BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY...

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1. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS Andrea Regan Lee Penketh A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, to the University of London, 1983. Department of Medicine Cardiothoracic Institute Brompton Hospital Fulham Road LONDON SW3 6HP.

Transcript of BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY...

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BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Andrea Regan Lee Penketh

A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine,

to the University of London, 1983.

Department of Medicine Cardiothoracic Institute Brompton Hospital Fulham RoadLONDON SW3 6HP.

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ABSTRACT

Chronic pulmonary d i s e a s e is the major cause of

morbidity and mortal i ty in older pa t ien t s with c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s (CF). In fec t ion with Pseudomonas aeruginosa i s

an important fea ture and, once e s ta b l i s h e d , the organism

usua l ly p e r s i s t s in the lower r esp i r a tory t r a c t .

Although f a i l i n g to e r a d i c a t e pseudomonas, a n t i b i o t i c

chemotherapy was shown to improve re sp i r a t or y function

s i g n i f i c a n t l y , both when given as a short course,

intravenously and when given over a longer period by

ae ro so l . Comparative t r i a l s of intravenous gentamicin

combined with one of three semi-synthet ic p e n i c i l l i n s ,

did not demonstrate an advantage of one p a r t i c u l a r

regimen. In a double-bl ind, p lacebo-control led,

randomised, c ros s-over t r i a l aerosol gentamicin and

c a r b e n i c i l l i n given twice d a i l y for s i x months produced a

s i g n i f i c a n t improvement in r e sp i r a to ry function and a

trend towards reduced frequency of hosp i ta l admiss ions ,

without an increase in a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n t organisms.

Cyst ic f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s colonised by P. aeruginosa may

remain r e l a t i v e l y well for years , but others d e te r i o r a t e

inexorably and t h i s l a t t e r group cannot be i d e n t i f i e d by

routine sputum b a c te r io l o g y . S t ra ins of P. aeruginosa

i s o l a t e d from f i f t y one p a t i e n t s with a range of se v e r i t y

of d i s ea se were studied and cer ta in c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were

more frequently a s s o c ia t e d with c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s t r a i n s

when compared with c o n t r o l s . Pa t ients recent ly colonised

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h a d o r g a n i s m s s i m i l a r t o c o n t r o l s t r a i n s , w h i l e o a t L o n t s

c o l o n i s e d L o r y e a r s h a d o r g a n i s m s w i t h t h r e e u n u s u a l

f e a t u r e s , n a m e l y 1 ) l o s s o f O - s e r o t y p e r e a c t i o n ,

2 ) e x p r e s s i o n o f a n e w s o m a t i c a n t i g e n a n d 3 ) s e n s i t i v i t y

t o t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m .

P a t i e n t s w i t h o r g a n i s m s e x h i b i t i n g o n e o r t w o o f t h e s e

features were the most severe ly a f fec ted by the i r

d i s e a s e , and may there fore represent a high r i s k group

that might benef i t from more intensive chemotherapy.

A further study of the serum s e n s i t i v i t y of

P. aeruginosa revealed s i x p a t ie n t s with a s e l e c t i v e

de fec t in serum b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y towards the ir

autologous s t r a i n . Experimental evidence suggested that

an antibody of the IgG c l a s s blocked the na tu ra l ly

occurring b a c t e r i c i d a l mechanisms.

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C O N T E N T S

A b s t r a c t

I n d e x of : t a b l e s

I n d e x o f f i g u r e s

A b b r e v i a t i o n s

A i m o f t h i s t h e s i s .

P a g e M o .

2

13

16

18

18

Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2.1

A. CYSTIC FIBROSIS

1. The d i s e a s e

a) Def ini t ion

b) Incidence

c) Genetics

d) Pathophysiology

2. C l i n i c a l f e a t u re s

a) Respi ratory system

b ) Asperg i l lus fumigatus

c) G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l system

d) Glucose into lerance

e) Growth and development

f) Other complicat ions

3. Diagnosis

4. Treatment

a) Pulmonary d i s e a s e

i Prevention of infect ion

i i Physiotherapy

i i i Bronchodi lators and c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s

22

24

29

31

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h

iv Sur fiery

v Ant ib io t i c s

b ) G a s t r o i n te s t i na 1 d i s c a s e

i Pancreat ic enzyme replacements

i i N ut r i t io na l supplementation

i i i Meconium i l e u s equivalent .

c) Psychosocial a s pe ct s .

B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36

1 . B a c t e r i a l infec t ion

2. Infec t ion caused by v i ruses

3.4.

Mycoplasma and re la te d organisms

Mycobacteria

Chapter 2 PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 45

A. THE ORGANISM 46

1 . Occurrence

2. I s o l a t i o n

3. Identi f i ca t ion

4. Typing schemes for s t r a i n id e n t i f i c a t i o n

5. Mucoid forms

6 . Virulence f a c t o r s of P.aeruginosa

B. HOST DEFENCE MECHANISMS AGAINST P.AERUGINOSA IN 55

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

1. E p i t h e l i a l b a r r i e r

2. Alveolar macrophages

3. Neutrophil function

4. Cell-mediated immunity

5. Humoral immunity.

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Chapter 3 GENERAL METHODS 60

A. CYST EC El EROS IS PATH’] NTS

13. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS

C. CLINICAL SCORE

D. SERUM SAMPLES

E. IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS STRAINS FROM SPUTUM

1. Primary i s o l a t i o n

2. Colonial form

3. O-se ro lo g ica l typing

a) Methods

b) Result s

4. Po lyagglut inat ion and PA antigen

5. Serum s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t

6. Absorption of sera

F. STORAGE OF STRAINS

G. MEDIA AND SOLUTIONS

Chapter 4. TREATMENT OF P.AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF PULMONARY DISEASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

BY INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTICS. 72

A. INTRODUCTION

B. LITERATURE REVIEW

C. AIMS

D. METHODS

1. Study design

2 P a t i e n t s e l e c t i o n

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3 . A s s e s s m e n t

4 . D o s e r o n i mo n s

5 . A s s a y oil a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s i n s e r u m a n d s p u t u m

a ) G e n t a m i c i n

b ) Penicillins6. Follow-up

7. Other treatment

8. S t a t i s t i c s .

E. RESULTS 87

1. T i c a r c i l l i n versus c a r b e n i c i l l i n

a) Respi ratory function

b) Bacter io logy

c) Ant ib io t ic l e v e l s

d) Res i s t an t organisms

e) Follow-up

f ) Toxici ty

2. A z l o c i l l in versus c a r b e n i c i l l i n 94

a) Respi ratory function

b) Bacter io logy

c) Ant ibio t ic l e v e l s

d) R e s i s t a n t organisms

e) Follow-up

f ) Toxic i ty

g) Sub jec t ive assessment.

F. DISCUSSION 101

G S UMMARY 114

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Chapter 5 TREATMENT OF P.AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN

CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS BY

AEROSOL ANTIBIOTICS LI5

A. I N T R O D U C T I O N

B . L I 'r E K ATUR E R E V I EW

C . A I M S

H

METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. C l i n i c a l t r i a l of aeroso l gentamicin and 119

carbenic i l l i n

a ) Pat ient s and methods

b) Result s

c ) Discuss ion

2. Long -term use of aer oso l a n t i b i o t i c s in adult s

withi c y s t i c f i b r o s i s 132

a ) Pa t ient s and methods

b) Results

c ) Discussion

3. Ant ibiot ic l e v e l s in serum and sputum a f t e r 14 0

administrat ion by aeroso l

a ) Methods

b) Resul t s

c ) Discussion

4. Analysis of ae ro so l p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n 145

a ) Introduction

b) Methods

c ) Resul ts

c) Discussion

E. SUMMARY 151

F . F U T U R E P O L I C Y 152

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Chapter 6 SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES OF P.AERUGINOSA IN RELATION TO THE CLINICAL CONDITION OF

CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS 153

A . I N T R O D U C T I O N

B . L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W

C . A I M S

D. METHODS

1. Pat ient s

2. I d e n t i £ica t ion of pseudomonas s t r a i n s

3. Control cu l tu re s

4. C l i n i c a l assessment

5. S t a t i s t i c s .

E. RESULTS 158

1. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of P . aeruginosa from c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s sputa .

a) Colonia l form

b) O-serology

c) The PA antigen

d) S e n s i t i v i t y to normal human serum

2. Comparison with contro l cul tures

3. Associat ion between some phenotype c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of P .aerug inosa in c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

4. Relat ionship of some phenotype changes in

P. aeruginosa to the c l i n i c a l condition of c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

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P . D I S C U S S I O N 1 6 7

1 . C h a r g e t o r i s t i c s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a I7 r e i n c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s s p u t a

a ) C o 1 o n i a 1 I o r m

b) O - s o r o t y p o

c) PA antigen

d) S e n s i t i v i t y to normal human serum

2. Some phenotype changes of P. aeruginosa in c y s t i c

f ibros i s

3. Rela t ionship of some phenotype changes of

P. aeruginosa to the c l i n i c a l condition of c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s - a hypothesis .

G. SUMMARY 177

Chapter 7 BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CYSTIC FIBROSISSERUM AGAINST P. AERUGINOSA 178

A. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

B. AIMS

C. METHODS

1. Sera

2. Organisms

3. Serum t e s t s

a) S erum- sen s i t iv i ty

b) Blocking f a c t o r a c t i v i t y

c) Absorption of se ra

d) C h a ra c te r i sa t i o n of se lec ted c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

s e r a .

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4 . C l i n i c a l a s s e s s m e n t

D . RESULTS 1 4 4

1 . B a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

s e r a a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a .

2 . I n t e r f e r e n c e b y c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r a w i t h n o r m a l

h u m a n s e r u m k i l l i n g o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

3 . S t u d i e s o f s e r a w i t h b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y a n d t h e

a u t o l o g u s s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s

4 . C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y

a ) S t r a i n - s p e c i f i c i t y

b ) A b s o r p t i o n o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m

c ) S e r u m f r a c t i o n s .

5 . C l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f p a t i e n t s w i t h b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s

i n s e r u m .

E . D I S C U S S I O N 1 9 3

1 . S e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

2 . B l o c k i n g f a c t o r s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m

F . SUMMARY 1 9 8

Chapter 8 CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL DISCUSSION 1 9 9

A . SUMMARY O F P O S I T I V E F I N D I N G S 200

B . D I S C U S S I O N 74ND P R O S P E C T S F O R F U T U R E WORK 2 0 3

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a ) S i z e oL: t h e i n n o c u l u m

b ) L e n g t h o f t h e i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d

c ) A g e o f t h e b r o t h c u l t u r e

d ) D i l u t i o n o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m

e ) D e f i n i t i o n o f s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y

Appendix I VALIDATION OF THE SERUM-SENSITIVITY ASSAY 20

Appendix II ASSAYS AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES NOT 213 PERFORMED BY THE AUTHOR

a ) P r e p a r a t i o n o f O - a n t i s e r a f o r s e r o t y p i n g o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a

b ) A n a l y s i s o f a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s i z e

c ) A n t i b i o t i c a s s a y s

d ) I n i t i a l i s o l a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m s p u t u m .

e ) M e a s u r e m e n t o f i m m u n o g l o b u l i n l e v e l s i n C F s e r a .

Acknowledgements 218

Bibliography 220

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Table Page Me

N u m b e r

I C h a n g e s i n t h e b a c t e r i a l f l o r a i s o l a t e d 3 7

f r o m t h e s p u t u m o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s

s i n c e 1 9 3 8 .

I I I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s . 4 9

I I I S u m m a r y o f s t u d i e s o f i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y 7 7

a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

p a t i e n t s .

I V T i c a r c i l l i n / c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l : p a t i e n t d a t a 8 9

o n e n t r y t o t h e t r i a l .

V T i c a r c i l l i n / c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l : r e s p i r a t o r y 9 0

f u n c t i o n d a t a .

V I M e a n s e r u m a n d s p u t u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 9 3

c a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n a n d t i c a r c i l l i n a f t e r a n

i n t r a v e n o u s d o s e o f f i v e g r a m s .

V I I A z l o c i l l i n / c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l : p a t i e n t d a t a 9 5

o n e n t r y t o t h e t r i a l .

V I I I A z l o c i l l i n / c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l : r e s p i r a t o r y 9 6

f u n c t i o n d a t a .

I X i Mean s e r u m a n d s p u t u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 9 9

a z l o c i l l i n a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n a f t e r a n

i n t r a v e n o u s d o s e o f f i v e g r a m s .

X A n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a a f t e r 1 0 0

i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y .

X I T i m e b e f o r e t h e n e x t a d m i s s i o n f o r i n t r a v e n o u s 1 0 2

c h e m o t h e r a p y f o r p a t i e n t s w h o c o m p l e t e d t h e

INDEX OF TABLES

t r i a l s .

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X I I A z l o c i 1 ! i n / c a r b e n i c i L L i n t r i a l : a i e a n v i s u a l 1 0 3

a n a 1 o q u e s c a 1 e s c o r e s .

X I I I S p u t u m l e v e l s o f p e n i c i l l i n s a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s , 1 1 3

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

X I V A e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c t r i a l : p r e f e r e n c e o f p a t i e n t 1 2 4

a n d d o c t o r f o r a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t o r p l a c e b o .

XV A e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c t r i a l : r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n 1 2 5

d a t a .

X V I R e g i m e n s u s e d i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s a t t h e 1 3 4

B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l r e c e i v i n g a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s .

X V I I A n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e o f P , a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d 1 3 6

f r o m p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s .

X V I I I T h e f r e q u e n c y o f a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e i n 1 3 3

P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s

o v e r a s i x m o n t h p e r i o d .

X I X S p u t u m l e v e l s o f a n t i b i o t i c s a f t e r 1 4 2

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y i n t r a v e n o u s a n d a e r o s o l r o u t e s .

X X S e r u m l e v e l s o f a n t i b i o t i c s a f t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 1 4 3

b y i n t r a v e n o u s a n d a e r o s o l r o u t e s .

X X I M a l v e r n 2 2 0 0 P a r t i c l e S i z e r a n a l y s i s o f 1 4 8

a n t i b i o t i c a e r o s o l s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n .

X X I I T h e p a t t e r n o f r e a c t i o n s t o 0 - a n t i s e r a o f 1 6 0

t y p a b l e a n d a b e r r a n t s t r a i n s o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

c u l t u r e s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e o f

c o n t r o l s t r a i n s .

X X I I I C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m 1 6 1

p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s c o m p a r e d w i t h

1 4

s t r a i n s f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s

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X X I V A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h r o e p h e n o t y p e 1 5 3

c h a r a c t o r i s t i c s of : P . n e r u q i n o s a f r o m c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s n n u t u n n .

XX V C l i n i c a l f e a t u r e s o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s 1 5 ' i

g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e i r s p u t u m .

X X V I B a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m 1 8 1

a g a i n s t s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m v a r i o u s

s o u r c e s .

X X V I I T h e e f f e c t o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m f r o m 1 3 7

p a t i e n t B o n t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f n o r m a l

h u m a n s e r u m t o w a r d s p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n 1 3 0 b .

X X V I I I T h e p a t t e r n o f ' b l o c k i n g ' a n d b a c t e r i c i d a l 1 8 9

a c t i v i t y o f s e r a f r o m s i x c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

p a t i e n t s f o r a u t o l o g o u s a n d h e t e r o l o g o u s s t r a i n s

o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

X X I X I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f 1 9 1

n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m o n a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s b y t w o c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r a , a n d

f r a c t i o n s o f t h o s e s e r a o b t a i n e d b y i o n - e x c h a n g e

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y .

X X X C l i n i c a l d a t a o f s i x c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s 1 9 2

w i t h b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y i n s e r u m .

X X X I T h e e f f e c t o f t h e s i z e o f t h e i n o c u l u m o n t h e 2 0 7

v i a b l e c o u n t i n t h e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t .

X X X I I T h e e f f e c t o f d i l u t i o n o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m 2 1 2

o n i t s b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n t o w a r d s s t r a i n 7 / 1 .

X X X I I I O - s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g o f P . a e r u g i n o s a : O - t y p e 2 1 5

1*3

s t r a i n s .

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1.0

Figure Ti 110 Page U(

d u m b e r

1 . T h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s . 2 5

2 . S t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a p r o d u c i n g p y o c y a n i n 5 0

a n d m u c o i d o n K i n g ’ s ’ A ’ A g a r .

3 . S h w a c h m a n s y s t e m o f r a t i n g s e v e r i t y o f d i s e a s e . 6 3

4 . T h e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y p l a t e a s s a y . 6 0

5 . S c h e m e f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s 6 9

s t r a i n s .

6 . P E E R b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h 9 1

t i c a r c i l l i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n .

7 . P E E R b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h 9 7

a z l o c i l l i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n .

8 . V i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e s c o r e s o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s 1 0 4

p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d w i t h a z l o c i l l i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n .

9 . T h e n e b u l i z e r a p p a r a t u s . 1 2 1

1 0 . R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n o f a c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t 1 2 3

u s i n g a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s a n d p l a c e b o .

1 1 . F o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y r e c o r d i n g s o f s e v e n 1 2 7

p a t i e n t s u s i n g a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s a n d p l a c e b o .

1 2 . R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n o f a c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t 1 2 9

u s i n g a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s a n d p l a c e b o .

1 3 . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s o m e p h e n o t y p e c h a n g e s i n 1 7 6

P . a e r u g i n o s a t o t h e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

I N D E X OF F I G U R E S

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17

P h o p M o

1 4 . T h e b a c t e r i c i d a l e f f e c t of : a u t o l o g o u s c y s t i c 1 0 5

f i b r o s i s s c r u m a n d n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m o n o n e

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n .

1 5 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d 2 0 9

o n t h e v i a b l e c o u n t i n t h e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t .

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i s

ABBREVIATIONS

A A A u t o a q g 1 u t i n a t i o n .

C F C y s t: i. c I’ i b r o s i s .

C F S C y s t i c [ f i b r o s i s . s e r u m ,

c i u C o l o n y f o r m i n g u n i t s .

C P Br.. C e n t r a l P u b l i c H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y , C o l i n d a l e , L o n d o n .

FEV]_ F o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y v o l u m e i n o n e s e c o n d ( m i s ) .

F V C F o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y ( m i s ) .

L P S L i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e .

NA N u t r i e n t a c j a r .

NHS N o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m .

N S N o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( p > 0 * 0 5 ) .

NT N o t t y p a b l e .

P A P o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n .

P E F R P e a k e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e ( l i t r e s / m i n u t e ) .

R R e s i s t a n t .

S S e n s i t i v e .

T S B T r y p t o n e s o y a b r o t h .

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19

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n i n h e r i t e d d i s o r d e r

a m o n g t h e C a u c a s i a n p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t i s p o t e n t i a l l y

l e t h a l . O n c e t h o u g h t t o b e i n v a r i a b l y f a t a l i n i n f a n c y ,

t h e m a j o r i t y of : p a t i e n t s n o w s u r v i v e i n t o t h e i r

t w e n t i e s ^ - . I n a r e v i e w o f t h e w o r l d l i t e r a t u r e , c h r o n i c

p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e w a s f o u n d i n 97% o f a d u l t c a s e s a n d

w a s t h e m a j o r c a u s e o f m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y ^ . T h e

p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e c o n s i s t s o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n d

f u n c t i o n a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d i f f u s e b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n . I n o l d e r p a t i e n t s t h e d o m i n a n t p a t h o g e n i s

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a a n d t h e p e r s i s t e n t p r e s e n c e o f

t h i s o r g a n i s m i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n b o t h

l u n g f u n c t i o n a n d g e n e r a l c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n ^ / 4 #

T h e i n i t i a l e v e n t i n t h e c y c l e o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n

a n d l u n g d a m a g e i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s i s n o t k n o w n . N o

s p e c i f i c a b n o r m a l i t y i n t h e l o c a l o r s y s t e m i c i m m u n e

r e s p o n s e s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d t h a t e x p l a i n s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y

t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s t o b a c t e r i a l

c o l o n i s a t i o n , a n d t h i s i s t h e s u b j e c t o f m u c h c u r r e n t

r e s e a r c h . T h i s t h e s i s i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c l i n i c a l

p r o b l e m s o f c h e m o t h e r a p y f o r p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n i n

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s . I n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e i s l i t t l e

o b j e c t i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t i s

b e n e f i c i a l . P . a e r u g i n o s a i s r a r e l y e r a d i c a t e d f r o m t h e

s p u t u m f o r a n y l e n g t h o f t i m e , a n d m a y b e c o n t i n u o u s l y

p r e s e n t f o r y e a r s i n s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s w h i l e , i n c o n t r a s t ,

A I M S O F T H I S T H E S I S

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other nationt' j may doe l ine rapidly within months oi:

co l on i sa t ion by pseudomonas. The presence of: this

organism in .sputum cannot therefore bo used alone as an

indicat ion (ior treatment, nor does i t ind icate those

pa t ie n t s at r i s k of sudden d e t e r i o r a t i o n . This t h e s i s

has been designed v;ith the following ob jec t ives

1 . T o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y

a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

s u f f e r i n g f r o m a n a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n o f t h e i r r e s p i r a t o r y

s y m p t o m s ( C h a p t e r 4 ) .

2 . T o a s s e s s t h e l o n g t e r m u s e o f c h e m o t h e r a p y a g a i n s t

P . a e r u g i n o s a g i v e n b y t h e a e r o s o l r o u t e ( C h a p t e r 5 ) .

3 . T o s t u d y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r a i n s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s

a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s i n t h e d i s e a s e , a n d t o c o m p a r e

t h e s e f e a t u r e s w i t h s t r a i n s f r o m o t h e r s p u t a a n d f r o m

o t h e r c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s . T o c o r r e l a t e a n y

d i f f e r e n c e s f o u n d i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s t r a i n s w i t h t h e

c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e p a t i e n t s , w i t h t h e a i m o f

f i n d i n g m a r k e r s f o r t h o s e p a t i e n t s a t r i s k o f s u d d e n

d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e i r c o n d i t i o n ( C h a p t e r 6 ) .

4 . T o a s s e s s t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f n o r m a l h u m a n

s e r u m a n d c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a

f r o m c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s a n d f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s ,

a s a s i m p l e i n d i c a t o r o f h o s t r e s p o n s e t o t h e

o r g a n i s m ( C h a p t e r 7 ) .

Page 21: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

Chapter 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Page 22: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S

THE DISEASE

Dot ini tion

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n , p o t e n t i a l l y

l e t h a l , i n h e r i t e d c o n d i t i o n s e e n i n C a u c a s i a n s . I t

w a s f i r s t d e s c r i b e d a s a d i s t i n c t e n t i t y i n 1 9 3 3 b y

A n d ersen^ , a l t h o u g h F a n c o n i ^ i n 1 9 3 6 h a d n o t e d

b r o n c h i e c t a s i s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c o n g e n i t a l c y s t i c

p a n c r e a t i c f i b r o s i s . T h e b a s i c g e n e t i c d e f e c t a n d

i t s s t r u c t u r a l o r b i o c h e m i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s r e m a i n s

u n k n o w n . T h e d i s e a s e i s c l a s s i c a l l y d e f i n e d a s a

c l i n i c a l s y n d r o m e o f p r o g r e s s i v e , o b s t r u c t i v e

p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e , w i t h e x o c r i n e p a n c r e a t i c

i n s u f f i c i e n c y a n d a h i g h s o d i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e s w e a t .

O n c e t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e p a e d i a t r i c i a n , i t i s n o w

i n c r e a s i n g l y s e e n b y t h o r a c i c p h y s i c i a n s , d u e t o

i m p r o v e d s u r v i v a l a n d t o t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f c a s e s

w i t h m i l d e r r e s p i r a t o r y a n d / o r g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l

i n v o l v e m e n t , w h i c h a r e d i a g n o s e d i n a d o l e s c e n t o r

a d u l t l i f e .

I n c i d e n c e

T h e i n c i d e n c e o f C F i s f a r h i g h e r i n C a u c a s i a n

p o p u l a t i o n s t h a n i n o t h e r e t h n i c g r o u p s . An

i n c i d e n c e o f 1 i n 2 , 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s i s g e n e r a l l y

a c c e p t e d , a l t h o u g h t h e r a n g e i s w i d e , f r o m 1 i n 6 2 0

i n S o u t h W e s t A f r i c a n A f r i k a n e r s , t o 1 i n 1 5 , 0 0 0 i n

I t a l y " ^ . S t u d i e s i n t h e U S A h a v e s h o w n a n i n c i d e n c e

o f 1 i n 1 7 , 0 0 0 i n n e g r o s ( a l t h o u g h t h i s i s n o t

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f o t h e r n e g r o p o p u l a t i o n s ) , a n d 1 i n

Page 23: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

2 3

9 0,000 in oiricMitals of Hawaii. Only a Cow cases have

boon reoorted from Afr ica , Japan, Malaysia, the India

subcontinent and the Middle East ,

c ) Genetics

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s i s i n h e r i t e d a s a n a u t o s o m a l

r e c e s s i v e g e n e a n d o b e y s s i m p l e M e n d e l i a n g e n e t i c s .

I n a p o p u l a t i o n w i t h a n o b s e r v e d i n c i d e n c e o C 1 i n

2 , 0 0 0 a f f e c t e d p a t i e n t s a t b i r t h , t h e c a l c u l a t e d

h e t e r o z y g o t e c a r r i e r r a t e i s 4 - 5 % . C F i s t h u s t h e

m o s t c o m m o n , p o t e n t i a l l y l e t h a l g e n e i n t h e U n i t e d

K i n g d o m . T h e c a r r i e r s t a t e i s c o m p l e t e l y

a s y m p t o m a t i c , a n d a t p r e s e n t t h e r e i s n o r e l i a b l e

m e t h o d f o r i t s d e t e c t i o n . U n t i l r e c e n t l y t h e d i s e a s e

w a s l e t h a l b e f o r e r e p r o d u c t i v e a g e , b u t t h e h i g h

c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n p e r s i s t s . T h i s

g e n e f r e q u e n c y i s p r o b a b l y h i g h e r t h a n c a n b e

m a i n t a i n e d b y s p o n t a n e o u s m u t a t i o n , a n d s u g g e s t s a

h e t e r o z y g o t e a d v a n t a g e ^ . T h e n a t u r e o f t h i s

h e t e r o z y g o t e a d v a n t a g e i s o b s c u r e ^ ,

d ) P a t h o p h y s i o l o g y

T h e r e i s n o s i n g l e b i o c h e m i c a l o r s t r u c t u r a l

d e f e c t t h a t p r o v i d e s a u n i f y i n g h y p o t h e s i s f o r t h e

p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f C . F . M a n y a b n o r m a l i t i e s a r e

d e s c r i b e d , a n d i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h o s e

d u e t o t h e b a s i c d e f e c t , a n d t h o s e d u e t o s e c o n d a r y

c o m p l i c a t i o n s . T h r o u g h o u t t h e b o d y t h e r e i s a c h a n g e

i n t h e n a t u r e o f m u c o u s a n d s e r o u s s e c r e t i o n s , w i t h

o b s t r u c t i o n t o e x o c r i n e g l a n d d u c t s . S i t e s o f

o b s t r u c t i o n i n c l u d e t h e b r o n c h i a l t r e e , p a n c r e a s a n d

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2 4

b i l i a r y t r e e , s m a l l i n t o s t i

t h e m u c u s - s c c r e t i n g s a l i v a r

s e c r e t i o n s i s a s s u m e d t o c a

g l a n d s ; d e h y d r a t i o n a n d a l t

e l e c t r o l y t e c o n t e n t o f s e e r

i - m p l i c a t e d . 0 1 p a r t i c u l a r

c o n t e n t o f s o d i u m a n d c h l o r

w h i c h f o r m s t h e b a s i s o f d i

s u m m a r i s e s t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s

n o , p a r a n a s a l s i n u s e s a n d

Y p l a n d s . I n s o i s n a t i o n o f

u s e t h e o b s t r u c t i o n o f

e r e d g l y c o o r o t e i n o r

e t i o n s h a v e a l l b e e n

i m p o r t a n c e i s t h e e l e v a t e d

i d e i n t h e s w e a t i n C F

a g n o s i s 1 0 . F i g u r e 1

o f C F

2 • C L I N I C A L F E A T U R E S

a ) R e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m

P u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e a p p e a r s a t s o m e s t a g e i n a l m o s t

a l l p a t i e n t s , f r e q u e n t l y d o m i n a t e s t h e c l i n i c a l

p i c t u r e , a n d u s u a l l y d e t e r m i n e s t h e f a t e o f t h e

p a t i e n t . I n a r e v i e w o f t h e w o r l d l i t e r a t u r e o n C F

i n a d u l t s i n 1 9 7 9 , p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e w a s p r e s e n t i n

9 7 % o f c a s e s a n d w a s t h e m a j o r f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g t o

m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y 2 . T h e l u n g s a r e

m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y n o r m a l a t b i r t h * - - * - . H y p e r t r o p h y o f

b r o n c h i a l g l a n d s a n d g o b l e t c e l l s o c c u r s w i t h m u c o u s

p l u g g i n g o f p e r i p h e r a l a i r w a y s . B r o n c h i t i s a n d

b r o n c h i o l i t i s f o l l o w , s e t t i n g u p a c y c l e o f

o b s t r u c t i o n , c h r o n i c i n f e c t i o n a n d t i s s u e d a m a g e .

B r o n c h i e c t a s i s , p e r i - b r o n c h i a l f i b r o s i s a n d a i r w a y s

o b s t r u c t i o n o c c u r w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e l o s s o f l u n g

f u n c t i o n . T h e e a r l i e s t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f f u n c t i o n a l

a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l a i r w a y s a r e

Page 25: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

FIGURE .1

T H E P A T H O G E N E S I S O F C Y S T I C

d e f e c t

A l t e r e d m u c o u s a n d

s e r o u s s e c r e t i o n s

B l o c k a g e o f

e x o c r i n e d u c t s

A l s o : 1

2

A l t e r e d e l e c t r o l y t e c o n t r o l

M e s o n e p h r i c d u c t s t r u c t u r e s

F I B R O S I S

- B r o n c h i a l t r e e

- P a n c r e a s

- B i l i a r y t r e e

- S m a l l i n t e s t i n e

- S i n u s e s

- S a l i v e r y g l a n d s

o f s w e a t .

, ( e p i d i d y m i s , v a s

d e f e r e n s a n d s e m i n a l v e s i c l e s f a i l t o d e v e l o p )

Page 26: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

d e m o n s t r a b l e - } o n c l o w - v o l u m e l o o p s , a n d b y

a l v e o l a r - a r t e r i a l o x y g e n d i f f e r e n c e s d u e t o u n e v e n

v e n t i l a t i o n . A s a i r f l o w o b s t r u c t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e r e

i s a c a l l i n F E V ^ / F V C r a t i o , w i t h a i r t r a p p i n g a n d

e l e v a t i o n o f r e s i d u a l v o l u m e a n d f u n c t i o n a l r e s i d u a l

c a p a c i t y . F V C i s r e d u c e d a s t h e d i s e a s e p r o g r e s s e s ,

b u t u s u a l l y t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t t h a n F E V ^ . T h e m o s t

p r o m i n e n t s y m p t o m i s a p r o d u c t i v e c o u g h a n d t h i s i s

f o l l o w e d b y d e c r e a s i n g e x e r c i s e t o l e r a n c e a n d

t a e n y p n o e a . A i r t r a p p i n g c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e

a n t e r o p o s t e r i o r d i a m e t e r o f t h e c h e s t w i t h h y p e r ­

r e s o n a n c e . T h e l o w e r r i b s m a y b e c o m e r e t r a c t e d w i t h

t h e w o r k o f b r e a t h i n g . D i g i t a l c l u b b i n g i s a n e a r l y

a n d p r o m i n e n t s i g n . C r a c k l e s w i t h o r w i t h o u t w h e e z e

a r e h e a r d o n a u s c u l t a t i o n . P u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e i s

u s u a l l y d i f f u s e , b u t o f t e n w o r s e a t t h e a p i c e s

e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e r i g h t - * - . C o m p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e

a t e l e c t a s i s , h a e m o p t y s i s , p n e u m o t h o r a x a n d

c a r d i o - r e s p i r a t o r y f a i l u r e . T h e e a r l y r a d i o l o g i c a l

c h a n g e s a r e h y p e r i n f l a t i o n , b r o n c h i a l w a l l t h i c k e n i n g

a n d a t e l e c t a s i s ; r i n g s h a d o w s f o l l o w w i t h l i n e a r a n d

n o d u l a r o p a c i t i e s - ^ # T r i e u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i s

c o m m o n l y i n v o l v e d w i t h n a s a l p o l y p s a n d s i n u s i t i s .

T h e p r e v a l e n c e a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e o f r e v e r s i b l e a i r w a y s

o b s t r u c t i o n i n C F i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l . R e s t i n g

b r o n c h i a l t o n e i s i n c r e a s e d , a n d . f a l l s d u r i n g

e x e r c i s e * - - * . I n c o n t r a s t t o a s t h m a h o w e v e r t h e r e i s

l i t t l e b r o n c h o c o n s t r i c t i o n a f t e r e x e r c i s e . T h e

i n c i d e n c e o f r e v e r s i b i l i t y v a r i e s f r o m 1 4 - 5 0 %

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21

d e p e n d i n g o n t h e m e t h o d of : c h a l l e n g e i n d i f f e r e n t

s e r i e s . A r e c e n t s t u d y f r o m B i r m i n g h a m s h o w e d t h a t

a l m o s t a t h i r d of : C F c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d h a d a

s i g n i f i c a n t e l e m e n t o f r e v e r s i b l e a i r w a y s

o b s t r u c t i o n , a n d a l l o f t h e s e c h i l d r e n w e r e a t o p i c .

T h e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t C F a n d e x t r i n s i c a s t h m a

c o - e x i s t 1 4

b ) A s p e r g i l l u s f u m i g a t u s

A s p e r g i l l u s f u m i g a t u s T y p e 1 h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y o n

s k i n t e s t i n g i s c o m m o n , t h e p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s i n g

w i t h a g e r e a c h i n g 7 5 - 8 0 % i n a d u l t s - * - ^ . S e r u m

p r e c i p i t i n s t o a s p e r g i l l u s a r e s e e n i n a b o u t a t h i r d

o f c a s e s , b u t b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y a s p e r g i l l o s i s i s m u c h

r a r e r , a n i n c i d e n c e o f 0 . 5 - 5 % b e i n g r e p o r t e d ^ - 0 .

c ) G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l s y s t e m

T h e e a r l i e s t g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f C F

i s m e c o n i u m i l e u s , w h i c h o c c u r s i n 1 0 - 1 5 % o f n e w b o r n s

w i t h t h e d i s e a s e . T h e r e i s f a i l u r e t o p a s s m e c o n i u m

a n d i n t e s t i n a l o b s t r u c t i o n d e v e l o p s b e t w e e n 2 4 a n d 4 8

h o u r s o f b i r t h . M e c o n i u m i l e u s e q u i v a l e n t , a s m a l l

b o w e l o b s t r u c t i o n , o c c u r s i n o l d e r c h i l d r e n a n d

a d u l t s u s u a l l y i n t h e i l e o - c a e c a l r e g i o n . P a n c r e a t i c

i n s u f f i c i e n c y m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f a s s t e a t o r r h o e a , a n d

f a i l u r e t o t h r i v e o r g a i n w e i g h t d e s p i t e a g o o d

a p p e t i t e . O t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e r e c t a l

p r o l a p s e , i n t u s s u s c e p t i o n , v o l v u l u s , d u o d e n a l

u l c e r a t i o n a n d p a n c r e a t i t i s . T h e l i v e r u n d e r g o e s

f a t t y c h a n g e i n m a n y c a s e s , a n d m a n y p a t i e n t s d e v e l o p

a f o c a l b i l i a r y f i b r o s i s w h i c h i s p a t h o g n o m o n i c o f

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2 H

C P . C i r r h o s i s ; l i v e r f a i l u r e , p o r t a l h y p e r t e n s i o n

a n d v a r i c e s o c c u r i n a s m a l l n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s w i t h

l i v e r d i s e a s e . G a l l s t o n e s a r e a l s o f o u n d i n a f e w

o l d e r p a t i e n t s .

d ) G l u c o s e i n t o l e r a n c e

G l u c o s e i n t o l e r a n c e i s c o m m o n a n d i n c r e a s e s w i t h

a g e . I t i s r e l a t e d t o p r o g r e s s i v e p a n c r e a t i c

d i s e a s e a n d r e d u c e d c a p a c i t y f o r i n s u l i n r e l e a s e ^ 7 .

K e t o a c i d o s i s i s r a r e a n d t h e m i c r o v a s c u l a r

c o m p l i c a t i o n s o f d i a b e t e s h a v e n o t y e t b e e n d e s c r i b e d

c l i n i c a l l y i n C F . H o w e v e r m u s c l e c a p i l l a r y b a s e m e n t

m e m b r a n e i s t h i c k e n e d i n a l m o s t a l l C F p a t i e n t s , a n d

b e c o m e s a d d i t i o n a l l y t h i c k e n e d w i t h f a s t i n g

1 qh y p e r g l y c a e m i a . T h i c k e n i n g o f c a p i l l a r y b a s e m e n t

m e m b r a n e s i s a d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e o f d i a b e t i c

m i c r o a n g i o p a t h y , a n d i t m a y b e t h a t w i t h i n c r e a s i n g

l i f e e x p e c t a n c y C F p a t i e n t s w i l l d e v e l o p d i a b e t i c

c o m p l i c a t i o n s .

e ) G r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

T h e r e i s a h i g h e r m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y i n

f e m a l e s a f t e r p u b e r t y r e s u l t i n g i n a s l i g h t m a l e

p r e d o m i n a n c e i n t h e a d u l t C F p o p u l a t i o n . I n c r e a s e i n

h e i g h t w i t h a g e i s l e s s s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e

d i s e a s e t h a n i n c r e a s e i n w e i g h t . M o s t p a t i e n t s r e a c h

t h e 2 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e f o r h e i g h t , b u t a r e o f t e n b e l o w

t h e 3 r d p e r c e n t i l e f o r w e i g h t . D e l a y e d p u b e r t y

o c c u r s i n m a n y b u t d e l a y e d s k e l e t a l m a t u r i t y i s a

m o r e c o n s i s t e n t f e a t u r e . I t d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e

r e l a t e d t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f l u n g d i s e a s e a s a s s e s s e d

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2 9

b y s o i r o i a e L r y ^ ^ . M a l e s t e r i l i t y i s d u e t o t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t a l f a i l u r e of : m e s o n e p h r i c d u c t s t r u c t u r e s ,

t h e e p i d i d y m i s , s e m i n a l v e s i c l e s a n d v a s d e f e r e n s .

T h e r e a r e a l e v / r e p o r t s o f a C P m a l e f a t h e r i n g a

c h i l d , b u t m o r e t h a n 9 5 % h a v e o b s t r u c t i v e

a z o o s p e r m i a 2 0_ G y n a e c o m a s t i a m a y a l s o b e a p r o b l e m

i n m a l e s . F e r t i l i t y i n w o m e n i s r e d u c e d , p r o b a b l y

d u e t o t h e t h i c k , v i s c i d c e r v i c a l m u c u s , w h i c h d o e s

n o t e x h i b i t f e r n i n g a t o v u l a t i o n . S e c o n d a r y

a m e n o r r h o e a i s s e e n w i t h s e v e r e p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e . A

n u m b e r o f C F f e m a l e p a t i e n t s h a v e b o r n e c h i l d r e n , b u t

t h e r e i s a g r e a t r i s k o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n l u n g

f u n c t i o n d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y a n d t h e p u e r p e r i u m a n d

m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s p e r i o d w i t h

s c r u p u l o u s p h y s i o t h e r a p y i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t ^ ' ^ 1 #

f . O t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n s

T h e s e i n c l u d e h e a t p r o s t r a t i o n d u e t o e x c e s s i v e

s a l t l o s s i n t h e s w e a t , h y p e r t r o p h i c p u l m o n a r y

o s t e o a r t h r o p a t h y , i n a p p r o p r i a t e ADH s e c r e t i o n a n d

t r a n s i e n t a r t h r a l g i a , w h i c h i s p r o b a b l y a n i m m u n e

c o m p l e x - m e d i a t e d p h e n o m e n o n . T h r e e c a s e s o f

a m y l o i d o s i s h a v e b e e n described^. P o l y c y t h a e m i a i s

r a r e d e s p i t e t h e f r e q u e n c y o f h y p o x i a - * - .

3 • d i a g n o s i s

A h i g h s w e a t s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s a c a r d i n a l

f e a t u r e o f t h e d i a g n o s i s o f C F . I t i s m o s t r e l i a b l y

p e r f o r m e d b y p i l o c a r p i n e i o n t o p h o r e s i s a n d a s a m p l e

o f a t l e a s t l O O m g s o f s w e a t m u s t b e c o l l e c t e d ^ 3 .

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3 0

The u p p e r l i m i t o f n o r m a l i n c h i l d r e n i s g e n e r a l l y

a c c e n t e d a s 7 0 r n m o l / l i n t h i s c o u n t r y , a n d t h e

m a j o r i t y of : p a t i e n t s w i t h C F h a v e v a l u e s i n t h e r a n g e

o f 8 G - 1 2 0 m m o l / l . N o r m a l a d o l e s c e n t s a n d a d u l t s t e n d

t o h a v e s l i g h t l y h i g h e r v a l u e s t h a n c h i l d r e n , s o

t h e r e a r e s o m e n o r m a l a d u l t s w i t h a s w e a t s o d i u m

a b o v e 7 0 m m o l / L . A s u p p r e s s i o n t e s t w i t h

f l u d r o c o r t i s o n e h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n s h o w n t o b e u s e f u l

h e r e a s t h e s w e a t s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n o r m a l

p a t i e n t s i s s u p p r e s s e d b y t a k i n g o r a l

m i n e r a l o c o r t i c o i d , b u t t h a t o f C F p a t i e n t s i s n o t ^ .

F a l s e p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s o c c u r i n c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s

A d d i s o n ' s d i s e a s e , n e p h r o g e n i c d i a b e t e s i n s i p i d u s a n d

i n m a l n u t r i t i o n . O e d e m a m a y g i v e f a l s e n e g a t i v e

r e s u l t s - * - . P a n c r e a t i c f u n c t i o n t e s t s a r e r a r e l y

p e r f o r m e d r o u t i n e l y , b u t m a y b e u s e f u l w h e n t h e

d i a g n o s i s i s i n d o u b t . S t e a t o r r h o e a i s e s t a b l i s h e d

b y a 3 d a y f a e c a l f a t c o l l e c t i o n o n a d i e t o f k n o w n

f a t c o n t e n t a n d w i t h o u t p a n c r e a t i c r e p l a c e m e n t

t h e r a p y . P a n c r e a t i c f u n c t i o n i s m o s t r e l i a b l y

d e t e r m i n e d b y d u o d e n a l i n t u b a t i o n a n d c o l l e c t i o n o f

s e c r e t i o n s f o l l o w i n g s e c r e t i n a n d p a n c r e o z y m i n

i n j e c t i o n s ^ . i n t h o s e p a t i e n t s w i t h o u t c l i n i c a l

p a n c r e a t i c i n s u f f i c i e n c y , e n z y m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s m a y

b e n o r m a l b u t t h e r e i s d i m i n i s h e d b i c a r b o n a t e

p r o d u c t i o n . R e c e n t s t u d i e s o n s e r u m i m m u n o r e a c t i v e

t r y p s i n s u g g e s t t h a t t h i s i s a u s e f u l a d j u n c t t o

diagnosis^ # A t b i r t h , p a t i e n t s w i t h C F h a v e a v e r y

h i g h i m m u n o r e a c t i v e t r y p s i n c o m p a r e d t o t h e n o r m a l

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31

p o p u l a t i o n v / h i c h l a t e r C a l l s t o a v e r y l o w l e v e l .

T h i s C a l l i n i m m u n o r e a c t i v e t r y o s i n p r o b a b l y

p a r a l l e l s t h e d e c l i n e i n p a n c r e a t i c C u n c t i o n .

S i m i l a r a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n s e r u m p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e

a c t i v i t y a r e a l s o r e p o r t e d 2 7 f a n d i t i s s u q q e s t e d

t h a t l e a k a g e o C e n z y m e s C r o m t h e p a n c r e a t i c a c i n i

o c c u r s d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e c i r c u l a t i o n .

4 . T R E A T M E N T

a ) P u l m o n a r y D i s e a s e

i P r e v e n t i o n o f i n f e c t i o n

P a t i e n t s w i t h C F s h o u l d r e c e i v e t h e r o u t i n e

i m m u n i s a t i o n p r o g r a m m e i n c h i l d h o o d , a l t h o u g h

v a c c i n a t i o n d u r i n g a n y f e b r i l e e p i s o d e s h o u l d b e

a v o i d e d . I n f l u e n z a v a c c i n e i s o f t e n g i v e n

a l t h o u g h t h e r e h a s n o t b e e n a s t u d y o f i t s

e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n C F . P a t i e n t s a r e s t r o n g l y

d i s c o u r a g e d f r o m s m o k i n g a n d w h e r e p o s s i b l e t h i s

a d v i c e i s e x t e n d e d t o t h e i r f a m i l y . F a m i l y

m e m b e r s w i t h u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n s s h o u l d

a v o i d c o n t a c t w i t h t h e C F p a t i e n t a s f a r a s

p o s s i b l e .

i i P h y s i o t h e r a p y

S e g m e n t a l p o s t u r a l d r a i n a g e , w i t h c h e s t

p e r c u s s i o n a n d v i b r a t i o n f o l l o w e d b y c o u g h i n g , i s

p r o b a b l y t h e s i n g l e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f

t r e a t m e n t . T h e f o r c e d e x p i r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( F E T )

h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e a t l e a s t a s e f f e c t i v e a s

c o n v e n t i o n a l p h y s i o t h e r a p y , a n d m a y b e p e r f o r m e d

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32

o f t i c i e n t l y b y t h e p a t i e n t w i t h o u t a 53 a i s t a n c e ,

g i v i n g o l d e r p a t i e n t s a d e q r e e o f i n d e p e n d e n c e ^ .

P h y s i c a l e x e r c i s e o f a n y k i n d i s a u s e f u l a d j u n c t

t o p h y s i o t h e r a p y , a n d p a t i e n t s s h o u l d b e

e n c o u r a g e d t o e x e r c i s e a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e w i t h i n

t h e i r o w n p h y s i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s .

S i m p l e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n o f i n s p i r e d a i r i s v e r y

h e l p f u l i n C F t o r e d u c e t h e v i s c o s i t y o f s p u t u m ,

t o a l l o w i t s e x p e c t o r a t i o n a n d t o m i n i m i s e

d e h y d r a t i o n i n t a c h y p n o e i c p a t i e n t s w h o o f t e n

m o u t h - b r e a t h e . H y p e r t o n i c s a l i n e ( 7 %

w e i g h t / v o l u m e ) g i v e n b y n e b u l i z e r m a y b e h e l p f u l

w h e n s p u t u m i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t e n a c i o u s .

i i i B r o n c h o d i l a t o r s a n d c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s

S a l b u t a m o l i s a d m i n i s t e r e d b y n e b u l i z e r o r

p r e s s u r i s e d a e r o s o l i n p a t i e n t s w i t h d e m o n s t r a b l e

r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f a i r w a y s o b s t r u c t i o n , a n d i t s u s e

b e f o r e p h y s i o t h e r a p y m a y f a c i l i t a t e p o s t u r a l

d r a i n a g e . T e r b u t a l i n e h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o

i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f m u c o c i l i a r y t r a n s p o r t ^ .

C o r t i c o s t e r o i d s r n a y b e o f b e n e f i t b u t h a v e o n l y

b e e n u s e d i n t h e l a t e r s t a g e s o f t h e d i s e a s e .

i v S u r g e r y

T h e m a i n i n d i c a t i o n f o r s u r g e r y i n C F i s f o r

p n e u m o t h o r a x ^ . P a t i e n t s w i t h s e v e r e h a e m o p t y s i s

h a v e u n d e r g o n e s u r g e r y t o l i g a t e t h e o f f e n d i n g

b r o n c h i a l a r t e r y , b u t e m b o l i s a t i o n o f t h e a r t e r y

v i a a f e m o r a l a r t e r y c a t h e t e r i s a l e s s i n v a s i v e

a p p r o a c h . L o b a r b r o n c h i e c t a s i s r a t h e r t h a n

Page 33: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

d i f f u s c l u n q d i s e a s e i s n o t c o m m o n b u t d o c s o c c u r

i n s o m e p a t Lo n t s / a n d l o b e c t o m y i s p e r f o r m e d

( Ol : t o n t h e d i a g n o s i s h a s n o t b e e n m a d e a i: t h e

o f s u r g e r y i n t h e s e c a s e s ) . V i g o r o u s o r e a n d

o o s t - o p e r a ti v e p h y s i o t h e r a p y a n d a n t i b i o t i c c

X s e s s e n t i a 1 f; o r a 11 s u r g i c a l o r o c e d u r e s

F i b r e o p t i c b r o n c h o s c o p y i s u s e f u l i n m a s s i v e

h a e m o p t y s i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s i t e o f b l e e d i n g .

S u c t i o n a n d l a v a g e m a y b e a u s e f u l t r e a t m e n t f o r

p e r s i s t e n t a t e l e c t a s i s ,

v A n t i b i o t i c s

A n t i m i c r o b i a l c h e m o t h e r a p y i n g e n e r a l i s

d i s c u s s e d l a t e r i n t h i s c h a p t e r , a n d

a n t i p s e u d o m o n a l c h e m o t h e r a p y i s r e v i e w e d i n

C h a p t e r 4 .

b ) G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l d i s e a s e

i P a n c r e a t i c e n z y m e r e p l a c e m e n t s

P a n c r e a t i c e n z y m e r e p l a c e m e n t i s g i v e n a s

p r e p a r a t i o n s d e r i v e d f r o m a n i m a l p a n c r e a s a n d

t a k e n w i t h f o o d . T h e d o s e a n d p a r t i c u l a r

p r e p a r a t i o n i s a d j u s t e d t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t o

e l i m i n a t e o v e r t s t e a t o r r h o e a a n d m a i n t a i n

n u t r i t i o n . F a t r e s t r i c t i o n i s o f t e n n e c e s s a r y i n

c h i l d r e n , b u t l e s s s o i n a d u l t s , a n d m a n y p a t i e n t s

a r e a b l e t o e a t a n o r m a l d i e t . T y p e 1

h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y r e a c t i o n s i n c l u d i n g b r o n c h o -

c o n s t r i c t i o n m a y o c c u r w i t h a c c i d e n t a l i n h a l a t i o n

o f p a n c r e a t i n p o w d e r ^ l .

F a t s o l u b l e v i t a m i n s A , D a n d E a r e g i v e n

Page 34: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

3 4

re gul ar ly . Vitamin K may be given in haemopt ys i s .

B•} 2 de f ic iency i s uncommon, but iron and {folate

d e f i c i e n c i e s are seen, e s p e c i a l l y in women.

r.ipid s o l u b i l i s a t i o n and b i l e acid

p r e c i p i t a t i o n are pH dependent proc es ses , and are

adversely a f f e c t e d by a low je j una l pH in p a t i e n t s

with reduced pancreat ic bicarbonate sec re t ion .

T h e u s e o f c i m e t i d i n e 4 0 m i n u t e s b e f o r e m e a l s t o

r a i s e j e j u n a l p H b y r e d u c i n g g a s t r i c a c i d

s e c r e t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s t h e a c t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i n 3 2 #

i i N u t r i t i o n a l s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n

A c o m p l e t e l y a r t i f i c a l d i e t c o m p r i s i n g m e d i u m

c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e , a g l u c o s e p o l y m e r a n d b e e f

s e r u m h y d r o l y s a t e h a s b e e n described^. s o m e

p a t i e n t s s h o w e d a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n g r o w t h a n d i n

w e l l - b e i n g , b u t t h e d i e t i s d i f f i c u l t t o a d h e r e t o

a n d d e f i c i e n c i e s m a y o c c u r , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f

e s s e n t i a l f a t t y a c i d s ^ f 1 . M e d i u m c h a i n

t r i g l y c e r i d e o i l h a s b e e n w i d e l y u s e d a s i t w a s

t h o u g h t t o b e d i r e c t l y a b s o r b e d i n t o l a c t e a l s .

T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f a n y n u t r i t i o n a l

s u p p l e m e n t s i s t o m a i n t a i n a d e q u a t e c a l o r i e

i n t a k e .

i i i M e c o n i u m i l e u s e q u i v a l e n t

T h i s i s t r e a t e d w i t h N - a c e t y l c y s t e i n e , b o t h

o r a l l y a n d b y e n e m a . E n e m a s o f h y g r o s c o p i c

r a d i o a c t i v e c o n t r a s t m e d i a , s u c h a s g a s t r o g r a p h i n

m a y a l s o b e u s e f u l . I f o b s t r u c t i o n i s n o t

r e l i e v e d s u r g e r y m a y b e n e e d e d , b u t t h i s s h o u l d

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3'5

not bo the ( i irst l ine of: treatment. Recurrent

col icky pain, 'chronic meconium i l e u s e q u iv a l e n t ' ,

may ind ica te impending obstruct ion and may be

re l ieved by o r a l N-acety lcys te ine^S .

c ) Psychosocial Aspects

T h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s o f a d o l e s c e n t s a n d a d u l t s

w i t h C F r e s u l t s i n a n u m b e r of : p s y c h o s o c i a l p r o b l e m s .

