brodband over power line

7/24/2019 brodband over power line

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Home Network Technologies


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Home Network related webtechnologies

Computer

TV

BroadbandAccess

Technology

Internet

ISP

HomeNetworking

Technology

HomeNetwork


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Broadband Access Technologies

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Cable odem

Broadband !"er #ower Line (B!#L) $iber%to%the%Home ($TTH)

&''' *+,- (.ia/)

0#1S2 3+40


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!utlines

Broadband !"er #ower Line

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technolog5

Cable odem


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Broadband !"er #ower Line(B!#L)

6se e/isting electrical lines to 7ro"ide themedium 8or a high s7eed communicationsnetwork

Su7erim7osing "oice or data signals ontothe line carrier signal using !$D

Two categories

9 &n%house

9 access


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&n%House B#L

connecting machines within a building

Home#lug: an alliance 8or in%house B#L


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Access B#L

Deli"ers the last mile o8 broadband to thehome


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Access B#L Architecture

Internet

VoIP

edium%"oltagelines

Low%"oltagelines

Backhaul

Cou7ler

Bridge

Backhaul#oint

.irelesslink

Cou7ler


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Bridge

Cou7ler

Backhaul#oint

Cou7ler


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Ad"antages o8 B#L

#ower lines are our most ubi;uitousin8rastructure

Lower cost o8 de7lo5ment

9 '/isting wires


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ain Concerns

1adio $re;uenc5 &nter8erence (1$&) tolicensed ser"ice

7ower lines are inherentl5 a "er5 nois5en"ironment

9 '"er5 time a de"ice turns on or o88< it

introduces a 7o7 or click into the line+9 'nerg5%sa"ing de"ices o8ten introduce nois5

harmonics into the line


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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)Technolog5

The ke5 in DSL technolog5 is modulation< a 7rocess inwhich one signal modi8ies a 7ro7erties o8 another+

Hardware: DSL re;uires modems and s7litters 8or end%users2 carriers use DSLAs (digital subscriber lineaccess multi7le/ers)

Di88erences between /DSL technologies: s7eed> b7s or *+> b7s in each direction

two twisted 7airs (8or T,) and 3 7airs (8or',)

ma/ distance ,*


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VDSL: Very-high-bit-rate Digital

Subscriber Line (n!"n as

#DSL$ as5mmetric

9 downlink: ,*+@-%4,+> b7s

9 u7link : ,+- % *+3 b7s ma/ >


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Cable odem

7rimaril5 used to deli"er broadband &nternetaccess on H5brid $ibre%Coa/ial (H$C)

Computer

TV

Cable Modem

Cable

TelevisionCompany

Cable

Internet

%&'S


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Cable odem Standards

D!CS&S (Data !"er Cable Ser"ice&nter8ace S7eci8ication)

9,+ (,@@?): t57ical * b7s u7stream

9 ,+, (,@@@): , b7s u7stream

9 *+ (**) : 3 b7s u7stream


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Hybrid ibre-%!a)ial(H%)

combines o7tical 8iber and coa/ial cable


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The Downstream 67stream #ath

The downstream data 7ath o8 the cable modem uses a S&N0L'-mh T channel< which is t57icall5 in the higher 8re;uencies range(44 H and abo"e) because higher 8re;uencies can carr5in8ormation 8aster+

The lower end o8 the radio 8re;uenc5 s7ectrum (4H 9 >* H) is

used 8or the u7stream or the return 7ath+ &n terms o8 data bandwidth< the t57ical u7stream channel usuall5 has

a ca7acit5 o8 around 4 b7s+

The total downstream bandwidth 8or a single channel is around 3b7s+

*-+,

&H

.pstream

signaling

*/ &H - **/ &H **/ &H - 0*/ and up &H

1 1 1

ulti7le T Channels Downstream Channel


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Cable T S7ectrum


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Cable odem: odulation Demodulation #hase

Demodulation #hase:

9 tunes to the a77ro7riate - H downstream channel (>* H 9

4 H)+

9 demodulates the signal and e/tracts the downstream data that isdestined 8or it

9 con"erts the data into an 'thernet or 6SB signal to be 8ed into

the users com7uter+

odulation #hase: The cable modem recei"es data onits 'thernet or 6SB inter8ace and modulates the data

onto the u7stream carrier 8re;uenc5< negotiates channel

access with the CTS and sends the data+


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Protecting the Downstream Channel

