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Designing AQuestionnaire
Submitted by
Priyanka agarwal
Rajan SharmaRitik Vermani
Ritika Malhotra
Rohit Arora
Rohit Todi
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Topics to be discussed
1. What is Questionnaire? Why it is necessary?
2. Steps for designing questionnaire.
3. Types of questionnaire.
4. Types of questions asked in a questionnaire.
5. Guidelines for writing questions.
6. Initial draft to final version.
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QUESTIONNAIRE
A Q uestionnaire is a research instrument
consisting of a series of questions and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
An instrument to
collect answers to the questions
collects factual data
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WHY ??
A well designed questionnaire :
Gives accurate and relevant informationMinimizes potential sources of bias
Time saving
Easy method
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ADVANTAGES
Can reach to large number of people relatively
easily and economically.
Provide quantifiable answers.Relatively easy to analyze.
It is relatively quick to collect information
through questionnairesAnswers are collected in a more standardized
way.
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DISADVANTAGES
Open ended questions generate large amount
of data which is hard to analyze.
Response rates can be poor, people may lack
the motivation to complete or return thequestionnaire
The complexity of designing, producing,
distributing, and analysing the questionnairesmay make them expensive and time
consuming
Reasonable sample size is needed.
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Steps for designing Q uestionnaire
What are you trying to find out?
How are you going to use the information?
Telephone, Postal, Web, Face-to-Face?
Qualitative or Quantitative?
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(Contd..)
Keep it short.
Start with something general.
Place the most important questions in the first
half of the questionnaire.
Test your questionnaire on your colleagues.
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TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Self-administered questionnaires
On-line Questionnaires Postal or mail Questionnaires
Delivery and collection questionnaires
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Interviewer-administered Q uestionnaire
(Responses are recorded by interviewer)
Telephonic Questionnaires
Structured Interviews
Interviewers physically meet respondents
ask questions face to face.
Contd..
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A QUESTIONNAIRE
IS ONLY AS GOODAS THE QUESTIONS
IT ASKS
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Types of Q uestions Illustrated
1. Pre-coded, single-choice questions
2. Open-ended questions
3. Presence-absence questions4. Rank-ordering questions
5. Likert-type questions
6. Index development
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Pre-Coded, Single-Choice
Pre-coded, single-choice questions askrespondents to indicate which one categoryapplies
Categories should be mutually-exclusive
Example
What year are you in?
Freshman 1Sophomore 2
Junior 3
Senior 4
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ADVANTAGES The respondent is restricted to a finite set of
responses therefore it is manageable.
They are easy and quick to answer
They have response categories that are easy
to code.
DISADVANTAGES
They can introduce bias They do not allow creativity
They require skill to write and frame
questions.
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Open-Ended Q uestions
Excellent way to explore new areas
Use open-ended questions when:
± Too many response categories (year of birth)
±You dont wish to impose categories onrespondents
± Qualitative source of quotations
± Determining appropriate categorization
±You want a change in pace for respondents
Example: what are your favorite TV programmers?
...
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ADVANTAGES
They allow respondents to express their ideas
spontaneously in their own language.
They can add new information.
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to answer and analyze.Require effort and time.
Respondent should be able to write.
Are more likely to be left blank
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Presence-Absence Q uestions
Presence-absence questions ask respondents
to check off which items in a list do or do not
apply to them
Less commonly used than other types of
questions
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Presence-Absence: Example
Have you ever had contact with a physically handicapped
person in any of these groups? (Circle to indicate yes or
no for each group)
Yes NoCommunity ----------- 1 0
Family ----------------- 1 0
Relatives -------------- 1 0
Elementary school -- 1 0
High school ----------- 1 0
University class ------ 1 0
As a co-worker ------- 1 0
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Rank-Ordering Q uestions
Rank-order questions ask respondents to
indicate an ordering of response items, usually
from most preferred to least preferred
Must be done with great care
Ask for only three most important items
Must make instructions explicit
These types of questions should be avoided or
minimized because they take time.
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Rank-Ordering Q uestions: Example
Rank-order the three most important characteristics you want in the
job you make your lifes work. (Place a 1 beside the most important
one; a 2 beside the second most important one; and a 3 beside the
next most important one.)
High salary.. ____
Security... ____
Continued interest.. ____
Power.. ____Prestige ____
Excitement.. ____
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Likert-Type Q uestions
Likert-type questions ask respondents toindicate how much they agree or disagreewith a statement
Response options originally included: stronglydisagree, disagree, are undecided or neutral,agree, strongly agree
Today often used with numbered responseoptions
Used in the development of indexes
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Likert-Type Q uestions: Example
In the following, circle a number to indicate the extent to
which you agree or disagree with each statement:
I believe capital punishment represents the most effective
deterrent to murder.Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree
I believe a murderer can be rehabilitated to become a
responsible, functioning member of society.
Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree
I believe a life sentence is a satisfactory penalty for
murder.
Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree
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Guidelines for writing questions
1. Keep the vocabulary simple
a. Narrative
b. Expositoryc. Documents
Example: how often your students typically involved in the following
activities?
Silent reading in class
Learning new vocabulary systematically(for ex from lists)
Learning to use illustrations(for ex graphs, tables)
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(contd..)2.Keep the question short.
For ex. When affluent from a paper mill can be
drunk and exhaust from factory smokestacks can be
breathed, then human kin will have done a good job
in saving the environment.dont you agree that
what we want is zero toxicity: no effluent?
3.Avoid double barreled questions.
For ex. Are you satisfied with the present system of
handling closed reserve and open reserve readings?
________yes ____________no
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Contd..
4.Avoid hypothetical questions.
For ex. If you were governor what would you do to
stop crime?
5.Dont overtax the respondent memory.
For ex. Do you recall any commercial on that
program?
6.Avoid double negatives.
For ex. Student self-evaluation should not be
allowed
7.Avoid overlapping response categories.
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8.Beware of leading questions?
Example: You wouldnt say that you were in favour
of school on Saturday morning, would you?,
might read in in a more subtle form:
Would you say that you are not in favor of school
on Saturday morning?
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INITIAL DRAFT TO FINAL VERSION
Pattern of questionsFunnel and Inverted funnel sequence
Guidelines for item placement
- non sensitive and demographic questionsshould be placed first
- items of major interest to the research
should be placed next- controversial topics should be placed last
- same topic items should be grouped
together
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Contd..
Covering letter should be there if it is to bemailed or distributed as it includes the objectiveof doing research.
In a mailed or self-administered questionnaire,writing instructions for answering questionsshould be there.
The interviewer should be instructed on theamount of direction to give to the respondent.
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Pre-testing the questionnaire is an essential
step before its completion as it helps
-To reformulate or eliminate ambiguous or
superuous questions
-To provide material to design the answercategories for open questions that need to be
closed.
- To determine whether the questionnaire isbalanced in its structure, and to discover
whether instructions were properly followed
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CODEBOOK
- A codebook should be prepared in order
to enter the data into a computer.
- The codebook is a computer-based
structure le designed to guide data entry.
- It contains a eld for every piece of
information which is to be extracted from the
questionnaire starting from the
identication code which allows each
respondent in the sample to be uniquely
identied.