T h e p a t i e n t s n e e d t o a c q u i r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i r

o w n c a r e , a n d t o m a k e t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e f a m i l y

h o m e t o i n d e p e n d e n t l i v i n g . T h e c h o i c e o f j o b o r

f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t . P a t i e n t s n e e d t o

d e v e l o p s k i l l s t h a t a r e i n d e m a n d t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r

t h e i r m e d i c a l h a n d i c a p , a n d t h e y m a y n e e d t o w o r k f r o m

h o m e o r i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t s u i t a b l e f o r t h o s e w i t h

c h r o n i c l u n g d i s e a s e .

An i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o f a d u l t s w i t h C F a r e

m a r r i e d , a n d t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r c o u n s e l l i n g o f t h e

s p o u s e a b o u t t h e p a t i e n t ' s c o n d i t i o n . I n f e r t i l i t y i n

m a l e s , t h e r i s k o f p r e g n a n c y t o t h e h e a l t h o f t h e

m o t h e r ^ , t h e g e n e t i c s o f C F , a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f

c h r o n i c d i s e a s e o n s e x u a l f u n c t i o n a r e a l l i m p o r t a n t

p r o b 1 e m s .

C F i s a l i f e - t h r e a t e n i n g i l l n e s s w i t h a n a l m o s t

i n e v i t a b l e d o w n w a r d c o u r s e , y e t p a t i e n t s c o p e w i t h

t h i s r e m a r k a b l y w e l l w i t h n o s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n

p s y c h i a t r i c d i s t u r b a n c e s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i r p e e r

g r o u p - ^ . C l i n i c a l l y , i t i s o f t e n t h e f a m i l y r a t h e r

t h a n t h e p a t i e n t w h o i s m o s t i n n e e d o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l

s u p p o r t .

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3 6

T h u q o n o t i c b a s i s of: C F renains to bo o L u c i da tod,

and at present theirs are no proven .methods of: c a r r i e r

detec t ion , or ante-natal , d i agno s i s . If: the deflective

qene or i t s products could be i d e n t i f i e d , then

management may in the future involve the techniques of

molecular b iology.

B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS1 . B A C T E R I A L I N F E C T I O N

P a t i e n t s w i t h C F h a v e a c h r o n i c p r o d u c t i v e c o u g h ,

a n d a w i d e v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i s m s m a y b e i s o l a t e d f r o m

t h e i r s p u t u m . T h e m o s t c o m m o n o r g a n i s m i s P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a b u t S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s , H a e m o p h i l u s

i n f l u e n z a e a n d K l e b s i e l l a p n e u m o n i a e v a r . a e r o g e n e s

( K . a e r o g e n e s ) a r e f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d . T h e p a t t e r n o f

s p u t u m f l o r a i s r e l a t e d t o a g e a n d s e v e r i t y o f d i s e a s e

a n d h a s u n d e r g o n e s o m e c h a n g e s o v e r t h e d e c a d e s s i n c e

1 9 3 8 . T h e m a i n e v e n t s a r e s u m m a r i s e d i n T a b l e 1 .

I n t h e i n i t i a l s t u d i e s o f C F b y A n d e r s e n ^ a n d

d i S a n t ' A g n e s e ^ a l m o s t a l l p a t i e n t s w e r e c o l o n i s e d b y

S . a u r e u s a n d t h i s o r g a n i s m w a s i s o l a t e d f r o m m o s t

p o s t - m o r t e m s p e c i m e n s . A t t h a t t i m e s t a p h y l o c o c c i

w e r e p r e v a l e n t i n t h e h o s p i t a l e n v i r o n m e n t a n d n a s a l

c a r r i a g e w a s p r e v a l e n t i n t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . T h e

a v e r a g e a g e a t d e a t h i n 5 7 p a t i e n t s s e e n b e t w e e n 1 9 4 0

a n d 1 9 4 9 i n t h e s e s e r i e s w a s j u s t o v e r o n e y e a r - ^ .

F r o m 1 9 3 7 o n w a r d s o r a l s u l p h o n a m i d e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e

u s e f u l i n t h o s e p a t i e n t s w i t h r e c e n t l y a c q u i r e d

i n f e c t i o n s , b u t n o t i n t h o s e w h o w e r e s e v e r e l y i l l o r

Page 37: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

CHANGES I N THE BACTERIAL FLORA ISOLATED FROM THE SPUTUM OF

CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS SINCE 1938.

Date

1938

1944

1949

1957

19631969

1981

| Antibiotic | therapy | available 1

| Sputum pathogens | isolated

Mean | survival of | CF patients | (years) |

Refe renee

1| SuIphonamides 1

| S.aureus only1

1-1 1 1

37

1! Pencillin 1

I11

1I Tetracycline 1

13-8 |

137

1| Cloxacillin | Emergence of

11 38

| 'prophylaxis' 1

| P.aeruginosa 11I

| Gentamicin | P.aeruginosa 12 I 39| Carbenici11in | (40-90% in 11l

| various series) 111I Range of amino- | P.aeruginosa 27 I *| glycosides, | S.aureus 1| antipseudomonal | H.influenzae 1| penicillins and 1I cephalosporins 1

* Brompton Hospital Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Unpublished data.

MB Patients had all survived to 16 years to be referred to this unit.

Page 38: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

3 3

c y a n o s e d . S m a l l d o s e s of : s u l p h a d i a z i n c w e r e g i v e n t o

e i g h t C r i s e s o v e r t h e w i n t e r o c 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 a n d t h i s w a s

c l a i m e d t o h a v e r e d u c e d t h e n u m b e r a n d s e v e r i t y o f

u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i n f e c t i o n s . P e n i c i l l i n b e c a m e

a v a i l a b l e i n 1 9 4 4 a n d w a s u s e d b o t h p a r e n t e r a l l y a n d

h y a e r o s o l . T h e u s e o f p e n i c i l l i n b y a e r o s o l i n s o m e

m i l d c a s e s o f C F p r o d u c e d a s u s t a i n e d i m p r o v e m e n t i n

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n a n d i n w e i g h t g a i n o v e r a p e r i o d

o f m o n t h s ^ . S h w a c h m a n e t a l ^ / ^ l r e p o r t e d t h e u s e o f

t e t r a c y c l i n e b o t h i n a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s

a n d a s l o n g t e r m p r o p h y l a x i s . A v e r a g e a g e a t d e a t h o f

4 2 p a t i e n t s s e e n i n t h e i r c l i n i c b e t w e e n 1 9 4 5 a n d 1 9 5 4

w a s e x t e n d e d t o n e a r l y f o u r y e a r s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g

t o n o t e t h a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s p a p e r m e n t i o n s

s e v e r a l c a s e s o f f i t , a c t i v e t e e n a g e r s b o r n b e f o r e t h e

a g e o f a n t i b i o t i c s a n d d i a g n o s e d o n l y i n a d o l e s c e n t

l i f e .

A n t i - s t a p h y l o c o c c a l d r u g s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e

1 9 5 0 s , a n d t h e i r u s e w a s f o l l o w e d b y a r i s e i n t h e

i s o l a t i o n r a t e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a . A t t h i s t i m e i t w a s

f e l t t h a t t h e i n i t i a l l u n g d a m a g e i n C F w a s c a u s e d b y

s t a p h y l o c o c c a l i n f e c t i o n , a n d t h a t t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f

s u c h i n f e c t i o n w o u l d p r e v e n t l u n g d a m a g e a n d s e c o n d a r y

i n f e c t i o n b y o t h e r p a t h o g e n s . C o n t i n u o u s

’ p r o p h y l a x i s ' w i t h c l o x a c i l l i n w a s r e c o m m e n d e d b y m a n y

p a e d i a t r i c i a n s . M e a r n s e t a l ^ ® i n t r o d u c e d c o n t i n u o u s

p r o p h y l a x i s w i t h c l o x a c i l l i n f r o m t h e f i r s t y e a r o f

l i f e i n t h e i r c l i n i c i n 1 9 5 7 . T w o c o h o r t s o f p a t i e n t s

w e r e c o m p a r e d , b o t h s e e n i n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f l i f e

Page 39: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

w i t h . s i m i l a r r a d i o l o g i c a l , c l i n i c a l a n d

b a c t o r i o 1 o q L c a 1 1! i n d i n g s o n o n t r y t o t h e s t u d y . T h e

g r o u p s o o n b e t o r e 1 9 5 7 h a d a m o r t a l i t y of ; 1 4 1 ; a t t h e

a g o o f f i v e y e a r s . T h e g r o u p s e e n a l t e r 1 9 5 7 h a d a

m o r t a l i t y o f 6 . 5 $ a t t h e s a m e a g e . B a c t e r i a l f l o r a i n

t h e s e c h i l d r e n w e r e s t u d i e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f 20 y e a r s

f r o m 1 9 5 0 t o 1 9 7 1 . T h e i s o l a t i o n r a t e o f S . a u r e u s

f e l l f r o m 4 5 % i n 1 9 5 6 t o 1 2 % i n . 1 9 7 1 , w h i l e t h e r a t e

f o r P . a e r u g i n o s a r o s e f r o m 3% t o 2 8 % . T h e i s o l a t i o n

r a t e o f s t a p h y l o c o c c u s f e l l i n a l l a g e g r o u p s , b u t

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f l i f e , a n d t h i s

o c c u r r e d i n p a t i e n t s a t a l l s t a g e s o f t h e d i s e a s e .

T h e i s o l a t i o n r a t e o f p s e u d o m o n a s i n c r e a s e d m o s t

m a r k e d l y i n t h o s e s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e d i s e a s e ^ .

T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a i n C F i s n o w

b e t w e e n 4 0 a n d 9 0 % i n d i f f e r e n t s e r i e s ^ . I t i s

f r e q u e n t l y t h e o n l y p a t h o g e n i s o l a t e d a t t h e t i m e o f

d e a t h / 1 . B a c t e r i a i s o l a t e d i n t h e h o s p i t a l e n v i r o n m e n t

h a v e u n d e r g o n e a s i m i l a r c h a n g e , w i t h P . a e r u g i n o s a

r e p l a c i n g S . a u r e u s . T h e m u c o i d f o r m o f p s e u d o m o n a s

w i t h i t s h i g h l y v i s c o u s s l i m e e n v e l o p e w a s d e s c r i b e d

b y D o g g e t t i n 1 9 5 6 ^ 4 . i t i s v e r y c o m m o n i n C F a n d

a p p e a r s t o d e v e l o p a f t e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e i n t h e C F

h o s t ; t h i s m u c o i d f o r m i s r a r e i n s t r a i n s f r o m o t h e r

s o u r c e s . T h e m u c o i d f o r m h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d t o b e

m o r e p a t h o g e n i c t h a n o t h e r f o r m s , a s t h e i n c i d e n c e o f

s e r u m a n t i b o d i e s i s h i g h e r w h e n t h i s f o r m i s

p r e s e n t ^ . & h i g h a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e a n d t y p e t h r e e

h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y r e a c t i o n h a s b e e n p o s t u l a t e d a s t h e

3 9

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m e c h a n i s m d o r t h e i n i t i a l . l u n q d a m a g e . H o w e v e r , a s

m u c o i d s t r a i n s t e n d t o a p p e a r o n l y a l t e r a p e r i o d o l :

c o l o n i s a t i o n b y n o r m a l d o r m s , t h e p r e c i p i t i n l e v e l s

m a y m e r e l y r e d L e c t t h e d u r a t i o n o f e x p o s u r e . M u c o i d

a n d n o r m a l d o r m s m a y c o - e x i s t i n t h e s a m e p a t i e n t a n d

t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e c a n b e s e e n t o o c c u r i n b o t h

d i r e c t i o n s o n a g a r c u l t u r e ^ 5 .

G e n t a m i c i n , t h e f i r s t a m i n o g l y c o s i d e h i g h l y a c t i v e

a g a i n s t p s e u d o m o n a s , w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 6 3 . T h e

f i r s t a n t i - p s e u d o m o n a l p e n i c i l l i n , c a r b e n i c i l l i n ,

f o l l o w e d i n 1 9 6 9 . S i n c e t h e n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s e

d r u g s , o r t h e i r s u c c e s s o r s , h a v e f o r m e d t h e b a s i s o f

t r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s i n C F

p a t i e n t s c o l o n i s e d b y P . a e r u g i n o s a .

H a e m o p h i l u s i n f l u e n z a e w a s i s o l a t e d i n o n l y a f e w

c a s e s o f C F i n t h e 1 9 6 0 ’ s d e s p i t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f

p r e c i o i t i n s t o t h i s o r g a n i s m i n t h e s e r u m o f u p t o 8 0 %

o f p a t i e n t s w i t h C F ^ ^ . T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y w a s p r o b a b l y

d u e t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n i s o l a t i o n o f H . i n f l u e n z a e i n

t h e p r e s e n c e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a . A t e c h n i q u e , u s i n g a

s e l e c t i v e m e d i u m , d e v e l o p e d b y R o b e r t s ^ ® h a s b e e n i n

u s e i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y f o r t h e l a s t t w o y e a r s , a n d t h e

i s o l a t i o n r a t e o f H . i n f l u e n z a e h a s i n c r e a s e d t o n e a r l y

3 0 % . T h i s s y s t e m , i n v o l v i n g a n a e r o b i c c u l t u r e s a n d

t h e u s e o f b a c i t r a c i n i n t h e m e d i u m h a s b e e n u t i l i s e d

b y o t h e r s t o s h o w a h i g h i s o l a t i o n r a t e o f

H . i n f l u e n z a e ^ . T h i s u n m a s k e d p r e v a l e n c e o f

H . i n f l u e n z a e p r o v i d e s a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e c l i n i c a l

4 0

o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f c h l o r a r n o h e n i c o l i n C F

Page 41: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

'! 1.

o n t i o n 1 s w i t ii p s o u c l o i n o n a s i n f l e c t i o n . P n o u i n o c o c c a . l

i n f l e c t i o n n a n a s i m i l a r i n c i d e n c e i n C F t o o t h e r

c h r o n i c i n f l e c t i v e l u n g d i s e a s e s a n d a n a e r o b i c

o r g a n i s m s a r e c u l t u r e d f r o m a s m a l l n u m b e r of :

p a t i e n t s . K l e b s i e l l a s p e c i e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y f r e q u e n t

i n C F s p u t a a n d H u a n g e t a l ( 1 9 7 1 ) n o t i c e d a n

i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e o f K l e b s i e l l a i n p a t i e n t s

p r e v i o u s l y t r e a t e d w i t h c a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n ^ O .

T h u s t h e a d v e n t o f a n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y m a y h a v e

i n f l u e n c e d t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f b a c t e r i a l p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n s i n C F . T h e p r e d o m i n a n t o r g a n i s m i s n o w

P . a e r u g i n o s a r a t h e r t h a n S . a u r e u s a n d i t i s p e r s i s t e n t

i n m o s t p a t i e n t s . A m i n o r i t y o f p a t i e n t s c o n t i n u e t o

h a r b o u r s t a p h y l o c o c c i e v e n a f t e r i n t e n s i v e a n t i b i o t i c

t r e a t m e n t . B o t h o f t h e s e o r g a n i s m s , a n d p o s s i b l y

H . i n f l u e n z a e , h a v e a n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h C F b u t w h e t h e r

t h e s e b a c t e r i a a r e p r i m a r y p a t h o g e n s w h i c h c a u s e

p r o g r e s s i v e l u n g d a m a g e , o r a r e p r e s e n t a s c o m m e n s a l s

i s n o t k n o w n . I t i s w i d e l y a s s u m e d t h a t t h e i m p r o v e d

s u r v i v a l i n C F i s r e l a t e d t o a n t i b i o t i c u s a g e , b u t

t h i s i s c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t o t h e r e f f e c t i v e

t r e a t m e n t w a s d e v e l o p e d i n p a r a l l e l , p a r t i c u l a r l y

p h y s i o t h e r a p y b u t a l s o p a n c r e a t i c e n z y m e r e p l a c e m e n t ,

n u t r i t i o n a l s u p p l e m e n t s a n d t h e i m p r o v e d p a e d i a t r i c

c a r e . T h e n e t r e s u l t h a s b e e n a r a d i c a l c h a n g e i n t h e

s u r v i v a l a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f C F p a t i e n t s ^ .

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4 2

2 . I N F E C T I O N C A P S 1:1 D BY V I R U S E S

The* r o l e o f v i r u s e s i n a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y

e x a c e r b a t i o n s of : C F h a v e r e c e i v e d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n

c o m p a r e d t o b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t

v i r a l i n f e c t i o n m a y b e t h e i n i t i a l t r i g g e r i n

p u l m o n a r y d a m a g e . P a t i e n t s d o n o t a p p e a r t o b e m o r e

s u s p e c t i b l e t o v i r a l i n f e c t i o n t h a n n o r m a l c h i l d r e n ,

b u t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s m a y b e m o r e s e r i o u s . W r i g h t e t

a l ^ 2 s t u d i e d r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e i n c h i l d r e n w i t h C F

o v e r t h e w i n t e r o f 1 9 7 3 . S e r o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o f

v i r a l i n f e c t i o n w a s p r e s e n t i n 3 9 % o f m a j o r

e x a c e r b a t i o n s a n d 2 8 % o f t h e m i n o r o n e s . I n f l u e n z a A ,

p a r a - i n f l u e n z a a n d r e s p i r a t o r y s y n c y t i a l v i r u s ( R S V )

w e r e t h e m a i n o r g a n i s m s . T h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e o f

m y c o p l a s m a i n f e c t i o n a n d t h e a u t h o r s d i d n o t t e s t f o r

r h i n o v i r u s e s a n d c o r o n a v i r u s e s . P e t e r s o n e t a l ^

s t u d i e d 1 1 6 p a t i e n t s w i t h C F o v e r t h e w i n t e r o f

1 9 7 7 / 7 8 . T h e r e w e r e s e r o l o g i c a l l y p r o v e n v i r a l

i n f e c t i o n s i n 4 9 % o f p a t i e n t s o v e r t h i s p e r i o d ,

a l t h o u g h a s m a l l n u m b e r w e r e n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n y

a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n s . R S V w a s t h e d o m i n a n t a g e n t

a l t h o u g h a d e n o v i r u s e s , i n f l u e n z a A a n d p a r a - i n f l u e n z a

v i r u s e s w e r e c o m m o n ( t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o s i t i v e

i n f l u e n z a A s e r o l o g y m a y b e a f f e c t e d b y r o u t i n e

i n f l u e n z a v a c c i n a t i o n g i v e n t o C F p a t i e n t s ) . R S V w a s

p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m m o n i n t h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s

w h o d e v e l o p e d p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e

o f t h e s t u d y . S o m e p a t i e n t s s h o w e d a r i s e i n t i t r e o f

ant ibodies to pseudomonas a f t e r RSV infec t ion an ci a

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■1 3

synergism of action was suggested, with RSV damaging

bronchial, rnucosa to render the pat ient s u sc e p t ib le to

pseudomonas c o l o n i s a t ion.

3 . M Y C O P L A S M A AND R E L A T E D O R G A N I S M S

O u t o f 3 3 2 e p i s o d e s o f a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y

e x a c e r b a t i o n s f o u r w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o m y c o p l a s m a a n d

c h l a m y d i a i n t h e s t u d y b y P e t e r s e n ^ . O n e e p i s o d e o f

M y c o p l a s m a p n e u m o n i a e i n f e c t i o n a n d o n e o f C o x i e l l a

b u r n e t i w a s n o t e d b y E f t h i m i o u e t a l ^ 4 # a

s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g h i n c i d e n c e ( 2 2 * 3 % ) o f s e r u m a n t i b o d y

t o L e g i o n e l l a p n e u m o p h i l a w a s n o t e d b y Holsclaw^, c o m p a r e d t o 4 . 5 % i n a g e - m a t c h e d c o n t r o l s .

S e r o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n p e r f o r m e d i n o u r

i n - p a t i e n t s o v e r t h e f i r s t s i x m o n t h s o f 1 9 8 0 . A

g r o u p o f 2 4 p a t i e n t s w i t h d e t e r i o r a t i n g c l i n i c a l

c o n d i t i o n b e i n g c o m p a r e d w i t h a g r o u p o f a g e a n d

s e x - m a t c h e d n o r m a l c o n t r o l s , a n d a g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s

w h o r e m a i n e d c l i n i c a l l y s t a b l e . 2 9 % o f t h e

d e t e r i o r a t i n g g r o u p h a d s e r o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o f v i r a l

i n f e c t i o n d u r i n g t h a t s i x m o n t h p e r i o d , c o m p a r e d t o

o n l y o n e o f t h e s t a b l e p a t i e n t s . E i g h t p a t i e n t s a l s o

s h o w e d h i g h b a s a l t i t r e s t o l e g i o n e l l a ^ .

4 . M Y C O B A C T E R I A

M y c o b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s a r e s a i d t o b e r a r e i n

C F ^ . T h e m o s t c o m m o n i s M y c o b a c t e r i u m t u b e r c u l o s i s ,

a n d p a t i e n t s r e s p o n d w e l l t o s t a n d a r d t h e r a p y ; f o u r

p a t i e n t s i n o u r u n i t h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d f o r

Page 44: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

L u o e r c u l o o i .o . B o x o r b a u m ~> ° r e p o r t e d a c a a o o 1; f a t a 1

p u l m o n a r y i n [ f o o t L o n w i t h t h e f a s t - g r o v / i n q o r g a n i s m

M . c h o L o n c i , a n d n o t e d s e v e n o t h e r s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

a s w e l l a s t w o c a s e s w i t h M . f o r t u i t u r n . We h a v e s e e n a

c a s e o f p e r s i s t e n t g r o w t h o f M . f o r t u i t u r n i n t h e s p u t u m

‘l u r i n g a f a t a l i l l n e s s 5 7 . / \ t p o s t - m o r t e m c a s e a t i n g

qranulomata were seen sc a t t er ed throughout both lungs.

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C h a p t e r 2

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Page 46: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

A . T H E O R G A N I S M

1 . O C C U R R E N C E

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s ' a

p a t h o g e n o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , t h e r e s u l t a n t h a z a r d o f

a n u m b e r o C a d v a n c e s i n m e d i c a l s c i e n c e , s e n s i t i v e t o

o n l y a r e v ; a n t i b i o t i c s a n d r a p i d l y a b l e t o d e v e l o p

r e s i s t a n c e t o t h o s e f e w ' 5 8 . I t i s a G r a m - n e g a t i v e ,

s t r a i g h t o r s l i g h t l y c u r v e d , n o n - s p o r i n g r o d , w i t h

n u m e r o u s p i l i g r o u p e d a t o n e p o l e . N e a r l y a l l s t r a i n s

a r e m o t i l e w i t h a s i n g l e p o l a r f l a g e l l u m .

P . a e r u g i n o s a i s a n e x t r e m e l y v e r s a t i l e o r g a n i s m ,

w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n s o i l , w a t e r , s e w a g e , t h e

m a m m a l i a n g u t a n d i n p l a n t s . I t i s p a t h o g e n i c t o m a n ,

s o m e ' a n i m a l s , i n s e c t s a n d p l a n t s . I t i s a b l e t o

s u r v i v e i n a l m o s t a n y m o i s t e n v i r o n m e n t o r f l u i d f o u n d

i n h o s p i t a l w a r d s , i n c l u d i n g i n f u s i o n f l u i d s ,

o p h t h a l m i c s o l u t i o n s , a n t i s e p t i c s o l u t i o n s ,

h e x a c h l o r o p h a n e s o a p , d e t t o l , s u c t i o n . a p p a r a t u s ,

n e b u l i z e r s a n d h u m i d i f i e r s , r e s p i r a t o r y v e n t i l a t o r s ,

f l o w e r v a s e s , s i n k s a n d t a p s ; a n d a l s o i n c o l d f o o d .

T h e o r g a n i s m c a n b e r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e s t o o l i n a b o u t

1 0 % o f t h e n o r m a l p o p u l a t i o n , b u t t h e c o l o n i s a t i o n

r a t e i s h i g h e r i n h o s p i t a l p a t i e n t s w h o a r e e x p o s e d t o

a n t i b i o t i c s . I n f e c t e d w o u n d s , b u r n s o r u r i n e m a y

c o n t a m i n a t e b e d d i n g , h o s p i t a l p e r s o n n e l o r e q u i p m e n t .

T r a n s f e r i s m a i n l y f r o m p e r s o n t o p e r s o n a n d a i r b o r n e

i n f e c t i o n i s r a r e .

N o s o c o m i a l i n f e c t i o n s d u e t o G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c i l l i

h a v e i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y s i n c e t h e 1 9 5 0 s 8 8 .

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4 7

P. aerug i nosa

at (:ent ion in

natural r e s ls

r e s u l t a n t hiq

a l s o because

i mmu nosup pr e s

proportion of:

P. aeruginosa

has become the locus of increased

the l a s t ten years , pa r t ly because of i t s

tance to many a n t i b i o t i c s and the

h m or ta l i t y lor infected p a t i e n t s , but

of i t s presence in in fec t ion s in the

sed p a t i e n t . However, the ov era l l

Gram-negative in fec t ions due to

has remained r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t ^ .

2 . I S O L A T I O N

P . a e r u g i n o s a h a s s i m p l e n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s

a n d w i l l g r o w o n m o s t m e d i a u s e d f o r p r i m a r y i s o l a t i o n

i n a r o u t i n e l a b o r a t o r y . S e l e c t i v e i s o l a t i o n f r o m a

s o u r c e t h a t c o n t a i n s o t h e r b a c t e r i a i s f a c i l i t a t e d b y

m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g c e t y l t r i m e t h y l a m m o n i u m b r o m i d e

( C e t r i m i d e ) , c h l o r o x y l e n o l ( D e t t o l ) , o r 2 , 4 , 4 ,

t r i c h l o r o - 2 - h y d r o x y d i p h e n o l e t h e r ( I r g a s a n ) . I n

a d d i t i o n , n a l i d i x i c a c i d o r n i t r o f u r a n t o i n m a y b e

a d d e d t o c e t r i m i d e a g a r .

T h e o r g a n i s m i s u s u a l l y a s t r i c t a e r o b e b u t w i l l

g r o w a n a e r o b i c a l l y i n a n i t r a t e - c o n t a i n i n g m e d i u m w i t h

t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f n i t r o g e n g a s . A f e a t u r e d i a g n o s t i c

o f t h e s p e c i e s i s t h e f a c t t h a t i t w i l l g r o w a t 4 2 ° C .

3 . I D E N T I F I C A T I O N

M a n y s t r a i n s o f P , a e r u g i n o s a c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d b y

t h e i r o d o u r , ( t h e f r u i t y o d o u r o f t r i m e t h y l a m i n e ) ,

c o l o n i a l m o r p h o l o g y 0 -*- a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p i g m e n t p y o c y a n i n . P y o c y a n i n i s a

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1 s

n o n - f l u o r e s c c - ' i i t: b l . u o p h o n a z i n e p i g m e n t : , w h i c h i s

i n s o l u b l e i n ' w a t e r b u t s o l u b l e i n c h l o r o f o r m , a n d

u n i q u e t o P . a e r u q i n o s a . M a n y s t r a i n s w i l l o n l y

p r o d u c e i t w h e n g r o w n o n s p e c i a l m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g

m a g n e s i u m , p o t a s s i u m a n d i r o n , c o r e x a m p l e K i n g ' s " A"

a g a r 6 2 w h i c h a l s o c o n t a i n s g l y c e r o l t o e n h a n c e g r o w t h

o f t h e o r g a n i s m . P y o r u b r i n i s a r e d , w a t e r - s o l u b l e

p i g m e n t a l s o u n i q u e t o t h i s o r g a n i s m , p y o m e l a n i n a

b r o w n / b l a c k p i g m e n t , a n d p y o v e r d i n , a f l u o r e s c e n t

y e l l o w / g r e e n p i g m e n t a r e a l s o p r o d u c e d . T h e p i g m e n t s

a r e a n t i b a c t e r i a l , a n d a l s o p r o t e c t t h e o r g a n i s m f r o m

p r o t o z o a i n t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f s t r a i n s i s n o t u s u a l l y c a r r i e d b e y o n d t h e s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . M e t h o d s f o r t h e c o n f o r m a t i o n o f

i d e n t i t y o f u n u s u a l i s o l a t e s , o r s t r a i n s t h a t d o n o t

p r o d u c e p y o c y a n i n , a r e s u m m a r i s e d i n T a b l e 1 1 ^ ^ .

P . a e r u g i n o s a p r o d u c e s c y t o c h r o m e o x i d a s e , c a t a l a s e ,

a r g i n i n e d i h y d r o l a s e , a n d o x i d a t i v e l y m e t a b o l i s e s

g l u c o s e . M o s t s t r a i n s p r o d u c e t h e f l u o r e s c e n t p i g m e n t

f l u o r e s c e i n a n d w i l l g r o w a n a e r o b i c a l l y i n

n i t r a t e - c o n t a i n i n g m e d i a . A n t i b a c t e r i a l s u b s t a n c e s o r

b a c t e r i o c i n s t e r m e d " p y o c i n e s " a r e a l s o p r o d u c e d .

F i g u r e 2 s h o w s s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a p r o d u c i n g

m u c o i d s u b s t a n c e a n d p y o c y a n i n g r o w i n g o n K i n g ' s " A "

a g a r .

4 . T Y P I N G S C H E M E S F O R S T R A I N I D E N T I F I C A T I O N

T h e r e a r e f o u r m e t h o d s c u r r e n t l y i n u s e f o r t y p i n g

P . a e r u g i n o s a : p y o c i n e t y p i n g , p h a g e t y p i n g , 0 ( s o m a t i c

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‘19

T A B L E I I

I D E N T I F I C A T I O N OF P S E U D O M O N A S

K i n g ' s m e d i urn " A "

G r e e n , r e d o r N o p i g m e n t

b r o w n p i g m e n t

P . a e r u g i n o s a K i n g ' s m e d i u m

F l u o r e s c e i n N o p i g m e n t

i G r o w t h a t 4 2 ° C o t h e r s i A r g i n i n e d i h y d r o l a s e

i i G r o w t h i i O x i d a t i o n p a t t e r n

a n a e r o b i c a l l y i n f o r c a r b o h y d r a t e s

n i t r a t e m e d i a

"3"

o t h e r s

P . a e r u g i n o s a P . a e r u g i n o s a

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50

FIGURE 2

STRAINS OF P.AERUGINOSA PRODUCING PYOCYANIN AND MUCOID

SUBSTANCE ON KING'S "A" AGAR

King and Phillips 1978 63

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51

a n t i g e n ) a n d H ( l l a g e l l a r a n t i g e n ) s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g .

P y o c i n c t y o i n g i s a c o m m o n m e t h o d , w h i c h i s p e r f o r m e d

b y c r o s s - s t r e a k i . ng o f i n d i c a t o r s t r a i n s o n a n a r e a oL :

m e d i u m t h a t h a s p r e v i o u s l y s u p p o r t e d t h e g r o w t h of : a

t e s t s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s . I f t h e l a t t e r h a s

p r o d u c e d a p y o c i n e w h i c h h a s d i f f u s e d i n t o t h e m e d i u m ,

t h e g r o w t h o f i n d i c a t o r s t r a i n s i s i n h i b i t e d i n a

s p e c i f i c p a t t e r n . T h i s m e t h o d h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d b y

G o v a n ^ , a n d i s b o t h r e p r o d u c i b l e a n d r e l a t i v e l y

d i s c r i m i n a t i n g . H o w e v e r i t r e q u i r e s t h r e e d a y s t o

c o m p l e t e , a n d a l t h o u g h 1 0 5 t y p e s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d ,

f o u r o f t h e m a c c o u n t f o r t w o t h i r d s o f t h e s t r a i n s

t y p e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d .

S e r a r a i s e d a g a i n s t w h o l e u n h e a t e d c e l l s m a y b e

u s e d t o d e t e c t t h e h e a t - l a b i l e H a n t i g e n o f

p s e u d o m o n a s , b u t t h e s p e c i f i c i t y i s q u e s t i o n a b l e a n d

d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r i s p o o r , a n d a l m o s t h a l f t h e

s t r a i n s s h a r e t h e s a m e H a n t i g e n * ^ . B a c t e r i o p h a g e

t y p i n g i s n o t r e p r o d u c i b l e a n d c a n n o t b e u s e d a l o n e

f o r e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s . I t i s u s e d t o

d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n s t r a i n s o f t h e s a m e O - s e r o g r o u p ^ .

S t r a i n s o f t h e s a m e O - g r o u p a r e c o n s i d e r e d d i s t i n c t i f

t h r e e o r m o r e s t r o n g r e a c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s i n p h a g e

t y p i n g p a t t e r n a r e o b s e r v e d .

T h e d e t e c t i o n o f g r o u p - s p e c i f i c , h e a t - s t a b l e

l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e a n t i g e n s b y a g g l u t i n a t i o n w i t h

m o n o s p e c i f i c r a b b i t a n t i s e r a f o r m s t h e b a s i s o f

O - s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g . T h i s m e t h o d i s r e p r o d u c i b l e a n d

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di scr i minat ing , and now has a proposed Internat iona l

Antigenic Tyoing Scheme1̂ . I t i s easy to per form in

batches using the m i cr o t i t r e method and i s the method

in use at the Centra l Public Health Laboratory. This

method was therefore the system chosen for typing C'7

cu l tu res in these s t u d i e s .

M U C O I D F O R M S

S o m e s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m c h r o n i c

i n f e c t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y C F , m a y p r o d u c e s i g n i f i c a n t

a m o u n t s o f e x o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e a n d f o r m m u c o i d

c o l o n i e s 0 0 . T h i s p h e n o m e n o n i s r e v e r s i b l e o n

s u b c u l t u r e i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ' * 0 a n d m a y b e i n d u c e d b y

t h e a c t i o n o f p h a g e 0 . T h e m u c o i d s u b s t a n c e i s a n

a n i o n i c p o l y m e r o f D - m a n n u r o n i c a c i d a n d L - g u l u r o n i c

a c i d , a n d c l o s e l y r e s e m b l e s t h e s e a w e e d p o l y s a c c h a r i d e

a l g i n i c a c i d ' . E x a m i n a t i o n o f p o s t - m o r t e m l u n g

m a t e r i a l f r o m C F p a t i e n t s u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n

m i c r o s c o p e h a s s h o w n t h a t P , a e r u g i n o s a f o r m s

m i c r o c o l o n i e s i n t h e a l v e o l i w h i c h a r e s u r r o u n d e d b y a

f i b r o u s e x t r a c e l l u l a r m a t r i x w i t h s i m i l a r s t a i n i n g

p r o p e r t i e s t o m u c o i d ^ l . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t m u c o i d

s t r a i n s m a y e x i s t a s s u c h w i t h i n t h e C F l u n g , a n d t h i s

i s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e w o r k o f C a s h e t a l ^ 2 V7 h o c r e a t e d

c h r o n i c p s e u d o m o n a s p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n i n r a t s b y

i n t r o d u c i n g t h e o r g a n i s m i n t o t h e t r a c h e a i n a n

a r t i f i c i a l a n i o n i c f i b r o u s m a t r i x o f a g a r .

T h e c o n s i s t a n t i s o l a t i o n o f m u c o i d s t r a i n s f r o m C F

s p u t a d e s p i t e t h e t e n d e n c y f o r n o n - m u c o i d s t r a i n s t o

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r3 3

o v e r q r o w o n s u b c u l t u r e , s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

of ; t h e C F l u n g e x e r t s a s e l e c t i v e d i r e c t i n ( f a v o u r o f

m u c o i d s t r a i n s . M u c o i d v a r i a n t s of : o t h e r

G r a m - n o q a t i. v e b a c i l l i , i n p a r t i c u l a r F s c h e r i c h i a c o l i ,

h a v e b e e n i s o l a t e d f r o m C F s p u t a , s o t h e p h e n o m e n o n i s

n o t u n i q u e t o P . a c r u q i n o s a ^ . M u c o i d c u l t u r e s c a n b e

m a i n t a i n e d i n v i t r o w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s u r f a c t a n t

( d e o x y c h o l a t e ) , o r b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f l o w

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n , f l u c l o x a c i l l i n a n d

t o b r a m y c i n ^ ^ / 7 5 b T h u s s u r f a c t a n t w i t h i n t h e l u n g ,

a n d / o r t h e u s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s , m a y f a v o u r t h e

s e l e c t i o n o f m u c o i d v a r i a n t s .

T h e a n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t i e s o f m u c o i d s t r a i n s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a a r e v e r y v a r i a b l e . G o v a n a n d F y f e ^

f o u n d t h a t m u c o i d s t r a i n s w e r e m o r e r e s i s t a n t t o

c a r b e n i c i l l i n , f l u c l o x a c i l l i n a n d t o b r a m y c i n , w h i l e

o t h e r s h a v e f o u n d t h e r e v e r s e ^ . P s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n s

f r o m t h e s a m e s p u t u m s p e c i m e n m a y h a v e d i f f e r e n t

a n t i b i o t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t i e s ^ . F u r t h e r m o r e , m u c o i d

m a t e r i a l h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n s h o w n t o e f f e c t t h e

d i f f u s i o n r a t e s o f p o s i t i v e l y - c h a r g e d a n t i b i o t i c s s u c h

a s a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s a n d n e o m y c i n ^ .

S o m e o f t h e e f f e c t o f m u c o i d o n h o s t d e f e n c e

m e c h a n i s m s a r e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r i n t h i s c h a p t e r . T h e

p r e s e n c e o f m u c o i d s t r a i n s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

p r e s e n c e o f m o r e p r e c i p i t i n s t o p s e u d o m o n a s i n

p a t i e n t ' s s e r u m , a n d t h u s m u c o i d s t r a i n s h a v e b e e n

c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e m o r e p a t h o g e n i c f o r m o f t h e

o r g a n i s m 1̂ , 7 9 . i t i s e q u a l l y p o s s i b l e t h a t b o t h

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f 4

p h e n o m e n a a r e m e r e l y f e a t u r e s o f p r o l o n g e d

c o 1 o n i. s a t i o n b y p 55 o u cl 01 n o n a 3 .

6 . V I R U L E N C E F A C T O R S O F P S E U D O M O N A S A E R U G I N O S A

T h e k n o w n v i r u l e n c e f a c t o r s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a f a l l

i n t o t w o g r o u p s , t h e c e l l s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s a n d

e x t r a c e l l u l a r p r o d u c t s . T h e l a t t e r i n c l u d e

h a e m o l y s i n s , p h o s p h o l i p a s e s , p r o t e a s e s , a n e n t e r o t o x i n

a n d a h e a t - l a b i l e e x o t o x i n t e r m e d e x o t o x i n A . T h e s e

s u b s t a n c e s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t i s s u e i n v a s i o n a n d

c e l l u l a r d a m a g e , a n d e x o t o x i n A h a s b e e n s h o w n t o

i m p a i r t h e a c t i o n o f m o n o c y t e s i n p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d ^ 0 .

T h e r o l e o f p r o t e a s e s i n t i s s u e d a m a g e a n d t h e e f f e c t

o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e s o n s u r f a c t a n t h a v e n o t b e e n s t u d i e d

i n C F . C e l l s u r f a c e c o m p o n e n t s o f i m m u n o l o g i c a l

i m p o r t a n c e i n c l u d e p i l i , e x t r a c e l l u l a r s l i m e

p o l y s a c c h a r i d e , m u c o i d p o l y s a c c h a r i d e a n d c e l l - w a l l

l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e ( L P S ) . P i l i a l l o w a d h e r e n c e t o

e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s a n d c o l o n i s a t i o n o f s u r f a c e s a n d t h e

s l i m e p o l y s a c c h a r i d e h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e t o x i c t o

n e u t r o p h i l s . T h e l i p i d A c o m p o n e n t o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

L P S i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t o x i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e

e n d o t o x i n b u t i s g e n e r a l l y t h o u g h t t o b e l e s s p o t e n t

t h a n t h e e n d o t o x i n o f o t h e r g r o u p s o f G r a m - n e g a t i v e

o r g a n i s m s .

T h e m u c o i d m a t e r i a l i s v e r y v i s c o u s a n d m a y

c o n t r i b u t e t o a i r w a y s o b s t r u c t i o n . M u c o i d f o r m s a r e

m o r e r e s i s t a n t t o p h a g o c y t o s i s a n d k i l l i n g b y

p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s ^ . I n n o n - c y s t i c

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) )

oat Louts with urinary in fec t ions the mucoid layer

i n t e r e f e r e s with oosoni sa t ion by antibody^^.

13. H O S T D E F E N C E M E C H A N I S M S A G A I N S T P S E U D O M O N A S A E R U G I N O S A

I N C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S

A d u l t s w i t h C F h a v e c h r o n i c b a c t e r i a l

b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n , b u t b a c t e r a e m i a i s r a r e ^ ,

, f o /a s a r e t h e c o m p l i c a t i o n s o f e m p y e m a 0 ^ a n d

amyloidosis^. T h e r e d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e a n y i n c r e a s e

i n i n f e c t i o n a t o t h e r s i t e s , s u c h a s t h e s k i n o r

u r i n a r y t r a c t , c o m p a r e d w i t h n o r m a l s u b j e c t s o f t h e

s a m e a g e . T h i s w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e i s a d e f e c t

i n t h e l o c a l d e f e n c e m e c h a n i s m s o f t h e r e s p i r a t o r y

t r a c t , r a t h e r t h a n i n s y s t e m i c d e f e n c e s , w h i c h r e n d e r s

C F p a t i e n t s s u s c e p t i b l e t o i n f e c t i o n b y b a c t e r i a .

1 . E P I T H E L I A L B A R R I E R

T h e e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s a n d m u c o u s m e m b r a n e s t o g e t h e r

w i t h t h e m u c o c i l i a r y a p p a r a t u s f o r m s t h e f i r s t l i n e o f

d e f e n c e a g a i n s t p s e u d o m o n a s i n t h e l u n g . I t h a s b e e n

s h o w n t h a t s e c r e t o r y i m m u n o g l o b u l i n A i n h i b i t s t h e

a d h e r e n c e o f s t r e p t o c o c c i t o e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s a n d

Reynolds*^ h a s s u g g e s t e d a s i m i l a r r o l e f o r s e c r e t o r y

I g A i n p s e u d o m o n a s c o l o n i s a t i o n . T h e a b i l i t y o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a t o p e r s i s t i n t h e l o w e r r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t

i s r e l a t e d t o i t s a b i l i t y t o a d h e r e i n i t i a l l y t o

b u c c a l e p i t h e l i u m . C F p a t i e n t s h a v e h i g h l e v e l s o f

s a l i v a r y p r o t e a s e s a n d l o s e f i b r o n e c t i n f r o m b u c c a l

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h6

e p i t h e l i a l c e l l cur (races which allows the organism to

adhere more e a s i l y to the epithelium®®.

E f ' t e c t i v e e m u c o c i l i a r y c l e a r a n c e d e p e n d s o n t h e

v i s c o - e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f m u c u s a n d i n t a c t c i l i a r y

f u n c t i o n , w i t h c i l i a b e a t i n g a t a n o r m a l r a t e , i n a

c o n s i s t e n t d i r e c t i o n a n d i n a c o - o r d i n a t e d m a n n e r .

P u l m o n a r y m u c o c i l i a r y c l e a r a n c e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h C F

h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e d e c r e a s e d ® ^ , a s jl a s n a s a l

m u c o c i l i a r y c l e a r a n c e ^ . T h i s m a y b e d u e t o a b n o r m a l

m u c u s , w i t h a c h a n g e o f v i s c o s i t y d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e

o f a b n o r m a l g l y c o p r o t e i n s ® ® . W o r k o n a n i m a l m o d e l s

u s i n g t h e o y s t e r g i l l a n d r a b b i t t r a c h e a h a s

d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e c i l i a r y b e a t p a t t e r n o f t h e s e

p r e p a r a t i o n s i s r a p i d l y d i s t o r t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f

C F s e r u m ® ® ' ® - * - . A s e r u m c i l i a r y d y s k i n e t i c f a c t o r h a s

b e e n p r o p o s e d v / h i c h m a y d i s o r g a n i s e c i l i a b y a d i r e c t

e f f e c t o r b y r e l e a s i n g a b n o r m a l m u c u s . R e c e n t w o r k

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s m a y b e d u e t o a n I g M i n h u m a n

s e r u m , b u t i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s p e c i f i c t o C F ® ® . O t h e r

w o r k o n c i l i a r y b e a t f r e q u e n c y u s i n g s a m p l e s o f c i l i a

f r o m n a s a l b r u s h i n g s o f C F p a t i e n t s h a v e s h o w n t h a t

t h i s a s p e c t o f c i l i a r y f u n c t i o n i s n o r m a l i n p a t i e n t s

w i t h C F ® ® a n d i s u n a f f e c t e d b y s e r u m f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ,

f r o m o t h e r c y s t i c s o r f r o m n o r m a l s u b j e c t s ® ® . S e r u m

f r o m C F p a t i e n t s d o e s n o t e f f e c t t h e c i l i a r y b e a t

f r e q u e n c y o f c i l i a r y s a m p l e s f r o m n o r m a l h u m a n

s u b j e c t s b u t d o e s a r r e s t c i l i a r y b e a t i n g i f p l a c e d o n

r a b b i t t r a c h e a ® ® .

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5 7

2 . A L V E O L A R MACR OPHAGES

Theiro lg sonic evidence to suggest that the

function of a l v eo la r m a c r o p h a g e s i. s abnormal in CF.

C P s e r u m d o e s n o t p r o m o t e p h a g o c y t o s i s o t p s e u d o m o n a s

b y r a b b i t a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e s , a l t h o u g h t h i s m a y b e

c o r r e c t e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e a m o u n t o t s e r u m i n t h e

a s s a y . A s i m i l a r e f f e c t i s s e e n w i t h I g A d e f i c i e n t

s e r u m , b u t a l l s e r a s u p p o r t p h a g o c y t o s i s b y

p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r leucocytes'^. C F s e r u m a l s o e f f e c t s

h u m a n a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e f u n c t i o n b y i n h i b i t i n g t h e

p h a g o c y t o s i s o f p s e u d o m o n a s , b u t n o t s t a p h y l o c o c c u s ,

b y m a c r o p h a g e s f r o m b o t h C F a n d n o r m a l s u b j e c t s . T h e

m a c r o p h a g e s f r o m C F p a t i e n t s w e r e s t r u c t u r a l l y n o r m a l

a n d a b l e t o p h a g o c y t o s e p s e u d o m o n a s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

n o r m a l s e r u m ^ .

3 . N E U T R O P H I L F U N C T I O N

M o n o c y t e a n d n e u t r o p h i l c h e m o t a x i s s e e m s n o r m a l i n

C F , a s i s n e u t r o p h i l p h a g o c y t o s i s ^ . I n t r a c e l l u l a r

k i l l i n g b y n e u t r o p h i l s i n v o l v i n g t h e m y e l o p e r o x i d a s e

s y s t e m m a y b e d e f e c t i v e ^ . M i g r a t i o n o f C F l e u k o c y t e s

m a y b e i n h i b i t e d b y e x t r a c t s o f n o r m a l o r C F l u n g ,

s u g g e s t i n g s e n s i t i s a t i o n t o t i s s u e a n t i g e n s ^ .

4 . C E L L - M E D I A T E D I M M U N I T Y

S t u d i e s u s i n g s h e e p e r y t h r o c y t e r o s e t t e t e c h n i q u e s

h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e t o t a l n u m b e r a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f

T c e l l s i s n o r m a l , a l t h o u g h a b s o l u t e n u m b e r s i n c r e a s e

w i t h infection^. P r o l i f e r a t i o n o f T c e l l s i n

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r) 8

t r e s o o n s o t o m i t o g e n s i s n o r m a l ’o u t m a y ’n o r e d u c e r ) i n

t h e p r e s e n c e o c C F s e r u m ^ - ^ . 3 ! : i n t e s t s o f d e l a y e d

11y o e r s e n s i t i v i h y a r e n o r m a 1 a n d p a t i e n t s r e s p o n d

a p p r o p r i a t e l y t o B C G . S t u d i e s o n T c e l l

s u b - p o p u l a t i o n s , m e d i a t o r - r e l e a s e a n d c y t o t o x i c i t y

h a v e n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d . T h e r e i s o n e r e p o r t o f

r e d u c e d r e s p o n s i v e n e s s o f l y m p h o c y t e s t o p s e u d o m o n a s

a n t i g e n b u t r i o t t o o t h e r m i t o g e n s i n a d v a n c e d

p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e ^ ! - .

5 . HUMORAL I M M U N I T Y

T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f B c e l l s i s n o r m a l b u t a b s o l u t e

n u m b e r s a r e e l e v a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c h r o n i c

p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n ^ . H y p e r g a m m a g l o b u l i n a e m i a w i t h

r a i s e d l e v e l s o f I g G , I g M a n d I g A i s c o m m o n a n d

r e l a t e s t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g s e v e r i t y o f t h e d i s e a s e .

Y o u n g c h i l d r e n w i t h l e s s s e v e r e d i s e a s e m a y h a v e

a b n o r m a l l y l o w l e v e l s o f I g G ^ ® 2 f w h i c h m a y i n d i c a t e

f a i l u r e t o r e c o g n i s e f o r e i g n a n t i g e n s i n e a r l y l i f e .

T h e s e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a b n o r m a l m u c u s m a y

p r e v e n t f o r e i g n a n t i g e n r e c o g n i t i o n a c r o s s m u c o s a l

b a r r i e r s i n e a r l y l i f e , b u t s u b s e q u e n t l u n g d a m a g e

a l l o w s s e n s i t i s a t i o n t o t h e s e a n t i g e n s a n d p r o d u c e s

t h e e v e n t u a l h y p e r g a m m a g l o b u l i n a e m i a s e e n i n o l d e r

c h i l d r e n .

P o s t - m o r t e m s t u d i e s o n C F b r o n c h i a l t i s s u e

d e m o n s t r a t e n o r m a l n u m b e r s o f c e l l s c o n t a i n i n g I g G ,

I g M a n d I g A . T h e n u m b e r o f I g A c o n t a i n i n g c e l l s i s

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f b r o n c h i a l

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[ n f oc t i.on ^^ ̂ . A d e f e c t i n t h e s y n t h e s i s of; s e c r e t o r y

IgA h a s boon s u g g e s t e d by t h e f i n d i n g o f t r e e

s e c r e t o r y n i e c e s i n C F s e r u m l ' ^ . Wor m a 1. h u m a n s e r u m

c o n t a i n s a l o w l i t r e o f I g M a g a i n s t t h e p r o t e a s e s and

e l a s t a s e s o f p s e u d o m o n a s . H i g h t i t r e s a g a i n s t

p r o t e a s e s a n d e x o t o x i n A a r e f o u n d i n C F s e r a ^ - ^ .

A n t i b o d i e s t o t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r s l i m e a r e o f t h e I g M

c l a s s . N o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m c o n t a i n s l o w l e v e l s o f

n a t u r a l n o n - s p e c i f i c o p s o n i n s , m a i n l y I g M , w h i c h a r e

w e a k , b u t c o n v a l e s c e n t p a t i e n t s h a v e s p e c i f i c I g G

o p s o n i n s d i r e c t e d t h e a g a i n s t t h e O - a n t i g e n c o m p o n e n t

o f L P S 1 0 6 ^ C F p a t i e n t s h a v e h i g h t i t r e s o f s u c h

a n t i b o d i e s t o L P S a n d o t h e r s u r f a c e a n t i g e n s - * - 1- ^ . A

c e l l e n v e l o p e p r o t e i n o f m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t 5 8 , 5 0 0

d a l t o n s h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e i m m u n o g e n i c i n r a b b i t s ,

a n d a n t i b o d i e s t o i t a r e f o u n d i n C F s e r a ^ - ^ . S u c h

p r o t e i n s a r e c o m m o n t o a l l s e r o t y p e s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

a n d m a y o f f e r t h e b e s t h o p e f o r a f u t u r e v a c c i n e .

B o t h t h e c l a s s i c a n d a l t e r n a t e p a t h w a y s o f t h e

c o m p l e m e n t s y s t e m m a y b e i n v o l v e d i n o p s o n i s a t i o n a n d

p h a g o c y t o s i s o f p s e u d o m o n a s ^ - ^ . N o d e f i n i t i v e

a b n o r m a l i t y o f c o m p l e m e n t f u n c t i o n h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d

i n C F , a l t h o u g h a b n o r m a l l e v e l s o f C 3 , C 4 a n d C 5 h a v e

b e e n o b s e r v e d - ^ - ^ .