(and the upstream as well) A com7onent o8 the D!CS&S ,+, standard called Baseline

#ri"ac5 &nitiati"eE (B#&E) is bi%directional encr57tion between

cable modem and the CTS

'ach D!CS&S ,+, com7liant cable modem has a digital

certi8icate stored in its 8irmware+ This allows 8or the cablemodem to be authenticated onto the network+

The authentication takes 7lace when the CTS "eri8ies the

certi8icate 7resented b5 the modem+ (The certi8icate is signed

b5 the manu8acturers 7ri"ate ke5)+ 'ncr57tion is based on 4-%bit Tri7le%D'S

This scheme e88ecti"el5 renders an5 sni88ing attem7ts useless4 0H J ,, b7s (, m)

&''' *+,,a9 4+ 0H J 4> b7s (? m)

&''' *+,,g9

*+> 0H J 4> b7s (, m) &''' *+,,n

9 *+>J4 0H J ,E (ma/+ -) b7s (,E m)


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IEEE 802.11 Standard for WLAN operations at data rates up to 2 Mbps

in the 2.4 GHzISM band. DSSS odulation.

IEEE 802.11a Standard for WLAN operations at data rates up to 54Mbpsin the 5 GHzband. !roprietary "rate doubling# has achie$ed

108 Mbps. %ealistic rating is 20-26 Mbps.

IEEE 802.11bWi-&i' or "high-speed (ireless) 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbpsin

the 2.4 GHz band. All *+,.b systes are bac(ard

copliant. %ealistic rating is2 to 4 Mbps.

IEEE 802.11g *+,.a bac(ard copatible to the *+,.b 2.4 GHzband

using OFDM.

Direct Se/uence Spread Spectru

0rthogonal &re/uency Di$ision Multiplexing

2.4 GHz%adio Licenses N0T re/uired in these bands 5 GHz


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Adaptive 8ate "election

#er8ormance o8 thenetwork will also bea88ected b5 signal strengthand degradation in signal

;ualit5 due to distance orinter8erence+

As the signal becomesweaker< Ada7ti"e 1ate

Selection (A1S) ma5 bein"oked+


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Access Point (AP)

6suall5 connects wireless andwired networks9 i8 not wired

acts as an e/tension 7oint(wireless bridge)

consists o8 a radio< a wired network inter8ace (e+g+ (& k( Ukshared%ke5V3+ C K!1 (#< =e5Stream) Ucci7herte/tV

>+ Transmit (&< C) U&init%"ectorV

.'# =e5

&nitialiationector (&)

#lainte/t

Ci7herte/t

&

seed||

Message

=e5 Stream

C1C%3*&ntegrit5 Check alue (&C)

1C>#1N0

| |#

C

+EP Decasu!ation


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+EP Decasu!ation

,+ =e5Stream 1C> (& k(*+ # K!1 (C< =e5Stream) checksum()

3+ &8 checksum() (checksum())

Then # is acce7ted

.'# =e5

#lainte/t=e5 stream

Message

Ci7herte/t

&

ICV' = ICV?

C1C 3*

1C>#1N0

ICV

ICV

Seed

||

#

"#$ &,


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"#$%&,

based on 'A# (e/tensibleauthentication 7rotocol< 1$C **>)

9 still one%wa5 authentication

9 initiall5< N is in an unauthoried 7ort

9 an Qauthentication ser"erR e/ists

9 a8ter authoried< the H enters an

authoried 7ort9 *+,K ties it to the 7h5sical medium< be it

'thernet< Token 1ing or wireless LAN+

-hree 'ain Comonents


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-hree 'ain Comonents

. su!icant/ usua!!y the c!ientso0tware

. authenticator/ usua!!y the accessoint

. authentication server/ usua!!y a1emote Authentication Dia!2In 3serService (1ADI3S) server

'/tensible Authentication


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#rotocol ('A#)9 the A! does not pro$ide authentication to the client:

but passes the duties to a ore sophisticated de$ice:possibly a dedicated ser$er: designed for thatpurpose.

