Interest in the Asia Pacific Region» enAkñúgkar
RbCuMsnÞnarvagGñkneya)ay\NÐÚcin-GU®sþalI EdlRbRBwtþeTAenAekaH)alI naéf¶TI5-8 ExFñÚ
qñaM1982-karpSayCasaFarN³EtmYyKt;EdlniyayBICMnYysm¶at;enH-T.B. Miller )an
elIkykmkniyayBI«CMnYybec©keTsEdlRbEhlCapþl;[edayshrdæGaemrikeRkamTRmg;
CarUbftepSg²Edlft)anedaypáayrNb». sa®sþacarü Miller naykmCÄmNÐlénkar
RsavRCavEpñkyuT§sa®sþnigkarBarrbs;GU®sþalI )anseRmcyk)anB½t’mansm¶at;CaeRcIn.
Kat;)anEføgR)ab;´ ¬enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a naéf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1982¦fa tam«RbPBB½t’man
epSg² EdlminGacbdiesF)an»fa shrdæGaemrik)anpþl;eTA[BYkcinnUvB½t’manCaeRcInTak;Tg
eTAnwgkareFVIclnarbs;kgT½BsUevot.
79 Li Man Kin, Sino Vietnamese War, Hong Kong, Kingsway International Publications, 1981, p. 61.
80 Ibid, 60.
81 karvaytémørbs;cin. KµantYelxNamYyRtÚv)anpþl;[edayevotNameLIy. F.B.I.S.-A.P.A.,
éf¶TI22 mIna qñaM1979/ L1.
82 cMeBaHkarviPaKGMBItémøEdlRbeTscinRtÚvbg;eTAelIEpnkarkñúgRbeTssUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Daniel Tretiak, op. cit.. Gñkrt;cUlxagsRtÚvmñak;Edlmanzan³x<s;énkgT½BRbCaCnrMedaH
)anRbkaseRkaymkcMeBaHGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;énRkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;bs©imRbeTsfa ³
«kareFVIRbtibtþikarRbqaMgevotNam)anbNþal[manmhnþrayy:agFM». kñúgcMeNamkgT½B
300nak;énkgvresnatUcrbs;Kat;man45nak;RtÚvsøab;nigrbYs95nak; KWkar)at;bg;man
RbEhlCit50PaKry.
CMBUkTI11
1 kaEst Le Matin, éf¶TI19 Exmkra qñaM1979.
2 Elizabeth Becker, «Sihanouk Center Stage», W.P., éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 501
3 kaEst N.Y.T., éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.
4 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy r:UehS s‘UlIv:an; , éf¶TI17 Exkkáda qñaM1985enARkúgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
5 kñúgesovePA «GñkeTasExµrRkhm»/ TMB½r365 semþc sIhnu )anGHGagfa ³ «enAcMeBaHmux
PaBes¶óms¶at; [rbs; v:an;s_] enH mehsI´ )anpþl;eyabl;[´eFVIkarTak;TgCamYyRbeTs
)araMgkuMbg¥g; edIm,IsuM[RbeTs)araMgyl;RBmpþl;nUvsiT§iRCkekanxagneya)aydl;eyIg
eRBaHfa shrdæGaemrikhak;dUcCabdiesFsMeNIrbs;eyIgeTAehIy».
6 karbriyayBIkarCYbKñatamkarNat;rbs;semþc sIhnu CamYy etg s‘avBIg KWsMGagelIkar
CYbsnÞnaBIrelIkCamYysemþcenAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1979 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg nigExsIha
qñaM1979 ¬karsnÞnatamTUrs½BÞBITIRkúgBüúgy:ag¦.