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C h a p t e r 3

GENERAL METHODS

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A. C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S P A T I E N T S

T h e n a t i o n t a a t u cl i e d w e r 0 a d o l g s c e n t s a n d a d u 1 1: s

a t t e n d i n g t h e C y s t i c F i b r o s i s U n i t a t t h e B r o m p t o n

H o s p i t a l u n d e r t h e c a r e o f D r J C B a t t e n a n d D r

M a r g a r e t E f i o d s o n . E a c h p a t i e n t h a d t h e c l i n i c a l

f e a t u r e s o f r e c u r r e n t b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n a n d

b r o n c h i e c t a s i s , a n d m o s t h a d p a n c r e a t i c m a l a b s o r p t i o n .

A l l h a d a s v / e a t s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f > 7 0 m m o l s / l b v

p i l o c a r p i n e i o n t o p h o r e s i s ^ . T h o s e t a k i n g p a r t i n

t r i a l s o f c h e m o t h e r a p y g a v e i n f o r m e d w r i t t e n c o n s e n t .

A l l t r i a l p r o t o c o l s w e r e a p p r o v e d b y t h e B r o m p t o n

H o s p i t a l E t h i c s C o m m i t t e e .

B. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTSP e a k e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e ( P E E R ) w a s r e c o r d e d a s

t h e b e s t o f t h r e e a t t e m p t s o n a W r i g h t ' s P e a k F l o w

M e t e r . F o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y v o l u m e i n o n e s e c o n d ( F E V g )

a n d f o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y ( F V C ) w e r e r e c o r d e d o n a

V i t a l o g r a p h s p i r o m e t e r , r e a d i n g f r o m t h e A T P S ( a m b i e n t

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e ) s c a l e . R e s u l t s w e r e

e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f p r e d i c t e d n o r m a l v a l u e s

u s i n g t a b l e s p u b l i s h e d b y C o t e s - ^ ^ - .

C. CLINICAL SCOREAn o v e r a l l c l i n i c a l a s s e s s m e n t w a s s c o r e d b y t h e

m e t h o d o f S h w a c h m a n ^ - ^ # j n b r i e f t h i s m e t h o d

c o n s i d e r s f o u r v a r i a b l e s , r a d i o l o g i c a l a p p e a r a n c e ,

n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s , c l i n i c a l s i g n s o n e x a m i n a t i o n o f

t h e r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m , a n d t h e p a t i e n t ' s e x e r c i s e

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t o l e r a n c e . Point : . -- ; a r e a w a r d e d i n i n c r e m e n t s of ; i l v o

u n t o a m a x i i i u i i n o f 2 5 p e r f e a t u r e , t o g i v e a m a x i m u m

p o s s i b l e s c o r c o n 1 0 0 . F i g u r e 3 s umm a r i s e s t h i s

s c o r i n g s y s t e m . P a t i e n t s w e r e e x a m i n e d a n d a w a r d e d a

s c o r e b y t h e a u t h o r o n t h e s a m e d a y a s s a m p l e s o f

s e r u m a n d s p u t u m w e r e c o l l e c t e d , b e f o r e a n y r e s u l t s o f

t h e s u b s e a u e n t s t u d i e s w e r e k n o w n .

D . SERUM SAMPLESB l o o d w a s t a k e n b y s t e r i l e v e n e p u n c t u r e i n t o g l a s s

t u b e s a n d a l l o w e d t o c l o t a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e f o r 2 - 3

h o u r s . T u b e s w e r e s p u n a t 2 0 0 0 g f o r 1 0 m i n u t e s ,

s e r u m w a s t a k e n o f f i n t o g l a s s b o t t l e s a n d s t o r e d i n

1 m l a l i q u o t s a t - 2 0 ° C . S e r a w e r e t h a w e d o n l y o n c e a n d

s t u d i e d t h e s a m e d a y , a n d a l l s e r a v / e r e s t u d i e d w i t h i n

2 m o n t h s .

E . IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS STRAINS FROM SPUTUM1 . P R I M A R Y I S O L A T I O N

T h e s p u t a w e r e d i g e s t e d b y p a n c r e a t i n , p l a t e d o n t o

c e t r i m i d e - n a l i d i x i c a c i d a g a r ( O x o i d ) a n d i n c u b a t e d a t

3 7 ° C f o r 1 8 h o u r s . T h i s m e d i u m i s s e l e c t i v e f o r

p s e u d o m o n a s ( C h a p t e r 2 ) . A s w e e p o f t h e p r i m a r y

g r o w t h w a s s u b c u l t u r e d o n t o K i n g ' s " A " A g a r , a m e d i u m

d e s i g n e d t o e n h a n c e p y o c y a n i n p r o d u c t i o n , a n d d i s c r e e t

c o l o n i e s v / e r e p i c k e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

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53

SYSTEM OF RATING SEVERITY OF DISEASE

Grading Points General Activity

Physical Nutrition X-RayExamination Findings

Maintains we’ght and Clear lung fieldsheight above 25thpercentile well formedstools, almost normal.fair muscle tone andmass

Excellent 25 (86-100)

Good 20(71-85)

Mild 15(56-70)

Full normal activity: plays bail, goes to school regularly and soon

Lacks endurance and tires at end ol day: good school attendance

May rest voluntarily during the day; tires easily after exertion; fan school attendance

Normal: no cough pulse and respirations normal clear lungs, good posture

Resting pulse and respirations normal: rare coughing or deanngofthioat.no clubbing: clear lungs; minimal emphysema

Weight ana height at approximately 15th to 20th percentile, stools slightly abnormal fair muscle tone and mass

Minimal accentuation of brcnchovascular markings, early emphysema

Occasional cough, perhaps in morning upon rising; respirat-ons slightly elevated; mild emphysema; coarse breath sounds; rarely localized rales, early clubbing

Mild emphysema with patchy atelectasis.

Weight and height above 3rd percentile stools usua'iy abnormal, increased large and poo'iy bronchovascuiarformed, very l.ttie. if markingsany abdominal distention; poor muscle tone with reduced muscle mass

Moderate 10 (41-55)

Home teacher; dyspnoeic after short walk; rests a great deal

Frequent cough usually productive; chest retraction; moderate emphysema, may have chest deformity, rales usually present; clubbing 2 to 3+

Weight and height below 3rd percentile poorly formed, bulky, fatty, offensive stools; flabby muscles and reduced mass: abdominal detention, mild to moderate

Moderate empt ysema widespread areas ol atelectasis with superimposed areas of infection; minimal bronchial extasia

Severe 5 (40 or below)

Orthopnoeic, confined to bed or chair

Severe coughing spells; tachypnoeawithtachycardia and extensive pulmonary changes; may show signs of right-sided cardiac failure; clubbing 3 to 4+

Malnutrition ma'ked: large proude-ant abdomen, rectal prolapse.'large, foul, frequent, fatty- movements

Extensive changes with pulmonary obstructive phenomena and infection; lobar atelectasis and bronchiectasis

(Shwachman and Kulczycki, 1 9 5 8 1 1 2 )

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') 4

King's "a " Agar^- formula - Bacto peptoneBacto agarG l y c e r o l

K2SO4 (anhydous)MqC ] .2 ( a n h y d o u s )

pH 7 . 2 a u t o c l a v e d a t 1 2 1 ° C

f o r 1 5 m i n s .

2 . C O L O N I A L FORM

C o l o n i a l f o r m w a s r e c o r d e d f o l l o w i n g t h e c r i t e r i a

o f P h i l l i p s 1 9 6 9 6 1 .

C o l o n y t y p e 1 - t h e m o s t c o m m o n l y o c c u r r i n g f o r m .

L a r g e c o l o n i e s t e n d i n g t o b e f l a t w i t h i r r e g u l a r s h a p e

a n d f e a t h e r y e d g e , o c c a s i o n a l l y c o a r s e a n d g r a n u l a r i n

a p p e a r a n c e , s h i n y a n d m o i s t .

C o l o n y t y p e 2 - s m a l l , r o u n d , r a i s e d , d i s c r e t e , s h i n y ,

s m o o t h c o l o n i e s .

C o l o n y t y p e 3 - s m a l l , r a i s e d , d r y , c r e n a t e d a n d

i r r e g u l a r l y r o u n d c o l o n i e s .

C o l o n y t y p e 4 - M u c o i d . R a i s e d , s l i m y a n d v i s c o u s ,

e i t h e r f o r m i n g d i s c r e t e c o l o n i e s o r t e n d i n g t o f l o w

i n t o e a c h o t h e r . On s t a n d i n g a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t h e

s l i m e a p p e a r s t o g e l i n m o u n d s .

C o l o n y t y p e 5 - r a r e l y s e e n , c o m m o n l y g e l a t i n o u s i n

t e x t u r e a n d s i m i l a r t o t y p e 3 b u t n o t a s d r y .

C o l o n y t y p e 6 - d w a r f f o r m , v e r y s m a l l , i . e . < 0 . 5 m m s

a f t e r o v e r n i g h t i n c u b a t i o n . A f t e r 4 8 h o u r s i n c u b a t i o n

t h e s i z e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 - 2 m m ) ,

t o c o l o n y t y p e 2 .

O t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r

Page 65: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

3 . O - S V, RO LOG I C A L T Y P 1 N G

o )

T h e h e a t - s t a b l e O - a n t i g e n s of : t h e c e l l w a l l

1 i f ) o p o 1 y s a c c h a r i d e o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a p t r o u i d o

t h e b a s i s f o r s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g o f t h i s o r g a n i s m .

T h e a n t i g e n s a r e d e t e c t e d b y a g g l u t i n a t i o n w i t h r a b b i t

a n t i s e r a r a i s e d a g a i n s t a h e a t - k i l l e d s u s p e n s i o n o f a

s t r a i n ( p r e p a r a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f

O - a n t i s e r a , s e e A p p e n d i x I I ) . T h e s y s t e m u s e d f o r

t h e s e s t u d i e s w a s t h a t e m p l o y e d b y t h e C e n t r a l P u b l i c

H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y f o r r o u t i n e e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l t y p i n g

o f p s e u d o m o n a s . I t i s b a s e d o n t h e s y s t e m o f H a b s - * - - ^

w i t h s o m e a d d i t o n s ^ - - ^ * a n d c o r r e s p o n d s w i t h t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l A n t i g e n i c T y p i n g S c h e m e ( I A T S ) ^ .

1 7 O - s e r o g r o u p s a r e s u b d i v i d e d b y m i n o r a n t i g e n s t o

d e f i n e a t o t a l o f 21 s e r o t y p e s .

a ) M e t h o d s

T h e s t r a i n w a s c u l t u r e d o n t o K i n g ' s " A " A g a r a n d a

s i n g l e c o l o n y s u b c u l t u r e d i n t o 3 m l s o f T r y p t o n e S o y a

B r o t h ( T S B , O x o i d ) i n a 5 x t e s t t u b e . A f t e r

i n c u b a t i o n a t 3 7 ° C o v e r n i g h t t h e t u b e w a s p l a c e d i n

b o i l i n g w a t e r f o r t w o h o u r s . A 0 . 0 2 5 m l a l i q u o t o f t h e

s u s p e n s i o n w a s a d d e d t o a n e q u a l v o l u m e o f s e r u m

d i l u t i o n s i n t h e w e l l s o f a m i c r o t i t r e t r a y a n d a

s a l i n e c o n t r o l w a s i n c l u d e d . T h e t r a y s w e r e i n c u b a t e d

a t 3 7 ° C f o r f o u r h o u r s , a n d a t 4 ° C o v e r n i g h t . T h e

t r a y s w e r e l e f t a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e f o r 1 5 m i n u t e s a n d

t h e n r e a d u s i n g a m i r r o r .

Page 66: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

o o

b ) K o s u ]. t o

P o s i t i v e - aqt] l u t i n a t i o n s e e n a s a ' f l a k e ' 1 i n inn

t h e w e l l .

N e g a t i v e = b u t t o n o f c o l l s w i t h a c l e a r

s u p e r n a t a n t .

A l l n o n - t y p a b l e c u l t u r e s w e r e c h e c k e d b y s l i d e

a g g l u t i n a t i o n w i t h g r o w t h t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m a g a r

o 1 a 1 0 s •

4 . P O L Y A G G L U T I N A T I O N AMD P A A N T I G E N

O - s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g i s r e p r o d u c i b l e a n d 9 0 - 9 5 % o f

c l i n i c a l s t r a i n s m a y b e t y p e d b y t h i s m e t h o d ^ A f e w

s t r a i n s g i v e u n s t a b l e s u s p e n s i o n s i n s a l i n e a n d a r e

t e r m e d a u t o a g g l u t i n a b l e ( A A ) , a n d a f e w g i v e n o

r e a c t i o n s w h a t s o e v e r a n d a r e t e r m i n e d n o n - t y p a b l e

( N T ) . A b o u t 5% o f s t r a i n s a r e p o l y a g g l u t i n a t a b l e ( P A )

a n d r e a c t w i t h m o r e t h a n o n e s e r u m o u t s i d e t h e

e s t a b l i s h e d c r o s s - r e a c t i o n s o f t h e s e r o t y p e s t r a i n s

( s e e A p p e n d i x I ) . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

h e a t - s t a b l e s u r f a c e a n t i g e n , d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e

O - a n t i g e n ( P A a n t i g e n ) , a n d a n t i b o d y t o t h i s i s

d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e O - a n t i b o d y a n d o f t h e I g M c l a s s

p r e d o m i n a n t l y - ^ - - ^ . A n t i s e r u m t o P A a n t i g e n w a s

i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e r o t y p i n g s c h e m e .

5 . S E R U M ^ S B N S I T I V I T Y T E S T S

An 1 8 h o u r b r o t h c u l t u r e w a s d i l u t e d 1 i n 1 0 0 i n

H a n k s ' b a l a n c e d s a l t s o l u t i o n ( O x o i d ) a n d a l i q u o t s o f

1 0 0 p i w e r e a d d e d t o e q u a l v o l u m e s o f N H S a n d t o

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3 7

c o n t r o l t u b e s of ; H a n k s s o l u t i o n . T h e m i x t u r e s w o r e

i n c u b a t e d w i t h g e n t l e a g i t a t i o n a t 3 7 ° C t o r 1 h o u r ,

a n d 3 0 p i v o l u m e s w e r e s o o t t e d o n t o n u t r i e n t a g a r

( MA ) . A f u r t t i e r 2 0 p i w a s a d d e d t o 2 m l s o f f l a n k s

s o l u t i o n a n d 2 0 p i o f t h i s w a s p l a t e d . A g a r p l a t e s

w o r e i n c u b a t e d a t 37oq f o r 1 3 h o u r s a n d t h e c o l o n i e s

w e r e c o u n t e d . S e r u m - s e n s i t i v e c u l t u r e s w e r e d e f i n e d

b o t h a s t h o s e t h a t y i e l d e d n o m o r e t h a n 5 0 c o l o n i e s

f r o m 20 j t i l o f t h e u n d i l u t e d s e r u m s a m p l e a n d a l s o a s

t h o s e w h e r e t h e v i a b l e c o u n t w a s r e d u c e d b y a t l e a s t

1 0 0 0 f o l d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l ( A p p e n d i x I ) .

P a r t i a l l y s e n s i t i v e c u l t u r e s g a v e c o u n t s o f 5 1 t o 2 0 0

c o l o n i e s f r o m t h e u n d i l u t e d s a m p l e , a n d o f t e n

r e c o v e r e d w h e n d i l u t e d , b u t i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e c o n t r o l

s a m p l e s g r o w t h w a s n e v e r c o n f l u e n t . R e s i s t a n t

c u l t u r e s a l w a y s g a v e c o n f l u e n t g r o w t h f r o m b o t h

d i l u t i o n s o f t h e t e s t s a m p l e . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h e

n u t r i e n t a g a r p l a t e i n o n e t e s t o n a s e n s i t i v e s t r a i n .

F o u r c o l o n i e s g r e w f r o m t h e u n d i l u t e d t e s t s a m p l e s e e n

a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e p l a t e , w i t h r e c o v e r y i n t h e

d i l u t e d s a m p l e t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 c o l o n i e s . I n t h e

c o n t r o l s a m p l e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 c o l o n i e s g r e w f r o m

t h e u n d i l u t e d a l i q u o t , a n d c o n f l u e n t g r o w t h r e s u l t e d

f r o m t h e d i l u t e d a l i q u o t . P r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s t o

e s t a b l i s h t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y

t e s t a r e d e s c r i b e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 .

A s u m m a r y o f t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n s f r o m s p u t u m i s s h o w n i n

F i g u r e 5 .

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68

FIGURE 4

THE SERUM-SENSITIVITY PLATE ASSAY

Nutriant agar plate after 18 hours incubation

NORMAL HUMAN SERUM

20 fil fromundiluted samp 1e

20 j i l from sample

di luted 1 in 100

CONTROL(Hanks' solution)

Page 69: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

F I G U R E 5

SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS STRAINS

3 puturn

^--------------- p a n c r e a t i n d i g e s t i o n

N/

C e t r i m i d e - n a l i d i x i c a c i d a g a r

P r i m a r y g r o w t h

\y

K i n g ' s " A " a g a r

>V

C o l o n y f o r m O - s e r o t y p e P A a n t i g e n S e r u m s e n s i t i v i t y

Page 70: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

7 0

6 . A B S O R P T I O N 0 0 S E R A

■ The n t r a i n of : n s e u d o i n o n a s t o b e u s e d t o r t h e

a b s o r p t i o n oi s e r a w a s g r o w n i n T r y n t o n c S o y a B r o t h

(Oxoid) a t 3 7 ° C tor 4 h o u r s . F i v e NA p l a t e s v j e r e

i n o c c u l a t e d u s i n g a s t e r i l e s w a b a n d i n c u b a t e d

o v e r n i g h t a t 3 7 ° C . T h e g r o w t h v ; a s w a s h e d o f t w i t h a

0 . 5 % s o l u t i o n o r n h e n o l i n s a l i n e a n d c e n t r i f u g e d a t

1 0 , 0 0 0 r p m f o r 2 0 m i n u t e s . T h e c e l l s w e r e r e s u s p e n d e d

i n 1 m l o f s e r u m a n d i n c u b a t e d a t 3 7 ° C f o r 2 h o u r s a n d

t h e n 4 ^ C o v e r n i g h t . T h e s u s p e n s i o n w a s c e n t r i f u g e d

f o r 10 m i n u t e s i n a n E p p e n d o r f c e n t r i f u g e , t h e s e r u m

t a k e n o f f a n d p a s s e d t h r o u g h a 0 . 4 5 p s t e r i l i s i n g

g r a d e m e m b r a n e f i l t e r .

F. STORAGE OF STRAINSO n c e i d e n t i f i e d , e a c h d i s t i n c t s t r a i n o f

p s e u d o m o n a s w a s a l l o c a t e d a r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r a n d

s t o r e d i n t h r e e w a y s

- o n a s l o p e o f D o r s e t E g g a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e

- i n 1% s k i m m e d m i l k a t - 2 0 ° C

- i n 1 6 % ( w / v ) g l y c e r o l i n B r a i n H e a r t I n f u s i o n

B r o t h a t - 7 0 ° C .

T h e D o r s e t E g g c u l t u r e s w e r e u s e d f o r a l l t h e

s t u d i e s , t h e o t h e r s b e i n g s t o r e d f o r r e f e r e n c e .

C u l t u r e s w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o 3 m l o f T S B a n d i n c u b a t e d

a t 3 7 ° C f o r 1 8 h o u r s , a n d t h e n s u b c u l t u r e d o n t o K i n g ' s

" A " A g a r b e f o r e u s e i n e x p e r i m e n t s .

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71

M E D I A AND S O L U T I O N S

T r y p t o n o S o y a B r o t h ( O x o i d ) w a s u s e d t h r o u g h o u t

!: o r l i q u i d c u l t u r e , a n d t h e s o l i d m e d i u m u s e d w a s

0 >:o i d i' iu t r i e n t B r o t h ( n o . 2 ) s o 1 i d i l i e d w i t h 1 % ( v ; / v )

a g a r . P h o s p h a t e - b u f f e r e d s a l i n e p h 7 * 4 ( P B S ; 0 * 0 0 2 M )

w a s p r e p a r e d b y d i s s o l v i n g r e a g e n t t a b l e t s ( O x o i d ) i n

d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . h a n k s b a l a n c e d s a l t s o l u t i o n w a s

p r e p a r e d f r o m H a n k s s t o c k s o l u t i o n ( O x o i d ) . S a l i n e

w a s a q u e o u s s o d i u m c h l o r i d e 0 * 3 5 % ( w / v ) , a n d p h e n o l

s a l i n e c o n t a i n e d 0 * 5 % ( w / v ) o f s o l i d p h e n o l .

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C h a p t e r 4

TREATMENT OF P.AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF PULMONARY DISEASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS BY

INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTICS

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73

/ \ . I N T R O D U C T I O N

T r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f r e s p i r a t o r y

s y m p t o m s i n C F p a t i e n t s w i t h p s e u d o m o n a s i s o l a t e d f r o m

t h e i r s p u t u m i s b a s e d o n t w o p r e m i s e s . T h e f i r s t i s

t h a t c h r o n i c P . a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o t h e

s e v e r i t y o f p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e , a n d t h a t p s e u d o m o n a s

h a s a r o l e i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f t h i s p u l m o n a r y

d i s e a s e . T h e s e c o n d p r e m i s e i s t h a t c h e m o t h e r a p y

d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t P . a e r u q i n o s a p r o d u c e s c l i n i c a l

i m p r o v e m e n t e v e n t h o u g h t h e o r g a n i s m m a y n o t b e

e r a d i c a t e d f r o m t h e s p u t u m . T h e f o l l o w i n g i s a b r i e f

s u m m a r y o f t h e e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s ,

a n d a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t r i a l s o f a n t i b i o t i c

c h e m o t h e r a p y i n t h i s c o n d i t i o n .

T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e

s p u t u m o f C F p a t i e n t s i s r e p o r t e d t o b e b e t w e e n

4 0 - 9 0 % ^ , 4 3 , 1 1 5 b T h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e o r g a n i s m i n

s p u t u m i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n f e c t i o n r a t h e r t h a n m e r e

b a c t e r i a l c a r r i a g e , s i n c e m o s t p a t i e n t s s h o w c h a n g e s

i n s y s t e m i c i m m u n e r e s p o n s e s t o p s e u d o m o n a s

a n t i g e n s - * - 1̂ ' ( a l s o r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 2 ) . I t i s

t h o u g h t t h a t t h e o r g a n i s m , o r i t s i m m u n o g e n i c

p r o d u c t s , p e n e t r a t e t h e e p i t h e l i a l b a r r i e r t o i n i t i a t e

t h e s e r e s p o n s e s , w h i c h w o u l d n o t o c c u r w i t h s i m p l e

b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i s a t i o n . K u l c z y c k i e t a l ^ r e v i e w e d 1 6 0

C F p a t i e n t s o v e r a f i v e y e a r p e r i o d a n d s h o w e d a

p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s e v e r i t y o f p u l m o n a r y

d i s e a s e a n d c h r o n i c P . a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n . A s i m i l a r

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7 4

p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c h r o n i c p s e u d o m o n a s

i s o l a t i o n f r o m s p u t u m a n d d e c l i n e i n r e s p i r a t o r y

f u n c t i o n a n d c h e s t x - r a y s c o r e w a s s h o w n b y H o d s o n ' - .

I n b o t h t h e s e s t u d i e s t h e o r g a n i s m w a s i s o l a t e d f r o m

p o s t - m o r t e m s p e c i m e n s i n m o s t c a s e s . I n a d e t a i l e d

s t u d y o f 1 0 4 C F c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e H o s p i t a l f o r S i c k

C h i l d r e n , G r e a t O r m o n d S t r e e t , p u l m o n a r y f u n c t i o n

t e s t s , c h e s t x - r a y s c o r e s , h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s ,

h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y r e s p o n s e s a n d b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i s a t i o n

w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o a n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . T h e o n l y

s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e p a t i e n t ' s c o n d i t i o n w a s

c o l o n i s a t i o n b y P . a e r u g i n o s a - * - ^ .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e r e i s r e a s o n a b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t

w i t h i n a g r o u p o f C F p a t i e n t s , t h o s e w i t h o u t

p s e u d o m o n a s a r e f i t t e r t h a n t h o s e i n f e c t e d b y t h e

o r g a n i s m , a n d t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n a n d t h e s e v e r i t y o f p u l m o n a r y

d i s e a s e . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a

c a u s a l o n e , a n d t h e r e i s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e

o r g a n i s m i s i m p o r t a n t t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f d i s e a s e

w i t h i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l .

B . LITERATURE REVIEW

T h e o b j e c t o f a n y c l i n i c a l t r i a l i s t o o b t a i n a n

a n s w e r t o a p a r t i c u l a r c l i n i c a l q u e s t i o n . I n t h i s

c a s e t h e q u e s t i o n i s ' d o e s a n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y a g a i n s t

P . a e r u g i n o s a i m p r o v e t h e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f C F

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p a t i e n t s c h r o n i c a l l y i n f e c t e d b y t h i s o r a a n i s o w h o a r c

s u f f e r i n g f r o m a n a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n o f t h e i r

r e s p i r a t o r y s y m p t o m s ? ' . S c i e n t i f i c a l l y v a l i d d a t a i s

b e s t o b t a i n e d i f t h e p a t i e n t s a r e r a n d o m l y a l l o c a t e d

t o t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p s , b o t h g r o u p s o f

p a t i e n t s a r e c o m p a r a b l e i n t e r m s o f s e v e r i t y o f

d i s e a s e , a n d t h e o u t c o m e i s a s s e s s e d b y s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a l y s i s o f o b j e c t i v e n u m e r i c a l d a t a . T h e s e b a s i c

r u l e s h a v e r a r e l y b e e n a p p l i e d t o t r i a l s o f

c h e m o t h e r a p y i n C F , l a r g e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e f e a t u r e s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n i n t h i s c o n d i t i o n . T h e o r g a n i s m

r e m a i n s l o c a l i s e d w i t h i n t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t , a n d

b a c t e r a e m i a i s e x t r e m e l y r a r e ^ . A n t i b i o t i c s m u s t

t h e r e f o r e p e n e t r a t e t h e r e s p i r a t o r y e p i t h e l i a l b a r r i e r

t o b e e f f e c t i v e , b u t t h e y a r e a l m o s t a l w a y s g i v e n i n

t h e r o u t i n e r e g i m e n s f o r s y s t e m i c i n f e c t i o n s , w i t h o u t

r e g a r d f o r s p u t u m l e v e l s o b t a i n e d . O n c e t h e o r g a n i s m

i s d e t e c t e d i n t h e s p u t u m o f a p a r t i c u l a r p a t i e n t i t

i s r a r e l y e r a d i c a t e d f o r a n y l e n g t h o f t i m e , s o t h a t

t h e b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l o b j e c t i v e o f s t e r i l i s a t i o n o f t h e

s p u t u m s p e c i m e n i n m o s t t r i a l s o f c h e m o t h e r a p y , i s n o t

a p p l i c a b l e t o C F T h e c a r d i n a l s y m p t o m s a n d s i g n s

o f i n f e c t i o n , s u c h a s p y r e x i a , r a i s e d v z h i t e c e l l

c o u n t , r a i s e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a n d a c u t e p h a s e

p r o t e i n s , m a y n o t b e p r e s e n t i n t h e a c u t e o n c h r o n i c

e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f C F p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e . S i m i l a r l y i t

m a y b e e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t t o s e e n e w r a d i o l o g i c a l

c h a n g e s i n a n a l r e a d y s e v e r e l y a b n o r m a l c h e s t x - r a y .

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7 6

T.n t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s , o p e n t r i a l s o f a n t i p s e u d o m o n n 1

a n t i b i o t i c s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a s t h e s e d r u q s b e c a m e

a v a i l a b l e ^ 0 , 1 1 8 - 1 2 1 # T h e _in_ v i t r o a n d i n v i v o

s y n e r g i s m o f a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s a n d p e n i c i l l i n s i s w e l l

k n o w n , a n d b y t h e e n d o f t h e d e c a d e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f

g e n t a m i c i n a n d c a r b e n i c i l l . i n f o r 1 0 - 1 4 d a y s h a d b e c o m e

s t a n d a r d c h e m o t h e r a p y f o r a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f C F

p u l i r f o n a r y d i s e a s e w h e r e p s e u d o m o n a s w a s p r e s e n t .

• S u b s e q u e n t t r i a l s o f o t h e r a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s a n d

p e n i c i l l i n s h a v e e i t h e r b e e n o p e n o r c o m p a r a t i v e .

T a b l e I I I s u m m a r i s e s t h e m a j o r s t u d i e s t o d a t e .

T h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t m a y b e d r a w n a r e : -

1 . T h e h a r d c l i n i c a l d a t a i s s p a r s e . I n m o s t s t u d i e s

c l i n i c a l s c o r e s , x - r a y s c o r e s a n d p u l m o n a r y f u n c t i o n

t e s t s w e r e m e a s u r e d , b u t f e w d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s a r e

g i v e n .

2 . P a t i e n t s w i t h " s e v e r e d i s e a s e " , d o n o t r e s p o n d t o a n y

1 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 3 r e g u n e n 1 , i U , #

3 . P s e u d o m o n a s i s o n l y ' c l e a r e d * f r o m s p u t u m f o r a f e w

w e e k s a t t h e m o s t , w i t h v e r y f e w e x c e p t i o n s . W h e r e

t h i s h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d , p a t i e n t s a p p e a r t o b e

' r e c o l o n i s e d ' b y o r g a n i s m s o f t h e s a m e s e r o t y p e a n d

p y o c i n e t y p e .

4 . P a t i e n t S e l e c t i o n

M o s t s t u d i e s h a v e d e f i n e d p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c

p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n a s t h o s e w h e r e t h e o r g a n i s m h a s

b e e n i s o l a t e d f r o m e v e r y s p u t u m s a m p l e f o r a t l e a s t

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TABLE IIISUMMARY OF STUDIES OF INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY AGAINST P.AERUGINOSA IN CF PATIENTS

I Study | 1 1 1 1 1 1

Antibiotic regimen | (dose in mg/kg/day) |

No. of courses evaluated

Design | of study |

1 1

Assessment | of |

response | 1

No. of positive responses ' a) clinical I b) transient ! improvement ! eradication j

1 of pseudomonasBoxerbaum( Hd) ) Carbenici1lin | 41 Open | Clinical features | 33 j 0 !let a 1, 1968. | (300 - 350) | 1 CXR, RFT. | i j| Phair et al | Carbenici1lin | 13 Open | Clinical features | 7 1 0 i| 1970 (119) | (2 - 300) | (4 with 1 1 1 11 1 gentamicin 1 1 1 I| Huang(^u) | Carbenici1lin | 85 Open | Clinical features | 54 1 28 iI et al, 1971 | (150 - 500) for | 1 CXR, RFT, | 1 I11 1 14 days | 1 bacteriology. | ! l| Marks | Carbenicillin | 14 Open | Clinical features | 2 j i || et al, 1971 | (600 - 2400) | 1 CXR, RFT, blood gases, | i 11 1 1 bacteriology. | i 1| McCrae(-^z -̂) | Tobramycin (5 - 10) for | 17 Open | White cell count, ESR, | 17 i 4 (3 for |1 1976 | 14 days | 1 RFT, blood gases. | iunstated period)| Parry(^zz) | Ticarcillin (300) | 42 Comparative I Shwachman score | 28 ! Not stated II et al, 1977 | Gentamicin (4-7) | Alternate | CXR, RFT, | 1 11 1 for 11 days | allocation I blood gases. | 1 1| Beaudry(^J) | Carbenicillin (200) | 22 Comparative | Clinical score | 22 | 3 1| et al, 1980 | + gentamicin (5) | Random | CXR, RFT, j ii 1i 1 or cloxacillin (200) | allocation | blood gases | 1 1| Rabin(iZ )̂ I Ticarcillin (600) I 38 Open | Colony count reduced I Not | 21 11 et al, 1980 I + tobramycin (12-16) I 1 by 10^/ml. | stated 1 || Martin(^z )̂ I Carbenicillin (800) | 20 Comparative | Clinical score | 19 1 15 I| et al, 1980 | + gentamicin or I Alternate | CXR 1 1 (1 for 15/12) 11 1tobramycin (9) for 14 days | allocation | 1 I 1I MjzjI ler ( ̂ z^) | Tobramycin (10) | 54 Comparative I Bacteriology | 21 1 21 1| et al, 1982 I+ azloci 1lin/piperaci1lin/ | Allocation on | PEFR | 1 11 1 carbenicillin | sensitivity |Precipitating antibodies | 1 11 1 results | 1 i 1| Hod son(^z )̂ | Carbenicillin (400) I 18 Cross over I Clinical features ! 9 1 5 1I et al, 1982 | + gentamicin or | study | PEFR | 1 |1 1 tobramycin 1 1 1 1 I

RFT = r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s . = ne as u r e m e n t s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h clinical outcome and results given in paper.RFT

Page 78: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

s i x m o n t h s . A c u t o e x a c a r b a t i o n s o f t h e d i s e a s e h a v e

b e e n l o o s e l y d e f i n e d i n t e r m s o f i n c r e a s e d c o u g h ,

s p u t u m p r o d u c t i o n a n d s h o r t n e s s ol : b r e a t h o n

e x e r t i o n .

Des Lqn

I n m o s t c o m p a r a t i v e t r i a l s p a t i e n t s w e r e a l l o c a t e d

a l t e r n a t e l y t o t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s . I n o n l y o n e s t u d y

w a s t h e a l l o c a t i o n r a n d o m i s e d ! 2 3 f a n t i j_n o n e f u r t h e r

s t u d y p a t i e n t s w e r e u s e d a s t h e i r o w n c o n t r o l i n a

c r o s s - o v e r d e s i g n - ^ ^ .

V a r i a b l e s o f r e s p o n s e

a ) C l i n i c a l a s s e s s m e n t o r s c o r e ; t h i s w a s d o n e e i t h e r

119o n t h e s y s t e m o r S h w a c h m a n o r o n t h e a u t h o r ' s

o w n s y s t e m , b u t o n l y s h o w n t o i m p r o v e w i t h

t r e a t m e n t b y M a r t i n e t a l ^ - * a n d B e a u d r y e t a l - ^ 3 ^

b ) W h i t e c e l l c o u n t a n d E S R ; t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e n o t

c o n s i s t e n t l y a b n o r m a l a n d d i d n o t r e l a t e t o

c l i n i c a l o u t c o i n e ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ .

c ) C h e s t x - r a y ; s t u d i e s o n o l d e r p a t i e n t s a n d t h e m o r e

s e v e r e l y i l l d i d n o t f i n d m e a s u r a b l e r a d i o l o g i c a l

c h a n g e s , b u t s t u d i e s i n c h i l d r e n h a v e f o u n d t h e

c h a n g e d x - r a y s c o r e t o b e a u s e f u l m e a s u r e o f

r e s p o n s e x ^ J .

d ) B l o o d g a s e s ; t h e s e a r e m e n t i o n e d a s b e i n g m e a s u r e d

i n m a n y s t u d i e s b u t n o r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n .

e ) S p u t u m b a c t e r i o l o g y ; s i m p l e b a c t e r i o l o g y d i d n o t

c o r r e l a t e w i t h c l i n i c a l r e s u l t s . T h e o r g a n i s m w a s

n o t e r a d i c a t e d , b u t d e s p i t e t h i s p a t i e n t s w e r e

c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e i m p r o v e d . Q u a n t i t a t i v e

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7 9

b a c t e r i o l o g y o n y o u t u r n i s n o t o r i o u s l y d i f f i c u l t t o

i n t e r p r e t , a n d t h e o n e s t u d y b y R a b i n e t n l - ^ * ^ t h a t

u s e s i t t o a s s e s s r e s p o n s e d o e s n o t q i v e a n y

c l i n i c a l r e s u l t s . M o s t p a p e r s d i s c u s s d e t a i l e d

b a c t e r i o l o g y o f t h e i s o l a t e d o r g a n i s m s , a n d M I C s

i o r t h e a n t i b i o t i c s u s e d b u t p h a i r e t a . U ^ n o t e d

t h a t c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h i n

v i t r o s e n s i t i v i t y , a n d s o m e p a t i e n t s w i t h r e s i s t a n t

o r g a n i s m s r e s p o n d e d .

f ) R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s ; m o s t s t u d i e s p e r f o r m e d

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s b u t f e w q u o t e d e t a i l e d

r e s u l t s . P e a k e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e ^ ^ ' ^ ^ a n d

f o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d 7 5 % o f

F V C X “ J w e r e s h o w n t o i m p r o v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h

c h e m o t h e r a p y , t h e d e g r e e o f i m p r o v e m e n t b e i n g

b e t w e e n 3 0 a n d 8 5 % o f b a s e l i n e v a l u e s ,

g ) P a t i e n t a s s e s s m e n t ; m a l a i s e w a s o f t e n q u o t e d a s a

m a j o r s y m p t o m , b u t n o s t u d i e s h a v e m a d e a n y

m e a s u r e m e n t o f p a t i e n t ' s s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o

t r e a t m e n t .

C . A I M S

T o e v a l u a t e t h e c l i n i c a l b e n e f i t o f i n t r a v e n o u s

c h e m o t h e r a p y a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a i n a c u t e

e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f r e s p i r a t o r y s y m p t o m s i n c h r o n i c a l l y

i n f e c t e d C F p a t i e n t s a n d t o c o m p a r e s o m e o f t h e

p e n i c i l l i n s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e .

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3 0

D . M E T H O D S

1 . S T U D Y DFS T. GU

T w o p r e v i o u s t r L a I s h a v e c o m p a r e d g e n t a i n i c i n a n

t o b r a m c y i n ( i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a p e n i c i l l i n ) a n d

f o u n d n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m 1 - 2 6 , 1 2 7 #

T h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e o f t o x i c i t y i n t h e s e o r o t h e r

s t u d i e s o f e i t h e r d r u g i n C F , a n d t h e r e f o r e g e n t a m i c i n

w a s u s e d a s t h e a m i n o g l y c o s i d e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s .

T h e r e a r e t w o c l a s s e s o f p e n i c i l l i n s w i t h

a n t i o s e u d o m o n a l a c t i v i t y , t h e a l p h a c a r b o x y l

p e n i c i l l i n s , c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d t i c a r c i l l i n a n d t h e

a c y l a m i n o p e n i c i l l i n d e r i v a t i v e s o f a m p i c i l l i n w h i c h

i n c l u d e a z l o c i l l i n , m e z l o c i l l i n a n d p i p e r a c i l l i n . T h e

l a t t e r g r o u p a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e a c t i v e ini v i t r o

a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a , a n d a l l a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o

b e t a - l a c t a m a s e s . T i c a r c i l l i n a n d a z l o c i l l i n w e r e

s e l e c t e d a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e t w o g r o u p s t h a t a r e

a v a i l a b l e i n m o s t h o s p i t a l s . I n s e p a r a t e r a n d o m i s e d

p r o s p e c t i v e t r i a l s t i c a r c i l l i n o r a z l o c i l l i n p l u s

g e n t a m i c i n w a s c o m p a r e d w i t h c a r b e n i c i l l i n p l u s

g e n t a m i c i n , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g s t a n d a r d c h e m o t h e r a p y a t

t h e B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l .

P a t i e n t s w h o w e r e s e v e r e l y i l l ( F EV] _ l e s s t h a n

2 0 % p r e d i c t e d n o r m a l v a l u e ) w e r e e x c l u d e d . A

c o m p a r a t i v e t r i a l w a s p e r f o r m e d , r a t h e r t h a n a

c r o s s - o v e r s t u d y , b e c a u s e w e w i s h e d t o i n c l u d e a

r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s . M o s t p a t i e n t s d o

n o t r e q u i r e f u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t f o r s i x m o n t h s o r

l o n g e r , a n d t o u s e e a c h p a t i e n t a s t h e i r o wn c o n t r o l

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•n

w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e s t u d y w o u l d h a v e t a i con s e v e r a l

y e a r s . R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s ' w e r e u s e d a s t h e

p r i m a r y m e a s u r e m e n t s o f r e s p o n s e . S i m p l e m e a s u r e m e n t s

oi : d y n a m i c l u n g v o l u m e s , FFV] _ a n d F V C w e r e m a d e u s i n g

a s p i r o m e t e r a n d p e a k f l o w m e a s u r e d o n a p e a k f l o w

m e t e r . S u c h t e s t s a r e e a s i l y p e r f o r m e d a t t h e b e d s i d e

a n d l e s s d i s t r e s s i n g t o t h e s i c k p a t i e n t t h a n b e i n g

t r a n s p o r t e d t o a r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n l a b o r a t o r y t o

p e r f o r m t h e m a n o e u v r e s f o r m e a s u r i n g s t a t i c l u n g

v o l u m e s a n d g a s t r a n s f e r . L u n g f u n c t i o n t e s t s w e r e

m o n i t o r e d s e r i a l l y i n C F c h i l d r e n a d m i t t e d t o h o s p i t a l

b y R e d d i n g e t a l x . T h e y s h o w e d t h a t v i t a l c a p a c i t y

w a s t h e f i r s t v a r i a b l e t o i m p r o v e , a c c o m p a n i e d b y a

r i s e i n P E F R a n d F E V ^ . C h a n g e s i n o t h e r l u n g v o l u m e s

a n d i n f l o w r a t e s a t v a r i o u s p e r c e n t a g e s o f v i t a l

c a p a c i t y o c c u r r e d l a t e r a n d w e r e s u b j e c t t o

p e r f o r m a n c e v a r i a b i l i t y e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m o r e

s e v e r e l y i l l p a t i e n t s . I n t h e s e c o n d s t u d y o n

a z l o c i l l i n , a s u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e p a t i e n t ' s

r e s p o n s e w a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a v i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e .

P a t i e n t s w e r e r a n d o m l y a l l o c a t e d t o t h e t w o

t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s u s i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s i n s e a l e d a n d

s h u f f l e d e n v e l o p e s . T h e t r i a l s w e r e s i n g l e b l i n d ;

p a t i e n t s g a v e i n f o r m e d c o n s e n t f o r b l o o d a n d s p u t u m

s a m p l e s f o r a n t i b i o t i c a s s a y s a n d w e r e t o l d t h e y w e r e

r e c e i v i n g ’ s t a n d a r d ’ c h e m o t h e r a p y . A l l d r u g s u s e d i n

t h e s e s t u d i e s h a v e f u l l p r o d u c t l i c e n c e s a n d a l l

e x c e p t a z l o c i l l i n h a v e b e e n o n t h e m a r k e t f o r m a n y

y e a r s . T h e t r i a l s w e r e s i n g l e b l i n d a s t h e d o s e

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I n t e r v a l s a n d I n I: u s i o n v o l u m e of : t h e p e n i c i l l i n s

v a r i e d , s o t h a t n u r s i n g s t a f f ! : w e r e a w a r e w h i c h

p r e p a r a t i o n w a s b e i n g g i v e n . A l l c l i n i c a l a s s e s s m e n t s

w e r e m a d e b y t h e a u t h o r . R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s

w e r e r e c o r d e d b y t h e h o u s e p h y s i c i a n w h o w a s n o t

o t h e r - w i s e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s t u d i e s i n a n y o t h e r w a y , a s

p a t i e n t s m a y p e r f o r m t h e s e t e s t s b e t t e r w i t h

e n c o u r a g e m e n t .

2 . P A T I E N T S E L E C T I O N

A l l C F p a t i e n t s a d m i t t e d t o h o s p i t a l o v e r a p e r i o d

o f 2 0 m o n t h s f r o m J u l y 1 9 3 0 t o A p r i l 1 9 8 2 , w e r e

c o n s i d e r e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e t r i a l s . T h e c r i t e r i a

f o r i n c l u s i o n w e r e : -

a ) C o n f i r m e d d i a g n o s i s o f C F b a s e d o n c r i t e r i a i n

C h a p t e r 3 .

b ) C h r o n i c p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n , i . e . P . a e r u g i n o s a

i s o l a t e d f r o m e v e r y s p u t u m c u l t u r e f o r a p e r i o d o f

a t l e a s t s i x m o n t h s .

c ) N o h i s t o r y o f p e n i c i l l i n a l l e r g y .

d ) N o b i o c h e m i c a l e v i d e n c e o f l i v e r o r r e n a l

d i s e a s e .

e ) N o s y m p t o m s o r s i g n s o f c o r p u l m o n a l e .

f ) N o p o s s i b i l i t y o f p r e g n a n c y i n t h e c a s e o f f e m a l e

p a t i e n t s .

g ) F E V g > 2 0 % p r e d i c t e d n o r m a l v a l u e s o n e n t r y t o t h e

trial-**̂ .h ) P a t i e n t s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s u f f e r i n g f r o m a n

a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n o f t h e i r r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e

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33

a n d t o r e q u i r e i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y i f t h e i r

a d m i s s i o n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s h a d s h o w n a

f a l l o f a t l e a s t 2 0 3 c o m p a r e d t o p r e v i o u s

o u t - p a t i e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e m a j o r s y m p t o m s w e r e

o f i n c r e a s e d c o u g h , s p u t u m p r o d u c t i o n a n d

s h o r t n e s s o f b r e a t h o n e x e r t i o n .

v S i x t e e n p a t i e n t s w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e t i c a r c i l l i n

v e r s u s c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l , a n d t w e n t y i n t h e

a z l o c i l l i n v e r s u s c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r i a l .

3 . A S S E S S M E N T

T h e f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e o n d a y 0 a n d

d a y 1 0 : -

a ) R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s

P E F R , FEV- j ^ , F V C w e r e r e c o r d e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n

C h a p t e r 3 .

b ) P a t i e n t a s s e s s m e n t

A s u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f p a t i e n t w e l l - b e i n g w a s

r e c o r d e d o n a 1 0 c m v i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e ,

( a z l o c i l l i n t r i a l o n l y ) w i t h z e r o r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

w o r s t t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l h a d e v e r f e l t , a n d 10

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e b e s t t h a t t h e y h a d f e l t i n t h e

p r e v i o u s t w o y e a r s .

c ) S p u t u m c u l t u r e

S p u t u m s a m p l e s w e r e p r o c e s s e d t o i s o l a t e

p s e u d o m o n a s a s d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r 3 . O t h e r

o r g a n i s m s w e r e i s o l a t e d b y s t a n d a r d m e t h o d s . A l l

o r g a n i s m s w e r e t e s t e d f o r a n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

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b y t h e S t o k e s c o m p a r a t i v e d i s c m e E h o d ^ - ^ .

d ) T o x i c i t y m o n i t o r i n g

b u l l b l o o d c o u n t , E S 8 , l i v e r f u n c t i o n t e s t s , u r e a

a n d e l e c t r o l y t e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n a l l p a t i e n t s .

D O S E R E G I M E N S

A l l p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d g e n t a m i c i n i n t r a v e n o u s l y 8

h o u r l y , t h e d o s e b e i n g a d j u s t e d t o g i v e a s e r u m l e v e l

o f 8 - 1 0 m i c r o g r a m s / m l a t 1 5 m i n u t e s a f t e r a b o l u s

i n j e c t i o n . T h e d o s e o f a z l o c i l l i n w a s 5 g r a m s 8

h o u r l y , a n d o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d t i c a r c i l l i n 5 g r a i n s 6

h o u r l y . A l l p a t i e n t s w e r e g i v e n t h e p e n i c i l l i n s b y

s l o w i n t r a v e n o u s i n f u s i o n o v e r 2 0 m i n u t e s . A l l

t r e a t m e n t s w e r e a r b i t r a r i l y g i v e n f o r t e n d a y s .

A S S A Y O F A N T I B I O T I C L E V E L S I N S E R U M AMD S P U T U M

A l l s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n o n t h e t h i r d d a y o f

t r e a t m e n t , t o e s t i m a t e ' s t e a d y s t a t e ' l e v e l s o f

a n t i b i o t i c s . L e v e l s o f t h e p e n i c i l l i n s i n s e r u m w e r e

m e a s u r e d a t 1 5 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e i n f u s i o n ,

a n d a l s o j u s t b e f o r e t h e n e x t d o s e ( s i x h o u r s f o r

c a r b e n i c i 11 i n o r t i c a r c i l l i n , 8 h o u r s f o r a z l o c i l l i n ) .

S p u t u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e m e a s u r e d a t o n e a n d t w o

h o u r s a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e i n f u s i o n , a n d t h e s a m p l e

j u s t b e f o r e t h e n e x t d o s e w a s d e s i g n a t e d t i m e 0 .

A d d i t i o n a l s a m p l e s w e r e a s s a y e d i n t h e t i c a r c i l l i n

t r i a l . S e r u m g e n t a m i c i n l e v e l s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a s a

r o u t i n e p r o c e d u r e b e f o r e a n d 1 5 m i n u t e s a f t e r a n

i n t r a v e n o u s b o l u s d o s e S p u t u m l e v e l s o f g e n t a m i c i n

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w o r e m e a s u r e d i n t h e s a m e s a m p l e s t a k e n t o t p e n i c i l l i n

o s t i m a t L o n s .

a ) G e n t a m i c i n a s s a y

i S 0 r u m s a i n n 1 e s

■ S e r u m g e n t a m i c i n a s s a y s were p e r f o r m e d b y

h o m o g e n e o u s e n z y m e i m m u n o a s s a y ( E M I T , S y v a C o . )

u s i n g a S t a s a r I I I s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r c o u p l e d t o a

C P - 1 0 0 0 c l i n i c a l p r o c e s s o r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s ,

i i S p u t u m s a m p l e s

S p u t u m w a s h o m o g e n i s e d b y v i g o r o u s a g i t a t i o n o n

a v o r t e x m i x e r i n a b o t t l e c o n t a i n i n g s i x 5 • 5mm

g l a s s b e a d s . B i o a s s a y w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

g e n t a m i c i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s u s i n g K l e b s i e l l a

N . C . T . C . 1 0 8 9 6 a s t h e i n d i c a t o r o r g a n i s m o n D . S . T .

a g a r ( O x o i d ) i n 2 4 c m s q u a r e a s s a y d i s h e s ( N u n c . ) .

S t a n d a r d s o f g e n t a m i c i n f r o m 1 * 0 m g / L t o 1 6 * 0 m g / L

w e r e p r e p a r e d i n s t e r i l e h o r s e s e r u m ( N o . 3

W e l l c o m e ) . S p u t u m h o m o g e n a t e s a n d s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s w e r e t e s t e d i n t r i p l i c a t e . F o l l o w i n g

i n c u b a t i o n f o r 1 8 h o u r s a t 3 7 ^ C , i n h i b i t i o n z o n e

d i a m e t e r s w e r e m e a s u r e d u s i n g a z o n e p r o j e c t o r

( L e e b r o o k I n s t r u m e n t s ) . D e - r a n d o m i s a t i o n a n d

c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s w a s p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e m e t h o d o f P e r k i n s - ^ 0 .

b ) A z l o c i l l i n / c a r b e n i c i l l i n / t i c a r c i l l i n a s s a y s

i S e r u m s a m p l e s

S e r u r n p e n i c i l l i n a s s a y s w e r e p e r f o r m e d b y

b i o a s s a y f o l l o w i n g p r e - t r e a t m e n t o f t h e s e r u m w i t h

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Ho

a r e s i n ! : o r e m o v e a n y q e n t a m i c i n p r e r e n t . 1m l o r

s e r u m " / a s a d r i e d t o 1 0 0 mq of : ' D o w e : c ' 5 0 - X 8 r e s i n

( R . n . O . ) a n d m i x e d o n a r o t a t o r t o r 1 5 m i n u t e s .

T h e r e s i n w a s a l l o w e d t o s e t t l e b y s t a n d i n g t o r a

f u r t h e r f i v e m i n u t e s a n d t h e s u p e r n a t a n t s e r u m

r e m o v e d f o r p e n i c i l l i n a s s a y ( i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e

r e m o v a l o f t h e g e n t a m i c i n h a d b e e n e f f e c t e d , t h e

s u p e r n a t a n t w a s a s s a y e d f o r g e n t a m i c i n b y t h e E M I T

p r o c e d u r e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d ) .

B i o a s s a y f o r p e n i c i l l i n s w a s p e r f o r m e d o n

D . S . T . a g a r ( O x o i d ) u s i n g P . a e r u g i n o s a N . C . T . C .

1 0 7 0 1 a s t h e i n d i c a t o r o r g a n i s m . S t a n d a r d s o f 2 * 5

m g / L t o 4 0 m g / L w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r t h e a n t i b i o t i c s

i n h o r s e s e r u m ( M o . 3 W e l l c o m e ) a n d r e s i n a b s o r b e d

t e s t s e r a w e r e a p p r o p r i a t e l y d i l u t e d i n s e r u m i n

o r d e r t o b r i n g t h e m w i t h i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e r a n g e . I n c u b a t i o n , r e a d i n g a n d

c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s u l t s w a s p e r f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d

f o r s p u t u m g e n t a m i c i n a s s a y ,

i i S p u t u m s a m p l e s

S p u t u m w a s h o m o g e n i s e d a s a b o v e a n d

h o m o g e n a t e s w e r e t e s t e d a s f o r s e r u m s a m p l e s .

