Normalised probability of failure per insulation type. The figures estimated for a 15.5 years old RoPax. The chart indicates that at this ship’s age, removable insulation of cylinder head indicator cocks is most likely to be ineffective amongst other insulations.

1.1 Brookes Bell LLPAccident investigation and litigation

The established link between Global Design Factors (GDFs)1 and cognitive performance in attention management and safety behaviour. And that degradation in both may cause incident and accidents on individual and ship level.

Results of experiments on bridge simulators concerning the effect of noise environment on navigational decision making.

Results of experiments in virtual reality concerning the effect of deck layout features on individual safety of marine engineers and safety of the vessel a as whole.

Gathered statistics from accident investigation reports and elicited reliability data from marine engineers will support the forensics and litigation in a number of ways.

Consultancy in safety engineering

Gathered statistics from accident investigation reports and elicited reliability data from marine engineers may be used to pilot commercial projects on fire safety.

Developed risk models will help assess the effect of GDFs on safety, list the failure modes and causes.

Consultancy in ship design and operation

Developed parametric modeller will allow quickly developing a parametric ship arrangement to be optimised for given performance requirements or generate any other design information of interest.

The integrated design platform for multi-disciplinary design evaluation will help to offer ship design ideas which are well balanced in terms of cost, safety and environmental performance.

Developed RoPax models and their alternative variations with assessed multi-disciplinary performance, can be used as a design database to instantly retrieve a favourable design concept from. The performance data can be used to fit response surface models and any other data analysis required in a commercial job.

Developed software Real Options Valuation allows predicting long-term earning potential of a given ship alternative under uncertain market and technical conditions. This capability is of interest to creditors, ship brokers, and ship owners.

Brookes Bell LLP has already started the exploitation of certain project findings. The exploitation does specifically involve a dissemination of relevant project findings within the company for human resource development and development of engineering processes that can commercially be utilised.

1 Studied GDFs: ship motions, whole body vibration, noise, deck layout, equipment arrangement and access.

Distribution of accident cases of fire origin on cargo ships.

Real Options Valuation takes into account market and technical uncertainties and estimates optimal policies, which guarantee the maximal profit, and the potential profit of the vessel when these policies are adopted.

1.2 University College London

The UCL Design Research Centre (DRC), a part of the Marine Research Group in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UCL, is an academic research institution and so conventional concepts of “commercial exploitation” are not strictly appropriate. However, there are two areas of DRC activities in which the developments of the FAROS project may see future exploitation, research projects and design consultancy.

Research Projects

The main activity of the DRC is research, either as part of consortia or in smaller-scale doctoral and post-doctoral projects. There are four areas of development in the FAROS project that have had an impact on existing research projects (by introducing new ideas) and may continue to do so in the future. These are; interface methods and automation; economic evaluation methods; parametric models of cargo ships; FAROS risk models. The first two items – models and automation, and economic methods, are foreseen to have the greatest impact as they can be applied to the widest range of DRC research areas. The use of modern economic assessment methods such as ROV has already had an input into other PhD level research areas.

Design Consultancy

The DRC undertakes a small amount of design consultancy tasks for government and industry. The particular FAROS activities of interest here are; the use of interfacing and automation tools such as .SPIRAL to allow a wider range of alternatives to be investigated using naval architectural design tools; and the use of more sophisticated economic evaluation concepts such as ROV, which can be used to provide a more holistic and meaningful assessment of through life costs and risks when compared to conventional approaches such as NPV. The risk models developed in the FAROS project may find application in consultancy activities considering the same or similar types of vessels (tankers).

1.3 University of Strathclyde

Experimental design, management and analysis in marine bridge and engine compartment environments

Researchers at the School of Psychological Sciences and Health at the University of Strathclyde have extensive experience of the design and analysis of experiments with human participants. In FAROS they applied this expertise to applied problems in ships bridge simulators and virtual reality environments. For example, are there differential effects of noise on ships operators depending on the demands of the route they follow and the tasks that are required of them?

The practical benefits of participation in the project to the research team are immense, and have significantly broadened the experience and expertise of the researchers, allowing them to enhance their expertise in directly applying their skills in experimental design and eye movement analysis to real world applied problems. Additionally, the researchers have developed knowledge of the application of simulation and virtual reality software.

This affords the researchers the ability to broaden their research network to participate in future projects of applied nature and help strengthen the application of psychological theory to problems in engineering.

The data obtained has led to exciting directions for future research in this field.

Reporting our findings

We have important findings regarding the performance of ships bridge crew in noisy environments, which we plan to scientifically publish in the coming year.

We will be conducting further fine grain analysis of our library of bridge crew eye movement behaviour in ships bridge simulation environments, which we hope to report scientifically report.

The dissemination plans of the University of Strathclyde involve the dissemination of our findings to relevant scientific and marine communities.