7 Nayan Chanda, «The Ballot-box Response», F.E.E.R., éf¶TI8 Ex]sPa qñaM1981.
8 80PaKryénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCasuT§EtCaGtItyuT§Cn kñúgkar
RbyuT§RbqaMg-)araMg ¬Exµr\sSr³¦ nigFøab;eFVIsm<n§miRtCamYyevotNam ehIy20PaKry
CaGtItExµrRkhm. Stephen Heder, B½t’manEdlmancMNgeCIgfa «The Elite of the People Republic
of Kampuchea» eTA Cornell University, éf¶TI12 Exvicäika qñaM1981. Heder )ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa
80PaKryénsmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimmanedImkMeNItBIextþnanaEdlmanRBMEdnCab;nwg
evotNam ehIyfa 60PaKryFøab;rs;enA20qñaMb¤elIsBIenH enARbeTsevotNam.
9 Timothy Cerney, «Kampuchea in 1982: Political and Military Escalation», Asian Survey, mkra
qñaM1983, p. 82.
10 Ibid., p. 79.
11 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTssgÁmniymmYy/ éf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM1980
enATIRkúgPñMeBj. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak John McBeth, «Bureaucrats from B68»cuHpSay
kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1982pg.
12 Ibid., p. 82.
13 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI4 Exmkra qñaM1985/ K-6.
14 Paul Quinn-Judge, «View From the Front», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶9 Exemsa qñaM1982.
15 Nayan Chanda, «Making of a Bloc», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa qñaM1980.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg502
16 v: v:an;eKot/ enAsnñisITelIkTImYyénkarerobcMeFVIEpnkarsRmab;\NÐÚcin enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1984
Edlerobrab;bBa©ÚlGtßbTmYyKµancuHhtßelxa ³ «The Vietnamisation of Kampuchea: A New Model
of Colonialism», Indochina Report, Extula qñaM1984/ RbeTssigðburI.
17 épÞdIksikmµEdleRbIR)as;enARbeTsevotNamGaceLIgBI 0/09hikta enAqñaM1985 dl;
0/13hiktasRmab;RbCaCnmñak;²enAqñaM2000 luHNaEtRtÚvbegáInépÞdIksikmµEdleRbI
R)as;enH85PaKry nigdMeLIgva[dl;10lanhikta. enAeBlenH RbCaCnevotNam
RbEhlCaeLIgdl;75lannak;y:agTabbMput. Stewart E. Fraser, «Vietnam Struggles with
Exploding Population», Indochina Issues, Nº57, Ex]sPa qñaM1985/ p. 5.
18 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983, p. I.6.
19 kaEføgrbs;GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;evotNammñak;cMeBaHelak W.S.Turley kñúg»kasénkar
snÞnamYyenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM1983. B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Turley.
20 Policy of the People’s Republic of the Kampuchea with Regard to Vietnamese Residents, PñMeBj ExkBaØa
qñaM1983/ p. 12. enAExmifuna qñaM1983 egVón kUfac; rdæm®nþIkarbreTsevotNam )an
RbkasR)ab;smPaKIGU®sþalI b‘Íl éhedn fa niKmCnevotNamenARbeTskm<úCamanminelIs
BI500>000nak;eT edaybBa¢ak;fa bnÞab;BIkarsøab;rbs;evotNamEdlmanedImkMeNItenATI
enaH sBVéf¶enHmanmitþPkþib¤bgb¥Únsac;jatixøHrbs;BYkeK)ancUleTAtaMgenACMnYs. karsnÞna
rbs;Gñk niBn§CamYyelak b‘Íl éhedn (Bill Hayden) enAéf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
hugkug.
21 Fraser, op. cit., 6.
22 Marie-Alexandrine Martin, «nItiRkmevotNamUbnIykmµenAkm<úCa»/ neya)ayGnþCati/ niTaXrdUv
qñaM1984/ p. 184.
23 enAqñaM1981 saracrmYyrbs;RksYgkarbreTs )anhammin[GñkTTYlxusRtÚv GaemrikaMg
cab;édnwgExµrRkhmeLIy. kñúg»kasénBiFIbdisNæarkic©mYyenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati naEx
mifuna qñaM1981 rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGaemrikaMg GaLichSg;d½r ehk (Alexander Haig) )ancab;
édGñkkarTUtEdlrevosrévmñak;y:agENn edaymindwgfa GñkenaHCa eGog sarI eLIy.