6 . F O L L O W - U P

P a t i e n t s w e r e s e e n i n o u t - p a t i e n t s a t o n e a n d

t h r e e m o n t h s a f t e r d i s c h a r g e , w h e n r e s p i r a t o r y

f u n c t i o n t e s t s a n d s p u t u m c u l t u r e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d .

T h e d a t e o f t h e p a t i e n t s s u b s e q u e n t h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n

f o r c h e m o t h e r a p y ( i f a n y ) w a s n o t e d .

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7. OTHER TREATMENT

A l l . p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d p h y s i o t h e r a p y w i t h p o s t u r a l

d r a i n a g e f o u r t i m e s a d a y . T h o s e w i t h a p r o v e n

r e v e r s i b l e e l e m e n t o £ a i r G l o w o b s t r u c t i o n r e c e i v e d

b r o n c h o d i l a t o r s . T h o s e o a t i e n t s w i t h o t h e r p a t h o g e n s

i n t h e i n i t i a l s p u t u m c u l t u r e r e c e i v e d a p p r o p r i a t e

o r a l c h e m o t h e r a p y . M u c o l y t i c a g e n t s w e r e n o t u s e d .

3 . S T A T I S T I C S

B a s e l i n e d a t a o n p a t i e n t g r o u p s a t e n t r y t o e a c h

t r i a l w a s c o m p a r e d u s i n g W i l c o x o n ' s r a n k s u m t e s t .

R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h i n

e a c h g r o u p w a s c o m p a r e d u s i n g a W i l c o x o n ' s m a t c h e d - p a i r s

s i g n e d - r a n k t e s t . T h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y

f u n c t i o n o n e a c h t r e a t m e n t w a s c o m p a r e d u s i n g a n

a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r i a n c e .

E . RESULTS1 . T I C A R C I L L I N V E R S U S C A R B E N I C I L L I N

a ) R e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n

T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o g r o u p s i n a g e , s e x o r r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n o n

e n t r y t o t h e t r i a l ( T a b l e I V ) . B o t h a n t i b i o t i c

r e g i m e n s p r o d u c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t i n a l l

t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o f r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n , P E F R , F E V g

a n d F V C ( T a b l e V) v a r y i n g f r o m 2 7 * 0 % t o 4 6 * 2 % o f

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b a s e l i . n o v a l u e s . T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f . i c o n t d i i: T e r e n c e

b e tv; c o n t r e a t m e n t s . F i g u r e 6 s h o w s t h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n

p e a t e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e f o r b o t h t r e a t m e n t s .

b ) B a c t e r i o l o g y

A l l p a t i e n t s h a d P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e

s p u t u m o f a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d o f t r e a t m e n t .

H . i n f l u e n z a e a n d 5 . a u r e u s w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e c o n t r o l

c u l t u r e f r o m o n e p a t i e n t i n t h e t i c a r c i l l i n g r o u p , b u t

t h e s e p a t h o g e n s w e r e n o t p r e s e n t o n t h e c u l t u r e o n d a y

1 0 . H , i n f l u e n z a e v ; a s i s o l a t e d f r o m t w o p a t i e n t s i n t h e

c a r b e n i c i l l i n g r o u p o n d a y 0 , b u t n o t f r o m t h e c u l t u r e s

o n d a y 1 0 .

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TABLE IV

T ICARCTLLIN v CARBENICILLIN TRIAL: PATIENT DATA ON ENTRY TO THE TRIAL

111111

TICARCILLIN+

GENTAMICIN

1CARBENICILLIN |

+ | GENTAMICIN |

1 1

Statist ica1 comparison

(WiLcoxon's rank sum test)

1Number of patients |

18

18 I

11

Sex | 1

5 M 3 F1

4 M 4 F | 1

1Age range (years) |

116 - 26

12 1 - 3 3 |

1NS

1Range of PEFR (l/min)|

1105 - 300

1140 - 370 |

1NS

1Range of FEV^ (l/min)|

1600 - 1850

1550 - 1750 |

1NS

1Range of FVC (mis) |

11350 - 2400

11250 - 2800 |

1NS

1Number of patients |

I1

with organisms | 1in the original | Isputum culture:- |

1 111P.aeruginosa |

I8

18 I 11

H.influenzae |1

1*1

2 1 11S. aureus |

11*

1o 1

1

* same individual NS = not significant

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90

TABLE V

TICARCILLIN/CARBENICILLIN TRIAL: RESPIRATORY FUNCTION DATA

Mean values of each group _+ standard deviationn = 8

Treatmentgroup

Respiratory function vari able

DAY 0 DAY 10

Improvement | Difference with treatment between the

(Wilcoxon signed rank

test)

two treatments (analysis of covariance)

Ticarc i11in

Carbenici1lin

PEER (1/min)

196*3 (+ 61*8)

247*5 (+ 66*4)

PEFR (1/min)

286.9 (+ 69*4)

314*4 (+ 92*8)

46.2% p<0.01

27.0% p<0.02NS

Ticarcillin

Carbenicillin

FEV1 mis

986-3 (+ 454)

962-5 (+ 447)

FVC mis

FEV] mis

1381.3 (+ 578)

1318.8 (+ 602)

FVC mis

40.1% p<0.001

37.0% p<0.001NS

T icarcillin

Carbenicillin

1881-3 (+ 723)

1675 (+ 794)

2530 (+ 892)

2368.8 (+1079)

34.5% p<0.001

41.4% p<0.001NS

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91

FIGURE 6

PEFR BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH TICARCILLIN AND CARBENICILLIN

Page 92: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

c) Ant ibiot ic l e v e l s

9 2

Mean a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s in scrum and sputum in f iv e

pa t ien t s on each treatment arc shown in Table VI.

Mean serum l e v e l s a t 15 minutes were s im i la r tor the

two drugs, but the 1 hour level of t i c a r c i l l i n (319*5

jicj/ml) was higher than for carbenici 11 in (199 j ig/ml).

Serum l e v e l s of p e n i c i l l i n s j u s t before the next dose

were very low. Sputum l e v e l s of both a n t i b i o t i c s were

low, the highest mean values obtained were 4*72 jug/ml

for t i c a r c i l l i n (range 2*38-4*72) and 6*6 pg/ml for

c a r b e n c i l l i n , (range 2*06 - 6* 6) . This represents 1*5

and 2*4% r e s p e c t i v e l y of the highest serum values .

Gentamicin was not detected in any sputum sample, the

lower l i m i t of the b i o a s s a y being l'Qjig/ml.

d ) Res i s ta nt organisms

Transient r e s i s t a n c e of pseudomonas to gentamicin

was seen in one p a t i e n t , but the cul ture had become

s e n s i t i v e at one month fol low-up. Organisms from one

pat ie nt in each group developed r e s i s t a n c e to

c a r b e n i c i l l i n , which p e r s i s t e d for up to 4 months

(Table X).

e > Follow up (Table XI)

Six p a t ie n t s in the c a r b e n i c i l l i n group have been

readmitted for fur ther treatment at an average of 5*7

months between t reatments : the remaining two p a t ie n t s

are well 16 months l a t e r . Five pa t ie n t s from the

t i c a r c i l l i n group have subsequently been readmitted,

at an average of 4*7 months between admissions: the

Page 93: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

93

MEAN SERUM AND SPUTUM CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBENIC ILLIN (n=5),

AND TICARC1LLIN (n-5) AFTER AN INTRAVENOUS DOSE OF FIVE GRAMS

TABLE VI

Ant ibi ot ic and sample

o 1

T ime

15' |

after end of i.v. infusion

1 hr | 2 hr | 4 hr | 6 hr 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 hrs

TICARCILLIN

1111

(fig/ml) 11- serum 7.7 | 296.6 | 319.6 |

i11

- sputum 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 |1

3.2 | 1

2.4 3.6

CARBENICELLIN

111

(jig/ml) 11

- serum 2.1 | 278.6 | 199.0 |111

- sputum 2.1 | 6.6 | 3.6 I1

4.5 | 1 1

6.1 4.3

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94

r e m a i n i n g t h r o e a r e w e l l 1 7 t o 2 6 m o n t h s l a t e r . T h e

i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s i s n o t

s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t ( W i . l c o x o n ' s r a n k s u m t e s t ) .

£ ) Tox ic i ty

There were no s i d e - e f f e c t s of treatment and no

evidence of t o x i c i t y in th i s small t r i a l .

2. AZLOCILLIN VERSUS CARBENICILLIN

a ) Respi ratory function

There was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f fer enc e between the

two groups of p a t ie n t s on entry to the t r i a l (Table

VII ) . Both a n t i b i o t i c regimens produced a s i g n i f i c a n t

improvement in PEFR, FEV^ and FVC, between 41% and 46%

of ba se l ine va lues , and there was no d i f fer enc e

between the two treatments (Table VIII ) . Figure 7

shows the improvement in PEFR for both treatments.

b ) Bacteriology

P, aeruginosa was i s o l a t e d from the i n i t i a l sputum

cul ture in a l l p a t i e n t s but was not present in the

cu l ture at day 10 in two pat ien t s in the a z l o c i l l i n

group and one in the c a r b e n i c i l l i n group. Follow-up

cu l tu res at one month showed that the organism was

present in a l l ca se s .

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95

TABLE VII

AZLOCILLIN v CARBENIC ILL IN TRIAL : PATIENT DATA ON ENTRY TO THE TRIAL

1I AZLOCILLIN

1| CARBEN1CILLIN

1| Statistical

I + gentamicin 1 1

1 + gentamicin 1 1

I comparison I (Wilcoxon's I rank sum test

Number of patients11 10 1

I1 10 1

111

Sex11 6 M 4 F 1

1| 9 M I F1

111

Age range (years)11 18-25 1

1I 17-29 1

11 MS 1

Range of PEFR (1/min)11 125-490 1

1I 165-410 1

II NS 1

Range of FEV^ (mis)1| 660-2200 1

1I 400-2200 1

11 NS 1

Range of FVC (mis)11 700-3750 1

1I 950-2600 1

11 NSI

Number of patients with organisms in initial sputum culture:-

1111

11(11

1111I

P. aeruginosa ( 10 1 1011

S. aureus 1 5 1 4 1H. influenzae I 6

1 1

1 2 1 1

111

Page 96: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

96

TABLE VIII

AZLOCILLIN v CARBENICILLIN TRIAL: RESPIRATORY FUNCTION DATA

Mean values of each group +_ standard deviation n = 10

T reatment Group

Respiratory function variable

DAY 0 DAY 10

Imp rovement on treatment (Wilcoxon

signed rank test)

Di f ference between two

treatment s (analysis of covariance)

Azloci11 in

Carbenici11 in

PEFR 1/min

243-0 (+ 108)

266*6 (+ 77.7)

PEFR 1/min

343*5 (+ 127)

376*2 (+ 94.4)

41*4% p<0.001

41*1% p<0.001

NS

Azloci1lin

Carbenici1lin

FEVt mis

1206-0 (+ 419)

1116*0 (+ 514)

FEV^ mis

1760-0 (+ 862)

1619*0 (+ 871)

45*9% p<0.001

45*1% p<0.001

NS

Azloci11 in

Carbenici1lin

FVC mis

2045*0 (+ 824)

1810-0 (+ 503)

FVC mis

2897*5 (+ 1228)

2588-0 (+ 929)

41*7% pCO.OOl

43*0% p<0.02

NS

Page 97: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

97

FIGURE 7

PEFR BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH AZLOCILLIN AND CARBENICILLIN

Page 98: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

c ) A n t i b i o t i c 1 c. v e l s

•Moan a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s i n s e r u m a n d s p u t u m a r e

s h o w n i n T a b l e I X . A z l o c i l l i n w a s d e t e c t e d i n t h e

s p u t u m i n l i v e o u t o f : t e n p a t i e n t s , r a n g e 2*5 - 13*8 fiq/m l , a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n w a s d e t e c t e d i n t h e

s p u t u m o f : a l l s e v e n p a t i e n t s t e s t e d , r a n g e 2*9 -

1 2 * 2 j u g / m l . T h e s e s p u t u m l e v e l s a r e e x t r e m e l y l o w .

A z l o c i l l i n g a v e s o m e w h a t h i g h e r s e r u m l e v e l s t h a n

c a r b e n i c i l l i n d e s p i t e t h e l o n g e r d o s e i n t e r v a l .

G e n t a m i c i n w a s o n l y d e t e c t a b l e i n t h e s p u t u m o f t o u r

i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e m e a n v a l u e a t 1 h o u r b e i n g 1 * 2 3

ji g/ml.d ) R e s i s t a n t O r g a n i s m s

I n t h e c a r b e n i c i l l i n t r e a t e d g r o u p , c u l t u r e s f r o m

t w o p a t i e n t s d e v e l o p e d t r a n s i e n t r e s i s t a n c e t o

c a r b e n i c i l l i n d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t r e a t m e n t , w h i c h

w a s l o s t b y o n e m o n t h . C u l t u r e s f r o m t h r e e p a t i e n t s

d e v e l o p e d r e s i s t a n c e t o e i t h e r c a r b e n i c i l l i n ( 2 ) o r

a z l o c i l l i n ( 1 ) w h i c h w a s s t i l l p r e s e n t a t o n e m o n t h

b u t l o s t b y t h r e e m o n t h s . I n t h e a z l o c i l l i n - t r e a t e d

g r o u p o n e c u l t u r e b e c a m e r e s i s t a n t t o b o t h a z l o c i l l i n

a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n f o r t h r e e m o n t h s a n d t w o c u l t u r e s

w e r e t r a n s i e n t l y r e s i s t a n t t o p e n c i l l i n s , ( o n e t o e a c h

o f t h e d r u g s u s e d , T a b l e X ) .

e ) F o l l o w - u p

S i n c e t h e t r i a l w a s c o m p l e t e d , t e n p a t i e n t s h a v e

b e e n r e a d m i t t e d , f i v e i n t h e a z l o c i l l i n g r o u p a t a n

a v e r a g e o f f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , a n d f i v e i n

t h e c a r b e n i c i l l i n g r o u p w i t h a n a v e r a g e o f 3*6 m o n t h s

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99

MEAN SERUM AND SPUTUM CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBENICILLIN (n=7)

AND AZLOCILLIN (n=10), AFTER AN INTRAVENOUS DOSE OF FIVE GRAMS

TABLE IX

Ant ibiot ic

AZLOCILLIN(pg/ml)

Sample

Serum

Sputum

Time after end of i.v. infusion

0 iy_ 1 hr 2 hrs

44.3 628.6

2.2 - 3.2 3.1

CARBENICILLIN(jig/ml)

Serum

Sputum

12.8 308.9

4.6 - 8.9 7.5

Page 100: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

100

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF P.AERUGINOSA AFTER INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY

TABLE X

Trial

Az loc i11 in v Carbenicil1 in j Ticarcillin v Carbenici11 in

Treatment group (n=10)1| Treatment group (n=8) |

a)Azloci11 in I b )Carbenici11 in1| a)Ticarcillin | b)Carbenici1lin

Cultures | resistant | on disc | test to:- |

1

11111

i1111

11111

1Gentamicin |

1

1o 1

10

111

011!

l

. . . 1Carbenici11 in |1

12 1

14

11 1*

111

l

ITicarcillin |

1

1

1-

111

0111

0

1Azlocillin |

1 1

12 I

I 1

11111

-1111

-

* Resistant for four months. All other cultures reverted to full sensitivity by three months.

- = Mot applicable

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101

s i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s c o u r s e o f t r e a t m e n t . T h i s

d i f f e r e n c e i s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . One

p a t i e n t in t h e a z l o c i l l i n g r o u p a i d n o t i m p r o v e

s u f f i c i e n t l y t o b e d i s c h a r g e d f rom h o s p i t a l and l a t e r

d i e d . The r e m a i n i n g n i n e p a t i e n t s a r e s t i l l w e l l , 5 -

12 m o n t h s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t ( T a b l e X I ) .

f ) T o x i c i t y

B o t h r e g i m e n s w e r e w e l l t o l e r a t e d w i t h no e v i d e n c e

o f t o x i c i t y .

g ) S u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t

A l l p a t i e n t s c o n s i d e r e d t h e m s e l v e s t o h a v e

i m p r o v e d o n t r e a t m e n t ( T a b l e X I I ) a n d t h e i m p r o v e m e n t

i n v i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e s c o r e s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t i n

b o t h g r o u p s . T h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m e a n

v a l u e s o f b a s e l i n e s c o r e o r f i n a l s c o r e o n t h e

a n a l o g u e s c a l e i n t h e t w o t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s . F i g u r e 8

s h o w s t h e v i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e s c o r e s o n d a y 0 a n d

d a y 10 o f t r e a t m e n t f o r e a c h p a t i e n t , w i t h t h e g r o u p

m e a n v a l u e s .

F . DISCUSSION

T i c a r c i l l i n i s a s e m i - s y n t h e t i c p e n i c i l l i n f i r s t

d e v e l o p e d i n 1 9 6 4 b u t o n l y r e c e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e

U K . I t h a s a v e r y s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e t o c a r b e n i c i l l i n

w i t h a t h e o p h e n e r i n g i n p l a c e o f t h e b e n z e n e r i n g o f

c a r b e n i c i l l i n . I t s a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i v i t y i s s i m i l a r

t o i t s p a r e n t c o m p o u n d a n d i t i s a c t i v e a g a i n s t

G r a m - n e g a t i v e r o d s , a n a e r o b e s a n d n o n - p - l a c t a m a s e

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102

TIME BEFORE THE NEXT ADMISSION FOR INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY FOR PATIENTS WHO COMPLETED THE TRIALS

TABLE XI

T reatment group

1 1 | Number J I of patients | I readmitted | | follow up until | 1 September 1982) |

Mean time | before readmissionl

(months) |

Time since trial treatment for patient s

not yet readmitted (months)

Carbenici11 in n = 8

1 1 1 6 | 1 1 1 1

5*7(range 2 - 9 ) |

16

T icarc i 1 lin n = 8

1 1 1 5 | 1 1 1 1

4*7 | (range 1*5-7) |

17 - 26

Carbenici1lin n - 10

1 1 1 1 ! 5 | 1 1 1 1

3*6 | (range 2 - 6 ) |

5 - 1 2

Azloci1lin n = 10

1 1 1 5 | 1 1 1 1 1 !

4*0(range 3 - 6 ) |

6 - 9

Page 103: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

table xii

AZLOCILLIN v CARBENICILLIN: MEAN VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE SCORES

n = 10

111 Ant ibiot ic Treatment1

Time of 1 Assessment | Azloc il1 in

11 Carbenic i11 in

| Difference | between

11

11

| treatments

11I11

Mean + SD11111

Mean + SD | (analysis of | covariance)

11

Day 1 |1I

4*28 + 1*19

11111

3*54 + 1*78 I NS

11

Day 10 I 1 8-67 + 1•42

11I1 8*23 + 1*08 I NS1

Significance of | improvement |

(Paired t test) |I1

p<0*00111111

p<0*001

Page 104: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

. 1 0 4

FIGURE 8

AZLOCILLIN/CARBENICILLIN TRIALVisual analogue scale scores

on day 0 and day 10 of treatment------ Mean value of group

Page 105: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

o r o r l u c i n g s t a n h v l o c o c c i . I n v i t r o i t i s m o r e a c t i v e

a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a t b a n c a r b e n i c i L l i n . I n a s t u d y

b y S u t h e r l a n d e t a l ( 1 9 7 0 ) 1 3 1 , 3 0 g Q r s t r a i n s t e s t e d

w o r e i n h i b i t e d b y 2 5 m i c r o g r a m s / m l o i t i c a r e i l l i n ,

w h i l e o n l y 202 w e r e i n h i b i t e d b y t h a t l e v e l o f

c a r b e n i c i 1 t i n . O t h e r s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n t h a t

t i c a r c i l l i n i s 1 * 4 - 3 * 9 t i m e s m o r e p o t e n t i n v i t r o

t h a n c a r b e n i c i l l i n 1 2 2 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 a B o t h d r u g s a r e

a v a i l a b l e a s a d i s o d i u m s a l t c o n t a i n i n g 5 * 3 5

m m o l s / g r a m of : s o d i u m . T i c a r c i l l i n e x h i b i t s i n v i t r o

s y n e r g y w i t h a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s , a s d o e s

carbenicillinl^l'-^^.A z l o c i l l i n i s a r e l a t i v e l y n e w a c e y l - u r e i d o

p e n i c i l l i n , w i t h a h i g h i n v i t r o a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t

G r a m - n e g a t i v e o r g a n i s m s , i n c l u d i n g p s e u d o m o n a s ,

p r o t e u s , c o l i l o r m s , k l e b s i e l l a a n d h a e m o p h i l u s . I t i s

a l s o a c t i v e a g a i n s t s o m e G r a m - p o s i t i v e o r g a n i s m s , b u t

i s r e l a t i v e l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e a c t i o n o f p • l a c t a m a s e s .

S t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s s e n s i t i v e t o c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d

g e n t a m i c i n a r e s e n s i t i v e t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a z l o c i l l i n o f e i g h t u g / m l o r l e s s . T h e m a j o r i t y o f

s t r a i n s r e s i s t a n t t o c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d g e n t a m i c i n a r e

s u s c e p t i b l e t o 3 2 u g / m l o f a z l o c i l l i n . T h u s a g a i n s t

p s e u d o m o n a s , a z l o c i l l i n h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t t i m e s

m o r e i n v i t r o a c t i v i t y t h a n c a r b e n i c i l l i n - ^ 4 .

C o m p a r a t i v e k i l l i n g c u r v e s o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d

a z l o c i l l i n s h o w t h a t t h e l a t t e r i s b a c t e r i c i d a l a t

a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t f o l d l o w e r s e r u m l e v e l s - ^ 5 .

T h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s i n

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10 G

n i l q 1: 0110s o i ' p a t i e n t s i n t h e s e s t u d i o n w a s b o t h

s t a t i s t i . c n i l y s i q n i. f i c a n t n n d s u b s t a n t i n i , v n r y i n g

f r o m 2 7 t o 4 G b of : b a s e l i n e v a l u e s . T r i o t h r o e

v a r i a b l e s m e a s u r e d , P E F R , FEV-j_ a n d F V C , a l l i mo r o v e d

t o a s i m i l a r d e g r e e . I n t h e a z l o c i l l i n s t u d y p a t i e n t s

o n b o t h t r e a t m e n t s r e c o r d e d s i g n i f i c a n t s u b j e c t i v e

i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e i r w e l l b e i n g . I t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t

a n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a d o e s h a v e

c l i n i c a l b e n e f i t t o C F p a t i e n t s c h r o n i c a l l y i n f e c t e d

w i t h t h i s o r g a n i s m . A s s u g g e s t e d i n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s ,

e r a d i c a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m t h e s p u t u m w a s

u n c o m m o n . I t w a s s e e n i n o n l y t h r e e p a t i e n t s , a l l i n

t h e s e c o n d s t u d y , a n d w a s t r a n s i e n t .

T h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n d a t a m a y

b e d u e t o h o s p i t a l c a r e a s a w h o l e a n d n o t a r e s u l t o f

c h e m o t h e r a p y ; t h i s i s d i s c u s s e d b e l o w . P a t i e n t

r e c o r d i n g s o n a v i s u a l a n a l o g u e s c a l e a r e s u b j e c t i v e

a n d t h e r e w i l l b e a s t r o n g b i a s t o w a r d s a p o s i t i v e

r e s u l t , a s p a t i e n t s f e e l a n o b l i g a t i o n t o t h e i r

d o c t o r s t o c o m m e n t f a v o u r a b l y o n t h e i r t r e a t m e n t . T h e

i m p r o v e m e n t i n s c o r e s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g a n d m e a n s

l i t t l e e x c e p t s o m e s a t i s f a c t i o n f o r t h e p h y s i c i a n t h a t

h i s p a t i e n t s f e e l b e t t e r . T h e l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n r e g i m e n s i n t h i s r e s p e c t a s w e l l a s t h e

o b j e c t i v e r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n d a t a s t r e n g t h e n s t h e

c a s e f o r t h e r e g i m e n s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d e q u a l l y

e f f e c t i v e . T h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e m e a n t i m e b e f o r e t h e

n e x t a d m i s s i o n f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s a l s o a d d s

w e i g h t t o t h i s c o n c l u s i o n . H o w e v e r t h i s i s q u i t e

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10 7

u n c o n t r o l l e d d a t a ; p a t i e n t s w e r e a d m i t t e d t o t h e

t r i a l s o n s p e c i f i c c r i t e r i a , b u t t h e s e c r i t e r i a w e r e

n o l . a p p l i e d t o l a t e r a d m i s s i o n s .

I n b o t h t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s t h e r e v ; a s n o o b v i o u s

a d v a n t a g e o f o n e a n t i b i o t i c o v e r a n o t h e r , d e s p i t e t h e

• w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g M i e s in_ v i t r o . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e

s e e n c o m p a r i n g g e n t a m i c i n a n d t o b r a m y c i n i n c f - ^ 5 , 1 2 7 ^

I n v i e w o f t h e l a c k o f c l i n i c a l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e m o r e

o o w e r f u l i n v i t r o a n t i b i o t i c , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e

b e n e f i t s e e n w a s n o t d u e t o t h e a n t i b i o t i c s t h e m s e l v e s

b u t d u e t o h o s p i t a l c a r e i n c l u d i n g h y d r a t i o n ,

n u t r i t i o n , r e s t a n d i n t e n s i v e p h y s i o t h e r a p y . A n y

i n t e r c u r r e n t v i r a l i n f e c t i o n w o u l d a l s o r e s o l v e w i t h

t i m e . B e a u d r y e t a l - ^ 3 r a n d o m i s e d . C F p a t i e n t s t o

t r e a t m e n t w i t h c l o x a c i l l i n o r a l l y , ( a c t i v e a g a i n s t

S . a u r e u s b u t i n a c t i v e a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a ) , o r

g e n t a m i c i n a n d c a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n , a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t

p a t i e n t s w h o w e r e h o s p i t a l i s e d a n d t r e a t e d i n t e n s i v e l y

i m p r o v e , a n d t h a t s p e c i f i c a n t i - p s e u d o m o n a l

a n t i b i o t i c s a r e l e s s i m p o r t a n t . H o w e v e r , t h e p a t i e n t s

i n B e a u d r y ' s s t u d y w e r e s e v e r e l y i l l , 1 6 o u t o f 2 2

h a v i n g b a s e l i n e r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n o f l e s s t h a n 2 0 %

p r e d i c t e d , w i t h o n l y 10 p a t i e n t s s h o w i n g a n y r e s p o n s e

t o t r e a t m e n t . H y a t t e t a l ^ - 3 6 c o n d u c t e d a s i m i l a r

c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l o f o x a c i l l i n p l u s s i s o m i c i n a n d

c a r b e n i c i l l i n , v e r s u s o x a c i l l i n a l o n e , i n 2 4

e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f C F p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e i n p a t i e n t s

c h r o n i c a l l y i n f e c t e d w i t h P . a e r u g i n o s a . T h r e e o u t o f

1 5 p a t i e n t s i n t h e ' t r e a t m e n t ' g r o u p ( 2 0 % ) h a d t o b e

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r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s t u d y o r r e q u i r e d f u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t ,

s i . q n i f i c o n t l y l e s s t h a n t h e s e v e n o u t o f n i n e ( 7 8 % ) i n

t h e o x n c i 1 L i n - o n l y g r o u p . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n

i m o r o v e m e n t i n F E Vg w a s a i s o s i q n i f i c a n t . T h e y

c o n c l u d e d t h a t a n t i p s e u d o m o n a l c h e m o t h e r a p y w a s o f

b e n e f i t i n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h i s t r i a l w a s

c o n d u c t e d d o u b l e - b l i n d s o t h a t t h e a u t h o r s c o u l d u s e

' f a i l u r e ' t o r e s p o n d a s a n e n d - p o i n t , o t h e r w i s e t h e

r e s u l t s w o u l d h a v e b e e n s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f B e a u d r y e t

a l ^ - 2 3 , a s n o n e o f t h e c l i n i c a l v a r i a b l e s e x c e p t F E V p

s h o w e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o

g r o u p s . T h e q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d b y t h e s e t r i a l s c a n o n l y

d e f i n i t e l y b e a n s w e r e d w i t h a n p l a c e b o - c o n t r o l l e d

t r i a l , b u t m a n y g r o u p s h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h i s u n e t h i c a l .

T h e u n i q u e d o u b l e - b l i n d , p l a c e b o - c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l

p e r f o r m e d b y W i e n t z e n a n d c o - a u t h o r s i s t h e r e f o r e

w o r t h y o f d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n ^ 7 . o v e r a p e r i o d o f 1 4

m o n t h s t h e y a l l o c a t e d C F p a t i e n t s a d m i t t e d t o h o s p i t a l

t o t r e a t m e n t w i t h e i t h e r t o b r a m y c i n o r p l a c e b o .

P a t i e n t s w i t h ' l i f e - t h r e a t e n i n g ' i l l n e s s w e r e e x c l u d e d

b u t i t i s n o t s t a t e d h o w t h i s c a t e g o r y w a s d e f i n e d .

C l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e w a s d e s c r i b e d l o o s e l y i n t e r m s o f

t h e p a t i e n t s a c t i v i t y , m o o d , a p p e t i t e a n d s p u t u m

p r o d u c t i o n . S p e c i f i c m e a s u r e m e n t s o f P E E R , F E V q a n d

F V C w e r e m a d e a t f i v e d a y i n t e r v a l s w i t h a c h a n g e o f

1 5 % o r g r e a t e r b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d a p o s i t i v e r e s u l t .

T h e t w o g r o u p s o f 1 2 p a t i e n t s w e r e c o m p a r a b l e a t e n t r y

t o t h e s t u d y , a l t h o u g h t h e p l a c e b o g r o u p w e r e y o u n g e r ,

h a d m o r e s e v e r e l y a b n o r m a l c h e s t x - r a y s , a g r e a t e r

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1. 0 9

n u m b e r o f p r e v i o u s h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n : . ' , a n d h a d a

h i g h e r ; i n i t i a l s p u t u m c o l o n y c o u n t o f P . a e r u q i n o s a .

( A l l b u t t h r o e p a t i e n t s w e r e c o l o n i s e d b y

p s e u d o m o n a s ) . T h e s e f a c t o r s w e r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t o b r a m y c i n

t r e a t e d g r o u p h o w e v e r , a n d t h e r e s u l t s i n t h e t w o

g r o u p s w e r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t . E l e v e n p a t i e n t s i n e a c h

g r o u p c o m p l e t e d t h e s t u d y a n d a l l e l e v e n i n t h e

t o b r a m y c i n g r o u p ' r e s p o n d e d 1 c l i n i c a l l y , w i t h

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s i m p r o v i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n

t w o t h i r d s o f t h o s e a b l e t o c o - o p e r a t e . O n l y s e v e n o f

t h e p l a c e b o g r o u p ' r e s p o n d e d ' , n o n e h a d s i g n i f i c a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n a n d t w o d i e d ,

d e s p i t e t h e i n i t i a l e x c l u s i o n o f s e v e r e l y i l l

p a t i e n t s . T w o o f t h e p l a c e b o ' f a i l u r e s ' w e r e

s u c c e s s f u l l y t r e a t e d w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s s u b s e q u e n t l y .

T h e g r e a t e r o v e r a l l c l i n i c a l ' r e s p o n s e ' , a n d r e d u c t i o n

i n s p u t u m P . a e r u g i n o s a c o l o n y c o u n t i n t h e t o b r a m y c i n

g r o u p d i d n o t r e a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , b u t t h e

i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t e s t s d i d r e a c h

s i g n i f i c a n c e d e s p i t e t h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s .

T h e a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e d t h a t u n t i l a b i g g e r t r i a l

p r o v i d e d b e t t e r d a t a , i t w a s a d v i s a b l e t o t r e a t

r e s p i r a t o r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f C F w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s u g g e s t t h a t a l l

o f t h e r e g i m e n s u s e d , a r e e f f e c t i v e . T h e o n e w i t h t h e

l o w e s t i n c i d e n c e o f s i d e e f f e c t s a n d l o w e s t c o s t

s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e u s e d . P e r n a g s t h e t i m e h a s c o m e

f o r a l a r g e p l a c e b o c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l t o a s s e s s t h e

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a n dv a l u e of : h o s p i t a l c a r e a l o n e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h i n

a n t i p s e u d o i n o n a 1 c h o m o t h e r a p y .

a i d e e f f e c t s r e p o r t e d w i t h c a r b o n i c i l . l i n a n d i t s

d e r i v a t i v e t i c a r c i l l i n i n c l u d e a l l e r g i c r e a c t i o n s ,

h a e m o r r h a g i c c y s t i t i s , e o s i n o n h i l i a , d e f e c t i v e

p l a t e l e t a g g r e g a t i o n a n d a l t e r a t i o n s i n l i v e r f u n c t i o n

t e s t s ^ ^ “ 1 2 0 e T h e i n f u s i o n i s v e r y i r r i t a n t t o v e i n s

a n d t h i s m a y b e a p r o b l e m i n y o u n g e r p a t i e n t s . B e r g a n

a n d M i c h a l s e n ^ - ® ® r e p o r t e d t h a t f i v e o u t o f n i n e C F

p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d w i t h a z l o c i l l i n d e v e l o p e d a r a s h ,

w h i l e M i l l e r e t n o t i c e d t h a t s e v e n o u t o f 2 0

p a t i e n t s o n a z l o c i l l i n d e v e l o p e d s y s t e m i c s i d e e f f e c t s

w i t h r a s h e s , p y r e x i a , a r t h r a l g i a a n d l y n v p h a d e n o p a t b y .

I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s n o s i d e e f f e c t s w e r e o b s e r v e d

a n d a l l p e n i c i l l i n s w e r e w e l l t o l e r a t e d . A z l o c i l l i n

h a s t h e p r a c t i c a l a d v a n t a g e s o f a n e i g h t h o u r d o s e

i n t e r v a l a n d c a n b e g i v e n a t t h e s a m e o c c a s i o n a s t h e

a m i n o g l y c o s i d e b y t h e n u r s i n g s t a f f . T h e l o w s o d i u m

c o n t e n t ( 2 * 1 7 m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t s / g r a m ) , a p p r o x i m a t e l y

h a l f t h a t o f t i c a r c i l l i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n , m a y b e

u s e f u l i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c a r d i o r e s p i r a t o r y f a i l u r e a n d

f l u i d r e t e n t i o n .

T h e s e r u m l e v e l s o f a z l o c i l l i n , t i c a r c i l l i n a n d

c a r b e n i c i l l i n a c h i e v e d a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s i n f u s i o n s o f

f i v e g r a m s o f e a c h d r u g w e r e h i g h , a n d c o m p a r a b l e w i t h

v a l u e s f r o m o t h e r s t u d i e s o n C F p a t i e n t s , a n d o t h e r

i n d i v i d u a l s ^ - ^ ® r122 , 1 3 8 - 1 4 0 ̂ j n a r e v i e w o f a n t i b i o t i c

t h e r a p y i n C F , S m i t h - ^ l r e v i e w e d p h a r m a c o k i n e t i c

s t u d i e s o f p e n c i l l i n s a n d a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s i n C F

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c h i l d r e n . Peak si^rum c or i c e n t r a i i i o n : . ; w e r e lowc-r f o r C f’

c h i l d r e n khan c o n c r o l c , o r i m a r . i l y rlnc t o i n c r e a s e d

r e n a l , e x c r e t i o n . A s t u d y on a z l o c i 1 1 in in CP c h i l d r e n

'3howod a s i m i l a r r e r u . l t ^ ' - ® . In t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s in

a d u l t s , s e r u m l e v e l s o f a l l t h r o e p e n i c i l l i n s w e r e

c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h o s e f o u n d in n o r m a l a d u l t s .

T h e k i n e t i c s o f a n t i b i o t i c d i f f u s i o n f r o m t h e

c i r c u l a t i o n i n t o t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t c a n n o t b e

s t u d i e d w i t h o u t i n v a s i v e p r o c e d u r e s , s o m o s t h u m a n

s t u d i e s u s e s p u t u m l e v e l s o f d r u g s a s a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n

t o l e v e l s i n b r o n c h i a l s e c r e t i o n s . T h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f

a n a n t i b i o t i c i n t o s p u t u m d e p e n d s o n m a n y f a c t o r s : t h e

p h y s i c o c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d r u g , i t s b i n d i n g t o

s e r u m a n d t i s s u e p r o t e i n s , i n f l a m m a t i o n o f t h e m u c o s a l

e p i t h e l i u m i n t h e c a s e o f p e n i c i l l i n s , a n d t h e n a t u r e

o f s p u t u m i t s e l f . S a g g e r s a n d L a w s o n s h o w e d t h a t

t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t o s p u t u m i n v i v o w a s

d e p e n d e n t o n m o l e c u l a r s i z e a n d w a s n o t d i r e c t l y

r e l a t e d t o s e r u m l e v e l s . I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t

l i p o p h i l i c m o l e c u l e s p e n e t r a t e s p u t u m m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y

t h a n l y p o p h o b . i c o n e s * “̂ . O n c e p r e s e n t i n s p u t u m ,

l e v e l s o f a n t i b i o t i c s m e a s u r e d i n b i o a s s a y m a y b e a n

u n d e r e s t i m a t e f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . P u r u l e n t s p u t u m

r e d u c e s t h e i n v i t r o a c t i v i t y o f g e n t a m i c i n a n d

p o l y m i x i n s b u t n o t c a r b e n i c i l l i n ^ ^ ^ . I n v i v o a

p e n i c i l l i n - i n a c t i v a t i n g a g e n t d e r i v e d f r o m h o s t

l e u c o t y e s m a y b e p r e s e n t i n p u s ^ ^ . A m i n o g l y c o s i d e s

a r e a f f e c t e d b y t h e p H , c a l c i u m a n d DMA c o n t e n t o f

1.1 I

s p u t u m - ^ l , a n d b a c t e r i a l b e t a - l a c t a m a s e s m a y

Page 112: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

I

i n a c t i v a t a s a n s i t i u e p e n i c i 1 1 i n s e n d c e p h a l o s o o r i n :•>.

T h e hi e a . s u r o d p e n e t r a t i o n o f p o n e i l l . i n s i n t o C F s p u t u m

i n t h o s e s t u d i e s w a s v e r y l e v ; . T a b l e X I I I s h o w s t h e

s p u t u m . l e v e l s a c h i e v e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e s u l t s L: r o m

o t h e r a u t h o r s . I n a l l c a s e s s p u t u m l e v e l s w e r e l e s s

t h a n 1 0 % o f p e a t s e r u m l e v e l s , u s u a l l y i n t h e r a n g e

0 - 4 % . F a i l u r e t o e r a d i c a t e p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m t h e

s p u t u m o f C F p a t i e n t s h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o p o o r

s p u t u m p e n e t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c , a n d t h i s m a y i n d e e d

b e a f a c t o r . H o w e v e r , i t s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r s p u t u m l e v e l s c a n b e a c h i e v e d

' whe n t h e s e d r u g s a r e g i v e n b y t h e i n t r a v e n o u s r o u t e ,

a s e v e n l a r g e i n t r a v e n o u s d o s e s p r o d u c e l o w s p u t u m

l e v e l s . H i g h e r a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s i n s p u t u m m i g h t b e

o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g a d i f f e r e n t r o u t e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,

t h a t i s b y i n h a l a t i o n d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e a i r w a y s .

S e v e r a l o f t h e s t u d i e s r e v i e w e d i n T a b l e I I I

c o m m e n t o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n t i b i o t i c - r e s i s t a n t

s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f

c h e m o t h e r a p y . H u a n g e t a l ^ Q a l s o c o m m e n t e d o n t h e

i n c r e a s e i n r e s i s t a n t k l e b s i e l l a i s o l a t e d . I n t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d i e s t h e i n c i d e n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e w a s l o w ,

a n d m o s t c u l t u r e s r e v e r t e d t o s e n s i t i v i t y b y t h e t h r e e

m o n t h f o l l o w - u p .

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TABLE XIII

SPUTUM LEVELS OF PENICILLINS AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION INCYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

Study 111

IV antibiotic and dose

Mean sputum level (fig/ml)

Sputum/ [leak serum level

GO

Huang 501I Carbonic i11 in Only detectable in

e t a 1, 1971 11

90 mg/kg/dose 2 of 8 patients

Marks 120 11 Carbenic i11 in 78 3*6

e t al, 1971 11

60 tng/kg/dose

Parry 122 11 Ticarci1 lin 4*9 2*7

et al, 1977 11

50 mg/kg/dose

Malmborg11 Azloci 11 in 1-5 - 38 0*4 to 9*5

et ai, 1981 11

200 mg/kg

Levy 147 11 Azloci 11 in 0*5 - 4 0*4 to 2*8

e t a 1, 1981 1 40 mg/kg Only detectable in11

34 of 111 samples.

Present11 Carbenici1lin

studies 1 5 gm/dose1 a) v | ticarcillin trial 2* 1 - 6*6 0*7 to 2*4

1 b) vi azlocillin trial 4*6 - 8*9 1*5 to 2*9iI Ticarcillin 5 gm/dose 1 2*4 - 4*7 0*8 to 1-51| Azlocillin 5 gin/doseI1

2 * 2 - 3 * 2 0 * 4 t o 0 * 5

Page 114: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

SUMMARY

C y s t i c f i b r o s l s p a t i e n t s w i t h P . a e r u a i n o s a

i. n f e c t i. o n w 11 o e >: n e r i e n c e d an a c u t !a e x a c e r b a t i o n o

r e s o i r a t o r y s ym p t oms wer e t r e a t e d f o r t e n d a y s wi

i n t r a v e n o u s g e n t a m i c i n , and one o f t h r e e p e n i c i l l i n s ,

a z . l o c L l l . i n , t i c a r c i l l i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n . S i g n i f i c a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t s i n mean PEFR, F.EV| and FVC w e r e s e e n w i t h

a l l r e g i m e n s . T h e r e V7as l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

t r e a t m e n t s , d e s p i t e t h e w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g M I C ' s f o r

P . a e r u g i n o s a o f t h e t h r e e p e n i c i l l i n s . Se r um l e v e l s

o f a n t i b i o t i c s w e r e a d e q u a t e , b u t s p u t u m p e n e t r a t i o n

was p o o r . T h e r e wa s no t o x i c i t y o r s i d e - e f f e c t f r o m

t r e a t m e n t . A n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s e m e r g e d i n a s m a l l number o f p a t i e n t s b u t

a l l c u l t u r e s r e v e r t e d t o f u l l s e n s i t i v i t y by t h r e e

m o n t h s .

Mo d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e d e g r e e o f i m p r o v e m e n t i n

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n c o u l d be d e m o n s t r a t e d b e t w e e n t h e

d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t r e g i m e n s . F a c t o r s s u c h a s

t o x i c i t y , s o d i u m l e v e l , c o s t and c o n v e n i e n c e o f

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c a n t h e r e f o r e be c o n s i d e r e d i n

s e l e c t i n g t h e a n t i b i o t i c r e g i m e n f o r f u t u r e u s e .

Page 115: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

Chapter 5

TREATMENT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN CHRONICPULMONARY DISEASE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS BY

AEROSOL ANTIBIOTICS

Page 116: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

A . I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e i: a t i o n a t o f o r L h e i: o 1 1 ow i n q w o r k w a a 13 a a < ̂ d o n

t h o t w o p r e m i s e r , d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 4 . P i 1: s t: 1. y f

t h a t p s e u d o m o n a s c o l o n i s a t i o n of : t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t

i s c a u s a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n o f C F p a t i e n t s , a n d s e c o n d l y ,

t h a t a l t h o u g h s h o r t i n t r a v e n o u s c o u r s e s of :

c h e m o t h e r a p y d o n o t e r a d i c a t e t h e p a t h o g e n , t h e y d o

h a v e a t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t . C h e m o t h e r a p y a g a i n s t

P . a e r u g i n o s a g i v e n o v e r a l o n g e r p e r i o d o f t i m e m i g h t

t h e r e f o r e b e b e n e f i c i a l t o C F p a t i e n t s . T h e r e a r e n o

o r a l a n t i b i o t i c s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t P . a e r u g i n o s a a p a r t

f r o m t h e c a r b e n i c i l l i n e s t e r , c a r f e c i l l i n , w h i c h i s

h y d r o l y s e d i n t h e u r i n e t o r e l e a s e c a r b e n i c i 1.1 i n a n d

m a y b e u s e d t o t r e a t u r i n a r y t r a c t i n f e c t i o n s o n l y .

T o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f l o n g - t e r m o u t - p a t i e n t u s e o f

c h e m o t h e r a p y a g a i n s t p s e u d o m o n a s , i t w a s t h e r e f o r e

d e c i d e d t o g i v e t h e a n t i b i o t i c s b y a e r o s o l .

B . LITERATURE REVIEW

P r o m i n g i v e n b y a e r o s o l t o g u i n e a p i g s w a s

d e m o n s t r a t e d t o p r e v e n t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

t u b e r c u l o s i s i n e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s b y B a r a c h e t

ail48. P e n i c i l l i n a e r o s o l s w e r e u s e d i n t h e l a t e

1 9 4 0 s o n p a t i e n t s w i t h C F a n d a s h o r t t e r m b e n e f i t w a s

n o t e d / ' - ® • A e r o s o l s o f n e o m y c i n , g e n t a m i c i n ,

c a r b e n i c i l l i n , c o l i s t i n a n d o t h e r a n t i b i o t i c s h a v e

Page 117: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

1.17

b o o n u s e d i n CP on an ' a d h o c ' b a s i n , but : L h e r o hnvr>

boon no i": o r ,• a a 1. t: r L a 1. s r e p o r t : ed on t hc ua o o i: a a r oa o 1

a n l: i. blot" L o s in t h i s c o n d i t i o n .

I n h a l e d a n t i b i o t i c s h a v e be en a i. von t o a nun b e t o f

q n o u n s o l p a t i e n t s w i t h a t r a c h e o s t o m y t o c o m b a t

G r a m - n e q a t i v e i n f e c t i o n . b e e p e r e t a l - 1- 4 ^ s h o w e d t h a t

a n a e r o s o l o f p o l y m i x i n p r e v e n t e d c o l o n i s a t i o n o f t h e

r e s p i r a t o r y t r e e b y p s e u d o m o n a s i n p o l i o m y e l i t i s

p a t i e n t s w i t h a t r a c h e o s t o m y . K l a t e r s k y a n d

c o - w o r k e r s t u d i e d t h e e n d o t r a c h e a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

o f g e n t a m i c i n t o u n c o n s c i o u s p a t i e n t s w i t h a

t r a c h e o s t o m y a d m i t t e d t o a n e u r o s u r g i c a l u n i t .

G e n t a m i c i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d t h e i n c i d e n c e o f

c o l o n i s a t i o n o f t r a c h e a l s e c r e t i o n s b y G r a m - n e g a t i v e

r o d s , a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l l y p r o v e n e p i s o d e s o f r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t

i n f e c t i o n w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h p l a c e b o i n s t i l l a t i o n o f

s a l i n e . T h e e m e r g e n c e o f g e n t a m i c i n r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s

o f p s e u d o m o n a s a n d k l e b s i e l l a , p r o m p t e d t h e s a m e g r o u p

t o c o m p a r e g e n t a m i c i n w i t h a n e n d o t r a c h e a l r e g i m e n o f

k a n a m y c i n a n d p o l y m i x i n B , a n d t h i s w a s a l s o f o u n d t o

b e e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c i n g c o l o n i s a t i o n o f t h e t r a c h e a l

s e c r e t i o n s b y G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a ^ i . G e n t a m i c i n

a n d c o l i s t i n w e r e g i v e n b y d i r e c t e n d o t r a c h e a l

i n s t i l l a t i o n t o p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c p u r u l e n t

b r o n c h i a l i n f e c t i o n b y P i n e s e t a l l 5 2 V/ i t h s o m e

s u c c e s s .

I n c o n t r a s t t o d i r e c t e n d o t r a c h e a l i n s t i l l a t i o n ,

p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s o n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s

Page 118: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

b y n o b u I. L/; : :) r a r c - s c a r c e . R o s e e t a 1., .1.f! 7 0 1 5 3 t r e a t e d

20 a d u l t m a l e s w i t h b r o n c h o n u . l m o n a r v d i s e a s e a n d

G r a n - n e q a t i v e o r g a n i s m s i n t h e s p u t u m w i t h c o l i s t i n

t h r e e t i m e s d a i l y b y a e r o s o l . T h e s e p a t i e n t s v/o r c

m a i n l y s u f l i e r i n g f r o m c h r o n i c , o b s t r u c t i v e p u l m o n a r y

d i s e a s e o r b r o n c h i e c t a s i s , b u t t h r e e h a d a s p i r a t i o n

p n e u m o n i a s f o l l o w i n g n e u r o s u r g e r y . T h e y r e p o r t e d a

s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f s p u t u m b a c t e r i a l c o l o n y

c o u n t s . i n 1 8 o u t o f 2 0 p a t i e n t s , b u t i n s e v e n p a t i e n t

t h e r e w a s r e c u r r e n c e o f p r e t r e a t m e n t o r g a n i s m s

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w a s s t o p p e d , a n d i n t h r e e

p a t i e n t s s t r a i n s r e s i s t a n t t o c o l i s t i n e m e r g e d d u r i n g

t h e c o u r s e o f t r e a t m e n t .

C . A I M S

! 8

T h e a i m s o f t h i s s t u d y w e r e : - t o e v a l u a t e t h e

l o n g - t e r m u s e o f a n t i p s e u d o m o n a l a n t i b i o t i c s g i v e n b y

t h e a e r o s o l r o u t e t o C F p a t i e n t s c h r o n i c a l l y i n f e c t e d

w i t h P . a e r u g i n o s a ; t o m e a s u r e a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s i n

s e r u m a n d s p u t u m a f t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b y a e r o s o l ; t o

a s s e s s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n t i b i o t i c - r e s i s t a n c e i n

P . a e r u g i n o s a d u r i n g t h e u s e o f a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s ,

a n d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i z e

i n t h e a e r o s o l s g e n e r a t e d .

Page 119: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

1 1 9

13. M E T H O D S A N D R E S U L T S

l. CLINICAL TRIAL OK AEROSOL GENTAMICIN AND

CAR PENICILLIN

n ) P a t i e n t s a n d M e t h o d s

T w e n t y p a t i e n t s , 1 1 m a l e s a n i l 9 f e m a l e s , a q e r a n g e

1 5 t o 4 2 y e a r s , e n t e r e d t h e s t u d y . A l l h a d C F b y t h e

c r i t e r i a d e f i n e d i n C h a p t e r 3 , a n d a l l h a d

P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e s p u t u m f o r a t l e a s t s i r

m o n t h s b e f o r e t h e t r i a l . Mo p a t i e n t h a d r e c e i v e d

i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y d u r i n g t h e f o r t n i g h t b e f o r e

t h e t r i a l .

T h e d e s i g n o f t h e t r i a l w a s a d o u b l e - b l i n d ,

p l a c e b o - c o n t r o l l e d , r a n d o m i s e d , c r o s s - o v e r s t u d y ,

p a t i e n t s a c t i n g a s t h e i r o w n c o n t r o l . E a c h t r e a t m e n t

p e r i o d w a s f o r s i x m o n t h s a n d p a t i e n t s w e r e r a n d o m l y

a l l o c a t e d t o a c t i v e o r p l a c e b o t r e a t m e n t s f i r s t .

A c t i v e t r e a t m e n t c o n s i s t e d o f g e n t a m i c i n 8 0 m g , a n d

c a r b e n i c i l l i n 1 g r a m , b o t h g i v e n t w i c e d a i l y . T h e

d o s e o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n c h o s e n w a s t h e m a x i m u m a m o u n t

t h a t c o u l d b e d i s s o l v e d i n 4 m i s o f w a t e r f o r

n e b u l i s a t i o n . T h e d o s e o f g e n t a m i c i n c h o s e n w a s t h e

s t a n d a r d i n t r a v e n o u s d o s e . T r e a t m e n t w a s g i v e n t w i c e

d a i l y ; m o r e f r e q u e n t l y w o u l d h a v e b e e n t o o g r e a t a n

i m p o s i t i o n o n t h e p a t i e n t ' s d a i l y l i f e . T w o p l a c e b o s

m a t c h i n g t h e a c t i v e p r e p a r a t i o n s i n a p p e a r a n c e w e r e

u s e d a n d c a r e w a s t a k e n t o a d j u s t t h e t a s t e a n d

t o n i c i t y o f t h e c a r b e n i c i l l i n p l a c e b o t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h a t o f t h e a c t i v e d r u g .

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19(|

T hc) nebs1. ier aopa ra fc ua con s i a i;ed of an a i r

co:nnr(]",soi;, 'Bird1 m icr onc’nu 1 l x r-j c ( 3M UK Ltd), Ambu

valve, and length of corrupatcd tubing so that: exhaled

antibiotics could be di a charged out ol: a window.