1.4 Deep Blue srl

Potential extension of consultancy services to the maritime domain

It is not possible to highlight a specific finding, as it was the whole project to bring a benefit to Deep Blue in terms of maritime domain knowledge. The company had the opportunity to become familiar with the basics of ship designs and ship operations, together with the way safety is practised in this industry. This allowed the identification of similarities and differences with respect to the aviation domain, which triggered an internal process aimed at determining which services could be transferred from aviation to maritime.

Use of Bayesian Belief networks (BBNs) for probabilistic safety assessment in the aviation domain

Incorporation of human error (through HRA) in BBNs. Deep Blue will use the knowledge acquired on the use of BBN results to reinforce its in-house safety assessment capabilities dedicated to support equipment and software manufacturers, operators and regulators in the ATC and aviation domains. One of the distinctive elements of such capabilities is the systemic consideration of Human Factors issues but also the need for quantification. The approach developed in FAROS (use HRA to translate human performance into numbers that can feed BBN but also other Probabilistic Risk Assessments) could be replicated in a number of other contexts.

Deep Blue intends to start exploiting the project findings in 2016. The exploitation will consist of:

The development of internal material to educate other company employees about the FAROS project findings;

The development of safety assessment services leveraging the acquired knowledge related to BBN modelling. A list of services candidate for transfer to the maritime domain will be elaborated in the first quarter of 2016.

1.5 Technical Research Centre (VTT)

Risk analysis and human reliability research

Increased knowledge about the effects of Global Design Factors (GDFs) on human cognitive performance in attention management and safety behaviour.

Methodological considerations regarding evaluation of risk models and analyses

The project results serve as background information in research projects and commission work in the fields of ship motions, whole body vibrations, noise, risk analysis and human reliability analysis.

Bayesian Network for personal risk model

1.6 Wismar

Advanced scenario design for ship handling simulation

The knowledge gained in scenario development for the simulation experiments with 36 mariners will be used in modules of existing degree courses and tailored further education courses for various shipping companies.

Using the new High Risk Events (HRE) in various forms supports the broadness of the simulation by opening various decision-making possibilities and widens the competencies. Degree courses and further education programmes will benefit from this result.

Adjusting the level of difficulty in the scenario design allows match the scenarios, learning objectives and target group with few changes in the general scenario.

Scenario evaluation with enhanced procedure based scoring and rating system

Based on several actions and the time of the execution of the actions the new introduced scoring and rating system helps instructors to evaluate and compare simulation trials and thus give constructive advice to the participants beyond just subjective impressions and prejudgement.

The scoring can easily adapted to different conditions; the used weighted average for comparing passing distances and more parameters is flexible. Working in the scientific environment the new evaluation has now to be tested in education and further education.

Scenario design and the objective evaluation of ship handling simulations are crucial to get acceptance in the maritime world being based on much experience and skills. With our work in the FAROS project we moved steps ahead in designing a scenario producing measurable results and evaluating a scenario above the established debriefing routines.The test of the transfer into degree courses and further education programmes is planned for the last quarter of 2015 and first quarter of 2016.

1.7 Aalto University

Research on risk modelling for design purpose

Results of the risk-based design exercise shows, that there exists a threat, that the design requirements may force the analyst to adopt a certain risk perspective that suits a formalism of design, instead of the features of the analysed system. This lesson shows that there is a need for clarification of the role of risk analysis in the design process, and its level of details for various design phases. This sounds like an excellent research area for further studies.

The obtained risk models address the areas that have not been appropriately investigated before; thus we are lacking empirical data to benchmark the models with. Therefore there was a need to develop a validation framework, within which the risk models could be evaluated and their credibility could be established, that reflect the specific features of the models.

Spectrum of scientific approaches to Risk Analysis

The validation framework itself is a relevant step forward, which will be used in future risk related research and teaching.

The FAROS project contributed significantly to the development of a doctoral thesis by Floris Goerlandt entitled Risk analysis in maritime transportation: principles, frameworks and evaluation.

Framework for evaluating risk models and analyses

Teaching the risk analysis

The project findings, in terms of the adopted framework to organize the risk assessment significantly improved the quality of teaching in the area of risk analysis. The real life example, where risk analysis has been used for design purposes, makes the course that we offer on Safety and Risks of Marine Traffic more attractive for students.

Aalto University has already started the exploitation of certain project findings. The future exploitation involves the research and teaching aspects as mentioned above. Both aspects are of global range.

1.8 Alpha Marine Consulting Ltd

Plan Approval – new buildings

Virtual reality experiments conducted with the scope to have an insight on how deck layout affects crew behaviour will be utilised in order to reorganise and optimise layouts for our new-building projects.

Parametric models developed and optimised can also aid in the design of new ships for improved safety, performance and efficiency as well as improved functionality and crew operation. It has already started to be implemented in new building projects.