24 GñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;énRksYgkarbreTsrbs;Cb:unenATIRkúgtUküÚ )anbBa¢Únmk[´nUvesckþI
cmøgkarsnÞnarvag GUhuIr:a-etg enH ¬tUküÚ éf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1979¦. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;
RbPBÉksarsMGag 503
elak Nayan Chanda, «Japan’s Kampuchea Diplomacy» kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay
éf¶TI10 Exemsa qñaM1980.
25 «vasnacugeRkaysRmab;ExµrRkhm», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., ecjéf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM1980.
26 Gñkrt;ecalCYrLavmñak; )anbBa¢ak;R)ab;´BIGtßiPaBénCMrMhVwkhat;mYyrbs;clnats‘URbqaMg
evotNamenARbeTsLavfa KWsßitenARbeTscinPaKxagt,Úg. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy
sa®sþacarü xaMesgEkv esgsaFIt(Khamsengkeo Sengsathit)enATIRkúgeb:kaMgnaExkumÖ³ qñaM
1982. sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½yGaemrikaMgmYyRkúm)anCYbCnCatiéfCaeRcInnak; Edl
kMBugbgðat;beRgónGñkts‘ULav enAkñúgtMbn;mYyénextþyunNan (Yunnan). edIm,I[rwtEtCak;
c,as;sþIBIkarKaMRTrbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHs®gÁamqµk;RbqaMgkumµúynIsþsUmGanGtßbT «Fancy
meeting you here» rbs;elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSayéf¶TI24
Exkkáda qñaM1981/ TMB½r14-15.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg enAéf¶TI20 ExsIha qñaM
1980 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>sIu>.
28 ]tþmesnIy_ Saiyud Kerdphol embBa¢akarCan;x<s;énkgT½BPUminÞéf/ dkRsg;mkniyayCa
sMGagkñúg The Nation Review, éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM1982.
29 ´Føab;B¤niyayBI«siT§i»enHBImat;rbs;GñkCUndMeNIrCaExµrRkhm k¾dUcBImat;BYkem²énclna
ts‘UExµrminEmnkumµúynIsþEdr.
30 Stephen Heder, «Democratic Kampuchea: The Regime’s postmortem», Indochina Issues, Nº13, Janvier
1981, p. 5.
31 RbeTsGU®sþalI)anQb;TTYlsÁal;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüCapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI14 Extula qñaM1980.
sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Frank Frost, «The Conflict over Cambodia: Implications of the Khmer
Coalition Agreement», Canberra, Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1982, Basic Paper Nº14.
32 lI xVan; yU/ Rsg;mkniyayCasMGagkñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI26 ExkBaØa qñaM1980.
33 eqøIytbnwglixitmYyrbs; exov sMpn cuHéf¶TI21 ExsIha qñaM1979 EdlesñI[RBHGgÁTTYl
tMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semþc sIhnu )anbeBa©jRBHraCeyabl;fa ³ «rNsirSfµIk¾dUckmµviFI
neya)ayfµI EdlbgðajedayExµrRkhm Cak;Esþg KWCakarlak;ButfµImYyEdlnwgTak;Tajcitþ
)anEtBYkmnusSPøIePøInigeqatl¶g;b:ueNÑaH».
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg504
34 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;rbs;éfmñak; enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1986
naTIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;shrdæGaemrik EdlGmdMeNIrelak
Mondale eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg/ éf¶TI23 Exkkáda qñaM1985 enATIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
36 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak eRBm eTARbeTscin KWsMGagelIbNþakarsnÞnarbs;´CamYy
GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak; enAéf¶TI15 Exvicäika qñaM1980 nigCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;én
RksYgkarbreTséf enAéf¶TI29 Exvicäika qñaM1980 naTIRkúg)agkk.