F i g u r e 9 s h o w s t h e n e b u l i z e r a p p a r a t u s . T h r e e a i r

c o m p r e s s o r s w e r e u s e d , M e d i x M i n o r I I , a n d WOBL p u m p

( M e d i x L i m i t e d ) a n d t h e C F l A ( A e r o s o l P r o d u c t s

L i m i t e d ) . P a t i e n t s w e r e i n s t r u c t e d f i r s t t o p e r f o r m

t h e i r p h y s i o t h e r a p y a s u s u a l , a n d t h e n t o i n h a l e e a c h

a n t i b i o t i c s e p a r a t e l y , w a s h i n g t h e n e b u l i s e r a f t e r

u s e . G e n t a m i c i n o r i t s p l a c e b o w a s i n h a l e d f i r s t ,

f o l l o w e d b y c a r b e n i c i l l i n o r i t s p l a c e b o . T h e

e q u i p m e n t w a s s t e r i l i s e d i n M i l t o n s o l u t i o n o n c e a

w e e k . U s e o f t h e A m b u - v a l v e a n d t u b i n g r e d u c e d t h e

r i s k o f s e n s i t i s a t i o n o f o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e f a m i l y

t o p e n i c i l l i n s , a n d r e d u c e d t h e s m e l l i n t h e p a t i e n t ' s

r o o m .

An o u t - p a t i e n t a s s e s s m e n t w a s m a d e a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t r i a l a n d m o n t h l y t h r o u g h o u t i t s

c o u r s e . A t e a c h v i s i t a h i s t o r y w a s t a k e n a n d t h e

p a t i e n t e x a m i n e d . P e a k e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e ( P E F R )

w a s r e c o r d e d a s t h e b e s t o f t h r e e a t t e m p t s o n a W r i g h t

P e a k F l o w M e t e r . F o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y v o l u m e i n o n e

s e c o n d ( F E V g ) a n d f o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y ( F V C ) w e r e

r e c o r d e d o n a b e l l o w s s p i r o m e t e r ( V i t a l o g r a p h ) .

S p u t u m s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d a t e a c h a t t e n d a n c e w e r e s e n t

f o r c u l t u r e , a n d o r g a n i s m s i s o l a t e d w e r e t e s t e d f o r

a n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y b y t h e S t o k e s c o m p a r a t i v e d i s c

m e t h o d 1 2 9 .

Page 121: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

1 2 1

*

\

F I G U R E 9

Page 122: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

I f , d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s t u d y , t h e p a t i e n t

w a s a d m i t t e d t o h o s p i t a l w i t h a n a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n o f

s y m p t o m s , a 1 0 d a y c o u r s e o f i n t r a v e n o u s g e n t a m i c i n

a n d c a r b o n i c ! l l i n w a s g i v e n , a n d t h e t r i a l a e r o s o l

c o n t i n u e d b l i n d l y . A t t h e e n d o f t h e t r i a l b o t h

d o c t o r a n d p a t i e n t g a v e s u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t s o f t h e

p r e f e r r e d t r e a t m e n t b e f o r e t h e c o d e w a s b r o k e n . An

a u d i o g r a m was p e r f o r m e d o n e a c h p a t i e n t u s i n g a

A m p l i v o x a u d i o m e t e r ( A m p l i v o x , M i d d l e s e x ) .

b ) R e s u l t s

T h r e e p a t i e n t s w e r e w i t h d r a w n ; o n e d u r i n g t h e

f i r s t m o n t h w i t h a r a s h ( o n p l a c e b o l i m b ) , o n e w i t h

r e s p i r a t o r y f a i l u r e r e q u i r i n g m a x i m u m t h e r a p y ( o n

p l a c e b o l i m b ) , a n d o n e w i t h b i l a t e r a l p n e u m o t h o r a c e s

t h a t r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n ( a c t i v e l i m b ) . ' I n

t h e c a s e o f a f o u r t h p a t i e n t , t h e c o d e w a s b r o k e n a t

m o n t h 1 0 b e c a u s e h e r c o n d i t i o n h a d d r a m a t i c a l l y

i m p r o v e d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 6 m o n t h s o f t r e a t m e n t a n d

d e t e r i o r a t e d r a p i d l y d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d 4 m o n t h s w i t h

t w o h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s . T h i s p a t i e n t r e f u s e d t o

c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e s e c o n d p r e p a r a t i o n ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) . T h e

s u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t s a t t h e e n d o f t h e t r i a l a r e

s h o w n i n T a b l e X I V . N o p a t i e n t p r e f e r r e d t h e p l a c e b o .

T a b l e X V s h o w s t h e r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n r e s u l t s . M e a n

P E F R , FEV]_ a n d F V C w e r e a l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r

d u r i n g t h e a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d . S o m e p a t i e n t s h a d

a g r e a t e r r e s p o n s e t h a n o t h e r s ; i n 1 5 o u t o f 1 7

p a t i e n t s m e a n F E V i w a s h i g h e r d u r i n g t h e a c t i v e

t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d t h a n d u r i n g t h e p l a c e b o , a n d t h i s

1 2 2

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123

FIGURE 10

CF PATIENT USING AEROSOL ANTIBIOTIC

Page 124: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

AEROSOL ANTIBIOTIC TRIAL: PREFERENCE OF PATIENT AND DOCTORFOR ACTIVE TREATMENT OR PLACEBO

n = 17

I PATIENT | DOCTOR

ACTIVE 1 14 | 12

PLACEBO 1 o | 1

UNCERTAIN 1 3 | 4

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125

TABLE XV

AEROSOL ANTIBIOTIC TRIAL: RESPIRATORY FUNCTION DATA

ACTIVE' PLACEBO+ Statistical analysis Student's unpaired T test

Mean FEVx ml 1566 1300 P < 0-001

Mean FVC ml 2656 2314 p <0*02

Mean PEFR 1/min 323 283 p < 0-001

* 17 patients had monthly recordings on six occasions- total 102 assessments.

+ 16 patients had monthly recordings on six occasions and one had monthly recordings on four occasions- total 100 assessments.

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126

r e a c h e d . s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n n i n e c a s e s . M e a n

F V C w a s h i g h e r i n t h e a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d i n .16

p a t i e n t s , s i g n i f : i c a n t l y s o i n s e v e n , a n d t h e s e r e s u l t s

a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 1 . F o u r t e e n p a t i e n t s h a d a

h i g h e r m e a n P E F R o n a c t i v e a e r o s o l , a n d t h i s r e a c h e d

s i g n i f i c a n c e i n s e v e n . N o p a t i e n t h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t

i m p r o v e m e n t i n F E V ^ , F V C o r P E F R w h i l e r e c e i v i n g

p l a c e b o .

T h r e e p a t i e n t s w e r e a d m i t t e d t o h o s p i t a l f o r

i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y w h i l e r e c e i v i n g a n t i b i o t i c

a e r o s o l a n d s e v e n w h i l e r e c e i v i n g p l a c e b o . A u d i o g r a m s

w e r e n o r m a l i n a l l c a s e s . P . a e r u g i n o s a w a s i s o l a t e d

f r o m a l l s p u t u m s a m p l e s f r o m a l l p a t i e n t s t h r o u g h o u t

t h e s t u d y . I n s a m p l e s f r o m o n e i n d i v i d u a l t h e r e w e r e

g e n t a m i c i n - r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m s b e f o r e , d u r i n g a n d

a f t e r t h e s t u d y . S h e w a s i n c l u d e d i n t h e t r i a l a s h e r

t w i n s i s t e r t o w h o m s h e w a s v e r y a t t a c h e d w a s a l r e a d y

p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e s t u d y , a n d t h i s p a t i e n t i n f a c t

h a d a g o o d r e s p o n s e d e s p i t e t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f h e r

o r g a n i s m . ( T h e s e t w i n s w e r e a l s o u n d e r t h e c a r e o f D r

A G C h a p p e l l o f B r i g e n d H o s p i t a l ) N o p a t i e n t d e v e l o p e d

g e n t a m i c i n r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m s . P s e u d o m o n a s r e s i s t a n t

t o c a r b e n i c i l l i n w a s i s o l a t e d t r a n s i e n t l y i n t w o

p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t , t w o d u r i n g t h e

p l a c e b o p e r i o d a n d i n t w o d u r i n g b o t h p e r i o d s . A l l

c u l t u r e s r e v e r t e d t o f u l l s e n s i t i v i t y d u r i n g t h e

c o u r s e o f t h e t r i a l .

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FVC

(ml)

1 2 7

F O R C E D V I T A L C A P A C I T Y R E C O R D I N G S O F S E V E N C F P A T I E N T ' S

U S I N G A E R O S O L A N T I B I O T I C S AND P L A C E B O

F I G U R E 1 1

— M ean±SD • Active o Placebo ▼ 0 .0 1 > P > 0 .0 0 1 * P < 0 .001

Page 128: BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION WITH PSEUDOMONAS … · c) Psychosocial aspects. B. BRONCHOPULMONARY INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS 36 1. Bacterial infection 2. Infection caused by viruses

F i g u r e 1 2 s h o w s t h e r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n

r e c o r d i n g s t o r o n e p a t i e n t w h o w a s a d m i t t e d t o

h o s p i t a l t w i c e f o r i n t r a v e n o u s c h e m o t h e r a p y s h o r t l y

b e f o r e t h e t r i a l . H e d r e w a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t f i r s t w i t h

a g o o d c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e , b u t d e t e r i o r a t e d d u r i n g t h e

p l a c e b o p e r i o d a n d w a s r e a d m i t t e d . A t t h e e n d o f t h e

s t u d y h e w a s r e - s t a r t e d o n a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t a n d h i s

c o n d i t i o n i m p r o v e d ,

c ) D i s c u s s i o n

A e r o s o l t r e a t m e n t w i t h c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d

g e n t a m i c i n o v e r a s i x m o n t h p e r i o d p r o d u c e d

s i g n i f i c a n t o b j e c t i v e i m p r o v e m e n t i n l u n g f u n c t i o n i n

a g r o u p o f 1 7 C F p a t i e n t s w i t h m o d e r a t e l y s e v e r e

d i s e a s e . T h e r a n d o m i s e d , c r o s s - o v e r d e s i g n m i n i m i s e s

v a r i a t i o n i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n d u e t o t h e s e a s o n ,

o r t o n a t u r a l p r o g r e s s i o n o f t h e d i s e a s e i t s e l f .

S o m e b e n e f i t w a s o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r i a l b y

t h e d i s c i p l i n e o f t h e r e g i m e n w h i c h c o m p e l l e d p a t i e n t s

t o p a y a t t e n t i o n t o r e g u l a r p h y s i o t h e r a p y . T h e u s e o f

a n i s o s m o t i c p l a c e b o w i t h a n i d e n t i c a l s o d i u m c o n t e n t

e l i m i n a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f h u m i d i f i c a t i o n a n d t h e

r e d u c t i o n o f v i s c o s i t y o f b r o n c h i a l s e c r e t i o n s b y

s o d i u m c h l o r i d e .

T h e c o n t e n t o f a n a e r o s o l m a y b e i r r i t a n t t o t h e

l u n g , D a l l y a n d c o - w o r k e r s l 5 4 d e m o n s t r a t e d a f a l l i n

F E V g o f 2 0 % , o r m o r e i n s e v e n o u t o f 1 8 a s t h m a t i c

s u b j e c t s g i v e n 8 0 m g o f g e n t a m i c i n i n 2 m l s o f a v e h i c l e

b y n e b u l i z e r . T h e s e r e a c t i o n s a l s o o c c u r r e d w i t h

i n h a l a t i o n o f t h e v e h i c l e a l o n e a n d w e r e n o t p r e v e n t e d

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1 2 9

FIGURE 12

CF PATIENT USING AEROSOL ANTIBIOTIC

. 1979 1980▼ = iv. Carbenicillin & Gentamicin

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130

b y s o d i u m c r o m o g l y c a t e , s u g g e s t i n g a d i r e c t i r r i t a n t

e l : I f e c t o l r t h e v e h i c l e i n s u s c e p t i b l e p a t i e n t s . N o

s u c h a c u t e r e a c t i o n s o c c u r r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y

d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y C F p a t i e n t s h a v e b r o n c h i a l

l a b i l i t y ^ . S u c h r e a c t i o n s w o u l d h a v e t e n d e d t o

r e d u c e t h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n P E F R a n d FEV-^ s e e n o n t h e

a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t . T h e g e n t a m i c i n s u l p h a t e u s e d i n t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s p r o v i d e d b y R o u s s e l L a b o r a t o r i e s

w h i l e t h a t u s e d b y D a l l y e t a l w a s f r o m t h e S o b e r i n g

C o r p o r a t i o n ; t h e v e h i c l e s u s e d b y t h e s e c o m p a n i e s m a y

b e d i f f e r e n t . A l s o , i n t h e s t u d y b y D a l l y e t a l

p a t i e n t s h a d s t o p p e d a l l b r o n c h o d i l a t o r s f o r 7 2 h o u r s ,

w h e r e a s a n y p a t i e n t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w h o h a d

r e v e r s i b l e a i r w a y s o b s t r u c t i o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n u s i n g

b r o n c h o d i l a t o r s r e g u l a r l y .

T h e r e w a s a t r e n d t o w a r d s a r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y o f

h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s o n t h e a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t , b u t

n u m b e r s w e r e s m a l l . T h e s u b j e c t i v e d a t a o n p a t i e n t

a n d d o c t o r p r e f e r e n c e f o r a c t i v e o r p l a c e b o t r e a t m e n t

s h o w s a c l e a r r e j e c t i o n o f t h e p l a c e b o . H o w e v e r

a l t h o u g h t h e s t u d y w a s p e r f o r m e d b l i n d , b o t h p a t i e n t

a n d d o c t o r w e r e w e l l a w a r e o f t h e p a t i e n t ' s

p e r f o r m a n c e s o n s p i r o m e t e r a n d p e a k f l o w m e t e r , w h i c h

i n t r o d u c e s a s t r o n g b i a s f o r c o r r e l a t i o n o f p r e f e r e n c e

w i t h t h e p e r i o d o f h i g h e r r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n .

S i x p a t i e n t s d e v e l o p e d c a r b e n i c i l l i n - r e s i s t a n t

o r g a n i s m s d u r i n g t h e s t u d y , i n t w o c a s e s t h i s o c c u r r e d

d u r i n g t h e a c t i v e p e r i o d a n d o n e c a s e i n t h e p l a c e b o

p e r i o d f o l l o w i n g a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t . T h i s r e s i s t a n c e

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131

m a y b e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a e r o s o l u s e , b u t i n t h e o t h e r

Ccises r e s i s t a n c e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l p l a c e b o

p e r i o d .

T h i s s t u d y i s t h e f i r s t c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l oLr

a e r o s o l c h e m o t h e r a p y f o r p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n i n C F ,

a n d t h e o n l y s t u d y o f a e r o s o l t h e r a p y t o s h o w

o b j e c t i v e i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e p a t i e n t ' s c o n d i t i o n . T h e

o n l y o t h e r p l a c e b o - c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l o f a e r o s o l

c h e m o t h e r a p y i n C F c o n c e r n e d t h e r o l e o f S . a u r e u s

i n f e c t i o n i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f t h e d i s e a s e . T h e

H o s p i t a l f o r S i c k C h i l d r e n i n T o r o n t o h a s f o r s o m e

y e a r s u s e d a e r o s o l c e p h a l o r i d i n e , c o m b i n e d w i t h o r a l

c l o x a c i l l i n , a s c o n t i n u o u s a n t i s t a p h y l o c o c c a l

p r o p h y l a x i s . I n a t w o y e a r p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y t h i s w a s

c o m p a r e d w i t h o r a l c l o x a c i l l i n a l o n e i n 4 7 p a t i e n t s

w i t h m i l d t o m o d e r a t e d i s e a s e . T h e r e w e r e n o

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o g r o u p s i n

c l i n i c a l s c o r e , c h e s t x - r a y s c o r e , p u l m o n a r y f u n c t i o n

t e s t s o r h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s , a n d t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f

t h e d i s e a s e s e e m e d u n e f f e c t e d . C a r r i a g e r a t e s o f

S . a u r e u s a n d P . a e r u g i n o s a w e r e s i m i l a r , w h i l e t h a t o f

H . i n f l u e n z a e w a s l o w e r i n t h e g r o u p r e c e i v i n g

a e r o s o l l 5 5 # A e r o s o l c e p h a l o r i d i n e h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n

d i s c o n t i n u e d i n T o r o n t o , w i t h t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t

p r o p h y l a x i s f o r s t a p h y l o c o c c a l i n f e c t i o n b y w h a t e v e r

r o u t e s h o u l d p e r h a p s b e l o o k e d a t a g a i n .

T h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f a e r o s o l t h e r a p y f o r t h e

p a t i e n t a r e g r e a t . I t i s t i m e - c o n s u m i n g t a k i n g a t

l e a s t 20 m i n u t e s t w i c e d a i l y , a n d r e q u i r i n g t h e

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1 3 2

c l e a n i n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e e q u i p m e n t . I t i s

e x p e n s i v e i n t e r m s o f t h e c o s t o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s o v e r

a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d , a l t h o u g h t h e c a p i t a l c o s t o f t h e

e q u i p m e n t i s o n l y a b o u t £ 1 0 0 ( 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e m a j o r

b e n e f i t i s i n t h e r e d u c t i o n o f h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s , a

s o c i a l g a i n t o t h e p a t i e n t a n d a f i n a n c i a l g a i n t o t h e

H e a l t h S e r v i c e . T h e g a i n f o r t h e p a t i e n t i n t e r m s o f

i m p r o v e d w e l l - b e i n g o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d i s i m p o s s i b l e

t o q u a n t i f y . H o w e v e r , a l l t h o s e t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e

t r i a l e l e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e a c t i v e p r e p a r a t i o n a t

t h e e n d o f t h e s t u d y .

2 . L O N G - T E R M U S E O F A E R O S O L A N T I B I O T I C S I N A D U L T S WI T H

C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S

T h e r e i s a r i s k o f i n d u c i n g a n t i b i o t i c - r e s i s t a n t

o r g a n i s m s w i t h a n y l o n g - t e r m c h e m o t h e r a p y . T h i s w a s

n o t a p r o b l e m i n t h e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t c l i n i c a l t r i a l

j u s t d e s c r i b e d , b u t i t w a s d e c i d e d t o l o o k

r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y a t a l l p a t i e n t s w h o h a d r e c e i v e d s u c h

t r e a t m e n t t o a s s e s s t h e e m e r g e n c e o f r e s i s t a n t

o r g a n i s m s a n d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a n y o t h e r

s i d e - e f f e c t s . T h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e o f l o n g - t e r m a e r o s o l

t h e r a p y w o u l d b e a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s , s o t h i s w a s a l s o a s s e s s e d

r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y ,

a ) P a t i e n t s a n d M e t h o d s

O n 3 1 . 1 2 . 8 1 . t h e r e w e r e 1 6 2 p a t i e n t s a t t e n d i n g

t h e B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l C F U n i t . On r e v i e w o f a l l

p a t i e n t s ' n o t e s , 4 3 w e r e f o u n d t o b e r e c e i v i n g

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a n t i b i o t i c s b y a e r o s o l . T h e r e w e r e 1 5 f e m a l e s a n d 2 3

m a l e s , a g e r a n g e 1 6 - 4 3 y e a r s , w h o h a d r e c e i v e d a e r o s o l

a n t i b i o t i c s f o r a n a v e r a g e o f 2 1 m o n t h s . T h e

a n t i b i o t i c r e g i m e n s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e X V I . F r o m t h e

h o s p i t a l n o t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w a s

o b t a i n e d : -

i T h e n u m b e r o f h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s p e r y e a r f o r t h e

y e a r b e f o r e t r e a t m e n t , a n d f o r t h e y e a r f o l l o w i n g

t h e s t a r t o f a e r o s o l t h e r a p y .

ii Any side effects of treatment.i i i A l l s p u t u m c u l t u r e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g a e r o s o l

t r e a t m e n t w e r e r e v i e w e d a n d a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e

p a t t e r n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s n o t e d . A n t i b i o t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y w a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e S t o k e s

c o m p a r a t i v e d i s c m e t h o d - * - 2 9 ^ u s i n g d i s c s o f

1 0 u g / m l o f g e n t a m i c i n , 1 00 u g / m l c a r b e n i c i l l i n

a n d 7 5 u g / m l a z l o c i l l i n . ' T r a n s i e n t ' r e s i s t a n c e

w a s d e f i n e d a s o n e o r t w o i s o l a t e s r e p o r t e d a s

r e s i s t a n t p e r y e a r , ' i n t e r m i t t e n t ' r e s i s t a n c e a s

m o r e t h a n t w o i s o l a t e s r e p o r t e d a s r e s i s t a n t p e r

y e a r b u t n o t c o n s e c u t i v e c u l t u r e s , a n d

’ p e r s i s t e n t ' r e s i s t a n c e a s t h r e e o r m o r e

c o n s e c u t i v e c u l t u r e s .

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REGIMENS USED IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS AT THE BROMPTON HOSPITAL

TABLE XVI

RECEIVING AEROSOL ANTIBIOTICS

Number of patients

I Antibiotic regimen receiving treatment

on 31.12.81.

| All given twice daily

1 1. Gentamicin 80mg + carbenicillin lgm 35

I 2. Gentamicin 80mg 5

1 3. Carbenicillin lgm 1

I 4. Colomycin 100,000 units 1

1 5. Neomycin 500mg 1

1 Total 43

I Average length of treatment 2 1 * 2 months

I Range 2 to 61 months

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i v I n o r d e r t o c o m p a r e t h e a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m t h e s p u t u m o f C F p a t i e n t s

r e c e i v i n g a e r o s o l t r e a t m e n t , w i t h t h a t o f

o r g a n i s m s f r o m p a t i e n t s w h o w e r e n o t r e c e i v i n g

t h i s t r e a t m e n t , a f u r t h e r r e t r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y w a s

d o n e . T h e f i r s t 3 0 p a t i e n t s i n e i t h e r g r o u p t o b e

s e e n i n o u t p a t i e n t s a f t e r 1 . 7 . 8 1 . w e r e s e l e c t e d ,

a n d a l l c u l t u r e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s e p a t i e n t s o v e r

s i x m o n t h s w e r e a n a l y s e d . I n t h e a e r o s o l g r o u p

t h e r e w e r e 21 m a l e s a n d n i n e f e m a l e s , a g e r a n g e

1 6 - 4 2 y e a r s , a n d i n t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p 1 6 m a l e s a n d

1 4 f e m a l e s , a g e r a n g e 1 5 - 3 4 y e a r s ,

b ) R e s u l t s

T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s p e r

p a t i e n t i n t h e y e a r b e f o r e t r e a t m e n t w a s 1 - 8 , w h i l e

t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o n t r e a t m e n t w a s 1 * 0 3 ( p < 0 * 0 5

t e s t ) . S i d e e f f e c t s w e r e m i n o r . O n e p a t i e n t

c o m p l a i n e d o f a r a s h , a n d o n e o f a s e v e r e s o r e t h r o a t .

T h r e e r e f u s e d t o u s e c a r b e n i c i l l i n b e c a u s e o f t h e

t a s t e a n d s m e l l . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e w a s n o o r a l

c a n d i d i a s i s a n d n o b r o n c h o c o n s t r i c t i o n . T a b l e X V I I

s h o w s t h e a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e o f P . a e r u g i n o s a t o

g e n t a m i c i n , c a r b e n i c i l l i n a n d a z l o c i l l i n , f r o m a l l

p a t i e n t s o n a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s . T r a n s i e n t r e s i s t a n c e

w a s c o m m o n , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t h e p e n i c i l l i n s , b u t

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TABLE XVII

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS RECEIVING AEROSOL ANTIBIOTICS

Cultures of P.aeruginosa from sputa of 43 patients on continuous aerosol antibiotics tested for antibiotic sensitivity by the

disc method.

Antibiotic resistance of P♦aeruginosa

Antibiotic | 1 1 1 I 1 1

1' T R AN S I E NT ' | ' I NTERMI TTENT' j ' P E R S I S T E N T'*

1 - 2 cultures ! per year | (number of | patients) |

I

> 2 cultures | per year | (number of 1 patients) |

>3 consecutive cultures (number of patient s)

11

Gentamicin | 1 1

11

9 1 1 1

1 1 1

1i

Carbenici11 in |11

11

10 I11

2 1 4

11

Azlocillin !111I

11

16 | 1 1 1 1

o 1 2

* All cultures reverted to full sensitivity without cessation of aerosol treatment.

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persistant resistance much less so. Resistance to azlocillin, a semisynthetic penicillin not used by aerosol was more common than to either of the two drugs used by aerosol. All cultures reverted to full sensitivity without cessation of aerosol treatment.

T h e f r e q u e n c y o f a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e i n

P . a e r u g i n o s a i n 3 0 C F p a t i e n t s o n a e r o s o l t h e r a p y ,

c o m p a r e d t o t h e 3 0 c o n t r o l s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e X V I I I .

T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n a m i n o g l y c o s i d e

r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e a e r o s o l g r o u p . R e s i s t a n c e t o

p e n i c i l l i n s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d i n t h e a e r o s o l

g r o u p .

c) DiscussionL o n g - t e r m u s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n a n y f o r m

e n c o u r a g e s t h e e m e r g e n c e o f d r u g - r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m s .

P r i n c e a n d N e u n o t e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f s t r a i n s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a w i t h a c a r b e n i c i l l i n M I C o f g r e a t e r t h a n

1 2 5 u g / m l f r o m t h e i r C F p a t i e n t s r o s e f r o m 7% t o m o r e

t h a n 5 0 % i n 1 9 8 1 - ^ 6 . D r u g r e s i s t a n c e w a s n o t a

p r o b l e m i n t h e a e r o s o l c l i n i c a l t r i a l , b u t t h e

f o l l o w - u p d a t a s h o w s a h i g h f r e q u e n c y o f g e n t a m i c i n

a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s i n

a l l p a t i e n t s o n a e r o s o l s , a n d a g r e a t e r f r e q u e n c y o f

r e s i s t a n c e w h e n c o m p a r e d t o C F p a t i e n t s n o t r e c e i v i n g

a e r o s o l t r e a t m e n t . R e s i s t a n c e t o c a r b e n i c i l l i n w a s

m o r e o f a p r o b l e m t h a n t o g e n t a m i c i n , a l t h o u g h t o d a t e

c u l t u r e s t e n d e d t o r e v e r t b a c k t o s e n s i t i v i t y w i t h o u t

s t o p p i n g t h e t r e a t m e n t . T h e e m e r g e n c e o f r e s i s t a n t

o r g a n i s m s w a s a l s o n o t e d i n t h r e e o f 20 p a t i e n t s

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TABLE XVIII

THE FREQUENCY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN P.AERUGINOSA FROM

CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS OVER A SIX MONTH PERIOD

Antibiotic30 CF patients on aerosol antibiotics

( 1 0 0 cultures)

Gentamicin

No. of resistsnt

12

30 control CF patients (87 cultures

cultures

| Significance ) I (x^ test)

7 NS

Tobramycin 13 5 NS

Carbenici1lin 36 3 p<0.001

Azloci 1lin 36 9 p<0 . 0 0 1

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13 9

t r e a t e d w i t h c o l . i s t i n b y R o s e e t a l - ^ 3 f a n d a l s o i n

p a t i e n t s g i v e n e n d o t r a c h e a l g e n t a m i c i n ^ ^ 9 .

R e s i s t a n c e of : p s e u d o m o n a s t o c a r b e n i c . i l . l i n i s u s u a l l y

d u e t o t h e p l a s m i d - m e d i a t e d p r o d u c t i o n o f

b e t a - l a c t a m a s e s ^ S ? , a n d t h i s w o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e

o b s e r v e d i n c r e a s e i n r e s i s t a n c e a z l o c i l l i n , a

p e n i c i l l i n w h i c h h a d n o t b e e n g i v e n b y a e r o s o l .

P l a s m i d - m e d i a t e d c h a n g e s i n p e r m e a b i l i t y t o

p e n i c i l l i n s a n d c h a n g e s i n t h e e f f i c a c y o f

p e n i c i l l i n - b i n d i n g p r o t e i n s i n t h e c y t o p l a s m i c

m e m b r a n e m a y a l s o c a u s e r e s i s t a n c e . R e s i s t a n c e t o

a m i n o g l y c o s i d e s i s d u e t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

a m i n o g l y c o s i d e m o d i f y i n g e n z y m e s o f v a r i o u s k i n d s - ^ - 5 8 ^

A n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e m u s t b e c o n t i n u a l l y m o n i t o r e d i n

p a t i e n t s o n a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y , a n d i f

p e r s i s t e n t r e s i s t a n c e p a t t e r n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s d e v e l o p

i n a n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s , t h e w h o l e p r i n c i p l e o f t h i s

t y p e o f t h e r a p y m u s t b e r e v i e w e d . A t p r e s e n t , i n t h e

B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s U n i t , a e r o s o l

t h e r a p y i s u s e d o n l y f o r t h o s e p a t i e n t s w h o s e

c o n d i t i o n i s d e t e r i o r a t i n g a n d w h o r e q u i r e f r e q u e n t

h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n . T h e p a u c i t y o f o t h e r s i d e e f f e c t s

i s e n c o u r a g i n g , b u t i t m u s t b e s e t a g a i n s t t h e f a c t

t h a t s e v e r e l y i l l p a t i e n t s w i t h a t e r m i n a l i l l n e s s a r e

v e r y t o l e r a n t o f a n y t r e a t m e n t t h a t o f f e r s t h e m a

l i t t l e h o p e . T h e r e d u c t i o n i n f r e q u e n c y o f h o s p i t a l

a d m i s s i o n s i s a l s o e n c o u r a g i n g b u t t h e d a t a i s

r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n d b i a s e d . P a t i e n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r

a e r o s o l t h e r a p y p a r t l y o n t h e b a s i s o f n e e d i n g

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frequent admission, and other treatment such as physiotherapy may well have been intensified at the same time.

3 . A N T I B I O T I C L E V E L S I N S E R U M AMD S P U T U M A F T E R

A D M I N I S T R A T I O N B Y A E R O S O L

a ) M e t h o d s

A n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s i n s e r u m a n d s p u t u m w e r e

m e a s u r e d i n f i v e p a t i e n t s a f t e r i n h a l a t i o n o f 8 0 m g o f

g e n t a m i c i n a n d 1 g r a m o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n . A f t e r r o u t i n e

p h y s i o t h e r a p y t h e s p u t u m p r o d u c e d w a s d i s c a r d e d ,

b a s e l i n e s a m p l e s o f s e r u m a n d s p u t u m w e r e t a k e n a n d

a n t i b i o t i c s n e b u l i z e d i n t h e u s u a l w a y . S e r u m s a m p l e s

w e r e c o l l e c t e d a t 1 5 m i n u t e s a n d a t o n e a n d f o u r h o u r s

a f t e r t h e e n d o f n e b u l i z a t i o n . S p u t u m s a m p l e s w e r e

c o l l e c t e d a t 1 5 , 3 0 , 6 0 m i n u t e s a n d t h e n e v e r y t w o

h o u r s f o r a p e r i o d o f e i g h t h o u r s a f t e r t h e e n d o f

n e b u l i z a t i o n .

i G e n t a m i c i n a s s a y

S e r u m l e v e l s w e r e m e a s u r e d b y t h e E M I T m e t h o d

( e n z y m e m u l t i p l i e d i m m u n o - a s s a y t e c h n i q u e ) .

S p u t u m s a m p l e s w e r e h o m o g e n i s e d u s i n g g l a s s b e a d s

a n d a b i o a s s a y w i t h K l e b s i e l l a N C T C 1 0 8 9 6

p e r f o r m e d . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o

m e t h o d s i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y i s 0 - 9 8 .

i i C a r b e n i c i l l i n a s s a y

A l a r g e p l a t e b i o a s s a y u s i n g p s e u d o m o n a s

s t r a i n " E l l s w o r t h " w a s u s e d f o r b o t h s e r u m a n d

s p u t u m s a m p l e s . C a l c i u m c h l o r i d e 25 m m o l w a s

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141

a d d e d t o t h e p l a t e s t o i n a c t i v a t e g e n t a m i c i n .

b ) R e s u l t s

T h e r e w e r e n o d e t e c t a b l e a m o u n t s of : g e n t a m i c i n o r

c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n s e r u m i n a n y s a m p l e s f o l l o w i n g t h e

a e r o s o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s . T h e p e a k l e v e l

o f g e n t a m i c i n i n s p u t u m o f > 1 6 p g / m l w a s s e e n

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r i n h a l a t i o n , f a l l i n g t o 6*4 p g / m l a t

2 h o u r s , 3 * 4 p g / m l a t 8 h o u r s . T h e p e a k l e v e l o f

c a r b e n i c i l l i n w a s a l s o s e e n i m m e d i a t e l y a t 1 0 3 4 p g / m l

f a l l i n g r a p i d l y t o 3 3 2 p g / m l a t 1 h o u r , 7 2 p g / m l a t 2

h o u r s a n d 1 8 * 4 p g / m l a t 6 h o u r s .

T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e s X I X a n d X X , a n d

a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h s e r u m a n d s p u t u m a n t i b i o t i c l e v e l s

o b t a i n e d a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s i n f u s i o n o f g e n t a m i c i n a n d

c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n t h e f i v e p a t i e n t s i n t h e

c a r b e n i c i l l i n / t i c a r c i l l i n t r i a l ( C h a p t e r 4 ) i n w h o m

l e v e l s w e r e m e a s u r e d .

c ) D i s c u s s i o n

I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e g u l a r u s e o f a e r o s o l

a n t i b i o t i c s , w h i l e f a i l i n g t o e l i m i n a t e s p u t u m

p a t h o g e n s , d o e s r e d u c e t h e b a c t e r i a l l o a d i n t h e s e

p a t i e n t s . P r i n c e a n d N e u - ^ 6 r e c e n t l y r e v i e w e d t h e i n

v i t r o a c t i v i t y o f a v a r i e t y o f a n t i b i o t i c s a g a i n s t 6 2

i s o l a t e s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a f r o m C F p a t i e n t s . T h e M I C 5 Q

( m e a n i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o i n h i b i t 5 0 %

o f t h e i s o l a t e s ) w a s 2 5 0 p g / m l f o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n , a n d

2 * 5 p g / m l f o r g e n t a m i c i n . T h e s p u t u m l e v e l s o f

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142

SPUTUM LEVELS OF ANTIBIOTICS AFTER ADMINISTRATION BY INTRAVENOUS AND AEROSOL ROUTES.

TABLE XIX

n 5 *

1Antibiotics / route |

11

Peak (jig/ml)Level before next dose (pg/ml)

1 1 CARBENICILLIN I |

i iii 5 g i .v. |

|6 * 6 2 * 1

1ii 1 g aerosol |

11

1 0 3 4 1 8 * 4

1 11 1

GENTAMICIN | |i iii 80 mg i.v . |

1< 1 < 1

1ii 80 g aerosol |

1I

> 16 3 * 4

* i = five patients from IV antibiotic trial,

ii = five patients from aerosol trial.

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143

SERUM LEVELS OF ANTIBIOTICS AFTER ADMINISTRATION BY INTRAVENOUS AND AEROSOL ROUTES

n = 5 *

TABLE XX

1

1

Antibiotics/route |1

Peak(jig/ml)

1 Level before | next dose 1 (fig/ml)1

1

1

CARBENICILLIN |1

11

111

i 5 g i .v. |I

278*6 | 2 * 1

11ii 1 g aerosol |

1

1

< 1 1 < 1

I 1

1

1

GENTAMICIN |I

1

1

111

i 80 mg i.v. |I

7-38 1 < 1 I1

ii 80 g aerosol |1

1

< 1 1 < 1

1

1

* i = five patients from IV antibiotic trial,

ii = five patients from aerosol trial.

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I'l A

c a r b e n i c i l l i n and g e n t a m i c i n a c h i e v e d by i n t r a v e n o u s

inf: lift i o n a r e much l e s s t h a n t h o s e MIC50 v a l u e s ,

a l t h o u g h p e a k s p u t u m l e v e l s a f t e r a e r o s o l e x c e e d e d

t he m. P e a k s p u t u m l e v e l s r e p r e s e n t o n l y d e p o s i t i o n in

s e c r e t i o n s o f t h e l a r g e r a i r w a y s h o w e v e r , and t h e

s m a l l a mo u nt o f a n t i b i o t i c a e r o s o l whi ch p e n e t r a t e s

t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e l u n g s i s l i k e l y t o r e s u l t i n v e r y

low l e v e l s i n d e e d . L o r i a n l 5 ^ h a s c o i n e d t h e t e r m

'minimum a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ' (MAC) f o r t h e

l o w e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c t h a t e f f e c t s t h e

m o r p h o l o g y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , o r r a t e o f g r o w t h o f an

o r g a n i s m . G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c i l l i e x p o s e d t o s u b- MI C

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f / 3 - l a c t a m a n t i b i o t i c s become

e l o n g a t e d w i t h o u t s e p a r a t i n g , t o for m l o n g f i l a m e n t o u s

c e l l s w h i c h a r e o s m o t i c a l l y u n s t a b l e and l y z e . The

r a t i o o f MIC o v e r MAC t h e r e f o r e d e f i n e s t h e r a n g e o f

w h i c h t h e o r g a n i s m i s s e n s i t i v e . F o r 16 s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s , t h e MIC/MAC r a t i o wa s 2 * 1 f o r

c a r b e n i c i l l i n a nd 4 * 8 f o r g e n t a m i c i n , a n d t h e r e f o r e

t h e a u t h o r s u g g e s t e d t h a t l e v e l s o f l e s s t h a n h a l f MIC

f o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n , o r o n e f i f t h MIC f o r g e n t a m i c i n

w o u l d be i n e f f e c t i v e . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t l e v e l s o f

g e n t a m i c i n o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l a i r w a y s

w e r e r e m o t e l y c l o s e t o MAC f o r p s e u d o m o n a s i n t h e

c l i n i c a l s t u d y . To e x p l a i n t h e o b s e r v e d c l i n i c a l

b e n e f i t o f a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s i n CF, i t may be t h a t

t h e d r u g s a r e a c t i n g i n an unknown ma nner w h i c h i s

u n r e l a t e d t o t h e i r c o n v e n t i o n a l b a c t e r i c i d a l and

b a c t e r i o s t a t i c e f f e c t s . T h e o r e t i c a l e x a m p l e s m i g h t be

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some a c t i o n on m u c o c i l i a r y c l e a r a n c e , o r on t h e

a d h e r e n c e of; b a c t e r i a t o t h e r e s p i r a t o r y e p i t h e l i u m .

S t u d i e s o f g e n t a m i c i n and c o l i s t i n by a e r o s o l h a v e

shown t h a t s e r u m l e v e l s , f o l l o w i n g i n h a l a t i o n , a r e

u n d e t e c t a b l e ^ 3 , 1 6 0 # i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y n e i t h e r

g e n t a m i c i n n o r c a r b e n i c . i 11 i n w e r e d e t e c t e d i n s e r u m

a f t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n by a e r o s o l . T h i s may be d u e t o

s l o w a b s o r p t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s f rom t h e r e s p i r a t o r y

t r a c t , y e t s i g n i f i c a n t s e r u m l e v e l s a r e a c h i e v e d when

g e n t a m i c i n i s g i v e n by d i r e c t t r a c h e a l

i n s t i l l a t i o n - * - ^ r 160 . N e g l i g i b l e s e r u m l e v e l s a r e

t h e r e f o r e f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e amount o f

a n t i b i o t i c r e a c h i n g t h e p e r i p h e r a l a i r w a y s i s

e x t r e m e l y s m a l l .

4 . ANALYSIS OF AEROSOL PARTICLE S I Z E DISTRIBUTION

a ) I n t r o d u c t i o n

As a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i s m s

by w h i c h a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s e x e r t a t h e r a p e u t i c

e f f e c t , i t wa s d e c i d e d t o s t u d y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e a e r o s o l s p r o d u c e d . The s i t e o f d e p o s i t i o n o f an

i n h a l e d a e r o s o l w i t h i n t h e human l u n g d e p e n d s on t h e

p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s ( s i z e ,

s h a p e and d e n s i t y ) , t h e mode o f i n h a l a t i o n , and t h e

a i r w a y c a l i b r e l ^ l / i n g e n e r a l , t h e l a r g e r t h e

a e r o d y n a m i c d i a m e t e r o f a p a r t i c l e , t h e c l o s e r t o t h e

mo u t h i t w i l l b e d e p o s i t e d . P a r t i c l e s o f g r e a t e r t h a n

10 pm i n d i a m e t e r d e p o s i t i n t h e u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y

t r a c t a n d do n o t e n t e r t h e l o w e r a i r w a y s i n

145

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P a r t i c l e s o f 5 - 1 0 pm d e p o s i t i ns i g n i f i c a n t , a m o u n t s ,

t h e u p p e r a i r w a y s and t h e f i r s t 5 - 6 b r o n c h i a l

b i f u r c a t i o n s ; o n l y s m a l l e r p a r t i c l e s o f l e s s t h a n 5 pm

p e n e t r a t e be yo n d t h e 5 t h b r o n c h i a l d i v i s i o n . M o s t

t h e r a p e u t i c a e r o s o l s a r e h e t e r o d i s p e r s e and f i t a

l o g - n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n whi ch t h e p l o t o f t h e

number o f p a r t i c l e s p e r g i v e n s i z e band v e r s u s t h e

l o g a r i t h m o f s i z e , p r o d u c e s a b e l l - s h a p e d n o r m a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e . S u c h a e r o s o l s may be d e s c r i b e d by

t h e m a s s m e d i a n d i a m e t e r (MMD), t h e c o u n t m e d i a n

d i a m e t e r and t h e g e o m e t r i c s t a n d a r d o f d e v i a t i o n

( G S D ) 1 ^ 3 . g SD i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e

p a r t i c l e t h a t i s l a r g e r t h a n 84*2% o f a l l o t h e r s , t o

t h e c o u n t m e d i a n d i a m e t e r . GSD i s e q u a l t o one f o r a

m o n o d i s p e r s e a e r o s o l , a n d t h e g r e a t e r t h e GSD t h e more

d i s p e r s e t h e a e r o s o l .

A e r o d y n a m i c m a s s m e d i a n d i a m e t e r (AMMD) i s a

m e a s u r e o f t h e s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y o f a g i v e n a e r o s o l

d u e t o g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f a

p a r t i c l e o f u n i t d e n s i t y h a v i n g t h e s ame s e t t l i n g

v e l o c i t y i n a i r . T h i s c o n c e p t a l l o w s a c o m p a r i s o n o f

a e r o s o l s and a p r e d i c t i o n o f d e p o s i t i o n s i t e s w i t h i n

t h e a i r w a y s .

AMMD = MMD x s q u a r e r o u t e o f d e n s i t y ,

b) M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s

The a p p a r a t u s u s e d t o d e l i v e r a e r o s o l s t o p a t i e n t s

i n t h e p r e c e e d i n g c l i n i c a l t r i a l w a s s e t up i n an

i d e n t i c a l m a n ne r t o a n a l y s e t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e o f t h e

a e r o s o l g e n e r a t e d . T h r e e a i r c o m p r e s s o r s w e r e u s e d ,

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L1. 7

t h e M e d i x M i n o r I I , t h e WOBL pump ( Me d i x UK L t d ) and

t h e CF.1A ( A e r o s o l P r o d u c t s L t d ) . A ' B i r d '

m i c r o n e b u l i z e r ( 3M UK L t d ) was u s e d t h r o u g h o u t . The

f l o w r a t e o f e a c h a i r c o m p r e s s o r wa s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a

r o t a m e t e r ( G a p m e t e r L a b - K i t , F l o w b i t s L t d ) .

The a n t i b i o t i c s o l u t i o n s w e r e made up a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r p a t i e n t s i n t h e t r i a l .

G e n t a m i c i n s u l p h a t e 30mg i n 2 m l s ( R o u s e l l , UK, L t d )

wa s u s e d u n d i l u t e d , a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n 1 g ram ( B e e c h a m )

w a s made up i n 4 m l s o f w a t e r f o r i n j e c t i o n . The

s o l u t i o n d e n s i t i e s w e r e 1 - 0 7 9 g r a m s / m l and , 1 * 2 5

g r a m s / m l r e s p e c t i v e l y . The p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f e a c h a e r o s o l w a s a n a l y s e d u s i n g a M a l v e r n 2200

P a r t i c l e s i z e r . T h i s m e a s u r e s t h e s c a t t e r i n g e f f e c t

o f t h e a e r o s o l on a l a s e r beam and c o m p u t e s t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i n s i z e b a n d s ,

c ) R e s u l t s

The f l o w r a t e s f r o m t h e a i r c o m p r e s s o r s w e r e a s

f o l l o w s : -

The WOBL pump 23 L / m i n

M e d i x M i n o r I I . 11*5 L / m i n

CFIA 35 L / m i n .

The p a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y s i s i s shown i n T a b l e X XI .

C a r b e n i c i l l i n n e b u l i z e d t o g i v e a f i n e a e r o s o l o f l e s s

t h a n 5 pm AMMD w i t h a l l t h r e e a i r c o m p r e s s o r s .

G e n t a m i c i n n e b u l i z e d t o g i v e l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s w i t h

AMMD o f 6 - 1 3 jura u s i n g t h e h i g h e r f l o w r a t e

c o m p r e s s o r s , a nd an AMMD o f 9 * 9 7 pm w i t h t h e M e d i x

M i n o r .

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148

MALVERN 2200 PARTICLE SIZER ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC AEROSOL

SIZE DISTRIBUTION

TABLE XXI

Antibiotic

Solution

GENTAMICIN

CARBENICILLIN

TYPE OF AIR COMPRESSOR

CFIA

MMD GSD AMMD

5*9

2*5

1*9

3*3

6*13

2*8

WOBL

MMD GSD AMMD

5*9

2*8

2*0

3*5

6*13

3*14

MEDIX MINOR

MMD GSD | AMMD

9*6

3*9

1*7

2*6

9*97

4*37

MMD = Mass median diameter (jam).

GSD = Geometric standard deviation.

AMMD = Aerodynamic mass median diameter (pm).

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14 9

d ) D i s c u s s i o n

Morrow 61 s h o w e d t h a t t h e s i t e o f d e p o s i t i o n o f an

i n h a l e d a e r o s o l w i t h i n t h e human l u n g d e p e n d s on t h e

p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e a e r o s o l , t h e mode o f

i n h a l a t i o n and t h e a i r w a y c a l i b r e . P a v i a e t a l - * - ° J

s howe d t h a t p e n e t r a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i n t o t h e human

l u n g i s r e l a t e d t o t h e v o l u m e i n s p i r e d p e r b r e a t h , t h e

f o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y v o l u m e i n one s e c o n d , and i n v e r s e l y

r e l a t e d t o t h e f l o w r a t e d u r i n g i n h a l a t i o n . A

b r e a t h - h o l d i n g p a u s e a f t e r i n h a l a t i o n f a v o u r s t h e

s e t t l e m e n t by g r a v i t y o f p a r t i c l e s o f < 2 pm whi ch w o u l d

o t h e r w i s e be e x h a l e d . T h u s , f u l l b r e a t h s , i n h a l e d

s l o w l y , f o l l o w e d by an i n s p i r a t o r y p a u s e e n h a n c e t h e

d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e r a p e u t i c a e r o s o l s .

D e p o s i t i o n o f a e r o s o l s i s a f f e c t e d by p a t h o l o g y

w i t h i n t h e l u n g a nd a i r w a y s . P a v i a e t a l l 6 4 s h o we d

t h a t t h e d e p t h o f d e p o s i t i o n c o r r e l a t e s w i t h FEV^ , and

p e r i p h e r a l d e p o s i t i o n i s r e d u c e d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

a i r f l o w o b s t r u c t i o n , s u c h a s CF p a t i e n t s . A s t u d y o f

a e r o s o l d e p o s i t i o n i n 22 CF c h i l d r e n showed t h a t

d e p o s i t i o n w a s p a t c h y i n t h o s e w i t h a i r f l o w

o b s t r u c t i o n - * - ^ . L o u r e n c o e t a l ^-66 s howe d t h a t t h e

d e p o s i t i o n o f 2 pm p a r t i c l e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

b r o n c h i e c t a s i s w a s m o r e c e n t r a l t h a n i n n o r m a l

s u b j e c t s . The p u l m o n a r y p a t h o l o g y o f CF w o u l d

t h e r e f o r e t e n d t o r e d u c e p e r i p h e r a l d e p o s i t i o n .

The f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e t y p e o f a e r o s o l p r o d u c e d

by c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e n e b u l i z e r s and a i r

c o m p r e s s o r s h a v e o n l y r e c e n t l y b e en i n v e s t i g a t e d .

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C l a y e t n l - ^ ^ h a v e shown t h a t t h e MMD i s s m a l l e r and

t h e o u t p u t g r e a t e r a t h i g h f l o w r a t e s t h r o u g h t h e

n e b u l i z e r . A ' d e a d v o l u m e ' o f n e b u l i z e d f l u i d o f 1 - 2

m.ls o c c u r s , w h i c h i s r e l a t e d t o t h e i n i t i a l v o l u m e b u t

i n d e p e n d e n t o f f l o w r a t e , and t h e s e d r o p l e t s r e m a i n

w i t h i n t h e a p p a r a t u s . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t h e f l o w

r a t e s o f a l l t h r e e a i r c o m p r e s s o r s w e r e a d e q u a t e .

G e n t a m i c i n w a s u s e d i n 2ml a l i q u o t s and t h e r e f o r e t h e

d e a d v o l u m e w a s a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f t h e o r i g i n a l

a n t i b i o t i c f l u i d ; t h e d e a d v o l u m e was l e s s i m p o r t a n t

f o r c a r b e n i c . i l l i n w h i c h was n e b u l i z e d i n 4 m l s . The

r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y e m p h a s i z e t h e i m p o r t a n c e

o f f l o w r a t e on s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e a e r o s o l ; t h e

h i g h e r t h e f l o w r a t e t h e s m a l l e r t h e AMMD o b t a i n e d f o r

b o t h a n t i b i o t i c s . A l l a e r o s o l s w e r e p o l y d i s p e r s e w i t h

a GSD o f b e t w e e n 1 * 7 - 2 * 0 f o r g e n t a m i c i n , and 2 - 6 -

3 * 5 f o r c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n t h e d i f f e r e n t a p p a r a t u s .

G e n t a m i c i n a e r o s o l s w e r e c o m p o s e d o f q u i t e l a r g e

p a r t i c l e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e low f l o w - r a t e M e d i x

M i n o r pump, a n d an AMMD o f 9 * 9 7 pm s u g g e s t s t h a t v e r y

l i t t l e o f t h e a e r o s o l p e n e t r a t e d b e y o n d t h e u p p e r

a i r w a y s . The AMMD o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n a e r o s o l s w a s

s m a l l e r , s u g g e s t i n g g r e a t e r p e r i p h e r a l d e p o s i t i o n .

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t o n l y a s m a l l

p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e d o s e p l a c e d i n a n e b u l i z e r w i l l

a c t u a l l y p e n e t r a t e t h e a i r w a y s . Newman e t a l ^-68 when

s t u d y i n g p r e s s u r i z e d a e r o s o l s , n o t e d t h a t o n l y 8 * 8 % o f

t h e d o s e w a s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e l u n g s , 80% i n t h e mouth

a nd p h a r y n x , 9 * 8 % i n t h e a e r o s o l a c t u a t o r and 1 % w a s

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1 51

e x h a l e d . E x t r a p o l a t i n g t h i s t o a n e b u l i z e r s y s t e m ,

f rom an i n i t i a l d o s e o f 8 0 mg i n 2 m l s o f g e n t a m i c i n , a t

l e a s t h a l f w i l l r e m a i n i n t h e n e b u l i z e r , and o n l y a

f r a c t i o n o f t h a t n e b u l i z e d w i l l p e n e t r a t e b e yond t h e

o r o p h a r y n x . The l a r g e p a r t i c l e s i z e m e a s u r e d i n t h i s

s t u d y m u s t mean t h a t t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p o s i t i o n

i n t h e c e n t r a l a i r w a y s . C a r b e n i c i l l i n was g i v e n a s 1

g r a m i n 4 m l s w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e o f a p r o p o r t i o n a l l y

s m a l l e r d e a d v o l u m e a n d a s m a l l e r p a r t i c l e s i z e . Even

s o , o n l y a f r a c t i o n o f t h e d o s e p l a c e d i n t h e

n e b u l i z e r w i l l r e a c h t h e p e r i p h e r a l a i r w a y s , t o be

d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e o f t h e b r o n c h i a l t r e e .

E. SUMMARY

A e r o s o l g e n t a m i c i n and c a r b e n i c i l l i n g i v e n t w i c e

d a i l y f o r s i x m o n t h s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e d mean PEFR,

FEVg a nd FVC, i n 1 7 CF p a t i e n t s c o m p a r e d w i t h s i x

m o n t h s o f p l a c e b o t r e a t m e n t . T h e r e w a s a l s o a t r e n d

t o w a r d s a r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y o f h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s ,

t h i s t r e n d w a s a l s o e v i d e n t i n u n c o n t r o l l e d d a t a on

a l l 41 p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g t h i s t r e a t m e n t . A h i g h e r

i n c i d e n c e o f t e m p o r a r y r e s i s t a n c e o f p s e u d o m o n a s t o

p e n i c i l l i n s w a s n o t e d i n 41 p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g a e r o s o l

t r e a t m e n t on a r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n a l y s i s .