Consulting / Management

Implementation of results of Bridge simulations and investigation of the influence of noise and motion (GDF) on human performance and attention in full sleep and restricted sleep conditions in company management and specifically ISM (International Safety Management) and SMS (Safety Management System) aiming at the improvement of shifts, working hours and training of mariners and crews for reduced risk. Our ISM and SMS procedures are expected to be updated within 2015 and implementation and information has already started.

Virtual reality experiments on the effects of deck layout in crew day-to-day operation are also implemented in updating company SMS and procedures.

Risk models with respect to collision, fire etc. and the causal link between human error and potential hazard and development of failure are utilised for the Identification of potential leak and ignition sources and information of crews and managers of their existence and ways of avoidance through targeted training courses. Inclusion of findings in safety procedures through AMC involvement in ISM and updating of onboard risk assessment procedures. This has already started and will continue after completion of the project.

Training

Virtual reality experiments, bridge simulations and risk models will also be used as training material for our courses with the scope to improve understanding of operation in hazardous environments and improve the safety culture of our clients. Implementation has already started and our training material is expected to conclude by the end of the year.

1.9 Galician Innovation Agency

Dissemination of the positive contribution of VR to the assessment of human behaviour in shipping industry

The simulations developed to investigate the influence of deck layout features on human performance will be used as demonstration examples.

The implementation and management of multiple virtual environments instances for users, which increases the capability of immersion in the ship real scenario.

Data capture and management, which enables the study of human behaviour in marine virtual environment.

VR allows analysing the interaction of crew with different layouts of a ship at an early stage of the design with no need to produce real prototypes. It lets modifications in a short time to be tested again. Findings obtained from these experiments are currently being used as example to the regional industry in Galicia, the most important poll of naval construction in the country. They are also being used in the search for new applications in different fields like industry or medicine.

1.10Tallink Grupp AS

Use of new ship design models improve safety at sea and therefore minimise expensive casualty losses and handling.

Results of experiments on bridge simulators concerning noise, fatigue, stress stormy weather etc. influence to the navigational decision making gives a good picture for accidents investigation and preventing in future. Improvements can reduce possibility of accidents.

Some of the project models and designs will give a good idea for some new projects and research for the future.

Collected statistics from different accident investigation reports may be used during forensic cases in the future.

Research and supplement of some of models worked out during the project needs more work and attention as those are too perfunctory. So continue of project is welcome.

3.12 Lloyd’s Register

Rules’ feeding

FAROS deliverables will increase the potential positive impact in future rules developments, which will be addressed through Lloyd’s Register participation in technical meetings contributing to the development of codes/standards. LR will also exploit the results of FAROS in terms of gaining more expertise on human oriented ship design and building, increasing ship classification portfolio and reputation in the shipping market.

LR also acts as a 'notified body' for many European Community directives, helping ensure essential product safety rules work properly. To support these activities FAROS deliverables will be of great value to improve the current regulations about safety and human element. Besides that, some project’s findings like the established link between Global Design Factors (GDFs) and the cognitive performance related to safety operations would be of further support for addressing processes and policies.

Consultancy and training

Lloyd’s Register consultancy services will improve their portfolio by means of potential implementation of FAROS deliverables in its consultancy and training services (especially through human element awareness raising)

Customers and stakeholders will be supported in the impact of the GDFs in the early stages of vessel’s design (and construction).

Specifically, application for busy spaces like engine rooms could be very significant for crew members like engineers. Moving between segregated areas may be especially problematic to engineers as it can impact their overall awareness of the operational status of the room and the efficiency with which they can perform engineering tasks.

3.13 Naval Architecture Progress

Offer Noise and Vibration Calculations

Based on the training and experience gained based on the FAROS project we can now offer to our clients Noise and Vibration calculations.

Numerous ROPAX and VLCC vessels have been evaluated giving us the required confidence in the calculations.

Implement in our design protocols the methodology developed in FAROS

The findings may be inconclusive in some aspect but nevertheless the processes developed in this project reflect with some adjustments reasonably well the scenario.

Human factor has been defined again using risk models integrated with performance in order to obtain an optimum configuration for a specific ship case.

NAP has actively assisted in the research of project FAROS contributing on Noise and Vibration simulations for ROPAX and VLCC vessels, the knowledge and experience gained using N&V software simulations allows us to offer N&V services to our clients, not only making the calculation but actively assisting our customers to reduce the impact to their crew and passengers with clever general arrangement designs.

Our goal is to implement the methodology developed in FAROS in order to assist our customers preliminary design stage of new-buildings in reducing the human element risk. In NAP we believe that we have to achieve the highest standard of design in our every project and therefore although in many cases clients do not take the human risk in to considerable account we have to do it and adopt our design approaches to minimise it, as this leads into more efficient and seaworthy vessels.

The models developed in FAROS require some manipulation by NAP in order to be useful initial design decision making tools that can assist in risk reduction; although the project findings are not prescriptive the methodology used is applicable to new designs and therefore will be exploited more in the near future.