37 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak lI xVan;yU enATIRkúgeb:kaMg KWEp¥kelIkarsnÞnamYyCamYy
GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak; enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1980 naTIRkúghugkug nig CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYg
karbreTssigðburIenAéf¶TI5 ExFñÚ qñaM1980. kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYyenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1983
naTIRkúg)agkk elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTssigðburI s‘UBIy:as; daNa)aLan; )anGHGagR)ab;´fa
)anTTYlkarFanaBIBYkcinfa BYkeKnwgRbtibtþitamkarvinicä½ymYyrbs;RbCara®sþ edaye)aHbg;
BYkExµrRkhmecal.
38 kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYy enAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1980 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg semþc sIhnu )an
manRBHraCbnÞÚlR)ab;´fa ³ «´CaCnCatiExµrnigCaGñkesñhaCatimñak;. ´mincg;eFVIxøÜnCa sIhnu
Edlsøab;enAelITwkdIbreTsmYyeLIy. ´cg;cUlTivgÁtenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;dUntanigRbCaCn´.
´RsLaj;RbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg b:uEnþRbeTsTaMgenaHBuMEmnCamatuPUmi¬RsukkMeNIt¦rbs;´
eT. matuPUmirbs;´ KWRbeTskm<úCa ehIymanEtmYyKt;>>>. ebIniyay[esµaHRtg;eTAmunnwg
cUlTivgÁt ´R)afñacg;mancMENkkñúgRbvtþisa®sþkñúgzan³CaGñkksagRbeTskm<úCa CaBiess
kñúgvis½ysgÁmkic©nigvb,Fm’. RbCara®sþtUctacCaGñkRkIRk/ RbCaCnsamBaØEtgEtCamnusS
sRmab;´Canic©. munnwgcUlTivgÁt ´RtÚvEteFVIGVIEdlmanplRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTaMgenaH. evot
Nam nigelak ehg sMrin RbEhldwgfa BYkeKnwgeqøótTajKuNRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar
yagRtLb;eTAvijrbs;´. GVI²nwgRtÚvcb; ³ s®gÁamRbqaMgExµrRkhmnwgRtÚvQñH».
39 lkçxNÐTaMgR)aMbYnKWmandUcxageRkam ³
kk>> karseRmccUlrYbrYmnwgExµrRkhmkñúgrNsirSrYbrYmmYynigkñúgrdæaPi)albRgÜbbRgÜmCati
mYy KWRtÚvmanlkçxNÐ. ebIsinCalkçxNÐNamYykñúgcMeNamlkçxNÐTaMgenHRtÚvRcanecal
edayExµrRkhmb¤RbeTscin semþc sIhnu nwgminGacshkar)aneLIy.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 505
xx>> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚvEtERbkøayCaRbeTskm<úCadUcBImun. Tg;CatinigbTePøgCatimunqñaM
1970 nwgRtÚverobcM[dUcedImvij.
KK>> kgT½BsIhnuniymnwgRtÚvbMBak;GavuFedayRbeTscin[esµIKñanwgkgT½BExµrRkhmEdr ehIy
nwgenAEtsßitenAeRkamGMNacbBa¢akarÉkraCüdEdl.
XX>> edayTTYlbnÞúkmuxtMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semþc sIhnu nwgminTTYlxusRtÚvelIrdæaPi)al
rbs;RBHGgÁeLIy.
gg>> RBHGgÁnwgRtÚvGnuBaØat[eFVIkargarnigyageFVIdMeNIrCamYynwgGñktMNagsMxan;²rbs;rdæa-
Pi)al.
cc>> RBHGgÁnwgmansiT§ibeBa©jmtidUcGñkkaEstnigGñkniBn§Edr.
qq>> karbBa¢ak;[dwgnwgRtÚvpþl;[sþIBIeCaKvasnarbs;RBHjativgSnigshkarIrbs;RBHGgÁEdl
)at;xøÜneRkamrbbExµrRkhm.
CC>> bnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;evotNam RbeTskm<úCaRtÚvEtRbkasxøÜnCaRbeTsGBüaRkwt ehIy
kgT½BTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜnRtÚvdkhUtGavuF. munkardkfyenH kgT½BGnþrCatirkSasnþiPaB
mYynwgRtÚvdak;BRgay.