An a i r c o m p r e s s o r w i t h a h i g h f l o w r a t e i s n e e d e d

t o g e n e r a t e a f i n e a e r o s o l o f a e r o d y n a m i c m a s s m e d i a n

d i a m e t e r o f t h r e e m i c r o n s o r l e s s , f rom a n t i b i o t i c

s o l u t i o n s .

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F. FUTURE POLICY

To d e s i g n a p o l i c y o f a e r o s o l t h e r a p y f o r t h e

f u t u r e , i n f o r m a t i o n i s n e e d e d on d o s a g e , d o s e

i n t e r v a l , d u r a t i o n o f t r e a t m e n t and w h i c h d r u g , o r

c o m b i n a t i o n o f d r u g s , t o u s e . An a i r c o m p r e s s o r t h a t

i s l i g h t t o c a r r y , b u t h a s a h i g h f l o w r a t e i s

n e c e s s a r y . F u r t h e r w o r k i s n e e d e d on t h e t y p e o f

n e b u l i z e r t o b e u s e d , a n d e q u i p m e n t t o r e - c y c l e o r

r e mo ve e x h a l e d a n t i b i o t i c f r o m t h e s y s t e m . A e r o s o l

a n t i b i o t i c s i n h i g h e r d o s e s , and g i v e n mor e

f r e q u e n t l y , m i g h t be a u s e f u l f o r m o f t r e a t m e n t f o r

a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d be g i v e n a t home

r a t h e r t h a n i n h o s p i t a l . The u s e o f a e r o s o l s a t an

e a r l i e r s t a g e i n t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f t h e d i s e a s e ,

b e f o r e o r j u s t a f t e r p s e u d o m o n a s i s a c q u i r e d , may

p r o d u c e a g r e a t e r c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e and p r o l o n g l i f e .

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Chapter 6

SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN

RELATION TO THE CLINICAL CONDITION OFCYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

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Lf>4

A . I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t of : m o s t p a t i e n t s v ; i t h C P

b e c o m e s p e r m a n e n t l y c o l o n i s e d b y P . a e r u g i n o s a a n d o n c e

a c q u i r e d t h i s o r g a n i s m i s r a r e l y e r a d i c a t e d , a l t h o u g h

i t m a y t e m p o r a r i l y d i s a p p e a r f r o m t h e s p u t u m a f t e r

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t . T h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e o r g a n i s m i s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y i n C F , a n d t h e

e v i d e n c e f o r i t ' s r o l e i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f t h e

d i s e a s e h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r . T h e c o u r s e o f t h e

d i s e a s e i n p a t i e n t s c o l o n i s e d b y P . a e r u g i n o s a v a r i e s

g r e a t l y . S o m e p a t i e n t s r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y w e l l f o r

i n a n y y e a r s , o t h e r s d e c l i n e r a p i d l y w i t h i n a f e w m o n t h s

o f a c q u i r i n g t h e o r g a n i s m , a n d o t h e r s a r e w e l l f o r a

p e r i o d o f t i m e a n d t h e n s u d d e n t l y d e t e r i o r a t e . T h i s

l a t t e r g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s c a n n o t b e i d e n t i f i e d b y

r o u t i n e s p u t u m b a c t e r i o l o g y . I n c h a p t e r s 4 a n d 5 t h e

d a t a o n a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t o f c h r o n i c p s e u d o m o n a s

i n f e c t i o n i n C F p a t i e n t s w a s d i s c u s s e d . W h e t h e r g i v e n

i n t r a v e n o u s l y o r o n a m o r e l o n g - t e r m b a s i s b y a e r o s o l ,

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t c a n r e s u l t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e

c l i n i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t , a l t h o u g h t h i s i s p a l l i a t i v e n o t

c u r a t i v e . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t m o r e a g g r e s i v e a n d

i n t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t m a y p r e v e n t t h e s u d d e n a n d o f t e n

f a t a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n c o n d i t i o n s e e n i n s o m e p a t i e n t s

w i t h p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n , b u t t h i s g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s

m u s t f i r s t b e i d e n t i f i e d .

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1 5 . r5

D. LITERATURE REVIEW

P r e v i o u s w o r k o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m C F p a t i e n t s h a s s u g g e s t e d

t h a t t h e o r g a n i s m i n C F h a s f e a t u r e s w h i c h a r e r a r e i n

o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . D o g g e t t e t a l ^ ® f i r s t d e s c r i b e d t h e

a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e m u c o i d c o l o n i a l f o r m w i t h C F .

H d i b y a n d O l l i n g - ^ 9 s h o w e d t h a t 61% o f s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m C F p a t i e n t s w e r e s e n s i t i v e t o t h e

b a c t e r i c i d a l e f f e c t o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m , i n c o n t r a s t

t o t h e s e r u m - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s f r o m n o n - C F p a t i e n t s ,

f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s a n d f r o m t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

C . A I M S

A s t u d y o f t h e p h e n o t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

P , a e r u g i n o s a f r o m C F p a t i e n t s w a s m a d e i n t w o p a r t s .

F i r s t a c o m p a r i s o n w a s m a d e o f C F s t r a i n s w i t h

o r g a n i s m s f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s i n o r d e r t o d e f i n e a n y

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m . S e c o n d l y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e

o r g a n i s m i s o l a t e d f r o m e a c h p a t i e n t w a s c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h t h e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h a t i n d i v i d u a l , w i t h

t h e a i m o f i d e n t i f y i n g p a t i e n t s a t r i s k o f s u d d e n

d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e i r c o n d i t i o n b y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e i r o r g a n i s m s .

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D. METHODS1 . P A T I E N T S

F o r t y - n i n e a d u l t s w i t h CF, 2 8 m a l e s a n d 2 1

f e m a l e s , a g e r a n g e 1 6 - 4 3 y e a r s w e r e s t u d i e d a n d s p u t u m

a n d s e r u m s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d a t o u t - p a t i e n t

a t t e n d a n c e s o v e r a p e r i o d o f s i x m o n t h s . N o r m a l h u m a n

s e r u m ( N H S ) w a s o b t a i n e d b y p o o l i n g e q u a l v o l u m e s o f

s e r u m f r o m f i v e h e a l t h y v o l u n t e e r s . S e r a w e r e s t o r e d

i n a l i q u o t s a t - 2 0 ° C a n d u s e d w i t h i n t w o m o n t h s .

2 . I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O F P S E U D O M O N A S S T R A I N S

( D e t a i l s o f m e t h o d s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r 3 )

T h e s p u t a w e r e d i g e s t e d b y p a n c r e a t i n , p l a t e d o n t o

c e t r i m i d e - n a l i d i x i c a c i d a g a r ( O x o i d ) a n d i n c u b a t e d a t

3 7 ° C f o r 1 8 h o u r s . A s w e e p o f t h e p r i m a r y g r o w t h w a s

s u b c u l t u r e d o n t o K i n g ' s " A " a g a r ^ 2 a n d d i s c r e e t

c o l o n i e s w e r e p i c k e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . C o l o n i a l

f o r m s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o P h i l l i p s ^ . o

s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d b y a g g l u t i n a t i o n

t e s t s w i t h a n t i s e r a c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l

A n t i g e n i c T y p i n g S c h e m e ^ . An a n t i s e r u m t o t h e

a n t i g e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n . ( P A ) o f

f i e l d s t r a i n s o f O - t y p i n g s e r a w a s i n c l u d e d - * - - ^ . E a c h

s t r a i n w a s t e s t e d f o r s e n s i t i v i t y t o n o r m a l h u m a n

s e r u m b y t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r 3 .

P s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n s f r o m e a c h p a t i e n t w e r e i d e n t i f i e d

a n d s t u d i e d b l i n d . O n l y a t t h e e n d o f t h e s t u d y w e r e

o r g a n i s m s r e l a t e d b a c k t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a t i e n t a n d

t o h i s o r h e r c l i n i c a l s c o r e .

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3 . C O N T R O L C U L T U R E S

2 0 5 d i s t i n c t s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a r e c e i v e d C o t

s e r o t y n i n g o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d o f t i m e b y t h e

D i v i s i o n o f H o s p i t a l I n f e c t i o n , P u b l i c H e a l t h

L a b o r a t o r y S e r v i c e , C o l i n d a l e , w e r e u s e d a s c o n t r o l s .

S t r a i n s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o g r o u p s , t h e f i r s t

c o n s i s t e d o f 8 7 s t r a i n s f r o m s p u t a a n d t h e s e c o n d o f

1 . 1 8 s t r a i n s f r o m o t h e r c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s , i n c l u d i n g

e n d o t r a c h e a l t u b e s a n d t r a c h e o s t o m y s i t e s ( a n d f r o m

e n v i r o n m e n t a l s o u r c e s ) . T h e c o l o n i a l f o r m ,

0 - s e r o t y p e , r e a c t i o n t o P A a n t i s e r u m a n d s e n s i t i v i t y

t o n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m w e r e n o t e d f o r e a c h s t r a i n .

4 . C L I N I C A L A S S E S S M E N T

P a t i e n t s w e r e a s s e s s e d b y t h e a u t h o r a t t h e t i m e

o f s a m p l e c o l l e c t i o n , b e f o r e a n y r e s u l t s o f

b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s w e r e k n o w n . T h e h i s t o r y o f

c h e s t d i s e a s e , t h e n u m b e r o f d a y s i n h o s p i t a l d u r i n g

t h e p e r i o d o f t h e s t u d y , a n d t h e d u r a t i o n o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n w e r e n o t e d . F o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y

v o l u m e i n o n e s e c o n d ( F E V ^ ) a n d f o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y

( F V C ) w e r e r e c o r d e d o n a V i t a l o g r a p h d r y s p i r o m e t e r

a n d e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f p r e d i c t e d n o r m a l

v a l u e s f r o m t a b l e s p u b l i s h e d b y C o t e s - ^ ^ . An o v e r a l l

a s s e s s m e n t w a s s c o r e d b y t h e s y s t e m o f S h w a c h m a n l ^ - 2 .

5 . S T A T I S T I C S

T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s t r a i n s f r o m e a c h g r o u p o f

c u l t u r e s w e r e c o m p a r e d u s i n g t h e C h i - S q u a r e t e s t .

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L i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r

e a c h p a i r o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e c l i n i c a l d a t a o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h e a c h c a t e g o r y o f o r g a n i s m w e r e c o m p a r e d

u s i n g W i l c o x o n ' s r a n k s u m t e s t . T h e d u r a t i o n o f

h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s w a s c o m p a r e d u s i n g t h e C h i - S q u a r e

t e s t .

E . R E S U L T S

1 . C H A R A C T E R I S A T I O N O F S T R A I N S O F P . A E R U G I N O S A I S O L A T E D

F ROM C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S S P U T A

1 0 9 d i s t i n c t s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d f r o m 7 3 s p u t u m c u l t u r e s .

a ) C o l o n i a l f o r m

T h e m a j o r i t y o f C F s t r a i n s w e r e c o l o n y t y p e 2

( 5 3 * 2 % ) , 3 7 s t r a i n s ( 3 4 % ) w e r e m u c o i d o r c o l o n y

t y p e 4 , t h e r e m a i n d e r w e r e c o l o n y t y p e 1 .

b ) O - s e r o l o g y

O n l y 3 5 c u l t u r e s ( 3 2 * 1 % ) r e a c t e d w i t h a s i n g l e

0 - s e r u m a n d w e r e t y p a b l e . A l m o s t h a l f o f t h e t v p a b l e

s t r a i n s w e r e 0 g r o u p 6 , t h e r e m a i n d e r b e i n g

d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g t h e c o m m o n s e r o g r o u p s .

T a b l e X X I I c o m p a r e s t h e p a t t e r n o f r e a c t i o n s w i t h

0 - t y p i n g s e r a o f t h e 3 5 t y p a b l e C F c u l t u r e s , t h e 5 5

p o l y a g g l u t i n a b l e C F c u l t u r e s , a n d t h e 1 1 2 c u l t u r e s

f r o m t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p o f g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l i s o l a t e s

w h i c h w e r e t y p a b l e . 0 - t y p e 6 w a s t h e c o m m o n e s t i n a l l

g r o u p s . A s i m i l a r p a t t e r n i s s e e n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

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159

o f O - g r o u p s i n t h e t y p a b l e C F a n d c o n t r o l s t r a i n s ,

G r o u p s 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 6 b e i n g w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d , b u t

9 , 1 0 , 1 1 b e i n g l e s s w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e C F s t r a i n s .

T e n C F c u l t u r e s ( 9 * 2 % ) d i d n o t r e a c t w i t h a n y o f

t h e t y p i n g s e r a a n d w e r e d e n o t e d a s ' n o t t y p a b l e ' o r

N T . N i n e c u l t u r e s w e r e a u t o a g g l u t i n a b l e i n s a l i n e .

5 5 c u l t u r e s ( 5 5 - 5 % ) w e r e a g g l u t i n a t e d b y m o r e t h a n o n e

a n t i s e r u m a n d w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a s ' p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g '

o r P A . T h e O - a n t i s e r a t h a t m o s t f r e q u e n t l y

a g g l u t i n a t e d P A s t r a i n s w e r e 5 d , 6 , 9 , 1 0 a n d 1 3 ,

a l t h o u g h s i x o t h e r s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e p a t t e r n o f

p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n .

c ) T h e P A a n t i g e n

T h i s w a s d e t e c t e d i n a l l 5 5 p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g

s t r a i n s a n d i n t w o O - t y p a b l e s t r a i n s .

d ) S e n s i t i v i t y t o n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m

T h e m a j o r i t y o f C F s t r a i n s w e r e s e r u m s e n s i t i v e ,

5 8 s t r a i n s ( 5 3 * 2 % ) w e r e f u l l y s e n s i t i v e , a n d 1 5

s t r a i n s ( 1 3 * 8 % ) p a r t i a l l y s e n s i t i v e . T h e r e m a i n i n g 3 6

( 3 3 % ) w e r e r e s i s t a n t t o N H S .

2 . C O M P A R I S O N WI T H C O N T R O L C U L T U R E S

T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a

i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e C F s p u t a w e r e c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e o f

s t r a i n s f r o m t h e t w o c o n t r o l g r o u p s , ( T a b l e X X I I I ) .

T h e m u c o i d f o r m w a s f o u n d i n o n l y o n e c o n t r o l s p u t u m

s t r a i n f r o m a p a t i e n t w i t h b r o n c h i e c t a s i s , ( n o n - C F ) .

T h e m a j o r i t y o f c o n t r o l c u l t u r e s w e r e t y p a b l e b y 0 -

s e r o l o g y , ( 8 7 - 4 % o f s p u t u m i s o l a t e s a n d 9 4 - 9 % ) o f

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TABLE XXII

T H E P A T T E R N O F R E A C T I O N S TO 0 - A N T I S E R A O F T Y P A B L E AMD

A B E R R A N T S T R A I N S O F C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S C U L T U R E S OF

P . A E R U G I N O S A , C O M P A R E D WI T H T H O S E O F C O N T R O L S T R A I N S .

0 t y p e

s e r u m

H o s p i t a l

i s o l a t e s

n = 1 1 2

N o . o f C F c

w e r e a g g l u t i

a n d c

T y p a b l e ( 3 5 )

u l t u r e s e x a m i n e d t h a t

n a t e d b y s t a t e d s e r u m

l a s s i f r i e d a s s -

P o l y a q q l u t i n a b l e ( 5 5 )

1 6 ( 5 - 4 % ) 1 ( 2 - 9 % ) 4 ( 7 * 3 % )

2 1 3 ( 1 1 - 6 % ) 3 ( 8 - 6 % ) 2

3 6 ( 5 * 4 % ) 6 ( 1 7 * 1 % ) 4

4 5 ( 4 * 5 % ) 3 ( 8 * 6 % ) 3 ( 5 * 5 % )

5 ( d ) 1 ( 0 - 9 % ) 0 2 6 ( 4 7 * 3 % )

6 2 7 ( 2 4 - 1 % ) 1 7 ( 4 8 * 6 % ) 4 0 ( 7 2 * 7 % )

7 4 ( 3 * 6 % ) 0 7 ( 1 2 * 7 % )

8 1 ( 0 - 9 % ) 0 3

9 6 ( 5 * 4 % ) 0 3 7 ( 6 7 * 3 % )

1 0 9 ( 8 * 0 % ) 1 4 0 ( 7 2 * 7 % )

1 1 2 4 ( 2 1 * 4 % ) 2 ( 5 * 7 % ) 0

1 2 1 ( 0 * 9 % ) 0 0

1 3 0 0 2 1 ( 3 8 * 2 % )

1 4 0 0 0

1 5 0 0 0

1 6 6 ( 5 - 4 % ) 2 ( 5 * 7 % ) 1

1 7 0 0 0

P A s e r u m 3 ( 2 * 7 % ) 2 ( 5 * 7 % ) 5 5 ( 1 0 0 % )

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161

TABLE XXIII

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA FROM PATIENTS WITH

CYSTIC FIBROSIS COMPARED WITH STRAINS FROM OTHER SOURCES

Straincharacteristic

11

Source of strainsDi fference between CF other groups

x^ test

II CF 1 n=

sput a 109 (%)

Other | sputa | n=87 GO 1

Other hospital specimens n=l18 (%)

1. Mucoid colony

111 37 1

(34)

1I

1 (I'D 1 1

0 p<0*001

2. 0 serotype

111 35 (32*1)

11

76 (87*4) I 112 (94*9) p<0*001ident i fied 1

111

3. PA antigen

111 55 (50*5)

11

15 (17*2) I 12 (10*2) p<0*001expressed 1

111

4. Sensitive to

I11

111

normal human 1 58 (53*2) 12 (13*8) | 13 (11*1) p<0*001serum 1

111

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16 2

o t h e r i s o l a t e s , ( 1 1 2 o f 118 c u l t u r e s ) and t h i s i s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f rom t h e low p e r c e n t a g e o f CP

s t r a i n s w h ic h w e r e t y p a b l e ( p < 0 * 0 0 1 ) . 50*5% o f CF

s t r a i n s e x p r e s s e d PA a n t i g e n , c o m p a r e d t o 17*2% o f

sp u tu m i s o l a t e s ( p < 0 * 0 0 1 ) and 1 0 * 2% o f o t h e r s t r a i n s

( p < 0 * 0 0 1 ) . The i n c i d e n c e o f se r u m s e n s i t i v i t y among

CF s t r a i n s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n i n e i t h e r

c o n t r o l g r o u p s ( p < 0 * 0 0 1 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e c o n t r o l

c u l t u r e s f r o m s p u t u m t e n d e d t o h a v e m o re v a r i a n t

s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s t h a n t h e o t h e r c o n t r o l g r o u p ,

t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n s p u t u m c o n t r o l s and CF s t r a i n s

w a s s t i l l h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t .

3 . ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOME PHENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF

P.AERUGINOSA IN CYSTIC F I B R O S I S

T h e r e w a s no c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o l o n i a l f o r m and t h e

o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o r g a n i s m o r w i t h t h e c l i n i c a l

c o n d i t i o n o f t h e p a t i e n t s i n t h i s s t u d y . The m a j o r i t y o f

t h e CF s t r a i n s sh o w e d t h e t h r e e p h e n o t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f l o s s o f 0 - t y p e r e a c t i o n , e x p r e s s i o n o f PA a n t i g e n and

se r u m s e n s i t i v i t y , a l l o f w h ic h w e r e i n f r e q u e n t i n t h e

c o n t r o l g r o u p s . T h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e s e t h r e e f e a t u r e s ( T a b l e X X I V ) . T h e s e t h r e e

v a r i a b l e s t e n d e d t o g r o u p t h e m s e l v e s , s u c h t h a t o f t h e 1 0 9

s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s i s o l a t e d 59 h ad a l l t h r e e f e a t u r e s ,

26 h a d n o n e , and 24 h a d o ne o r two f e a t u r e s .

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163

TABLE XXIV

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THREE PHENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF P.AERUGINOSA

FROM CF SPUTUM

Pair ofCharacteristics

1I Association | between them

1| Correlation I coefficient

1| Signi ficance 1

Loss of 0 type11 74*3% of untypable strains 1

11|

111

v PA antigeniI express PA antigen. 1

11 0*720 I

1I P<0-001 1

1 96*5% of PA strains are |i11

111l

I untypable by 0 serology. 1

111

1I1

Loss of 0 type1| 83*8% of untypable strains 1

11

111

v serumi1 are serum sensitive. 1

l1 0-704

1I p<0-001 1

sensit ivity1| 93*1% of SS strains have 1

l1I

111i

I lost 0 type. 1

111

111

PA antigen 1| 76% of PA strains are SS.I111

111

v serum1| 72% of SS strains have 1

1I 0-627 1

1I p<0*001 1

sensitivity1I PA antigen 1

i1I

1I1

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4 . RELATIONSHIP OF SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES IN P . AERUGINOSA

TO THE CLINICAL CONDITION OF CYSTIC F I B R O S IS PATIENTS

P a t i e n t s w e r e d i v i d e d r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y i n t o t h r e e

g r o u p s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

p r e d o m i n a n t s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s i s o l a t e d f rom t h e i r

s p u t u m ( T a b l e X X V ) . O r g a n i s m s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be

'com mon' i f t h e y w e r e O - t v p a b l e , r e s i s t a n t t o n o r m a l

human s e r u m an d d i d n o t h a v e PA a n t i g e n . O r g a n i s m s

w i t h t h e s e t h r e e f e a t u r e s o f l o s s o f O - t y p e r e a c t i o n ,

p r e s e n c e o f PA a n t i g e n and s e n s i t i v i t y t o NHS w e r e

c o n s i d e r e d c l a s s i c a l l y ' c y s t i c ' . O r g a n i s m s w i t h some

b u t n o t a l l o f t h e s e f e a t u r e s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a s

' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' . S i x p a t i e n t s , mean a g e 2 1 * 3 y e a r s ,

h a d o n l y 'com m on' s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s i n t h e i r

s p u t u m . The a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f c o l o n i s a t i o n by t h e

o r g a n i s m w as 3 * 7 y e a r s . T h e s e p a t i e n t s w e r e i n a g o o d

c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c l i n i c a l

s c o r e , s p e n t l e s s t i m e i n h o s p i t a l and h ad b e t t e r

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t h a n t h e p a t i e n t s i n t h e o t h e r

two g r o u p s .

T w e n t y - o n e p a t i e n t s , mean a g e 2 4 * 2 y e a r s , h a d o n l y

' c y s t i c ' s t r a i n s i n t h e i r s p u t u m . The a v e r a g e

d u r a t i o n o f c o l o n i s a t i o n w as 7 * 1 y e a r s . R e s p i r a t o r y

f u n c t i o n w a s n o t a s g o o d a s t h e f i r s t g r o u p o f

p a t i e n t s , b u t i t w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n t h e

p a t i e n t s w i t h ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' o r g a n i s m s .

T w e n t y - t w o p a t i e n t s , mean a g e 2 2 - 1 y e a r s , h ad

o r g a n i s m s w i t h ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e

a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f c o l o n i s a t i o n w a s 4 * 3 y e a r s . T h e i r

16 4

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165

TABLE XXV

CLINICAL FEATURES OF CF PATIENTS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF P.AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM THEIR SPUTUM.

Clinical features Category of P.aeruginosa'Common' 'Intermediate' 'Cystic'

No. of patients Mean age (years)

621*3

2222*1

2124*2

Mean duration of colonisation and range (yrs)

3-7(0*3-7)

NS

4*3(0*5- 12)

p<0*001

7*1(0*3-20)

% predicted FEV^ Mean + SD

50*8+21*9p<0*01

31*1+16*4p<0 *05

35*02+13*3

% predicted FVC Mean + SD

63*3+19*8p<0* 05

45*02+19*4p=0*05

54*8+12*5

Average no. of days in hospitalin six months+ SD

6•2+5 * 3

P<0*001

13*0+19*0

p<0*001

10*1+18*9

Clinical score + SD

71+12*0P<0-01

58*3+9*9NS-

65*5+10*9

Number of deaths 0 5 (22*7%) 1 (4*7%)

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1 66

c l i n i c a l s c o r e a n d r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y w o r s e t h a n t h a t o f t h e f i r s t (common)

g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s , and t h e i r r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n

s i g n i f i c a n t l y w o r s e t h a n t h a t o f p a t i e n t s w i t h

' c y s t i c ' s t r a i n s . T h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s s p e n t m ore t i m e

i n h o s p i t a l d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e s t u d y t h a n t h e

o t h e r two g r o u p s . F i v e o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s h a v e

s u b s e q u e n t l y d i e d ( 2 3 % ) , w h e r e a s t h e r e h a s been o n l y

o n e d e a t h i n t h e ' c y s t i c ' g r o u p (5%) and none i n t h e

common g r o u p .

The v a r i a t i o n i n s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s f rom e a c h

i n d i v i d u a l p a t i e n t w a s r e v i e w e d t o t e s t t h e v a l i d i t y

o f d i v i d i n g p a t i e n t s i n t o g r o u p s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

n a t u r e o f t h e o r g a n i s m . E a c h o f t h e s i x p a t i e n t s i n

t h e 'com mon' g r o u p h a d o n l y one s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s

w h ic h w a s i s o l a t e d f r o m s p u t u m a t e v e r y a t t e n d a n c e ,

a l t h o u g h some d i s s o c i a t i o n o f c o l o n i a l fo rm was s e e n .

O - s e r o g r o u p s 1 , 3 , 6 , a n d 11 w e r e f o u n d . I n t h e

' c y s t i c ' g r o u p o f 2 1 p a t i e n t s , a p p a r e n t l y i d e n t i c a l

' c y s t i c ' s t r a i n s w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m e v e r y s p e c i m e n

f r o m e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i n 20 c a s e s . In o n e s a m p l e f ro m

a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l t h e r e w a s an ' i n t e r m e d i a t e '

v a r i a n t . Of t h e 22 p a t i e n t s w i t h ' i n t e r m e d i a t e '

o r g a n i s m s , s e v e n h a d two o r m o re d i s t i n c t s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s i n a s i n g l e s p u tu m s p e c i m e n . However i n

o n l y two o f t h e s e w e r e d i f f e r e n t O - t y p a b l e s t r a i n s

f o u n d . The o t h e r f i v e p a t i e n t s h ad d i f f e r e n t

' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' s t r a i n s v a r y i n g i n e i t h e r

s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y , o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f PA a n t i g e n , b u t

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w e r e of: o ne O - t y o e w h e r e t h e O - r e a c t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d .

F . DISCUSSION

1 . CHARACTERISTICS OF P.AERUGINOSA FROM CYSTIC F I B R O S I S

SPUTA

a ) C o l o n i a l Form

A s i n g l e s t r a i n o f P . a e r u g i n o s a may d i s s o c i a t e

i n t o s e v e r a l c o l o n i a l f o r m s - * - ^ . The m u c o i d form i s

r a r e l y i s o l a t e d f r o m c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s , w i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f s p u t u m f r o m CF p a t i e n t s l ^ l f and i s o f t e n

c o n s i d e r e d a p a t h o g n o m o n i c f e a t u r e o f CF. M u c o id

f o r m s r a p i d l y . b e c o m e n o n - m u c o i d by s e r i a l t r a n s f e r on

s o l i d medium^-*7®, a n d t h e r e l a t i v e l y low i n c i d e n c e o f

m u c o i d f o r m s i n t h i s CF s e r i e s may be d u e t o t h e f a c t

t h a t o r g a n i s m s w e r e s t u d i e d a f t e r t w o o r t h r e e

s u b c u l t u r e s . M u c o i d a n d n o n - m u c o i d f o r m s f r o m t h e

s a m e s p e c i m e n h a v e b e e n shown t o be i d e n t i c a l s t r a i n s ,

t h a t i s o f t h e s a m e s e r o t y p e a n d p y o c i n type-*-7 2 - 1 7 4 0

C o l o n i a l f o r m i s t h e r e f o r e an i n c o n s i s t e n t and

c u l t u r e - d e p e n d e n t f e a t u r e o f a s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s ,

a n d i n t h i s s t u d y d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e o t h e r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o r g a n i s m , o r w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n

o f t h e p a t i e n t . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e m u c o i d form

t o t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f CF w as d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 2,

b u t c o l o n i a l fo rm i s o f no i m p o r t a n c e i n i n v i t r o

s t u d i e s o f t h e o r g a n i s m .

1 6 7

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168

b ) O - s e r o t y p e

The h e a t s t a b l e O - a n t i g e n s o f P,a e r u g i n o s a - t h e

c e l l w a l l l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e - p r o v i d e t h e b a s i s t o r

s e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g o f t h i s o r g a n i s m . 90-95% o f

s t r a i n s f ro m c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s c a n b e a l l o c a t e d t o a

s p e c i f i c s e r o t y p e by t h i s m e t h o d s 6 5 . A s m a l l number

o f s t r a i n s a r e a g g l u t i n a t e d by s e v e r a l a n t i s e r a

a g a i n s t u n r e l a t e d O - s e r o g r o u p s , an d s u c h s t r a i n s may

e x p r e s s a new s o m a t i c a n t i g e n , t o w h ic h a s p e c i f i c

r a b b i t a n t i s e r u m may be r a i s e d . T h i s h a s been t e r m e d

t h e p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g o r PA a n t i g e n i c .

T y p a b l e CF c u l t u r e s w e r e m a i n l y O - g r o u p s 1 , 2 b , 3 ,

4 , 6 , 1 0 , 11 and 1 6 , w i t h t y p e 6 b e i n g t h e m o s t common

( 4 8 * 6 % ) . T h i s p a t t e r n i s s i m i l a r i n g e n e r a l t o t h a t

s e e n i n o t h e r h o s p i t a l i s o l a t e s , ( T a b l e X X I I ) . Z i e r d t

a n d Williamsl73 t y p e d 173 CF s t r a i n s by t h e Homma

s y s t e m , and f o u n d t h a t t h e t y p e 8 ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

IATS 0 - 6 ) a c c o u n t e d f o r 60% o f s t r a i n s . They a l s o

n o t e d t h a t CF s t r a i n s d i d n o t g i v e c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s

on r e p e t i t i v e t y p i n g t e s t s and 2 1 % w e r e n o t t y p a b l e .

I n t h e s t u d y o f D i a z e t a l - ^ 5 on c u l t u r e s f ro m 40 CF

p a t i e n t s , 45% o f s t r a i n s c o u l d n o t be t y p e d . H ^ i b y

a n d R o s e n d a l - -̂^6 t y p e d 4 8 4 CF i s o l a t e s by t h e Habs

m e t h o d and f o u n d t h a t t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f IATS 1 , 3 , 4

a n d 6 w e r e t h e m o s t common, b u t t h a t a l m o s t h a l f t h e

s t r a i n s w e r e p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g . In t h e m i n o r i t y o f CF

s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s t h a t a r e O - t y p a b l e , i t s e e m s

t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f O - g r o u p s i s s i m i l a r t o a n y

o t h e r c o l l e c t i o n o f i s o l a t e s o f p s e u d o m o n a s . A l t h o u g h

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lf> 9

IATS t y p e 6 may b e t h e m o s t common in CF i s o l a t e s , i t

i s a l s o q e n e r a l l v t h e m o s t common, and n o t a 'CF

s e r o t y p e ' a s d e s c r i b e d by Z i e r d t and W i l l i a m s ^ 3 %

c ) PA a n t i g e n

P o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s by m u l t i p l e

O - a n t i s e r a f r o m CF p a t i e n t s was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d by

M a r t i n ^ f n 1 9 7 1 . H ^ i b y and R o s e n d a l l ^ G f o u n d many

p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g CF s t r a i n s u s i n g H a b s a n t i s e r a , and

a s s i g n e d 36*9% o f s t r a i n s s t u d i e d t o an ' 0 - 3 / 9

c o m p l e x ' w h ic h i n c l u d e d c r o s s - r e a c t i o n s b e tw e e n

0 - g r o u p s 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 9 . S e r o g r o u p s 02 a n d

05 a r e w e l l known t o c r o s s - r e a c t , and s u b - t y p e

s p e c i f i c s e r a w e r e u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

A l l o w i n g f o r t h i s t h e p a t t e r n o f p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g

r e a c t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , w hich

i n v o l v e d O - g r o u p s 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 and 1 3 , i s d i f f e r e n t

f ro m t h e p a t t e r n d e s c r i b e d by H o ib y and R o s e n d a l . The

p henom enon o f p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n w as v e r y common among

CF s t r a i n s o f t h i s s t u d y , and w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

e x p r e s s i o n o f PA a n t i g e n , a s d e t e c t e d by a s p e c i f i c

r a b b i t a n t i s e r u m . A l l s t r a i n s w h ic h p o l y a g g l u t i n a t e d

0 - t y p i n g s e r a r e a c t e d w i t h t h e PA s e r u m .

d ) S e n s i t i v i t y t o n o r m a l human s e r u m

The m a j o r i t y o f s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d

f ro m b l o o d c u l t u r e s a n d s a p r o p h y t i c s o u r c e s a r e

r e s i s t a n t t o t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f n o r m a l human

serum^-77^ a l t h o u g h t h e a b s o l u t e p r e v a l e n c e o f s e r u m

s e n s i t i v i t y may d e p e n d on t h e i j i v i t r o c o n d i t i o n s o f

t h e t e s t l 7 8 . S e r u m s e n s i t i v e s t r a i n s a r e f r e q u e n t l y

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J70

f o u n d in CF and t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 531 in t h i s s t u d y i.

s i m i l a r t o f i g u r e s p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d - * - ^

S e n s i t i v i t y t o s e r u m w as h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l o s s o f O - t y p e r e a c t i o n and t h e

p r e s e n c e o f PA a n t i g e n .

2 . SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES OF P.AERUGINOSA IN CYSTIC

F I B R O S IS

T h r e e p h e n o t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , l o s s o f O - t y p e

r e a c t i o n , e x p r e s s i o n o f PA a n t i g e n and s e n s i t i v i t y

t o n o r m a l human s e r u m w e r e f o u n d t o be common i n

p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n s f r o m CF p a t i e n t s and t o be

s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r . O r g a n i s m s

w e r e c l a s s i f i e d a s ' c o m m o n ' , ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' o r

' c y s t i c ' on t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e f e a t u r e s . T h e s e t h r e e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e a l s o s e e n i n a s m a l l num ber o f

c o n t r o l s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e y

a r e n o t s p e c i f i c t o CF b u t p e r h a p s r e l a t e t o c h r o n i c

c o l o n i s a t i o n o f a n y s i t e by t h e o r g a n i s m . I t i s

t h e r e f o r e u n l i k e l y t h a t t h i s i s a phenomenon w h i c h i s

o n l y s e e n i n a d u l t CF p a t i e n t s h o w e v e r i t w o u ld b e o f

g r e a t i n t e r e s t t o p e r f o r m a s i m i l a r s t u d y i n CF

c h i l d r e n .

In o n l y two c a s e s w e r e p a t i e n t s f rom t h e

' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' g r o u p i n f e c t e d by m o re t h a n o n e

d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s , s o i t i s

u n l i k e l y t h a t m u l t i p l e s t r a i n s w e r e a c o n t r i b u t o r y

f a c t o r t o t h e i r p o o r c l i n i c a l s t a t u s . I f p s e u d o m o n a s

u n d e r g o e s c h a n g e s i n t h r e e p h e n o t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

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1 7 1

in p a r a l l e l in CP, s e v e r a l i n t e r m e d i a t e v a r i a n t s w i t h

c h a n g e s i n o ne o f : t h e t h r e e f e a t u r e s m i g h t be e x p e c t e d

t o o c c u r i n t h e s a m e s p e c i m e n . T h i s was s e e n i n f i v e

p a t i e n t s in t h e ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' g r o u p , p r o v i d i n g some

e v i d e n c e f o r a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e o r g a n i s m r a t h e r t h a n

a c q u i s i t i o n o f o t h e r o r g a n i s m s f rom t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

(Any r e c e n t l y a c q u i r e d o r g a n i s m w o u l d be m o s t l i k e l y

t o be o f t h e ' com m o n ' t y p e ) . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e w a s

p r o v i d e d when t h e v a r i a n t s f ro m t h e s e f i v e p a t i e n t s

w e r e s t u d i e d i n m o r e d e t a i l . S e r u m - r e s i s t a n t v a r i a n t s

s e l e c t e d f r o m s u r v i v o r s o f t h e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t

w e r e f o u n d t o be o f t h e sam e O - s e r o t y p e a s t h e

'common' s t r a i n s f r o m ' t h e sam e s p e c i m e n . R e s i s t a n t

v a r i a n t s b e c a m e s e n s i t i v e t o s e r u m on r e t e s t i n g , b u t

c o u l d be r e s e l e c t e d by t h e a c t i o n o f a b a c t e r i o p h a g e .

'Common' and ' c y s t i c ' s t r a i n s f ro m t h e sam e s p e c i m e n

o f o n e p a t i e n t w e r e i d e n t i c a l i n p y o c i n t y p e a n d

v a r i e d by o n l y o n e p h a g e o f t h e p h a g e t y p i n g s e t .

A c q u i s i t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m o t h e r p a t i e n t s ,

t h a t i s c r o s s - i n f e c t i o n b e tw e e n CF p a t i e n t s , i s t h e

s u b j e c t o f c o n t r o v e r s y ; e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s a r e

h a m p e r e d by t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n s e r o t y p i n g p s e u d o m o n a s

f r o m CF s p u t u m , h i g h l i g h t e d i n t h i s s t u d y . Hj&iby and

R o s e n d a l l 7 6 d e f i n e d c l u s t e r s o f o r g a n i s m s on s e r o l o g y

an d i n f e r r e d t h a t c r o s s - i n f e c t i o n h ad o c c u r r e d w i t h o u t

d i s c u s s i n g p a t i e n t c o n t a c t . D i a z e t a l - ^ 5 f o u n d t h r e e

s e r o t y p e s t o p r e d o m i n a n t among CF p a t i e n t s , b u t t h e

o v e r a l l p a t t e r n o f i s o l a t e s e r o t y p e s was s i m i l a r t o

t h o s e f r o m o t h e r p a t i e n t s an d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . K e l l y

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e t a l l ^ O a i S o Hound t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e r o t y p e s

f rom CP p a t i e n t s d i d n o t d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y from

t h a t o f s t r a i n s f r o m a l l s o u r c e s in t h e i r l a b o r a t o r y ,

and w h e r e p a t i e n t s h a r b o u r e d t h e sam e s t r a i n t h e r e w as

no e v i d e n c e o f c o n t a c t b e t w e e n them . They c o n c l u d e d

t h a t p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n s w e r e a c q u i r e d by CF p a t i e n t s

f ro m t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T he s i m i l a r i t y i n p a t t e r n o f

t y p a b l e CF c u l t u r e s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o m p a r e d t o

a l l i s o l a t e s s e n t t o t h e r e f e r e n c e l a b o r a t o r y f o r

t y p i n g ( T a b l e X X I I ) s u p p o r t s t h i s c o n c l u s i o n .

T he p h e n o t y p e v a r i a n t s o f p s e u d o m o n a s d e s c r i b e d i n

t h i s s t u d y a r e s e r o l o g i c a l l y d i s t i n c t , and t h e r e f o r e

a r e a s s u m e d t o h a v e a d i s t i n c t a n t i g e n i c s t r u c t u r e .

I n many r e s p e c t s , t h e c h r o n i c c o l o n i s a t i o n o f t h e CF

l u n g by P . a e r u g i n o s a r e p r e s e n t s a h o s t - p a r a s i t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p . CF p a t i e n t s d e m o n s t r a t e s p e c i f i c

a c q u i r e d im m u n i ty t o t h e o r g a n i s m ( C h a p t e r 2 ) , a n d t h e

o r g a n i s m c a n c o m b a t t h i s o n l y by a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n .

A n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n may b e d e f i n e d a s t h e p r o c e s s by

w h i c h an i n f e c t i n g o r g a n i s m c h a n g e s i t s a n t i g e n i c

s t r u c t u r e s u f f i c i e n t l y t o a v o i d e l i m i n a t i o n by t h e

h o s t s ' immune s y s t e m , a n d t h u s g a i n s a s e l e c t i v e

a d v a n t a g e . I n f e c t i o n s c a u s e d i n i t i a l l y by an

a p p a r a n t l y h o m o g e n o u s p o p u l a t i o n o f an o r g a n i s m c a n

g i v e r i s e t o a p o p u l a t i o n i m m u n o l o g i c a l l y d i s t i n c t

f r o m t h e p a r e n t s t r a i n . A n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n c a n b e

i n d u c e d i n m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s by t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

s p e c i f i c i m m u n i t y t o them w i t h i n t h e h o s t p o p u l a t i o n ,

1 7 2

a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e i n f l u e n z a v i r u s , o r w i t h i n t h e

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M a j o ri n d i v i r t u a l h o s t a s in t r e p a n o s o m i a s i s .

a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n s in t h e I n f l u e n z a A v i r u s r e s u l t

in p a n d e m i c s e v e r y 10 t o 30 y e a r s , and a r e c a u s e d by

r e c o m b i n a t i o n s b e t w e e n v i r u s e s i n f e c t i n g man and o t h e r

a n i m a l s . M in o r c h a n g e s t h a t c a u s e e p i d e m i c s a r e

p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t o f p o i n t m u t a t i o n s , known a s

a n t i g e n i c d r i f t . C h a n g e s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f two

g l y c o p r o t e i n s , h a e m a g g l u t i n i n and n e u r a m i n i d a s e o c c u r ,

a n d m u t a n t s a r e s e l e c t e d o u t w h ich h a v e a g r o w t h

a d v a n t a g e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f l i m i t i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f t h e h o s t a n t i b o d y t o t h e p a r e n t s t r a i n . A n t i g e n i c

d r i f t w o u l d b e t h e m o s t l i k e l y t y p e o f a n t i g e n i c

v a r i a t i o n o c c u r r i n g i n p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n i n C F .

A n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e

i n d i v i d u a l h o s t h a s b e e n m o s t s t u d i e d i n t h e p r o t o z o a ,

t h e t r e p a n o s o m e s , p l a s m o d i a and b a b a s i a g e n e r a . M o s t

l a b o r a t o r y w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e i n t h o s e g e n e r a w h ic h

i n f e c t a n i m a l s h o w e v e r , and t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e sam e

phenomen o c c u r s i n man i s c i r c u m s t a n t i a l - * - ^ - * - . D o e s

a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n o c c u r i n b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e i n man?

T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t c h a n g e s i n t h e a n t i g e n i c

s t r u c t u r e o f c e l l w a l l LPS r e s u l t s i n s e r u m - r e s i s t a n t

s t r a i n s o f N e i s s e r i a g o n o r r h o e a , w h ic h i n t u r n a r e

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i s s e m i n a t e d disease-"*-The c h a n g e s

o b s e r v e d i n P . a e r u g i n o s a i n CF i n t h i s s t u d y may be

t h e r e s u l t o f a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n , w h ich o c c u r r e d

d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f a c h r o n i c b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n in

an i n d i v i d u a l human h o s t . P s e u d o m o n a s i s one o f t h e

m o s t v e r s i t i l e b a c t e r i a , a d a p t a b l e t o a w i d e r a n g e o f

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e n v i r o n m e n t s , and a l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e t o r t h i s

p h e n o m e n o n . T e j e d o r e t a l - ^ 3 r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s p u t a

o f CF p a t i e n t s c o l o n i s e d w i t h P . a e r u g i n o s a c o n t a i n e d

l a r g e n u m b e r s o f b a c t e r i o p h a g e s . I t w o u l d be o f

i n t e r e s t t o s t u d y t h e r o l e o f p h a g e s i n t h e m e c h a n i s m

o f p h e n o t y p e c h a n g e a n d a n t i g e n i c d r i f t i n p s e u d o m o n a s

i n CF.

RELATIONSHIP OF SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES OF P . AERUGINOSA

TO THE CLINICAL CONDITION OF CF PATIENTS:

A HYPOTHESIS

P a t i e n t s who h a d b e e n c o l o n i s e d by p s e u d o m o n a s

r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y a n d who w e r e i n a g o o d c l i n i c a l

c o n d i t i o n h a d s t r a i n s o f t h e o r g a n i s m s i m i l a r i n

c h a r a c t e r t o t h o s e f r o m o t h e r c l i n i c a l s o u r c e s . T he

c h a n g e s o f p h e n o t y p e o b s e r v e d i n t h i s s t u d y s e e m e d t o

o c c u r i n p a r a l l e l , s o t h a t a l m o s t h a l f t h e p a t i e n t s

h a d o r g a n i s m s w i t h a l l t h e f e a t u r e s o f ' c y s t i c '

s t r a i n s . P a t i e n t s w i t h ' c y s t i c ' s t r a i n s w e r e o l d e r

a n d h a d b e e n c o l o n i s e d by t h e o r g a n i s m f o r a l o n g e r

p e r i o d o f t i m e , a n d a l s o had a g r e a t e r i m p a i r m e n t o f

r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n t h a n p a t i e n t s w i t h common

s t r a i n s . P a t i e n t s c o l o n i s e d by o r g a n i s m s o f an

' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' t y p e w e r e m o re s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d by CF

t h a n e i t h e r o f t h e o t h e r two g r o u p s , t h e i r r e s p i r a t o r y

f u n c t i o n w a s w o r s e a n d f i v e p a t i e n t s f ro m t h i s g r o u p

h a v e s u b s e q u e n t l y d i e d . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s

i n t h i s s t u d y t h e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s i s p r o p o s e d

I n c h r o n i c b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n w i t h

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1 7 5

P . a e r u g i n o s a in p a t i e n t s w i t h CF, t h e o r g a n i s m

u n d e r g o e s an e n v i r o n m e n t a l a d a p t a t i o n m ar k e d by

c h a n g e s i n s o m a t i c a n t i g e n s and s e n s i t i v i t y t o n o r m a l

human s e r u m . The p r o t e i n - l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e c o m p l e x

o f t h e o u t e r m e m b r an e o f p s e u d o m o n a s i s

i m m u n o g e n i c l 8 4 , s o c h a n g e s i n i t s s t r u c t u r e may r e n d e r

h o s t d e f e n c e m e c h a n i s m s t e m p o r a r i l y l e s s e f f e c t i v e ,

and u p s e t t h e h o s t - p a r a s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t e x i s t e d

b e t w e e n t h e CF p a t i e n t a n d p s e u d o m o n a s . P a t i e n t s

w h o s e h o s t d e f e n c e s a r e n o t a b l e t o a d j u s t t o t h e new

v a r i a n t s o f p s e u d o m o n a s d e t e r i o r a t e r a p i d l y and d i e .

P a t i e n t s who a r e a b l e t o a d a p t and s u r v i v e t h i s

i n t e r m e d i a t e p e r i o d may r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y w e l l f o r

some y e a r s ( F i g u r e 1 3 ) . The a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s e

v a r i a n t s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s may r e p r e s e n t a

c r i t i c a l s t a g e i n t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f CF. A g g r e s s i v e

c h e m o t h e r a p y t o r e d u c e b a c t e r i a l l o a d d u r i n g t h i s

p e r i o d o f c h a n g e i n t h e o r g a n i s m m i g h t a l l o w t h e h o s t

d e f e n c e s y s t e m t i m e t o f i n d a new e q u i l i b r i u m . A

p r o s p e c t i v e c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l i s o f c o u r s e n e c e s s a r y t o

t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s .

T he p h e n o t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r a i n s w e r e

s t u d i e d f i r s t i n a b l i n d m a n n e r , b u t a l l o c a t i o n o f

p a t i e n t s t o g r o u p s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r sp u tu m

o r g a n i s m s w as r e t r o s p e c t i v e and o pen t o b i a s . I t was

a s s u m e d t h a t t h e p r o g r e s s i o n o f t h e d i s e a s e w o u ld be

p a r a l l e l e d by c h a n g e s i n t h e o r g a n i s m s h o w e v e r , an d

t h e f i n d i n g t h a t p a t i e n t s w e r e w o r s e i n t h e

i n t e r m e d i a t e g r o u p w a s u n e x p e c t e d . I t i s p o s s i b l e

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17 6

FIGURE 13

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOME PHENOTYPE CHANGES IN

P.AERUGINOSA TO THE CLINICAL CONDITION OF

C Y STIC F I B R O S I S PATIENTS

ORGANISM L o s s o f O t y p e r e a c t i o n .

E x p r e s s i o n o f PA a n t i g e n .

D e v e l o p m e n t o f s e r u m - s e n s i t i v i t y .

'com m on' ' i n t e r m e d i a t e '-------------->

s t r a i n s t r a i n

' c y s t i c '*

s t r a i n

S u d d e n d e t e r i o r a t i o n .

PATIENT

G ood c o n d i t i o n A d a p t t o c h a n g e R e l a t i v e l y w e l l .

i n p s e u d o m o n a s

a n t i g e n s E v e n t u a l s low

d e t e r i o r a t i o n .

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177

that: the organism can progress in one steo from common to cystic, and we have no data on the genetic basis or linkage between the characteristics we have studied.The cystic form does seem to be the ’end-stage', in only- one sample from one patient in this group was an intermediate variant found. The fact that five patients in the intermediate group had several variant forms in their sputum at the same time suggests that the three characteristics are not closely linked genetically.

G. SUMMARY1. The majority of strains of P.aeruginosa isolated

from CF patients had three distinctive features when compared to controls; loss of the O-serotype reaction, presence of a new somatic antigen, and sensitivity to normal human serum.

2. These three phenotype characteristics were significantly associated with each other.

3. Patients who had recently been colonised by the organism and who were relatively fit, had strains with similar characteristics to control strains.

4. Patients who had been colonised for some years and were in a poorer condition had typically 'cystic' organisms, with all three of the above features.

5. Patients with 'intermediate' strains, having one or two of these features were the most severely affected by CF. The appearance of these variants may represent a critical stage in the progression of CF.

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Chapter 7

BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERUM AGAINST

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

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A. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

In contrast to strains oE P. aeruginosa from the environment or routine clinical specimens, strains isolated Erom CF sputa are usually sensitive to the bactericidal action of normal human serum^-69,179 (Chapter 6). This bactericidal activity is complement-mediated and initiated by natural opsonic antibodies of the IgM classic. Hjzfiby & 011ingl69 noted that sera from three CF patients failed to kill the strains of pseudomonas from the patient's own sputum. These strains were.sensitive to normal human serum. Thomassen & Demko^^^ found a similar selective defect in five CF sera, and noted that in two cases the CF sera 'blocked' the bactericidal activity of normal human serum against the autologous strain of pseudomonas.

B. AIMS

The aim of this study was to investigate further the bactericidal activity of CF serum against autologous and heterologous strains of pseudomonas, and to study the effect of CF sera on the bactericidal activity of normal human serum.

C. METHODS1. SERA

Normal human serum (NHS) was obtained by pooling equal volumes of serum from five healthy volunteers. Cystic

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100

Fibrosis serum (CFS) was obtained From 2 groups oF CP patients. The first group was composed of 51 patients, 30 males and 21 Females, age range 16-43 years, all of whom were chronically infected by P,aeruginosa, which had been isolated in every sputum sample For at least 6 months before the study. The second group of 10 patients, 4 males and 6 females, age range 16-49 years, had never had P.aeruginosa isolated from their sputum, and were considered to be free of this organism. Sera were stored in aliquots at -20^C and used within 2 months.

2. ORGANISMSSix strains of P.aeruginosa of known sensitivity to

NHS were used as a reference panel for comparing bactericidal activity of patients' sera (Table XXVI).An environmental strain (0985), a strain from a patient with pneumonia secondary to carcinoma of the bronchus (2361) and 2 CF strains (002 and 003) were selected from strains sent for serotyping to the Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory . Strain 7/1 was the serum-sensitive variant of laboratory reference strain 7. Sputum from CF patients was processed by methods described in Chapter 3, and isolates of P.aeruginosa from each patient were identified.

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T A B L E X X V I

BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CYSTIC F I B R O S IS SERUM AGAINST STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.

TestStrainNumber

Scourceor

diagnosisSensitivity

to NHSNumber of sera with ba a) CF patients

colonised by P.aeruqinosa

n=20

ctericidal activity from b) CF patients free of

P.aeruqinosa n=10

0985 Intensive Care Unit

sink+ 20 10

2361 Pneumonia + 19 107/1 Laboratory + 20 10003 CF + 20 10002 CF - 1 07 Laboratory — 0 0

+ = S e n s i t i v e - = R e s i s t a n t 181

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3. SERUM T E S T S

a ) Serum-sensitivitySerum sensitivity tests were performed as described

in Chapter 3. Each CF serum was tested for bactericidal activity against the reference panel of pseudomonas strains, and against the strains isolated from thatpatient's sputum. All strains from CF patients' sputa were tested for sensitivity to NHS.

b) Blocking factor activityEqual volumes (50 ul) of CFS and NHS were

pre-incubated for 1 hour at 37^C, and an aliquot of an 18 hour culture of pseudomonas diluted 1 in 100 in Hank's solution was added. After incubation for a further 1 hour, 20 ul of the mixture was spotted onto an agar plate. A further 20 ul was diluted logarthrimically in Hank's solution to 1 in 10,000, and 20 ul of each dilution plated to give a viable count.The same procedure was followed for control tubes in which the test organism was exposed to 1) NHS and Hank's solution to confirm the serum-sensitivity of the organism, 2) CFS and Hank's solution to monitor the bactericidal action of CFS alone, and 3) Hank’s solution alone to confirm the viability of the test organism.Sera from CF patients containing blocking factors were defined as those that did not kill the organism, but blocked the bactericidal action of NHS on that organism, such that the viable count from tubes containing both NHS and CFS was similar to that from the control tube in which the organism was held in Hanks's solution alone.