Authenticationre/uest

Authenticationresponse

Authenticationre/uest

Authenticationresponse

Authenticationser$er

"#$ &, 5ow it works


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"#$%&, 4 5ow it works

Auth ServerRADI.SE

AP%lient

Let me inP ('A# Start)

.hats 5our &DG ('A#%re;uest identit5 message)

&D ///W555+local ('A# 1es7onse)&s ///W555+local !=G

#ro"e to me that 5ou are///W555+local

The answer is Q>?R

Let him in+ Here is the session ke5+

Come in+ Here is the session ke5+

htt7:JJ555+localXinde/+htmnet"!r

7AP %hallenge6

Authenticati!n

7ncrypted

sessi!n

7istributed Coordination


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/unction9 C"MA physical carrier sense9 physical layer

> virtual carrier sense9 MAC layer

= network allocation vector 4NAV5

= CA9 Collision Avoidance

> random backo? procedure

= shall be implemented in all stationsand A-s


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Contention ;indow

D&$S

contention

windowbus5

All stations must wait D&$Sa8ter medium is 8ree

The winnerdata 8rame

random ,

random *

random 3time

"I/"9 2iving -riority to


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"I/"9 2iving -riority to

8T"


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"I/"9 Transmitting

/ragmentsSource

Destination

!thers

AC= AC=

S&$S

D&$S

Contention.indow

De8er access

S&$S

$ragment ,S&$S

S&$S

$ragment *

#I/"9 %ow -riority


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#I/"9 %ow -riority

8etransmission

bus5

data 8rame

S&$S

D&$S

S&$S

D&$S

contention window

Source

Destination

!thers

De8er access

'&$S

NoAC=

canresend

contension


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C"MA


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8T"


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-hroughut Issues

.hen a source node sends a 8rame< therecei"ing node returns a 7ositi"e

acknowledgment (AC=)+

9 This can consume 4Y o8 the a"ailable bandwidth+

This o"erhead< combined with the collisiona"oidance 7rotocol (CSAJCA) reduces theactual data through7ut to a ma/imum o8 4+ to

4+4 b7s on an *+,,b wireless LAN rated at,, b7s+

.hat is BluetoothG


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.hat is BluetoothG

aor oint com7uting and telecommindustr5 initiati"e

#lan to deli"er a re"olutionar5 radio%based

solution9 Cable re7lacement< no line o8 sight restrictions9 #re8ect 8or mobile de"ices % small< low 7ower< low cost

9 !7en s7eci8ication (license 8ree)

Bluetooth Characteristics


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Bluetooth Characteristics

DataJ"oice access Cable re7lacement technolog5

, b7s s5mbol rate

1ange ,E meters

Low cost

Low 7ower


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Cordless Computer


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4Cable 8eplacement5

Automatic "ynchroniation


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Automatic "ynchroniation

&n the !88ice

At Home

Bluetooth ;orld


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Bluetooth ;orld

Application o3 Bluetooth


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Application o3 Bluetooth

&ntegrated in9 mobile 7hones

9 #DAJhandhelds

9 Com7uters9 .ireless 7eri7herals

Handsets

cameras

9 Network access de"ices uni"ersal bridge to other networks or internet

Masters and "laves


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Masters and "laves

'ach Bluetooth de"ice ma5 be either a asterorSla"eat an5 one time< thought notsimultaneousl5+

asterZ the de"ice which initiates ane/change o8 data+

Sla"eZ the de"ice which res7onds to themaster+

s m

-iconet


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-iconet

Two or more units sharing the sameho77ing se;uence 8orm a 7iconet(similarto a LAN)+

'ach 7iconetcan ha"e 9 onl5 one master+

9 u7 to se"en sla"es+

'ach 7iconet has ma/ca7acit5 (, b7s)+

s s s

m

-iconet "tructure


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-iconet "tructure

aster

Acti"e Sla"e

#arked Sla"e

Standb5

"catternet


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"catternet

ulti7le 7iconets 8orm a scatternet+ Same de"ice can be shard b5 two di88erent

7iconets

s s

sms

ms

s

ss

s

m

a/ *4- 7iconets

/reuency Hop "pread$"pectrum


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"pectrum Bluetooth channel is

re7resented b5 a 7seudorandom ho77ingse;uence through theentire 081$ 8re;uencies

Nominal ho7 rate o82F//ho7s 7er second

Channel S7acing is 2

&H


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Multi$"lot -ackets


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Multi "lot -ackets

Bluetooth de8ines data 7ackets which are ,< 3< or4 slots long

8(k) 8(kE,) 8(kE*) 8(kE3) 8(kE>) 8(kE4) 8(kE-),%slot7acket

3%slot

7acket

4%slot7acket

Time 7ivision MultipleDing


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Time 7ivision MultipleDing

Sla"es must listen to the master

A sla"e can send onl5 a8ter recei"ing a 7oll

aster

Sla"e ,

Sla"e *

1K

1K 1K

1KTK

TK TK

TK

1K 1K 1K 1K

1

TK

TK

TK1

TK

-utting It Altogether


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-utting It Altogether

!