QQ>> kare)aHeqñatsklnwgRtÚverobcMeLIg. kgT½BrkSasnþiPaBnwgRtÚvCMnYsedayKN³kmµkar
RtÜtBinitüGnþrCatimYy.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKmGas‘an Edl
manmuxenAsm½yRbCuMnaTIRkúgjÚvy:k/ éf¶TI15 Exkkáda qñaM1981.
41 han nanLúg )anrMB£kR)ab;´BIkarkt;smÁal;enHedaypÞal;kñúgGMLúgénkarsnÞnamYyEdlKat;
)anyl;RBm[´CYbBIrbIExeRkaymk ³ «Han Fire a Warning Volley», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elx
ecjpSayéf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1982.
42 Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and foreign Policy, New York, Mcmillan, 1984, p. 194.
43 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;mñak;énsmaKmGas‘an enAéf¶TI20
Ex]sPa qñaM1985 naTIRkúgv:asuInetan.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak m:ukta KUs‘Um:aGatm:adüa enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI17
Exkkáda qñaM1981.
45 Ibid.
sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg506
46 edayerobrab;BIehtukarN_bnÞab;bnSMenH GñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKm
Gas‘an )anniyayR)ab;´fa ³ «y:agehac snñisITenH)aneFVI[eyIgdwgerOgr:avmYycMnYn
tUcEdr. enAeBlRbkan;ykesckþIseRmccitþ RbeTstUc²ElgmanmitþeTotehIy».
PaKeRcInénbNþaRbeTselakxaglic)anbdiesFmincUlrYmCamYysmaKmGas‘ankñúgkar
RbQmmuxCamYynwgRbeTscineLIy.
47 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;éf enAéf¶TI11 Exvicäika qñaM1985
naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
48 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak tan;RsIuháahSalI enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ
qñaM1981.
49 Sabam Siagian, «Potentials of Conflict and Potentials of Peace in Southeast Asia», B½t’manTak;Tgnwg
karRbCuMelITI3rvag\NÐÚensuI-saFarNrdæshBn§GaløWm:g;/ Hambourg, 15-17 Avril 1985.
50 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgjÚvy:knaéf¶TI14 Extula
qñaM1984.
51 Nayan Chanda, «Sihanouk Stonewalled», TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., elxecjpSayéf¶TI1 Exvicäika
qñaM1984.
52 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Garun panuBgS enATIRkúg):arIsnaéf¶TI31 Exmkra
qñaM1985.
53 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsxagB½t’manrbs;GaemrikaMg enAéf¶TI17 Exmkra
qñaM1986 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>. The U.S.S.R. in Indochina, Report Nº334, Bureau of
Intelligence and Research, Department of State, Washington, D.C., mars 1982.
54 W.P., 10 mars 1979.
55 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad GarmIefc Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati TTYl
bnÞúkEpñksnþisuxGnþrCatienAéf¶TI28 ExFñÚ qñaM1985 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
56 cMeBaHkarBinitüemIld¾RbesIrmYyGMBIshRbtibtþikarrvagcin-GaemrikaMgxagvis½ysnþisux
enAqñaM1979-80 sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lesson of Coalition
Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, 1984, pp. 39-72.
57 Banning N. Garrett and Bonnie S. Glaser, War and Peace: The view from Moscow and Beijing, Policy
RbPBÉksarsMGag 507
Papers in International Affairs Nº20, Institute of International Studies, Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1984, pp. 48-49.
58 Richard Nations, «Great Leap Sideways», F.E.E.R., 30 mai 1985.
59 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½yd¾eqñ Immñak;rbs;sUevotCaGñk
ÉkeTsxagbBaðaGasuIPaKGaeKñy_enA Bellagio naéf¶TI7 ExFñÚ qñaM1985.
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1968 elak)anTTYlsBaØab½RtKruekaslüBImhaviTüal½yKruekaslüRkúgPñMeBj. BIqñaM1997
dl;qñaM2002 elakeFVIkarCabuKÁlikbkERbPasa)araMgenAkaEstrsµIkm<úCa bc©úb,nñelakKWCaGñk
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510