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i n 3

c ) A b s o r p t i o n o f s e r a

The absorbing strain of pseudomonas was grown in Tryptone Soya Broth (Oxoid) at 37(̂C for 4 hours. five nutrient agar plates were inoculated using a sterile swab and incubated overnight at 37^C. The growth was washed off with a 0*5% solution of phenol saline and centrifuged at 10,000 G for 20 minutes. The cells were resuspended in 1ml of serum and incubated at 37^C for 2 hours, then at 4^C overnight. The suspension was centrifuged for 10 minutes in an Eppendorf centrifuge at10,000 G, the serum taken off, and passed through a 0*45 um membrane filter (Millipore). Absorbed sera were tested for residual bactericidal and blocking activity.

d) Characterisation of selected cystic fibrosis seraTotal haemolytic complement was measured by the

method of Mayer^-^6. Immunoglobulin was measured by radial immunodiffusion. Ion-exchange chromatography was performed using DEAE cellulose, equilibrated with 0*1M phosphate buffer ph8. The serum was dialysed against this buffer for 24 hours and 1ml was processed through a 1cm by 15cm column with 0*02M phosphate buffer.Fractions (1ml) were collected and tested with rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulin IgG and IgM (Seward) by double-diffusion in agar gel^^.

4. CLINICAL ASSESSMENTRespiratory function was assessed in an out-patient clinic on the day of sample collection. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV-j_) , and forced vital

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18 4

capacity (FVC) were measured on a Vita log rap’n spirometer, and were expressed as a percentage oi predicted normal values using tables published by Cotes-̂ -1-. Overall assessment was scored according to the method of Shwachman^ 2.

D. RESULTS

1. BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERA AGAINST P.AERUGINOSA

Sera from 20 CF patients with pseudomonas infection and 10 patients without it were tested for bactericidal activity against the reference panel of strains (Table XXVI). Sera from both groups of patients were bactericidal for all strains sensitive to NHS. Strains resistant to NHS were also resistant to all but 1 CF serum.

119 cultures of P.aeruginosa were isolated from the sputa of the of 51 CF patients, and 64 (53*8%) were sensitive to NHS. Sera from all 51 patients were tested for activity against autologous cultures, and all strains resistant to NHS were also found to be resistant to autologous CFS. Of the 64 sensitive strains, 54 v/ere killed by autologous CFS, but 10 NHS-sensitive strains derived from 7 patients were resistant to CFS from those individuals. Figure 14 shows an agar plate with a strain of pseudomonas that has been tested for sensitivity to NHS and to autologous CFS. The strain

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1 8 5

FIGURE 14

THE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF AUTOLOGOUS CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERUM AND NORMAL HUMAN SERUM ON ONE CF PSEUDOMONAS STRAIN

Nutriant agar plate after 18 hours incubation

AUTOLOGOUS CF SERUM

20 pi f romundiluted sample

20 pi from s amp 1e diluted lin 100

NORMAL HUMAN SERUM

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186

i s s e n s i t i v e t o Nl-lS, w i t h f i v e c o l o n i e s g r o w i n g from th e

u n d i l u t e d s a m p l e a n d a few more from t h e d i l u t e d s a m p l e .

The o r g a n i s m i s n o t k i l l e d by a u t o l o g o u s CFS in t h i s

c a s e , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 0 c o l o n i e s g r o w i n g f r o m t h e

u n d i l u t e d s a m p l e a n d c o n f l u e n t g r o w t h f ro m t h e s a m p l e

d i l u t e d 1 i n 1 0 0 .

2. INTERFERENCE BY CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERA WITH NORMAL HUMAM SERUM KILLING OF P.AERUGINOSA

The seven patients' sera that were not bactericidal for autologous strains of pseudomonas were tested for blocking activity. Six of the seven sera neutralised the bactericidal effect of NHS on the eight strains of pseudomonas from those six patients. (One serum that failed to kill its own two strains had no effect on NHS). The blocking potency of these six sera was determined in serial doubling dilution tests, and the blocking titre was defined as the highest dilution of CFS that resulted in a 1,000-fold increase in viable count, compared with the control tube containing the test strain with NHS and Hanks solution to the same final volume. Titres of 32, 32, 16, 16, 8 and 4 were obtained for the six patients. Table XXVII shows the results obtained with one CF serum containing a blocking factor.

3. STUDIES OF SERA WITH BLOCKING ACTIVITY AND THE AUTOLOGOUS STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS

The s i x CF s e r a w i t h ' b l o c k i n g ' a c t i v i t y h a d n o r m a l

concentrations of complement, and normal or raised

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187

TABLE XXVII

EFFECT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERUM FROM PATIENT B ON THE BACTERICIDAL

ACTIVITY OF NIIS FOR PSEUDOMONAS STRAIN 130b*

Test organism incubated with: Viable count cfu/ml

Hanks' so lu tio n 11

1 X 107

1CF serum + Hanks' so lu tion |

11*5 X 105

1NHS + Hanks' so lu t io n |

150

NHS + CFS undiluted111

1 X 107

(1

2 Il

1 X i—■ o

(1

4 1 1

2*5 X 1—•

o O'

NHS + CFS d ilu ted 1 in (1

8 Ii

1 X 1—>

o

(1

16 | 1

7 X 105

(1

32 |i 2*5 X 105

(1

64 |i

2*5 X 103i

( 128 | 2 X CMO

* Autologous s t r a in for p a t ien t B. t T it re = 32

HS = normal humanFS = c y s t ic f i b r o s i s serum from patient B.

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a m o u n t s o f .T.gG, IgM and I g A . The s e r a w o re b a c t e r i c i d a l

f o r t h e f o u r s e r u m - s e n s i t i v e s t r a i n s o f t h e r e f e r e n c e

p a n e l and t o t h r e e o t h e r N H S - s e n s i t i v e CF s t r a i n s . The

e i g h t , s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s c o n c e r n e d w e r e t y p i c a l , o f

i s o l a t e s r e c o v e r e d f ro m CF s p u t a ( C h a p t e r 6 ) ; f i v e grew

a s m u c o i d c o l o n i e s , and a l l showed m u l t i p l e

a g g u l t i n a t i o n r e a c t i o n s w i t h O - a n t i s e r a . T h e s e

o r g a n i s m s w e r e r e p e a t e d l y r e t e s t e d f o r s e n s i t i v i t y t o

NHS a n d r e m a i n e d s e n s i t i v e . They w e r e a l s o k i l l e d by

o t h e r CF s e r a , b o t h f r o m p a t i e n t s c o l o n i s e d by

p s e u d o m o n a s ( n = 1 2 ) and f r o m t h o s e f r e e o f t h e o r g a n i s m

( n = 6 ) .

4 . CHARACTERISATION OF BLOCKING ACTIVITY

a ) S t r a i n - s p e c i f i c i t y

The s e r a an d s t r a i n s o f t h e s i x p a t i e n t s w i t h a

b l o c k i n g t i t r e w e r e c r o s s - t e s t e d f o r b a c t e r i c i d a l an d

b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y . By d e f i n i t i o n a se r u m c o n t a i n i n g a

f a c t o r t h a t i n t e r f e r e s w i t h t h e k i l l i n g o f a p a r t i c u l a r

s t r a i n by NKS, d o e s n o t k i l l t h a t s t r a i n . T a b l e X X V I I I

sh o w s t h a t b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y w as s e l e c t i v e f o r t h e

p a t i e n t ' s own s t r a i n i n t h r e e c a s e s (A, B and C) b u t

c r o s s - r e a c t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d w i t h t h e s e r a and s t r a i n s

o f t h e o t h e r t h r e e p a t i e n t s (D, E and F ) .

b) A b s o r p t i o n o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s se r u m

A l i q u o t s o f f o u r CF s e r a w i t h b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y w ere

a b s o r b e d u s i n g t h e a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s .

The s e r a r e t a i n e d b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y when s u b s e q u e n t l y

t e s t e d w i t h a u t o l o g o u s o r h e t e r o l o g o u s s t r a i n s .

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T A B L E X X V I I I

PATTERN OF 'BLOCKING' AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SERA FROM S I X CF PATIENTS FOR AUTOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS STRAINS OF

PSEUDOMONAS AEURINOSA.

Serum from CF patient

Strain of P.aeruginosa from stated patient157aA

188A

130bB

200B

150aC

146cD

155aE

154bF

A + + - - + - • • • -B + + + + + - • • ♦ -

C + - - - + - m • • +D - - - - - + • • • -E - - - - • • • - + -

F - - - - • • • - • • • ++ = p r e s e n c e o f b l o c k i n g f a c t o r ( d e f e c t i v e k i l l i n g ) - = a b s e n c e o f b l o c k i n g f a c t o r ( n o r m a l k i l l i n g ). . . = n o t d o n e

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190

c ) S e r u m f r a c t i o n s

I g G - r i c h f r a c t i o n s o f two CF s e r a o b t a i n e d by

i o n - e x c h a n g e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n t e r e f e r e c l w i t h t h e

b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f WHS on a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s , b u t f r a c t i o n s w i t h o u t IgG d i d n o t e x h i b i t

b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y ( T a b l e X X I X ) . No i n t r i n s i c

b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y w a s f o u n d i n t h o s e f r a c t i o n s , e v e n

i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f e x c e s s c o m p le m e n t ( G u i n e a - p i g

c o m p l e m e n t , W e l l c o m e ) , when t e s t e d a g a i n s t a u t o l o g o u s o r

r e f e r e n c e s t r a i n s .

5 . CLINICAL CONDITION OF PATIENTS WITH BLOCKING FACTORS IN

SERUM

C l i n i c a l d a t a f o r t h e s i x p a t i e n t s w i t h a b l o c k i n g

f a c t o r i n s e r u m a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e XXX. One p a t i e n t w as

i n a v e r y p o o r c o n d i t i o n w i t h a Shwachman s c o r e o f 35

an d d i e d d u r i n g t h e s t u d y . T h r e e p a t i e n t s had.

m o d e r a t e l y s e v e r e d i s e a s e w i t h s c o r e s o f 50 t o 5 5 , and

two w e r e i n g o o d c o n d i t i o n w i t h a s c o r e o f 7 5 . T h e r e

w a s no c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n b l o c k i n g f a c t o r t i t r e and

c l i n i c a l s c o r e , r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n , o r d u r a t i o n o f

c o l o n i s a t i o n by p s e u d o m o n a s .

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TABLE XXIXINTERFERENCE WITH BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF NORMAL HUMAN SERUM ON AUTOLOGOUS STRAINS OF

PSEUDOMONAS BY TWO CYSTIC F I B R O S I S SERA AND FRACTIONS OF THOSE SERA OBTAINED BYION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

P a t i e n t S t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m s t a t e d p a t i e n t

I n c u b a t i o nm i x t u r e

P r e s e n c e o f IgG i n s e r u m

f r a c t i o n

V i a b l ec o u n t c f u / m l

A 1 5 7 a H anks s o l u t i o n 1 . 5 x 1 0 5CFS + Hanks 1 x 1 0 6NHS + Hanks 50

NHS + CFS 2 x 1 0 5

NHS + f r a c t i o n (4 Y e s 1 . 5 x 1 0 5(5 Y e s 5 x 1 0 4(6 No 350

D 1 4 6 c H anks s o l u t i o n 2 . 5 x 1 0 5CFS + Hanks 1.6 x 1 0 6NHS + Hanks 30

NHS + CFS 4 . 5 x 1 0 5

NHS + f r a c t i o n (4 Y e s 9 x 1 0 5(5 Y es 6 . 5 x 105(6 No 50

NHS = n o r m a l human s e r u m CFS = c y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m

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T A B L E X X X

CLINICAL DATA OF S I X CYSTIC F I B R O S I S PATIENTS WITH BLOCKING ACTIVITY IN SERUM

P a t i e n t S e x Age % p r e d i c t e d FEVi

% p r e d i c t e d FVC

C l i n i c a l s c o r e

( r e f )

B l o c k i n gf a c t o rt i t r e

D u r a t i o n o f c o l o n i s a t i o n

byp s e u d o m o n a s

( y r s )A M 16 45 66 75 16 3

B F 31 26 32 35 32 1 . 5

C M 24 18 35 50 8 9

D F 22 23 27 50 4 3+

E M 20 24 39 55 16 14

F M 24 46 61 75 32 11

+ = a t l e a s t t h r e e y e a r s b u t no d a t a on f i r s t i s o l a t i o n o f o r g a n i s m .

192

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193

F. DISCUSSION

1 . S E R U M - S E N S I T I V I T Y O F P . A E R U G I N O S A

G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a f r o m l o c a l i s e d i n f e c t i o n s a r e

u s u a l l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f n o r m a l

h u m a n s e r u m , b u t i n s o m e c h r o n i c i n f e c t i o n s t h e o r g a n i s m

m a y b e c o m e s e r u m - r e s i s t a n t . T h i s m a y b e d u e t o

f u n c t i o n a l a b s e n c e o f a n t i g e n , a n t i b o d y o r c o m p l e m e n t .

A n t i g e n m a y b e m a s k e d b y o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e c e l l

s u r f a c e , o r l o s t b y m u t a t i o n ; a n t i b o d y m a y b e d e f i c i e n t

o r u n a b l e t o f i x c o m p l e m e n t , o r m a y f a c e c o m p e t i t i o n f o r

b i n d i n g s i t e s f r o m a b l o c k i n g a n t i b o d y . C o m p l e m e n t

f a c t o r s m a y b e d e f i c i e n t o r f a i l t o b i n d t o t h e

b a c t e r i a l c e l l s u r f a c e . I n t h e c a s e o f N e i s s e r i a

g o n o r r h o e a e , p a t h o g e n i c s e r u m - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s a r e

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i s s e m i n a t e d d i s e a s e , a n d t h e m e c h a n i s m

m a y b e a c h a n g e i n t h e a n t i g e n i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c e l l

w a l l l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e w i t h l o s s o f t h e l o c u s f o r l y t i c

a n t i b o d y - * - 8 2 # i n s o m e p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c u r i n a r y

t r a c t i n f e c t i o n s w i t h E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i a b l o c k i n g

a n t i b o d y o f t h e I g G c l a s s w a s f o u n d i n s e r u m , w h i c h w a s

r e m o v e d b y a b s o r p t i o n o f s e r u m w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

o r g a n i s m - 1 - 8 8 # i n c o n t r a s t t o o t h e r G r a m - n e g a t i v e

b a c t e r i a , p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d m o s t

c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s a r e s e r u m - r e s i s t a n t , a l t h o u g h a f e w

s t r a i n s f r o m c h r o n i c i n f e c t i o n s m a y b e s e r u m

s e n s i t i v e J - 7 7 # i n c p h o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t r a i n s

a r e s e r u m - s e n s i t i v e ^ ^ , 1 7 9 ( C h a p t e r 6 ) . A r e l a t i v e

i n a b i l i t y o f C F s e r a t o k i l l a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f

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P . a e r u g i n o s a w a s ( f i r s t n o t e d b y H0 . i b y S O i l i n g - ^ 9 i n

t h r e e o u t o f 1 7 CP' p a t i e n t s s t u d i e d ( 1 7 * 6 %) T h o m a s s c n 5

D e m k o l 7 9 [ f o u n d a s i m i l a r d e f e c t i n t h e . s e r a o f f i v e o u t

o f <12 p a t i e n t s ( 1 1 * 9 % ) a n d n o t e d t h a t t h e s e f i v e

p a t i e n t s w e r e i n a p o o r c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n . I n t w o

c a s e s t h e y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t C F s e r a c o u l d ' b l o c k ' t h e

b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m a g a i n s t t h e

a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s s h o w n t h a t CF

s e r a c a n k i l l s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s f r o m t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t a n d f r o m o t h e r C F p a t i e n t s i n a s i m i l a r

m a n n e r t o n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m .

2 . B L O C K I N G F A C T O R S I N C Y S T I C F I B R O S I S S E R U M

N a t u r a l b a c t e r i c i d a l a n t i b o d y t o p s e u d o m o n a s i s

l a r g e l y t h e I g M c l a s s - * - ^ . A s m a l l n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s ,

( s e v e n o u t o f 5 1 i n d i v i d u a l s , 1 3 * 7 % ) , h a d a s e l e c t i v e

i n a b i l i t y t o k i l l a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s t h a t

w e r e s e n s i t i v e t o NHS a n d t o s e r u m f r o m o t h e r C F

p a t i e n t s . A ' b l o c k i n g f a c t o r ' t h a t c o u l d b e t i t r a t e d

w a s f o u n d i n s i x C F s e r a , a n d i n t e r e f e r e d w i t h t h e

b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f N H S o n t h e p a t i e n t ' s o w n s t r a i n

o f p s e u d o m o n a s . T h i s f a c t o r w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t o b e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e I g G f r a c t i o n o f s e r u m , b u t w a s n o t

r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s e r u m b y a b s o r p t i o n w i t h t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n .

T h e p r e s e n c e o f b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s i n s e r u m d i d n o t

r e l a t e t o t h e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e p a t i e n t i n t h i s

s m a l l g r o u p , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e s t u d y o f T h o m a s s e n &

D e m k o l ’7 9 > ^ s p S e u < j 01T10na s r e m a i n s l o c a l i s e d w i t h i n t h e

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r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i n C F , t h e p r e s e n c e o f a b l o c k i n g

a n t i b o d y i n s e r u m i s u n l i k e l y t o b e i m p o r t a n t

c l i n i c a l l y . I t w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t i n g , h o w e v e r , t o l o o k

f o r a s i m i l a r b l o c k i n g a n t i b o d y i n b r o n c h i a l s e c r e t i o n s .

D e f e c t i v e k i l l i n g o f p s e u d o m o n a s w i t h i n t h e b r o n c h i a l

t r e e w o u l d d e c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f b a c t e r i a l c l e a r a n c e , a n d

m i g h t b e a f a c t o r i n t h e i n i t i a l c o l o n i s a t i o n o f t h e

l u n g b y p s e u d o m o n a s .

I n C F p a t i e n t s w i t h b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s i n s e r u m , t h e

p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n h a d b e c o m e ' r e s i s t a n t ' t o t h e s e r u m

o f i t s h o s t , a n d t h e p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m s h e r e a r e

l i m i t e d . A c h a n g e i n b a c t e r i a l s u r f a c e a n t i g e n s w o u l d

a f f e c t t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e o r g a n i s m t o o t h e r s e r a ,

b u t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t h e o r g a n i s m s r e m a i n e d

s e n s i t i v e t o o t h e r s e r a . T h e C F p a t i e n t s s e r a w i t h

b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s w e r e b a c t e r i c i d a l t o o t h e r s e n s i t i v e

s t r a i n s , s o a d e f i c i e n c y o f l y t i c a n t i b o d y o r c o m p l e m e n t

i s u n l i k e l y , a n d t o t a l i m m u n o g l o b u l i n a n d c o m p l e m e n t

l e v e l s w e r e n o r m a l . A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n m a y b e t h e

p r e s e n c e o f a b l o c k i n g a n t i b o d y t h a t a r i s e s a s a

c o n s e q u e n c e o f l o n g - s t a n d i n g b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i s a t i o n .

B l o c k i n g f a c t o r s w e r e d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t h e s e r a o f

t w o p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c . p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n ( n o t C F )

b y G u t t m a n a n d Waisbrenl89s T h e s e w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a s

I g G w h i c h w a s a b s o r b e d f r o m t h e s e r u m b y t h e a u t o l o g o u s

s t r a i n . T h e s e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t e d a m e c h a n i s m o f

c o m p e t i t i v e i n h i b i t i o n b y I g G o f n a t u r a l l y t i c I g M

b i n d i n g t o t h e b a c t e r i a l c e l l s u r f a c e , t h e b o u n d I g G

b e i n g u n a b l e t o f i x c o m p l e m e n t a s s u c c e s s f u l l y a s

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m u l t i v a l e n t I g M . I n t h a t s t u d y o n e s e r u m was t e s t e d

a g a i n s t a o a n e l o f s t r a i n s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e F i s c h e r

s e r o t y p e s a n d t h e p a t t e r n o f b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f

t h e p a t i e n t ' s s e r u m w a s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o b s e r v e d w i t h

M B S . K i l l i n g o f o t h e r s e n s i t i v e s t r a i n s w a s n o t b l o c k e d

b y t h e s e r u m e v e n w h e n t h e s t r a i n s w e r e o f t h e s a m e

s e r o t y p e . T h e a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e a n t i g e n

b i n d i n g s i t e o f t h e b l o c k i n g f a c t o r w a s n o t t h a t

r e c o g n i s e d b y r a b b i t t y p i n g s e r a . T h i s m e c h a n i s m d o e s

n o t s e e m t o a p p l y t o b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s i n C F s e r u m a s

t h e y w e r e n o t a l w a y s s t r a i n - s p e c i f i c a n d w e r e u n a f f e c t e d

b y a b s o r p t i o n w i t h t h e p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n a n d t h e r e f o r e

n o t b o u n d t o a c e l l u l a r s i t e . T h o m a s s e n & D e m k o l 7 9 a l s o

s t a t e t h a t a b s o r p t i o n v j i t h t h e a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n f a i l e d

t o r e m o v e b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y . I g G f r a c t i o n s i n t h i s

s t u d y h a d n o i n t r i n s i c b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y , e v e n i n

t h e p r e s e n c e o f e x c e s s c o m p l e m e n t . An a l t e r n a t i v e

e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t t h e I g G b l o c k i n g a n t i b o d y i s

d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g b a c t e r i c i d a l

I g M . T h e s e l e c t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e d e f e c t i n

s e r u m - k i l l i n g o f p s e u d o m o n a s i n C F h a s n o t b e e n

d o c u m e n t e d e l s e w h e r e . I t i m p l i e s t h a t w i t h i n t h e

n a t u r a l b a c t e r i c i d a l I g M o f t h e C F p a t i e n t t h e r e i s a

s u b g r o u p s p e c i f i c t o t h e d o m i n a n t s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s

i n t h a t p a t i e n t , a n d t h a t b l o c k i n g I g G a n t i b o d y e f f e c t s

o n l y t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s u b - g r o u p o f I g M .

A r e c e n t r e p o r t a l s o d e s c r i b e s a n a n t i b o d y o f t h e

I g G c l a s s f r o m C F s e r u m w h i c h f u n c t i o n s t o t h e a d v a n t a g e

o f p s e u d o m o n a s ! 9 Q . S e r u m f r o m C F p a t i e n t s i s k n o w n t o

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i n h i b i t p h a g o c y t o s i s a n d k i l l i n g of : p s e u d o m o n a s b y b o t h

r a b b i t a n d h u m a n a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e s , a n d t h e

i n h i b i t i o n h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o a h e a t - s t a b l e s e r u m

f a c t o r 9 5 ̂ e f f i c i e n t p h a g o c y t o s i s o f p s e u d o m o n a s b y

p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s o r m a c r o p h a g e s r e q u i r e s

a n t i b o d y f o r o p s o n i s a t i o n . P i c k e t a l l - 9 0 i n v e s t i g a t e d

t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f p h a g o c y t i c

a c t i v i t y b y C F s e r u m w a s d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

d e f e c t i v e a n t i b o d y . T h e s e a u t h o r s u s e d a f f i n i t y

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y w i t h l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e a n t i g e n f r o m a

p s e u d o m o n a s o f F i s c h e r i m m u n o t y p e 4 ( I A T S t y p e 1 ) t o

i s o l a t e I g G f r o m 9 C F p a t i e n t s s e r u m . T h e s e C F I g G

a n t i b o d i e s d e c r e a s e d t h e r a t e o f p h a g o c y t o s i s o f t h e

s a m e p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n b y a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e s f r o m

h e a l t h y v o l u n t e e r s . I n t r a c e l l u l a r k i l l i n g o f t h e

o r g a n i s m w a s r e d u c e d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t . T h e C F I g G

m o l e c u l e s w e r e s h o w n t o c o a t t h e b a c t e r i a v e r y w e l l , b u t

d i d n o t a t t a c h t o t h e m a c r o p h a g e m e m b r a n e . A d e f e c t i n

t h e F c e n d s o f t h e h e a v y c h a i n s o f t h e s e I g G m o l e c u l e s

w a s p r o p o s e d t h a t r e d u c e d t h e i r a b i l i t y t o b i n d t o t h e

a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e m e m b r a n e F c r e c e p t o r s .

T h e d e f e c t i v e I g G f r o m C F s e r u m d e s c r i b e d b y P i c k e t

a l l 9 0 r e d u c e d t h e a b i l i t y o f a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e s f r o m

h e a l t h y i n d i v i d u a l s t o p h a g o c y t o s e p s e u d o m o n a s o f o n e

p a r t i c u l a r i m m u n o t y p e . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s h a v e l o o k e d

o n l y a t s e r u m - k i l l i n g o f p s e u d o m o n a s , a n d n o t

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e r o l e o f p h a g o c y t i c c e l l s . T h e a n t i b o d y

d e s c r i b e d b y F i c k e t a l w a s f o r t h e i r n m u n o t y p e F i s h e r 4

( I A T S t y p e 1 ) , w h i c h w a s r e p r e s e n t e d i n o n l y 2 « 9 ? > o f t h e

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t y o a b l e s t r a i n s , a n d i n o n l y 2 * 1 ? > o f t h o r e a c t i o n s o f

p o l y a g g l u t i n a b l e s t r a i n s s t u d i e d i n C h a p t e r 6 , ( T a b l e

X X I I ) . T h i s a n t i b o d y a d h e r e d w e l l t o t h e b a c t e r i a l

c e l l , u n l i k e t h e b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

A g r e a t d e a l o f f u r t h e r w o r k w i l l b e n e e d e d t o e l u d i c a t e

t h e r o l e o f a b n o r m a l I g G i n t h e h o s t d e f e n c e s o f C F

p a t i e n t s a g a i n s t p s e u d o m o n a s c o l o n i s a t i o n .

F . SUMMARYT h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f s e r u m f r o m 6 1 a d u l t

p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s a g a i n s t a u t o l o g o u s a n d

h e t e r o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a h a s b e e n

s t u d i e d . C F s e r u m h a d a s i m i l a r b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n t o

n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m a g a i n s t a r e f e r e n c e p a n e l o f s t r a i n s .

S i x C F s e r a h a d a s e l e c t i v e i n a b i l i t y t o k i l l a u t o l o g o u s

s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s w h i c h w e r e s e n s i t i v e t o N H S a n d

t o s e r a f r o m o t h e r C F p a t i e n t s . T h e s i x s e r a h a d n o r m a l

l e v e l s o f c o m p l e m e n t a n d i m m u n o g l o b u l i n a n d w e r e

b a c t e r i c i d a l t o o t h e r s t r a i n s . A t i t r a t a b l e b l o c k i n g

f a c t o r w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e s e s e r a w h i c h i n t e r f e r e d w i t h

t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n o f NHS o n t h e a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n .

T h i s f a c t o r w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e I g G c o n t a i n i n g f r a c t i o n s

o f s e r u m o b t a i n e d b y i o n - e x c h a n g e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y , b u t

w a s n o t r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s e r u m b y a b s o r p t i o n w i t h t h e

p s e u d o m o n a s s t r a i n .

C F s e r a m a y f a i l t o k i l l s e n s i t i v e s t r a i n s o f

p s e u d o m o n a s b e c a u s e o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a b l o c k i n g I g G

a n t i b o d y a g a i n s t n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g b a c t e r i c i d a l I g M

a n t i b o d y .

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Chapter 8

CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL DISCUSSION

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1 0 0

A . SUMMARY O F P O S I T I V E F I N D I N G S

1 . T e n d a y s t r e a t m e n t w i t h i n t r a v e n o u s g e n t a m i c i n a n d

t i c a r c i l l i n , o r g e n t a m i c i n a n d c a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n i n I S C F

p a t i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d m e a n P E F R , F E V ^ a n d F V C

c o m p a r e d w i t h b a s e l i n e v a l u e s .

2 . T e n d a y s t r e a t m e n t w i t h i n t r a v e n o u s g e n t a m i c i n a n d

a z l o c i l l i n , o r g e n t a m i c i n a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n 2 0 C F

p a t i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d m e a n P E F R , F E V ^ , F V C

a n d p a t i e n t s o w n a s s e s s m e n t o f w e l l - b e i n g w h e n c o m p a r e d

w i t h b a s e l i n e v a l u e s .

3 . T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e d e g r e e o f

i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s

o f p a t i e n t s t r e a t e d w i t h e i t h e r a z l o c i l l i n o r

t i c a r c i l l i n c o m p a r e d w i t h c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n e a c h o f t h e

a b o v e t r i a l s .

4 . D e s p i t e a d e q u a t e s e r u m l e v e l s , s p u t u m p e n e t r a t i o n b y a l l

t h r e e p e n i c i l l i n s a n d b y g e n t a m i c i n w a s p o o r .

5 . A e r o s o l g e n t a m i c i n a n d c a r b e n i c i l l i n g i v e n t w i c e d a i l y

f o r s i x m o n t h s i n 1 7 C F p a t i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d

m e a n P E F R , FEV] _ a n d F V C c o m p a r e d w i t h p l a c e b o . T h e

f r e q u e n c y o f h o s p i t a l a d m i s s i o n s m a y b e r e d u c e d b y t h e

a c t i v e t r e a t m e n t .

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101

6 . R e t r o s p e c t i v e a n a l y s i . s o f 4 1 p a t i e n t s o n a e r o s o l

c h e m o t h e r a p y s h o w e d a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

h o s p i t a l , a d m i s s i o n s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e y e a r b e f o r e

t r e a t m e n t .

7 . 3 0 p a t i e n t s , s e l e c t e d a t r a n d o m , o n a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s

h a d a h i g h e r i n c i d e n c e o f p e n i c i l l i n - r r e s i s t a n t

p s e u d o m o n a s o v e r a 6 m o n t h s p e r i o d t h a n 3 0 p a t i e n t s n o t

r e c e i v i n g t h i s t r e a t m e n t o v e r t h e s a m e p e r i o d . T h i s

r e s i s t a n c e t o p e n i c i l l i n s v z a s a t e m p o r a r y p h e n o m e n o n

t h a t d i d n o t p r e s e n t a c l i n i c a l p r o b l e m .

8 . An a i r c o m p r e s s o r w i t h h i g h f l o w r a t e i s r e q u i r e d t o

c r e a t e a f i n e a e r o s o l o f a e r o d y n a m i c m a s s m e d i u m

d i a m e t e r o f 3 m i c r o n s o r l e s s f r o m a n t i b i o t i c s o l u t i o n s .

9 . M o s t s t r a i n s o f P . a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e d f r o m CE1 p a t i e n t s

l o o s e t h e O - s e r o t y p e r e a c t i o n , e x p r e s s P A a n t i g e n a n d

a r e s e n s i t i v e t o n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m . ( T h e ' c y s t i c '

f o r m )

1 0 . T h e s e t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o s s o f O - s e r o t y p e

r e a c t i o n , p r e s e n c e o f p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i n g a n t i g e n a n d

s e n s i t i v i t y t o s e r u m a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

e a c h o t h e r .

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1 0 2

1 1 . P a t i e n t s r e c e n t l y c o l o n i s e d b y p s e u d o m o n a s t e n d t o

h a v e o r g a n i s m s w i t h s e r o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s i m i l a r

t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l o r g a n i s m s a n d t o t h o s e f r o m o t h e r

s o u r c e s . ( T h e 1 c o m m o n ' f o r m )

1 2 . P a t i e n t s w i t h o r g a n i s m s p o s s e s s i n g o n e o r t w o o f t h e

a b o v e p h e n o t y p e c h a n g e s , ( t h e ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' f o r m ) a r e

g e n e r a l l y i n a p o o r c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n .

1 3 . C F s e r u m h a s s i m i l a r b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y t o n o r m a l

h u m a n s e r u m a g a i n s t h e t e r o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f

P . a e r u g i n o s a .

1 4 . S i x o u t o f 5 1 C F s e r a h a d a s e l e c t i v e i n a b i l i t y t o

k i l l a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n s o f p s e u d o m o n a s .

1 5 . A t i t r a t a b l e b l o c k i n g f a c t o r w a s f o u n d i n t h e a b o v e

s i x s e r a w h i c h i n t e r e f e r e d w i t h t h e b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i o n

o f n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m o n t h e a u t o l o g o u s s t r a i n o f

p s e u d o m o n a s .

1 6 . T h i s b l o c k i n g f a c t o r w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e I g G

f r a c t i o n o f s e r u m a n d v / a s n o t r e m o v e d b y a b s o r p t i o n o f

t h e s e r u m w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s t r a i n o f p s e u d o m o n a s .

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10 3

B. DISCUSSION AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WORKT h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s h a v e p r o v i d e d c l e a r e v i d e n c e

t h a t t h e r e i s a t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t o f t r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e

e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e i n C F p a t i e n t s w i t h

P . a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n , u s i n g i n t r a v e n o u s

a n t i p s e u d o m o n a l a n t i b i o t i c s i n h o s p i t a l . T h e r e w a s no

s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s a g r e a t e r c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e t o

a n a n t i b i o t i c w h i c h h a d g r e a t e r a c t i v i t y t o w a r d s

P . a e r u g i n o s a i n v i t r o .

A c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l o f c h e m o t h e r a p y a n d h o s p i t a l c a r e

( i n c l u d i n g p h y s i o t h e r a p y ) v e r s u s h o s p i t a l c a r e a l o n e

s h o u l d n o w b e u n d e r t a k e n . T h i s i s e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t ,

b o t h b e c a u s e o f t h e e n o r m o u s c o s t o f a n t i b i o t i c s a n d t h e

t r a u m a o f i n t r a v e n o u s i n f u s i o n s t o t h e p a t i e n t s , a l l o f

w h i c h m i g h t p r o v e t o b e u n n e c e s s a r y . S u c h a t r i a l

w o u l d h a v e t o i n c l u d e a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e n u m b e r o f

p a t i e n t s t o p r o d u c e c o n c l u s i v e d a t a , s o t h a t w e r e t h e

r e s u l t p o s i t i v e i n f a v o u r o f c h e m o t h e r a p y , i t n e e d n e v e r

b e r e p e a t e d . T h i s b a s i c q u e s t i o n n e e d s t o b e a n s w e r e d

b e f o r e f u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n i n d i v i d u a l r e g i m e n s a r e

u n d e r t a k e n , a n d b e f o r e t h e q u e s t i o n o f r e g u l a r t r e a t m e n t ,

r e g a r d l e s s o f h e a l t h ( a s s u g g e s t e d b y H y f i b y e t a l l 9 1 )

v e r s u s t r e a t m e n t o n l y d u r i n g e x a c e r b a t i o n s c a n b e

c o n s i d e r e d .

F u r t h e r w o r k i s o b v i o u s l y n e c e s s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h t h e

m o s t e f f i c i e n t n e b u l i z e r s y s t e m f o r a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s ,

a n d t h e p r a c t i c a l d e t a i l s o f r e g i m e n s t o b e u s e d . A

s i n g l e d r u g m a y b e a s e f f e c t i v e a s a c o m b i n a t i o n a n d

l e s s t i m e c o n s u m i n g t o n e b u l i z e . T h e d o s e t o b e u s e d ,

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7.0 A

a n d t h e n u m b e r of : d o s e s p e r d a y i s n o t e s t a b l i s h e d .

T h e r e m a y a l r s o b e a r o l e t o r a e r o s o l a n t i b i o t i c s i n t h o

t r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e e x a c e r b a t i o n s o f C F p u l m o n a r y

disease.T h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n o c c u r s i n

P . a e r u g i n o s a d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f c h r o n i c p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n i n C F , r e q u i r e s t h e t e s t o f a l o n g i t u d i n a l

s t u d y o f p a t i e n t s i n i t i a l l y f r e e o f t h e o r g a n i s m . T h e

c h e m i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e p s e u d o m o n a s s u r f a c e a n t i g e n s

i n v o l v e d i n t h e p h e n o m e n a o f p o l y a g g l u t i n a t i o n , l o s s o f

0 - s e r o t y p e a n d s e r u m s e n s i t i v i t y n e e d s t o b e e l u c i d a t e d .

T h e s e r o l o g i c a l a n d g e n e t i c b a s i s o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e s e p h e n o m e n a i s u n k n o w n .

T h e p r e s e n c e o f b l o c k i n g f a c t o r s w h i c h i n t e r f e r e d

w i t h n o r m a l h u m a n s e r u m k i l l i n g o f C F p s e u d o m o n a s i s

j u s t o n e o f m a n y r e p o r t s o f i s o l a t e d d e f e c t s i n t h e h o s t

d e f e n c e s a g a i n s t t h i s o r g a n i s m i n C F . T h e r e l e v a n c e ,

i f a n y , t o t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f t h e d i s e a s e i s o b s c u r e .

I f s u c h f a c t o r s w e r e f o u n d i n b r o n c h i a l s e c r e t i o n s t h e y

m i g h t b e w o r t h y o f f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

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1.05

APPENDIX 1

VALIDATION OF THE SERUM-SENSITIVITY ASSAY

a) Size of the innoculum.b) Length of the incubation period.c) Age of the broth culture.d) Dilution of normal human serum.e) Definition of serum-sensitivity.

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V A L I D A T I O N O F T H E S E R U M - S E N S I T I V I T Y A S S A Y

A series of experiments were performed to establish the conditions for the serum-sensitivity test before commencing the main studies. NHS and strain 7/1, a serum-sensitive varient of laboratory strain 7 (the propagating strain for phage 7) were used throughout.

a ) S I Z E O F T H E I N N O C U L U M

MethodAn o v e r n i g h t b r o t h c u l t u r e o f s t r a i n 7/1

( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 ^ o r g a n i s m s / m l ) w a s d i l u t e d

l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y i n H a n k s s o l u t i o n t o 1 i n 1000.Aliquots of the neat culture and each dilution were incubated with equal volumes (0*5mls) of NHS, and with controls of Hanks solution at 37^0. At each time interval 20 ul of the incubation mixture was spotted onto NA plates, a further 20 ul was diluted logarithmically in Hanks solution to 1 in 10 million, and 20 ul of each dilution plated for viable count. Samples were taken immediately, and at 15 minutes,1 hrs, 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 24 hrs after starting the incubation. Plates were incubated at 37^C for 18 hours and the colonies counted.Results

The viable counts at each dilution of the overnight broth culture are shown in Table XXXI. The neat culture, and the dilution of 1 in 10 were affected very little by NHS, whereas at a dilution of 1 in 1000

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207

TABLE XXXI

THE EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF THE INNOCULUM ON THE VIABLE COUNT

IN THE SERUM SENSITIVITY TEST

Viable count in cfu/ml for each dilution of the overnight broth culture of pseudomonas 7/1.

Lengthof

incubat ion period

0

15'

1 hr2 hr 4 hr

Neat

1 x 108 1 x 107

2*5 x 107

1-5 x 107

1 x 108

1 in 102 x 107 2 x 106

4*5 x 106

1 x 103 7*5 x 103

1 in 100 2*5 x 104

4 x 103

1*5 x 102

50

0

1 in 1000 5*5 x 104

50

0

50

0

24 hr 1*9 x 1010 8 x 106 7*5 x 105 5 x 102

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*10 8

killing was almost complete by 15 minutes. At a dilution of 1 in 100 a viable count of 150 organisms/ml (3 colonies from a 20 ul aliquot) was obtained at 1 hour.Conclusion

Overnight broth cultures were diluted in 1 in 100 to give easily readable viable counts.

b) LENGTH OF INCUBATION PERIOD Method

Equal volumes (1 ml) of a 1 in 100 overnight broth culture of strain 7/1 and of NHS were incubated at 37^C. Aliquots were taken for viable counts as described above, immediately, and at ihr, 1 hr, 4 hrs, 7 hrs, and 24 hrs after the start of incubation. Control tubes contained Hanks solution instead of NHS.Results

The results are shown in Figure 15. By 1 hour the viable count had fallen by 1000 fold, and a further decrease of 10 fold was seen at 4 hours. By 7 hours the organism was beginning to recover and had recovered completely in 24 hours.Conclusion

Incubation period of 1 hour was considered optimal for the bactericidal effect of serum to bedemonstrated.

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Viab

le cou

nt (cf

u/ml)

F I G U R E 1 5

EFFECT OF THE LENGTH OF THE INCUBATION PERIOD

ON VIABLE COUNT IN THE SERUM-SENSITIVITY TEST

Strain 7 /1Normal human serum

Length of incubation period (hours)

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u . o

c ) AGE OF BROTH CULTURE

MethodAn overnight broth culture was diluted 1 in 50 in

broth and kept in a water bath at 37^C for 24 hours. At intervals, aliquots were removed and diluted 1 in 10 in Hanks solution and tested immediately for serum sensitivity, as described above, using an incubation period of 1 hour. Control tubes contained Hanks solution instead of serum.Results

Control tubes gave a viable count of 5x10^ to 8-5x107 over the three time intervals studied (4, 7 and 24 hours), whereas tubes containing NHS gave viable counts of 100 - 3000 at the same times.Conclusion

The age of the broth culture is not important. An overnight broth culture that has been kept a further 24 hours remains serum sensitive. In practice, overnight broth cultures were never kept for longer than a further 6 hours.

d ) D I L U T I O N O F NORMAL HUMAN S E R U M

M e t h o d

NHS was diluted serially in Hanks solution to a dilution of 1 in 64. Equal volumes of each dilution of serum and a 1 in 100 overnight broth culture of strain 7/1 were incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. Viable counts were determined as above, with control tubes of Hankssolution instead of serum.

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I l l

R e .suit sThe final incubation mixture contained 50% serum. A

further dilution of 1 in 4 was bactericidal to strain 7/1, such that the viable count was reduced by a 1000 fold compared to the control. These results are shown in Table XXXII together with actual colony counts on the agar plate at two dilutions of the test mixture. Conclusion

Normal human serum was bactericidal to strain 7/1 up to a dilution of 1 in 8 of the final incubation mixture. All experimental work used NHS at a final dilution of 1 in 4 or less.

e) DEFINITION OF SERUM-SENSITIVITYSerum-sensitive cultures were defined as those where

the viable count was reduced by 1000 fold in NHS compared to the control in Hanks solution. For convenience in large numbers of experiments it was decided to count aliquots at two dilutions of the incubation mixture, neat and 1 in 100, since these gave satisfactory results on repeated tests with sensitive strains 7/1, 0985, 2361 and 003. Serum-sensitivity was also defined in terms of actual colony counts in agar plate in this system. Thus serum-sensitive cultures were those where 50 colonies or less grew from 20 ul of the undiluted serum mixture. Partially sensitive cultures gave counts of 51 to 200 colonies in the undiluted sample, and often recovered when diluted. Resistant cultures gave confluent growth in both samples.

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212

TABLE XXXII

THE EFFECT OF DILUTION OF NORMAL HUMAN SERUM ON IT'S

BACTERICIDAL ACTION TOWARDS STRAIN 7/1

1Dilution of | NHS in | incubation | mixture |

1 1

Viable count from

a) Undiluted incubation mixture

on20 p 1 1 1 1 1

agar plate lofb) 1 in 100 dilution of incubation mixture

Viable count cfu/ml

1Neat | 1

011I

0 01

1 in 2 | 1 1111

0 501

1 in 4 | | 811I 0 400

11 in 8 | 1 100

111 1 5000

11 in 16 | 1 Confluent

111

2 8 x 1031

1 in 31 | 1 Confluent111 14 7 x 104

11 in 64 |

11Confluent

1111

35 5 x 105

11

Control | 1 1

Confluent

111I1

50 6*5 x 105

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2.1.3

APPENDIX II

ASSAYS AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES NOT PERFORMED BY THE AUTHOR

a) Preparation of O-antisera for serotyping of P.aeruginosa.

b) Analysis of aerosol particle size.c) Antibiotic assays.d) Initial isolation of pseudomonas from sputum.e) Measurement of immunoglobulin levels in CF sera.

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214

ASSAYS AMD LABORATORY PROCEDURES MOT PERFORMED BYTHE AUTHOR

a ) Preparat ion of f i -an t i ser a for serotyoing of

P.aeruginosa

The O-serotype strains used by the Central Public Health Laboratory are given in Table XXXIII. Details of the preparation of strains are as follows

The serotype strain is plated on nutrient agar, incubated at 37^C overnight, and five colonies are added to 5mls of nutrient broth. After incubation at 37^C lor 4 hours the culture is added to lOOmls of nutrient broth in a 500ml bottle for adequate aeration, and incubated for a further 18 hours at 37^C. The culture is boiled in a sterilizer for 1 hour, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 45 minutes, the cell deposit washed once in saline and resuspended in 20mls of saline to give a final concentration of 2 to 4x10^ cells/ml. The suspension is stored at 4^C. Rabbits of 2.5 to 3 Itilograms in size are injected intravenously at 3-4 day intervals with the following doses:-

0'25mls, 0*5mls, lml, l*5mls, 2mls and 2mls.A test bleed of 5mls of blood is made after the

first 2ml injection, and if the titre is satisfactory the animal is bled out by heart puncture three days after the final injection. Serum is separated and passed through a 0*45 micron membrane filter, 0*1% (w/v) sodium azide is added as a preservative and serum is stored at 4^C.

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215

TABLE XXXIII

O-SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

O-TYPE STRAINS

C.P .H .L .1Type

Source I ATS2 ATCC No.

0:1 Habs 0:1 333480:2a Habs 0:2 333490:2b Veron _30:3 Habs 0:3 333500:4 Habs 0:4 333510: 5d Veron 0 :5 40:6 Habs 0:6 333540: 6a C.P.H.L. -

0:6c C.P.H.L. -

0: 6d Wahba (14) -0:7 Habs 0:7 333530:8 Habs 0:8 333550:9 Habs 0:9 333560:10 Habs 0:10 333570:11 Habs 0:11 333 5 80:12 Habs 0:12 333590:13 Sandvik ( I I ) 0:13 333600:14 Verder & Evans (V) 0:14 333610:15 Lanyi (170022) 0:15 333620:16 Lanyi (Ps 11) 0:16 333630:17 Meitert 0:17 33364

1 Central Public Health Laboratory (London).- Internat ional Antigenic Typing Scheme ̂ Sub-type not represented.

4 Type s t r a in of IATS = Habs 5 ca l led 5 c by Veron (ATCC 33352). We find that 5 c c ro s s - r e a c t s with other types so we used 5 d in preference.

5 Numbers in brackets = au thor ' s o r ig in a l type or s t r a in number.

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11 G

E a c h s e r u m i s t i t r a t e d w i t h t h e h o m o l o g o u s s t r a i n

u s i n g t h e m i c r o t i t r e m e t h o d . T i t r e s a r e g e n e r a l l y o f

t h e o r d e r o f 3 2 0 t o 1 2 8 0 . C o m m o n c r o s s - r e a c t i o n s

a m o n g s t t y p e s t r a i n s a r e : -

0 : 1 / 0 : 5 / 0 : 1 6

0 : 7 / 0 : 8

0 : 4 / 0 : 1 1 .

S e r a a r e u s u a l l y r e n d e r e d s p e c i f i c b y a s i n g l e

a b s o r p t i o n .

S u b - t y p e s e r a 0 : 2 / 0 : 5 / 0 : 1 6

S p e c i f i c s e r a a r e o b t a i n e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g

a b s o r p t i o n s : -

2 a s e r u m a b s o r p e d w i t h s t r a i n 1 6

2 b " " " " 5 c

5 d " " " " 5 c

1 6 " ............... 5 d

F o r g r e a t e r e f f i c i e n c y w i t h l a r g e n u m b e r s o f t e s t s ,

f o u r p o o l s o f p o l y v a l e n t s e r a a r e m a d e , a n d o r g a n i s m s

t e s t e d a g a i n s t t h e s e b e f o r e t e s t i n g w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l

s e r a f r o m e a c h p o s i t i v e p o o l .

P o o l I I I I I I I V

S e r u m 0 : 1 0 : 2 a 0 : 6 0 : 9

0 : 3 0 : 2 b 0 : 1 5 0 : 1 0

0 : 4 0 : 5 d 0 : 1 7 0 : 1 1

0 : 7 0 : 1 6 0 : 1 2

0 : 8 0 : 1 3

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S e r u m 0 : 1 4 i s t e s t e d s e p a r a t e l y w i t h s t r a i n s n o t

a g g l u t i n a t e d b y a n y o f t h e t y p e s e r a .

b ) A N A L Y S I S O F A E R O S O L P A R T I C L E S I Z E

T h i s w a s p e r f o r m e d b y M i s s M C l a y a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t

o f T h o r a c i c M e d i c i n e , R o y a l F r e e H o s p i t a l . D e t a i l s o f

m e t h o d s a r e g i v e n i n C h a p t e r 5 .

C) A N T I B I O T I C A S S A Y S

T h e s e w e r e p e r f o r m e d b y M r H W i n g f i e l d a t t h e

D e p a r t m e n t o f M i c r o b i o l o g y a t t h e B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l .

D e t a i l s o f m e t h o d s a r e g i v e n i n C h a p t e r 4 .

d ) I N I T I A L I S O L A T I O N O F P S E U D O M O N A S FROM C F S P U T U M

T h i s w a s p e r f o r m e d b y M r D E R o b e r t s , o f t h e H o s t

D e f e n c e U n i t , C a r d i o t h o r a c i c I n s t i t u t e .

e ) A S S A Y O F I M M U N O G L O B U L I N L E V E L S ON C F S E R A

T h i s w a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e b i o c h e m i s t r y l a b o r a t o r y

o f t h e B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l c o u r t e s y o f D r M W K e m p .

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a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

I a m i n d e b t e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g : -

D r M a r g a r e t E H o d s o n M S c MD F R C P DA, S e n i o r L e c t u r e r a n d

H o n o r a r y P h y s i c i a n , B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l , w h o w a s m y o v e r a l

s u p e r v i s o r a n d m e n t o r , a n d w h o s u p e r v i s e d t h e c l i n i c a l

w o r k .

D r T L P i t t P h D , P r i n c i p a l M i c r o b i o l o g i s t , C e n t r a l P u b l i c

H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y , f o r t e a c h i n g m e a b o u t p s e u d o m o n a s a n d

s u p e r v i s i n g t h e l a b o r a t o r y w o r k .

D r J C B a t t e n MD F R C P , P h y s i c i a n , B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l , f o r

a l l o w i n g m e t o s t u d y t h e p a t i e n t s u n d e r h i s c a r e , a n d f o r

a w a k e n i n g m y i n t e r e s t i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s i t s e l f .

T h e s t a f f o f t h e G r a m N e g a t i v e S e p s i s U n i t , D i v i s i o n o f

H o s p i t a l I n f e c t i o n , C e n t r a l P u b l i c H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y ,

C o l i n d a l e f o r l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y M r s B

H y d e f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .

M r D R o b e r t s F I M L S , H o s t D e f e n c e U n i t , C a r d i o t h o r a c i c

I n s t i t u t e , f o r i n i t i a l i s o l a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a s c u l t u r e s

f r o m s p u t u m .

D r J G r a n g e MD F R C P a t h , D e p a r t m e n t o f M i c r o b i o l o g y ,

C a r d i o t h o r a c i c I n s t i t u t e , f o r l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s .

M i s s M R e h a h n , G r o u p S t a t i s t i c i a n , f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a d v i c e .

T h e M e d i c a l A r t a n d P h o t o g r a p h i c D e p a r t m e n t s o f t h e R o y a l

M a r s d e n H o s p i t a l f o r f i g u r e s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

M r H W i n g f i e l d , M i c r o b i o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , B r o m p t o n H o s p i t a l ,

f o r a n t i b i o t i c a s s a y s .

M i s s M C l a y B S c , D e p a r t m e n t o f T h o r a c i c M e d i c i n e , R o y a l

F r e e H o s p i t a l , f o r a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y s i s .

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" 1 1 9

M i s s S H o c k l e y f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t . .

T h e F r a n c o s a n d A u g u s t u s M e w m a n F o u n d a t i o n f o r f i n a n c i a l

s u p p o r t w h i l e c o n d u c t i n g t h i s s t u d y .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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C y s t i c f i b r o s i s a n d p r e g n a n c y .

L a n c e t 1 9 8 0 ; 2 : 8 4 2 - 4 .A n a t i o n a l s u r v e y .

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22. P r i o r J , C r a w f o r d A D .