1

"

#$

#%

#&

##

'

%

9

time

aster

Sla"e ,

Sla"e *

channel

Asynchronous Connection$% 4AC%5 %i k


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%ess 4AC%5 %inks

!ne ACL link can e/ist between an5 twode"ices+

No slots are reser"ed+ '"er5 e"en%slot is aster transmission

e"er5 old%slot is Sla"e res7onse

Broadcast 7ackets are ACL 7ackets notaddressed to an5 s7eci8ic sla"es+

"ynchronous Connection i t d 4"C5 %i k


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riented 4"C5 %inks

a s5mmetric link between aster and Sla"e withreser"ed channel bandwidth and slots+

T57icall5 used 8or "oice connection

A aster can su77ort u7 to three SC! links+ A sla"e can su77ort9 u7 to 3 SC! links 8rom the same master

9 two SC! links i8 the links are originated 8rom di88erent

masters+ SC! 7ackets are ne"er retransmitted+

"C TraEcs


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"C TraEcs

aster reser"es slots 8or SC! links

master

Sla"e ,

Sla"e *

Slot no !

TK

TK

1K

1K

TK

TK 1K

1K

!SC!TK

1KSC!

TKSC!

1KSC!

1 " ' % 1SC!TK

1KSC!

TKSC!

1KSC!

MiDed %ink -ackets


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ed ac e s

&AS'7R

SLAV7 2

SLAV7 ,

SLAV7 G

A%LS%3 S%3 S%3 S%3A%LA%L A%L

1$&D


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.hat is 1$&DG9 1$&D is an ADC (Automatic Data Ca7ture)

technolog5 that uses radio%8re;uenc5 wa"es

to trans8er data between a reader and amo"able item to identi85< categorie< track

9 1$&D is 8ast< reliable< and does not re;uire7h5sical sight or contact between

readerJscanner and the tagged item

An 1$&D S5stem


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5

Reader

R( &!dule

'ag

Antenna

H!st %!mputerH!st %!mputer

Interr!gati!n .nit

')6R)&icr!%!mputer

%!mputer @et"!r

Antenna

!ne or more 1$ tags

Two or more antennas

!ne or more interrogators!ne or more host com7uters

A77ro7riate so8tware

1$ Tag


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g

%hip

Antenna

'ag

Radi! ')6R)

RA& R3&

%P. I63

P"r Supply

Radi! ')6R)

RA& R3&

%P. I63

P"r Supply

Radi! ')6R)

RA& R3&

% P. I6 3

P"rSupply

Radi! ')6R)

RA& R3&

% P. I6 3

P"rSupply

Chi7 E Antennae E #ackaging N Tag

ariations o8 1$ Tags


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g

Basic t57es: acti"e "s+ 7assi"e emor5

9 Sie (,- bits % 4,* kB5tes E)9 1ead%!nl5< 1eadJ.rite or .!1

Arbitration (Anti%collision) Abilit5 to readJwrite one or more tags at a time $re;uenc5 : ,*4=H % 4+ 0H #h5sical Dimensions

9 Thumbnail to Brick sies9 &ncor7orated within 7ackaging or the item

#rice ([+4 to [,4)

1$&D $re;uencies


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;

(re;uency Regulati!n Range Data Speed %!mments

,*4%,4 kHBasicall5unregulated

G , cm LowAnimal identi8icationand 8actor5 datacollection s5stems

,3+4- H&S band< di88ering7ower le"els anddut5 c5cle

O , mLow tomoderate

#o7ular 8re;uenc5 8or&+C+ Cards (SmartCards)

>33 H

Non%s7eci8ic Short1ange De"ices(S1D)< LocationS5stems

, 9 , m oderate DoD Acti"e

-%@- H

&S band(&ncreasing use inother regions

brodband over power line

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