S y s t e m i c a m y l o i d o s i s c o m p l i c a t i n g c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P. r J D i s C h e s t 1 9 8 0 ; 7 4 : 8 4 - 6 .

2 3 . G i b s o n L E , C o o k e R E .

A t e s t f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o l y t e s i n s w e a t i n c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s o f t h e p a n c r e a s u t i l i s i n g p i l o c a r p i n e b y

i o n t o p h o r e s i s .

P e d i a t r i c s 1 9 5 9 ; 2 3 : 5 4 5 - 9 .

2 4 . H o d s o n M E , B e l d o n I , D u n c a n F , B a t t e n J C .

S w e a t t e s t s i n t h e d i a g n o s i s o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s i n a d u l t s ,

M o n o g r P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ; 1 4 : 2 1 4 .

2 5 . H a d o r n 8 , Z o p p i G , S c h m e r l i n g D H , P r a d e r M, M c I n t y r e I ,

A n d e r s o n C M .

Q u a l i t a t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f e x o c r i n e p a n c r e a t i c f u n c t i o n i n

i n f a n t s a n d c h i l d r e n .

J . P e d i a t r 1 9 6 8 ; 7 3 : 3 9 - 5 0 .

2 6 . D a n d o n a P , H o d s o n M E , B e l l J , R a m i d i a l L , B e l d o n I , B a t t e n

J C .

S e r u m i m m u n o r e a c t i v e t r y p s i n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

T h o r a x 1 9 8 1 ; 3 6 : 6 0 - 6 2 .

2 7 . J u n g l e e D , P e n k e t h A , K a t r a k A , H o d s o n M S , B a t t e n J C , D a n d o n a

P .

S e r u m p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r M e d J 1 9 8 3 , I n p r e s s .

2 8 . P r y o r J A , W e b b e r B A , H o d s o n ME , B a t t e n J C .

E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e f o r c e d e x p i r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e a s a n a d j u n c t t o

p o s t u r a l d r a i n a g e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r M e d J 1 9 7 9 ; 2 : 4 1 7 - 8 .

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2 9 . W o o d R E , W a n n e r A , n i r s c h J , F a r r e l l PM.

T r a c h e a l m u c o c i l i a r y t r a n s p o r t i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c

C i b r o s i s a n d i t s s t i m u l a t i o n b y t e r b u t i l i n e .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 5 ; 1 1 1 : 7 3 3 - 3 .

3 0 . P e n k e t h A R L , K n i g h t R K , H o d s o n M E , B a t t e n J C .

M a n a g e m e n t o f p n e u m o t h o r a x i n a d u l t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

T h o r a x 1 9 8 2 ; 3 7 : 8 5 0 - 3 .

3 1 . S a k u l a A .

B r o n c h i a l a s t h m a d u e t o a l l e r g y t o p a n c r e a t i c e x t r a c t , a

h a z a r d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r J D i s C h e s t 1 9 7 7 ; 7 1 : 2 9 5 - 9 .

3 2 . Z e n t l e r - M u n r o P L , F i n e D R , B a t t e n J C , N o r t h f i e l d T C .

Ho w c i i n e t i d i n e i m p r o v e s l i p i d d i g e s t i o n a n d s o l u b i l i s a t i o n

i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

M o n o g r P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ; 1 4 : 1 7 5 .

3 3 . A l l e n J D , M a s o n A , M o s s A D .

N u t r i t i o n a l s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t r e a t m e n t o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

o f t h e p a n c r e a s .

Am J D i s C h i l d - 1 9 7 3 ; 1 2 6 : 2 2 - 6 .

3 4 . D o d g e J A , S a l t e r D G , Y a s s a , J G .

E s s e n t i a l f a t t y a c i d d e f i c i e n c y d u e t o a r t i f i c a l d i e t i n

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r M e d J 1 9 7 5 ; 2 : 1 9 2 - 3 .

3 5 . H o d s o n M E , H e a r n s M B , B a t t e n J C .

' M e c o n i u m i l e u s e q u i v a l e n t ' i n a d u l t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s o f

t h e p a n c r e a s : a r e p o r t o f 6 c a s e s .

"12 4

Br Med J 1 9 7 6 ; 2 : 7 9 0 - 1 .

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36. St raker G , Kut liner M .

Psychological compensation in the individiuil with a

1. l f: e-threateninn i l l n e s s : a study of: adolescents with

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

S A f r M e d J 1 9 8 0 ; 5 1 : 6 1 - 2 .

3 7 . S h w a c h i n a n H , C a t z e l P , P a t t e r s o n P R , S t o p p l e m e n M.

• M u c o v i s c i d o s i s : An e v a l u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u o u s a n d p r o l o n g e d

a n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y .

Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 5 4 ; 8 8 : 3 8 0 - 3 .

3 3 . M e a r n s M B .

T r e a t m e n t a n d p r e v e n t i o n o f p u l m o n a r y c o m p l i c a t i o n s o f

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s i n i n f a n c y a n d e a r l y c h i l d h o o d .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 2 ; 4 7 : 5 - 1 1 .

3 9 . P o g u e R E , W a r w i c k W J .

C y s t i c F i b r o s i s . A n e w c h a l l e n g e t o i n t e r n a l m e d i c i n e .

M i n M e d 1 9 6 9 ; 5 2 : 1 5 5 1 - 5 .

4 0 . D i S a n t ' A g n e s e P A , A n d e r s o n D H .

C e l i a c s y n d r o m e

Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 4 6 ; 7 2 : 1 7 - 6 1 .

4 1 . S h w a c h m a n H , C r o c k e r A C , F o l e y G E , P a t t e r s o n P R .

A u r e o m y c i n t h e r a p y i n t h e p u l m o n a r y i n v o l v e m e n t o f

p a n c r e a t i c f i b r o s i s ( m u c o v i s c i d o s i s ) .

N E n g l J M e d 1 9 4 9 ; 2 4 1 : 1 8 5 - 9 2 .

4 2 . M e a r n s M B , H u n t G H , R u s h w o r t h R .

B a c t e r i a l f l o r a o f r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s , 1 9 5 0 - 7 1 .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 2 ; 4 7 : 9 0 2 - 7 .

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4 3 . M c a r n s MB .

N a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

I n : S t u r g e s s J M , c d . P e r s p e c t i v e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P r o c e e d i n g s o f 3 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s C o n g r e s s ,

T o r o n t o , C a n a d a : C a n a d i a n C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 0

3 2 5 - 3 3 4 .

4 4 . D o g g e t t R G , H a r r i s o n G M, S t i l l w e l l R N , W a l l i s E S .

An a t y p i c a l P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s o f t h e p a n c r e a s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 5 6 ; 6 8 : 2 1 5 - 2 1 .

4 5 . M a y J R , H e r r i c k N C , T h o m p s o n D .

B a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 2 ; 4 7 : 9 0 8 - 1 3 .

4 6 . D o g g e t t R G , H a r r i s o n G M , C a r t e r R E .

M u c o i d P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c

i l l n e s s .

L a n c e t 1 9 7 1 ; 1 : 2 3 6 - 7 .

4 7 . B u r n s MW, M a y J R .

B a c t e r i a l p r e c i p i t i n s i n s e r u m o f p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s .

L a n c e t 1 9 6 8 ; 1 : 2 7 0 - 2 .

4 8 . R o b e r t s D E , C o l e P .

U s e o f r e l a t i v e m e d i a i n b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h c h r o n i c s u p p u r a t i v e r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n .

L a n c e t 1 9 8 0 ; 1 : 7 9 6 - 7 .

\G e o r g e R H , G i l l e t t A P , R o y c r o f t C A .

H a e m o p h i l u s i n f e c t i o n s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

L a n c e t 1 9 8 0 ; 2 : 2 6 2 .

49.

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5 0 . H u a n g MH, H i l l e r H J , M a o r i C M , C a p i t a n o M, C u n d y H R .

C a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s . C l i n i c a l

p h a r m a c o l o g y a n d t h e r a p e u t i c e v a l u a t i o n .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 1 ? 7 8 : 3 3 8 - 4 5 .

5 1 . D u n c a n F R , H o d s o n M E , B a t t e n J C .

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s - s u r v i v a l i n t o a d u l t l i f e .

E u r J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ? 1 3 7 : 1 2 5 .

5 2 . W r i g h t P F , K h a w K T , O x m a n MN, S h w a c h m a n H.

E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s a f e t y o f a m a n t a d i n e - h y d r o c h l o r i d e , a n d

t h e r o l e o f r e s p i r a t o r y v i r a l i n f e c t i o n s i n c h i l d r e n

w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 6 ; 1 3 4 : 1 4 4 - 9 .

5 3 . P e t e r s e n N T , H o i b y N , M o r d h o r s t C H , L i n d K , F l e n s b o r g E W,

B r u u n B .

R e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s c a u s e d b y v i r u s ,

c h y l a m y d i a a n d m y c o p l a s m a - p o s s i b l e s y n e r g i s m w i t h

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

I n : S t u r g e s s J M , e d . P e r s p e c t i v e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P r o c e e d i n g s o f 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s C o n g r e s s ,

T o r o n t o , C a n a d a : C a n a d i a n C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 0

3 4 6 - 5 1 .

5 4 . E f t h i m i o u J , T a y l o r P , T a y l o r AG, H o d s o n M E , B a t t e n J C .

T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f v i r u s e s , M y c o p l a s m a p n e u m o n i a e a n d

L e g i o n e l l a p n e u m o p h i l a i n a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s

i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B J D i s C h e s t 1 9 8 1 ; 7 5 : 3 1 8 .

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5 5. f J o 1 s o 1 n w D S , K n t z SM.

Legionnaire ' s d i s e a s e complicating the pulmonary

les ion of c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

I n : S t u r g e s s J M , c d . P e r s p e c t i v e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P r o c e e d i n g s o f 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s C o n g r e s s ,

T o r o n t o , C a n a d a : C a n a d i a n C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n ,

1 9 8 0 : 1 9 a .

5 6 . B o x e r b a u m B .

I s o l a t i o n o f r a p i d l y - g r o w i n g m y c o b a c t e r i a i n p a t i e n t s

w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 0 ; 9 6 : 6 8 9 - 9 1 .

5 7 . E f t h i m i o u J , H o d s o n M E , B a t t e n J C .

M y c o b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s , a r e p o r t o f

t h r e e c a s e s .

( P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) .

5 8 . G e d d e s AM.

" O t h e r i n f e c t i o n s " .

I n : S a b a t h L D e d . ' P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a : t h e o r g a n i s m ,

d i s e a s e s i t c a u s e s a n d t h e i r t r e a t m e n t ' .

B e r n e ; H a n s H u b e r , 1 9 8 0 : 3 9 - 1 0 2 .

5 9 . W o l f f S M , B e n n e t t J V .

G r a m - n e g a t i v e r o d b a c t e r a e m i a .

N E n g l J M e d 1 9 7 4 ; 2 9 1 : 7 3 3 - 4 .

6 0 . R h a m e F S .

" T h e e c o l o g y a n d e p i d e m i o l o g y o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a " .

I n : S a b a t h LD e d .

' P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a : t h e o r g a n i s m , d i s e a s e s i t c a u s e s

a n d t h e i r t r e a t m e n t ' . B e r n e ; H a n s H u b e r , 1 9 8 0 : 3 1 - 5 1 .

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5 1 . P h i l l i p s I .

I <;]e n i: i f L c a l : i o n o <; P s e u J o m o n a s A o r n g i n o a a i n t h g c l i n i c s 1

l a b o r a c o r y .

.T M e d M i a r ; o b i o l 1 9 6 9 ; 2: 9 - 1 6 .

6 2 . Xi nq F0, Xa r d MX, Raney D F .

T w o s i m p l e m e d i a t i e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f o v o c y a n i n a n d

f l u o r e s c i n .

.7 L a b C l i n M e d 1 9 5 4 ; 4 4 : 3 0 1 - 7 .

6 3 . X i n g A, P h i l l i p s I .

T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p s e u d o m o n a d s a n d r e l a t e d b a c t e r i a i n a

c l i n i c a l l a b o r a t o r y .

J M e d M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 8 ; 1 1 : 1 6 5 - 1 7 6 .

6 4 . G o v a n J R W .

P y o c i n t y p i n g o f P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a .

I n : B a r g a n T , N o r r i s J R e d s . ' M e t h o d s i n M i c r o b i o l o g y ' .

L o n d o n : A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 8 0 : V o l u m e 1 0 , 6 1 - 9 1 .

6 5 . P i t t T L .

A s t u d y o f t h e h e a t - l a b i l e a n t i g e n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

A e r u g i n o s a

P h D T h e s i s , C N A A , 1 9 7 9 .

6 6 . P i t t T L .

S t a t e o f t h e A r t : T y p i n g P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a

J H o s p I n f e c t 1 9 8 0 ; 1 : 1 9 3 - 9 .

6 7 . L a n y i 3 , B e r g a n T .

S e r o l o g i c a l t y p i n g o f P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a

I n : R p i ' r r p r t , N o r r i s J R e d s . ' M e t h o d s i n M i c r o b i o l o g y '

L o n d o n : A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 8 0 : V o l u m e 1 0 , 9 3 - 1 6 8

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6 0 . D o q a e t 1 RG , H a r r i s o n GM , Wa 1 1 i s E S .

Comparison of: some p ro p e r t ie s of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

i s o l a t ed from in f e c t i o n s in persons with and v;ithout c y s t i c

fLbrosis.J B a c t e r i d 1 9 6 4 ; 8 7 : 4 2 7 - 3 1 .

69. Martin DR.

M u c o i d v a r i a t i o n i n P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n d u c e d b y t h e

a c t i o n o f p h a g e .

J M e d M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 3 ? 6 : 1 1 1 - 8 .

7 0 . E v a n s L R , L i n k e r A .

P r o d u c t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f t h e s l i m e p o l y s a c c h a r i d e

o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

J B a c t e r i d 1 9 7 3 ; 1 1 6 : 9 1 5 - 2 4 .

7 1 . L a m J , C h a n R , L a m K , C o s t e r t o n J W .

P r o d u c t i o n o f m u c o i d m i r o c o l o n i e s b y P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a

w i t h i n i n f e c t e d l u n g i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

I n f e c t I m m u n 1 9 8 0 ; 2 8 : 5 4 6 - 5 6 .

7 2 . C a s h H A , W o o d s D E , M c C u l l o u g h B , J o h a n s e n WG, B a s s J A .

A r a t m o d e l o f c h r o n i c r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n w i t h

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 9 ; 1 1 9 : 4 5 3 - 9 .

7 3 . K e l l y NM, F a l k n e r F R , K e a n e C T , F i t z g e r a l d F X , T e m p a n y E .

M u c o i d G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c i l l i i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

L a n c e t 1 9 8 3 ; 1 : 7 0 5 .

7 4 . G o v a n J R W .

M u c o i d s t r a i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a : t h e i n f l u e n c e o f

c u l t u r e m e d i u m o n t h e s t a b i l i t y o f m u c u s p r o d u c t i o n .

J Med M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 5 ; 8 : 5 1 3 - 2 2 .

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7 5 . G o v a n J R W , F v f e J A M .

M u c o i d P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a a n d c y s t i c f i b r o s i s :

r e s i s t a n c e o f m u c o i d f o r m t o c a r ’o e n i c i l . l i n , f l u c l o x a c i 1 1 i n

a n d t o b r a m c y i n a n d t h e i s o l a t i o n o f m u c o i d v a r i a n t s i n

v i t r o .

J A n t . i m i c r o b C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 8 ; 4 : 2 3 3 - 2 4 0 .

7 6 . T h o m a s s e n M J , D e m k o C A , B o x e r b a u m B , S t e r n R C , K u c h e n b r o d p J .

M u l t i p l e i s o l a t e s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a w i t h d i f f e r i n g

a n t i m i c r o b i a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y p a t t e r n s f r o m p a t i e n t s w i t h

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 9 ; 1 4 0 : ( 3 7 3 - 3 8 0 .

7 7 . S e a l e TW, T h i r k i l l H , T a r p a y M , F l u x M , R e n n e r t OM.

S e r o t y p e s a n d a n t i b i o t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t i e s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e s f r o m s i n g l e s p u t a o f c y s t i c f i b r o s i s

p a t i e n t s .

J C l i n M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 9 ; 9 : 7 2 - 8 .

7 8 . S l a c k MD , M i c h o l s VJW.

T h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s t h r o u g h s o d i u m a l g i n a t e a n d

t h r o u g h t h e e x o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e s o f a m u c o i d s t r a i n o f

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

L a n c e t 1 9 8 1 ; 2 : 5 0 2 - 3 .

7 9 . H 0 i b y N .

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m u c o i d s t r a i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a a n d t h e h u m o r a l i m m u n e r e s p o n s e .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d 1 9 7 4 ; 8 2 : 5 5 1 - 8 .

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8 0 . P o l l a c k M, A n d e r s o n S E .

T o x i c i t y o f P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a e x o t o x i n A f o r h u m a n

m a c r o p h a g e s .

I n f e c t I m m u n 1 9 7 8 ; 1 9 : 1 0 9 2 - 6 .

8 1 . R o e E A , J o n e s R J .

I n t r a c e l l u l a r k i l l i n g o f d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a b y h u m a n l e u c o c y t e .

B r J E x p P a t h o l 1 9 7 4 ; 5 5 : 3 3 6 - 4 3 .

8 2 . M a r r i e T J , H a r d i n g G K , R o n a l d A R , D i k k e m a J , L a m J , H o b a n S ,

C o s t e r t o n J W .

I n f l u e n c e o f m u c o i d o n a n t i b o d y c o a t i n g o f P s e u d o m o n a s

A e r u g i n o s a .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 9 ; 1 3 9 : 3 5 7 - 6 1 .

8 3 . M c C a r t h y M , R o u r k MH, S p o c k A .

B a c t e r a e m i a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

C l i n P e d i a t r ( P h i l a ) 1 9 8 0 ; 1 9 : 7 4 6 - 8 .

8 4 . T a u s s i g L M , B e l m o n t e MM, B e a u d r y P H .

S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s e m p y e m a i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 4 ; 8 4 : 7 2 4 - 7 .

8 5 . R e y n o l d s H Y .

P u l m o n a r y h o s t d e f e n c e s i n r a b b i t s a f t e r i m m u n i s a t i o n w i t h

P s e u d o m o n a s a n t i g e n s : t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f b a c t e r i a ,

a n t i b o d i e s , m a c r o p h a g e s a n d l y m p h o c y t e s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 4 ; 1 3 0 : s l 3 4 - 4 2 .

8 6 . W o o d s D E , B a s s J A , J o h a n s o n WG, S t r a u s D C .

R o l e o f a d h e r e n c e i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a l u n g i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

I n f e c t Immun 1 9 8 0 ; 3 0 : 6 9 4 - 9 .

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8 7 . Y c a t e s D B , S t u r g e s s J M , K a h n S R , L e v i s o n H , A s p e n M.

M u c o c i l i a r y t r a n s p o r t i n t h e t r a c h e a o f p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 6 ; 5 1 : 2 8 - 3 3 .

8 8 . R u t l a n d J , C o l e P J .

M a s a i m u c o c i l i a r y c l e a r a n c e a n d c i l i a r y b e a t f r e q u e n c y i n

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s c o m p a r e d w i t h s i n u s i t i s a n d b r o n c h i e c t a s i s .

T h o r a x 1 9 8 1 ; 3 6 : 6 5 4 - 3 .

8 9 . d i S a n t ' A g n e s e P A , D a v i s P B .

R e s e a r c h i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

N E n g l J M e d 1 9 7 6 ; 2 9 5 : 4 8 1 - 5 .

9 0 . S p o c k A , H e i c k HM, C r e s s H , L o g a n W S .

A b n o r m a l s e r u m f a c t o r i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s o f

t h e p a n c r e a s .

P e d i a t r R e s 1 9 6 7 ; 1 : 1 7 3 - 7 .

9 1 . B o w m a n B H , L o c k h a r t L H , M c C o m b s M L .

O y s t e r c i l i a r y i n h i b i t i o n b y c y s t i c f i b r o s i s f a c t o r .

S c i e n c e 1 9 6 9 ; 1 6 4 : 3 2 5 - 6 .

9 2 . S a n d e r s o n M J , S l e i g h MA .

S e r u m p r o t e i n s a g g l u t i n a t e c i l i a a n d m o d i f y c i l i a r y c o ­

o r d i n a t i o n .

P e d i a t r R e s 1 9 8 1 ; 1 5 : 2 1 9 - 2 8 .

9 3 . R u t l a n d J R , P e n k e t h A R L , G r i f f i n W, H o d s o n M E , B a t t e n J C ,

C o l e P .

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s s e r u m d o e s n o t i n h i b i t h u m a n c i l i a r y b e a t

f r e q u e n c y .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 8 3 ( i n p r e s s ) .

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9 4 . B i q g a r WD, H o l m e s B , G o o d R A .

O p s o n i c d e f e c t i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s o f t h e

p a n c r e a s .

P r o c N a t l A c a d S c i 1 9 7 1 ; 6 8 : 1 7 1 6 - 9 .

9 5 . T h o m a s s e n M J , D e m k o C A , W o o d R E , T a n d l e r B , D e a r b o r n D G ,

B o x e r b a u m B , K u c h e n b r o d P J .

U l t r a s t r u c t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n o f a l v e o l a r m a c r o p h a g e s f r o m

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

P e d i a t r R e s 1 9 8 0 ; 1 4 : 7 1 5 - 2 1 .

9 6 . C h u r c h J A , K e e n s T G , W a n g C l , O ' N e a l M, R i c h a r d s W.

N o r m a l n e u t r o p h i l a n d m o n o c y t e c h e r n o t a x i s i n p a t i e n t s v / i t h

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 9 ; 9 5 : 2 7 2 - 4 .

9 7 . R a e b u r n J A , G r a n t M, G o r m l e y I P , S u t h e r l a n d R .

S t i m u l a t i n g p h a g o c y t i c c e l l f u n c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

E u r J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ; 1 3 7 : 1 2 4 .

9 8 . G i b b o n s A , A l l e n J D , H o l z e l A , M c F a r l a n e H.

C e l l - m e d i a t e d i m m u n i t y i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r M e d J 1 9 7 6 ; 1 : 1 2 0 - 2 .

9 9 . H ^ J i b y N , M a t h i e s e n L .

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B a n d T l y m p h o c y t e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e

h u m o r a l i m m u n e r e s p o n s e .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d ( B ) 1 9 7 4 ; 8 2 : 5 5 9 - 6 6 .

1 0 0 . L i e b e r m a n J , K a n e s h i r o W.

A b n o r m a l r e s p o n s e o f c u l t u r e d l y m p h o c y t e s t o

p h y t o h a e m a g g l u t i n i n a n d a u t o l o g o u s s e r u m i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 7 : 1 1 6 ; 1 0 4 7 - 5 5 .

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. 1 0 1 . S o r e n s e n R U , S t e r n R C , P o l m a r S R .

T j y m p h o c y t i c r u s p o n s i v e n e s s t o P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s : r e l a t i o n s h i p t o s t a t u s o f p u l m o n a r y

d i s e a s e i n s i b l i n g p a i r s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 8 ; 9 3 : 2 0 1 - 5 .

1 0 2 . M a t t h e w s W J , W i l l i a m s M , O l i p h i n t B , G e h a R , C o l t e n H R .

H y p o g a m m a g l o b u . l i n a e m i a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

N E n g l J M e d 1 9 8 0 ; 3 0 2 : 2 4 5 - 9 .

1 0 3 . M a r t i n e z - T e l l o F J , B r a u n D G , B l a n c VIA.

I m m u n o g l o b u l i n p r o d u c t i o n i n b r o n c h i a l m u c o s a a n d b r o n c h i a l

l y m p h n o d e s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s o f t h e p a n c r e a s .

J I m m u n o l 1 0 6 8 ; 1 0 1 : 9 8 9 - 1 0 0 3 .

1 0 4 . W a l l w o r k J C , M c F a r l a n e H .

T h e S I g A s y s t e m a n d h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s .

C l i n A l l e r g y 1 9 7 6 ; 6 : 3 4 9 - 5 8 .

1 0 5 . K l i n g e r J D , S t r a u s D C , H i l t o n C B , B a s s J A .

A n t i b o d i e s t o p r o t e a s e s a n d e x o t o x i n A o f P s e u d o m o n a s

A e r u g i n o s a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s : d e m o n s t r a t i o n

b y r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 8 ; 1 3 8 : 4 9 - 5 8 .

1 0 6 . Y o u n g L S .

R o l e o f a n t i b o d y i n i n f e c t i o n s d u e t o P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 4 ; 1 3 0 : S l l l - 1 1 8 .

1 0 7 . H p y l b y N .

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d (C) 1 9 7 7 S u p p l . 2 6 2 .

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1 0 8 . F e r n a n d e s P B , K i m C , C u n d y K R f H u a n g H d .

A n t i b o d i e s t o c e i l e n v e l o p e p r o t e i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

I n f e c t I m m u n 1 9 8 1 ; 3 3 : 5 2 7 - 3 2 .

1 0 9 . P e t e r s o n P K , K i m Y , S c h m e l i n y D , L i n d e m a n n M, V e r h o e f J ,

Q u i e P G .

C o m p l e m e n t - m e d i a t e d p h a g o c y t o s i s o f P s e u d o m o n a s A e r u g i n o s a .

J L a b C l i n M e d 1 9 7 3 ; 9 2 : 883-894.

1 1 0 . H o d s o n M E .

I m m u n o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s :

c h i d d e n o r e g g ?

T h o r a x 1 9 8 0 ; 3 5 : 8 0 1 - 8 0 6 .

1 1 1 . C o t e s J E

L u n g F u n c t i o n ( 4 t h E d i t i o n )

O x f o r d : B l a c k w e l l , 1 9 7 9 .

1 1 2 . S h w a c h m a n H , K u l c z y c k i L L .

L o n g - t e r m s t u d y o f 1 0 5 p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s :

s t u d i e s m a d e o v e r a 1 4 y e a r p e r i o d .

Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 5 3 ; 9 6 : 6 - 1 5 .

1 1 3 . H a b s I .

U n t e r s u c h u n g e n u b e r d i e O - a n t i g e n e v o n P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a .

Z H y g 1 9 5 7 ; 1 4 4 : 2 1 8 - 2 2 8 .

1 1 4 . P i t t T L , E r d m a n Y J .

T h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f a g g l u t i n a t i o n r e a c t i o n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a w i t h 0 a n t i s e r a .

J Med M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 3 ; 1 1 : 1 5 - 2 3 .

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1 1 5 . G A P c o n f e r e n c e r e p o r t : C h r o n i c b r o n c h i t i s a n d c y s t i c

f i b r o s . i s .

A t l a n t a : C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 7 7 .

1 1 6 . P i t c h e r - W i l m o t t RW, L e v i n k s y R J , G o r d o n I , T u r n e r MW, M a t t h e w

DJ.P s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n , a l l e r g y a n d c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 8 2 ; 5 7 : 5 3 2 - 6 .

1 1 7 . M a r k s M I .

T h e p a t h o g e n e s i s a n d t r e a t m e n t o f p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n s i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ? 9 3 : 1 7 3 - 9 .

1 1 3 . B o x e r b a u m B , D o e r s h u k G F , P i t t m a n S , M a t t h e w s LW.

E f f i c a c y a n d t o l e r a n c e o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n i n p a t i e n t s

w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 6 8 ; 3 : 2 9 3 - 5 .

1 1 9 . P h a i r J P , T a n J S , W a t a n a k u n a k o r n C , S c h w a b L , S a n d e r s L W .

C a r b e n i c i l l i n t r e a t m e n t o f p s e u d o m o n a s p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n . U s e i n c h i l d r e n w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 7 0 : 1 2 0 ; 2 2 - 2 5 .

1 2 0 . M a r k s M I , P r e n t i c e R , S w a r s o n R , C o t t o n E K , E i c k h o f f T C .

C a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n a n d g e n t a m i c i n : p h a r m a c o l o g i c s t u d i e s i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s a n d p s e u d o m o n a s p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 1 : 7 9 : 8 2 2 - 8 .

1 2 1 . M c C r a e WM.

T r e a t m e n t o f p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s u s i n g

t o b r a m y c i n .

S c o t t Med J 1 9 7 6 ; 2 1 : 6 3 - 9 .

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1 2 2 . P a r r y M F , d o u FiC, M o r l i n o M, G n s r l a n P F , O r e s CW,

D e n n i n g C P .

T r e a t m e n t o E p u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s : a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f t i c a . r c i l l i n

a n d g e n t a m i c i n .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 7 ; 9 0 : 1 4 4 - 8 .

1 2 3 . B e a u d r y P H , M a r k s M I , M c D o u g a l l D , D e s m o n d K , R a n g e l , R .

I s a n t i - p s e u d o m o n a s t h e r a p y w a r r a n t e d i n a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y

e x a c e r b a t i o n s i n c h i l d r e n w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s ?

J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 0 ; 9 7 : 1 4 4 - 7 .

1 2 4 . R a b i n H R , H a r l e y F L , B r y a n L E , E l f r i n g G L .

E v a l u a t i o n o f a h i g h - d o s e t o b r a m y c i n a n d t i c a r c i l l i n

t r e a t m e n t p r o t o c o l i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s b a s e d o n i m p r o v e d

s u s c e p t i b i l i t y c r i t e r i a a n d a n t i b i o t i c p h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s .

I n : S t u r g e s s J M , e d . P e r s p e c t i v e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P r o c e e d i n g s o f 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s C o n g r e s s ,

T o r o n t o , C a n a d a : C a n a d i a n C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n ,

1 9 8 0 : 3 7 0 - 5 .

1 2 5 . M a r t i n A J , S m a l l e y C A , G e o r g e R H , H e a l i n g D E , A n d e r s o n CM.

G e n t a m i c i n a n d t o b r a m y c i n c o m p a r e d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f

m u c o i d p s e u d o m o n a s l u n g i n f e c t i o n s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 8 0 ; 5 5 : 6 0 4 - 7 .

1 2 6 . M i l l e r N E , R i e w e r t s E r i k s e n K , F e d d e r s e n C e t a l .

C h e m o t h e r a p y a g a i n s t P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s . A s t u d y o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n , a z l o c i l l i n o r

p i p e r a c i l l i n i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t o b r a m y c i n .

Eur J R e s p i r D i s 1 9 8 2 ; 6 3 : 1 3 0 - 9 .

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1 2 7 . H o d s o n M E , W i n g f i e l d H J , B a t t e n J C .

T o b r a m y c i n a n d c a r b o n i c i l l i n c o m p a r e d w i t h g e n t a m i c i n a n d

c a r b e n i c i 1 1 i n i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f i n f e c t i o n w i t h P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a i n a d u l t p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

B r J D i s C h e s t 1 9 8 3 ; 7 7 : 7 1 - 7 .

1 2 8 . R e d d i n g G J , R e s t u c c i a R , C o t t o n EI< , B r o o k s J G .

S e r i a l c h a n g e s i n p u l m o n a r y f u n c t i o n s i n c h i l d r e n h o s p i t a l i s e d

w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 8 2 ; 1 2 6 : 3 1 - 3 6 .

1 2 9 . S t o k e s E J , W a t e r w o r t h P lM .

A n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s b y d i f f u s i o n m e t h o d s .

A s s o c i a t i o n o f C l i n i c a l P a t h o l o g i s t s B r o a d s h e e t 1 9 7 2 ; 5 5 .

1 3 0 . P e r k i n s A .

S t a t i s t i c s o f P l a t e A s s a y s .

R e e v e s D S , P h i l l i p s I , W i l l i a m s J D , W i s e R , e d s .

I n : L a b o r a t o r y M e t h o d s i n A n t i m i c r o b i a l C h e m o t h e r a p y .

E d i n b u r g h , L o n d o n , N e w Y o r k : C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e , 1 9 7 8 :

1 5 5 - 1 6 7 .

1 3 1 . S u t h e r l a n d R , B u r n e t t J , R o l i n s o n G N .

A l p h a - c a r b o x v - 3 t h i e n y l m e t h y l p e n i c i l l i n , ( B R L 2 2 8 8 ) a n e w

s e m i - s y n t h e t i c p e n i c i l l i n : i n v i t r o e v a l u a t i o n .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 0 ; 3 9 0 - 5 .

1 3 2 . N e u H C , W i n s h e l l E B .

I n v i t r o s t u d i e s o f a s e m i - s y n t h e t i c p e n i c i l l i n , 6 - D

( - ) a l p h a c a r b o x y 3 t h i e n y l a c e t a m i d o p e n i c i l l a m i c a c i d

( B R L 2 2 8 8 ) , a c t i v e a g a i n s t p s e u d o m o n a s .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 0 ; 3 8 5 - 8 9 .

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1 3 3 . W a l d F,R, S t a n d i f o r d H C , T a t e m BA r C a l i a FM, H o m i c k R D .

B T 3 - P 1 6 5 4 , t i c a r c i l . l i n a n d c a r b e n i c i l . l i n : i n v i t r o

c o m p a r i s o n a l o n e a n d i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h g e n t a m i c i n

a g a i n s t P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 5 ; 7 : 3 3 6 - 3 4 0 .

1 3 4 . W i s e R , G i l l e t t A P , A n d r e w s J M , B e d f o r d K A .

A c t i v i t y o f a z l o c i l l i n a n d m e x l o c i l l i n a g a i n s t G r a m ­

n e g a t i v e o r g a n i s m s : c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r

p e n i c i l l i n s .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 3 ; 1 3 : 5 5 9 - 5 6 5 .

1 3 5 . K o n i g H B , M e t z g e r K G , M u r m a n R P , O f f e H A , S c h a c h t P ,

S c h r o c k W.

A z l o c i l l i n - a n e w p e n i c i l l i n a g a i n s t P s e u d o m o n a s

a e r u g i n o s a a n d o t h e r G r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a .

I n f e c t i o n 1 9 7 7 ; 5 : 1 7 0 - 1 8 2 .

1 3 6 . H y a t t A C , C h i p p s B E , K u m o r KM, M e l l i t s E D , L i e t m a n P S ,

R o s e n s t e i n B J .

A d o u b l e - b l i n d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l o f a n t i - p s e u d o m o n a s

c h e m o t h e r a p y o f a c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 1 ; 9 9 : 3 0 7 - 1 1 .

1 3 7 . W i e n t z e n R , P r e s t i d g e C B , K r a m e r R I , M c C r a c k e n G H , N e l s o n J D .

A c u t e p u l m o n a r y e x a c e r b a t i o n s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s . A d o u b l e

b l i n d t r i a l o f t o b r a m y c i n a n d p l a c e b o t h e r a p y .

Am J D i s C h i l d 1 9 8 0 ; 1 3 4 : 1 1 3 4 - 8 .

1 3 3 . B e r g a n T , M i c h a l s e n H .

P h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s o f A z l o c i l l i n i n c h i l d r e n w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s .

A r z n e i m i t t l e f o r s c h 1 9 7 9 ; 2 9 : 1 9 5 5 - 7 .

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1 3 9 . L o d e H , H i e s t r a t n U , K o e p n e P , L a n g m a a c k H .

A z l o c i l l . i n a n d m e z l o c i l l i n : t w o n e w s e m i s y n t h e t i c

p e n i c i l l i n s .

I n f e c t i o n 1 9 7 7 ; 5 : 1 6 3 - 1 6 9 .

1 4 0 . D a i k o s G K , G i a m a r e l l o u H, H a d j i i p o l y d o r o u K , K a n e l l a k o p o u l o u K

P s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n s o f t h e l u n g t r e a t e d w i t h

a z l o c i l l i n .

A r z n e i m i t t l e f o r s c h 1 9 7 9 ; 2 9 : 1 9 7 6 - 8 .

1 4 1 . S m i t h A L .

A n t i b i o t i c t h e r a p y : e f f i c a c y a n d a s s e s s m e n t .

I n : S t u r g e s s J M , e d . P e r s p e c t i v e s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

P r o c e e d i n g s o f 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C y s t i c F i b r o s i s C o n g r e s s ,

T o r o n t o , C a n a d a : C a n a d i a n C y s t i c F i b r o s i s F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 0 :

3 8 2 - 8 .

1 4 2 . S a g g e r s B A , L a w s o n D .

I n v i v o p e n e t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t o s p u t u m i n

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A r c h D i s C h i l d 1 9 6 8 ; 4 3 : 4 0 4 - 9 .

1 4 3 . B e r g o g n e - B e r e z i n E .

P e n e t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t o t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r e e .

J A n t i m i c r o b C h e m o t h e r 1 9 8 1 ; 8 : 1 7 1 - 4 .

1 4 4 . B r y a n t R E , H a m m o n d D .

I n t e r a c t i o n o f p u r u l e n t m a t e r i a l w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s u s e d

t o t r e a t p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n s .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 7 4 ; 6 : 7 0 2 - 7 .

1 4 5 . B a r n e s P , W a t e r w o r t h P M .

N e w c a u s e o f p e n i c i l l i n t r e a t m e n t f a i l u r e .

Br Med J 1 9 7 7 ; 1 : 9 9 1 - 3 .

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1 4 6 . ' i a l m b j p r g A S , A l f r e d s o n H, K u s o f f s k y E , S t r a n d v i k B .

A z l o c i l l i n a n d g e n t a m i c i n i n r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t

i n f e c t i o n s w i t h P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

S c a n d J I n f e c t D i s ( S u p p l ) 1 9 8 1 ; 2 9 : 6 4 - 6 9 .

1 4 7 . L e v y J , B a r a n D , K l a s t e r s k y J .

A n t i - p s e u d o m o n a s a c t i v i t y o f a z l o c i l l i n d u r i n g p u l m o n a r y

i n f e c t i o n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J A n t i m i c r o b C h e m o t h e r 1 9 8 2 ; 1 0 : 2 3 5 - 8 .

1 4 8 . B a r a c h A L , M o l o m u t M, S o r o k a M.

I n h a l a t i o n o f p r o m i n i n e x p e r i m e n t a l t u b e r c u l o s i s .

Am R e v T u b e r c u l o s i s 1 9 4 2 ; 4 6 : 2 6 8 - 7 6 .

1 4 9 . L e p p e r MH, H o f m a n S , B l a t t N e t a l .

E f f e c t o f e i g h t a n t i b i o t i c s u s e d s i n g l y a n d i n c o m b i n a t i o n o n

t r a c h e a l f l o r a f o l l o w i n g t r a c h e o s t o m y i n p o l i o m y e l i t i s .

A n t i b i o t C h e m o t h e r 1 9 5 4 ; 4 : 8 2 9 - 8 4 3 .

1 5 0 . K l a t e r s k y J , H u y s m a n s E , W e e r t s D , H e n s g e n s C , D a n e a u D .

E n d o t r a c h e a l l y a d m i n i s t e r e d g e n t a m i c i n f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f

i n f e c t i o n s o f t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

t r a c h e o s t o m y . A d o u b l e - b l i n d s t u d y .

C h e s t 1 9 7 5 ; 6 5 : 6 5 0 - 4 .

1 5 1 . K l a t e r s k y J , H e n s g e n s C , N o t e r m a n J , M o u a w a d E ,

M e u n i e r - C a r p e n t i e r F .

E n d o t r a c h e a l a n t i b i o t i c s f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f i n f e c t i o n s i n

t r a c h e o s t o m i s e d u n c o n s c i o u s p a t i e n t s . A c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y

o f g e n t a m i c i n a n d a m i n o s i d i n - p o l y m i c i n B c o m b i n a t i o n .

C h e s t 1 9 7 5 ; 6 8 : 3 0 2 - 6 .

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1 5 2 . P i n e s A , R a a f n t H , P l u c i n s k i K .

G e n t a m i c i n a n d c o . l i . s t i n i n c h r o n i c p u r u l e n t b r o n c h i a l

infection.Bi : M e d J 1 9 6 7 ; 2 : 5 4 3 - 5 .

1 5 3 . R o s e H D f P e n d h a r k e r 'MB, S n i d e r G L , K o r y R C .

E v a l u a t i o n o f s o d i u m c o l i s t i m e t h a t e a e r o s o l i n G r a m - n e g a t i v e

i n f e c t i o n s o f t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t .

J C l i n P h a r m a c o l 1 9 7 0 ; 1 0 : 2 7 4 - 8 1 .

1 5 4 . D a l l y M B , K u r r l e S , B r e s l i n A B X .

V e n t i l a t o r y e f f e c t s o f a e r o s o l g e n t a m i c i n .

T h o r a x 1 9 7 8 ; 3 3 : 5 4 - 6 .

1 5 5 . N o l a n G , M c l v o r P , L e v i s o n H , F l e m i n g P C , C o r e y M , G o l d R.

A n t i b i o t i c p r o p h y l a x i s i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s : I n h a l e d

c e p h a l o r i d i n e a s a n a d j u n c t t o o r a l c l o x a c i l l i n .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 8 2 ; 1 0 1 : 6 2 6 - 3 0 .

1 5 6 . P r i n c e A S , N e u H C .

A c t i v i t i e s o f n e w b e t a - l a c t a m a n t i b i o t i c s a g a i n s t i s o l a t e s o f

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a f r o m p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A n t i m i c r o b A g e n t s C h e m o t h e r 1 9 8 1 ; 2 0 : 5 4 5 - 5 .

1 5 7 . R i c h m o n d MH.

" R e s i s t a n c e o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a t o a n t i b i o t i c s " .

I n : S a b a t h , L D e d . " P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a , t h e o r g a n i s m ,

d i s e a s e s i t c a u s e s a n d t h e i r t r e a t m e n t . B e r n e , S t u t t g a r t ,

V i e n n a . H a n s H u b e r ; 1 9 8 0 : 1 7 6 - 9 2 .

1 5 8 . B r y a n L E .

R e s i s t a n c e t o a n t i m i c r o b i a l a g e n t s . I n : D o g e t t RG e d .

’ P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a : c l i n i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f i n f e c t i o n

a n d c u r r e n t t h e r a p y ' . L o n d o n : A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 7 9 : 2 1 9 - 2 6 5 .

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1 5 9 . L o r i a n V , A t k i n s o n B A S , A m a r a l L .

E f f e c t o f s u b - i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i b i o t i c s o n

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a : t h e M I C / M A C r a t i o . I n : S a b a t h L P o d .

P . a e r u g i n o s a , t h e o r g a n i s m , d i s e a s e s i t c a u s e s a n d t h e i r

t r e a t m e n t " . B e r n e , S t u t t g a r t , V i e n n a . H a n s H u b e r ; 1 9 8 0 :

1 9 3 - 2 0 5 .

1 6 0 . L a k e K B , V a n D y c k J J , R u m s f e l d J A .

C o m b i n e d t o p i c a l p u l m o n a r y a n d s y s t e m i c g e n t a m i c i n : t h e

q u e s t i o n o f s a f e t y .

C h e s t 1 9 7 5 ; 6 8 : 6 2 - 4 .

1 6 1 . M o r r o w P E .

A e r o s o l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n a n d d e p o s i t i o n .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 4 ; 1 0 9 : s 8 8 - 9 9 .

( S u p p l e m e n t , C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e S c i e n t i f i c B a s i s o f R e s p i r a t o r y

T h e r a p y ) .

1 6 2 . N e w h o u s e M T , R u f f i n R E .

D e p o s i t i o n a n d f a t e o f a e r o s o l i s e d d r u g s .

C h e s t 1 9 7 8 ; 7 3 : 9 3 6 - 4 2 .

1 6 3 . B r a i n J D , V a l b e r g P A .

S t a t e o f t h e A r t : D e p o s i t i o n o f a e r o s o l i n t h e r e s p i r a t o r y

t r a c t .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 9 ; 1 2 0 : 1 3 2 5 - 7 3 .

1 6 4 . P a v i a D , T h o m a s s o n M L , C l a r k e SW, S h a n n o n H S .

E f f e c t o f l u n g f u n c t i o n a n d m o d e o f i n h a l a t i o n o n p e n e t r a t i o n

o f a e r o s o l i n t o t h e h u m a n l u n g .

T h o r a x 1 9 7 7 ; 3 2 : 1 9 4 - 7 .

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1 G 5 . A l d e r s o n P O , S c c k e r - ' d a l k e r R H , S t r o m i n g e r D 3 , M a r k h a m J ,

M i l l R L .

P u l m o n a r y d e p o s i t i o n o f a e r o s o l s i n c h i l d r e n w i t h c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s .

J P e d i a t r 1 9 7 4 ; 3 4 : 4 7 9 - 3 4 .

1 6 6 . L o u r e n j : o R V , L o d d e n k e m p e r R , C a r t o n RW.

P a t t e r n s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d c l e a r a n c e o f a e r o s o l i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h b r o n c h i e c t a s i s .

Am R e v R e s p i r D i s 1 9 7 2 ; 1 0 6 : 3 5 7 - 6 6 .

1 6 7 . C l a y M , P a v i a D , N e w m a n S P . C l a r k e S VI.

E f f i c a c y o f j e t n e b u l i z e r s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

t h e r a p e u t i c a e r o s o l s .

T h o r a x 1 9 8 2 ; 3 7 : 7 8 8 .

1 6 8 . N e w m a n S P , P a v i a D , f r l o r e n F , S h e a h a n N F , C l a r k e S W.

D e p o s i t i o n o f p r e s s u r i s e d a e r o s o l s i n t h e h u m a n

r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t .

T h o r a x 1 9 8 1 ; 3 6 : 5 2 - 5 .

1 6 9 . H p i b y N , O i l i n g S .

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d ( C ) 1 9 7 7 ; 8 5 : 1 0 7 - 1 1 4 .

1 7 0 . Z i e r d t C H , S c h m i d t P J .

D i s s o c i a t i o n i n P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a .

J B a c t e r i o l 1 9 7 5 ; 8 7 : 1 0 0 3 - 1 0 1 0 .

1 7 1 . D o g g e t t R G .

I n c i d e n c e o f m u c o i d P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a f r o m c l i n i c a l

s o u r c e s .

A p p l M i c r o b i o l 1 9 6 9 ; 1 8 : 9 3 6 - 7 .

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112 . B e r g an T , WfiL b y N .

e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l m a r k e r s f o r P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a :

R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c o n c o m m i t e n t m u c o i d a n d n o n - m u c o i d

s t r a i n s f r o m t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d ( 3 ) 1 9 7 5 : 8 3 : 5 5 3 - 6 0 .

1 7 3 . Z i e r d t C H , W i l l i a m s R L .

S e r o t y p i n g o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i s o l a t e s f r o m p a t i e n t s

w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s o f t h e p a n c r e a s .

J C l i n M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 5 ; 1 : 5 2 1 - 5 2 6 .

1 7 4 . W i l l i a m s R J , G o v a n J R W .

P y o c i n e t y p i n g o f m u c o i d s t r a i n s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a

i s o l a t e d f r o m c h i l d r e n w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J M e d M i c r o b i o l 1 9 7 3 ; 6 : 4 0 9 - 1 2 .

1 7 5 . D i a z F , M o s o v i c h L L , N e t e r E .

S e r o g r o u p s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a a n d t h e i m m u n e r e s p o n s e

o f p a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 0 ; 1 2 1 : 2 6 9 - 7 4 .

1 7 6 . H ^ i b y N , R o s e n d a l K .

E p i d e m i o l o g y o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e u r i n g o s a i n f e c t i o n i n p a t i e n t s

t r e a t e d a t a c y s t i c f i b r o s i s c e n t r e .

A c t a P a t h o l M i c r o b i o l S c a n d ( B ) , 1 9 8 0 ; 8 8 : 1 2 5 - 1 3 1 .

1 7 7 . Y o u n g L S , A r m s t r o n g D .

H u m a n i m m u n i t y t o P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a . 1 . I n v i t r o

i n t e r a c t i o n o f b a c t e r i a , p o l y m o p h o n u c l e a r l e u k o c y t e s a n d s e r u m

f a c t o r s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 2 ; 1 2 6 : 2 5 7 - 7 6 .

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1 7 8 . Dn M a t t c o C S , H a m m e r MC , B a l t c h A L , S m i t h R P , S u t p h e n N T ,

• l i e h e I s o n P B .

S u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a t o s e r u m

b a c t e r i c i d a l a c t i v i t y . A c o m p a r i s o n of : 3 m e t h o d s w i t h

c l i n i c e i l c o r r e l a t i o n s .

J L a b C l i n M e d 1 9 8 1 ; 9 3 : 5 1 1 - 8 .

1 7 9 . T h o m a s s e n M J , D e r n k o C A .

S e r u m b a c t e r i c i d a l e f f e c t o n P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a

i s o l a t e s f r o m c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

I n f e c t I m m u n 1 9 8 1 ; 3 3 : 5 1 2 - 5 1 8 .

1 8 0 . K e l l y NiM, T e m p a n y E , F a l k i n e r F R , F i t z g e r a l d M X ,

O ' B o y l e C , K e a n e C T .

D o e s p s e u d o m o n a s c r o s s - i n f e c t i o n o c c u r b e t w e e n c y s t i c

f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s ?

L a n c e t 1 9 8 2 ; 2 : 6 8 8 - 9 .

1 8 1 . T u r n e r M J .

A n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n .

I n : S m i t h H , S k e h e l J J , T u r n e r M J e d s . T h e m o l e c u l a r

b a s i s o f m i c r o b i a l p a t h o g e n i c i t y .

L i f e S c i e n c e s R e s e a r c h R e p o r t 1 6 , 1 9 8 0 : 1 3 3 - 1 5 8 .

1 8 2 . S c h n e i d e r H , M c L e o d G r i f f i t h s J , W i l l i a m s G D , P i e r G B .

I m m u n o l o g i c a l b a s i s o f s e r u m r e s i s t a n c e o f N e i s s e r i a

g o n o r r h o e a e .

J G e n M i c r o b i o l 1 9 8 2 ; 1 2 8 : 1 3 - 2 2 .

1 8 3 . T e j e d o r C , F o u I d s J , Z a s l o f f M.

B a c t e r o p h a g e s i n s p u t u m o f p a t i e n t s w i t h b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y

p s e u d o m o n a s i n f e c t i o n s .

I n f e c t Immun 1 9 8 2 ; 3 6 : 4 4 0 - 1 .

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1 8 4 . S a d o f f J C .

C e l l w a l l s t r u c t u r e s o f P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u n i n o s a w i t h

i m m u n o l o g i c s i g n i f i c a n c e : A b r i e f r e v i e w .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 4 ; 1 3 0 : ( S u p p i ) s 6 1 - 6 4 .

1 8 5 . Y o u n g L S .

H u m a n i m m u n i t y t o P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a I I R e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n h e a t - s t a b l e o p s o n i n s a n d t y p e - s p e c i f i c l i p o p o l y

s a c c h a r i d e s .

J I n f e c t D i s 1 9 7 6 ; 1 2 6 : 2 7 7 - 8 7 .

1 8 6 . M a y e r MM.

C o m p l e m e n t a n d c o m p l e m e n t f i x a t i o n .

I n : R a b a t E A , M a y e r MM, e d s . E x p e r i m e n t a l I m m u n o c h e m i s t r y

S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i o n o i s : C h a r l e s C T h o m a s , 1 9 6 1 : 1 3 3 - 2 4 0 .

1 8 7 . O u c h t e r l o n y O .

D i f f u s i o n - i n - g e l m e t h o d s f o r i m m u n o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s . I n :

K e l l o s P , e d . P r o g r e s s i n A l l e r g y , B a s e l : K a r g e r ; 1 9 5 8 :

V o l u m e 5 1 - 7 8 .

1 8 8 . T a y l o r PW.

An a n t i b a c t e r i a l f a c t o r i n t h e s e r u m o f t w o p a t i e n t s w i t h

i n f e c t i o n o f t h e u p p e r u r i n a r y t r a c t .

C l i n S c i 1 9 7 2 ; 4 3 : 2 3 - 3 0 .

1 8 9 . G u t t m a n R M, W a i s b r e n B A .

B a c t e r i a l b l o c k i n g a c t i v i t y o f s p e c i f i c I g G i n c h r o n i c

P s e u d o m o n a s a e r u g i n o s a i n f e c t i o n .

C l i n E x p I m m u n o l 1 9 7 5 ; 1 9 : 1 2 1 - 1 3 0 .

1 9 0 . F i c k R B , N a e g e l G P , M a t t h a y R A , R e y n o l d s H Y .

C y s t i c f i b r o s i s p s e u d o m o n a s o p s o n i n s .

I n h i b i t o r y n a t u r e i n a n i n v i t r o p h a g o c y t i c a s s a y .

J C l i n I n v e s t 1 9 8 1 ; 5 8 : 8 9 9 - 9 1 4 .

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191. hoiby M, F r l i ci B, Jensen K, Koch C, Miller EE, St/jvrinq E,

S z a i i l i

A n t i m i c r o b i a l c h e m o t h e r a p y i n c y s t i c f i b r o s i s p a t i e n t s .

I n : H o i b y N , S c h i o t z PO e e l s . P u l m o n a r y i n f e c t i o n s i n C y s t i c

K i b r o s i s .

A c t a P e d i a t r S c a n d 1 9 8 2 ; S u p p l 3 0 1 : 7 5 - 1 0 0 .