BRL Memorandum Report No. 949 Provisional Probabilities of Incapacitation by a Caliber 0.30...

7/27/2019 BRL Memorandum Report No. 949 Provisional Probabilities of Incapacitation by a Caliber 0.30 Rifle-Bullet, Ball M2 (1)

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AD NUMBERAD365619

CLASSIFICATION CHANGESTO

confidential

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AUTHORITY31 Dec 1958, DoDD 5200.10

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED


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-CP copy /Z OF 118 COPIES, SERIES A.

111P11qgjEMORANDM REPORINo. 94

DECEMER195

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MRADH EPDORT No. ST49E

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MnaAciao By HEMCALbe 0.30Rifl~V1E-BuAllIBlM2(DOBIOPHYSICS DIISON CHEMICL CORP

DUt)D~ SEP 1?957NfDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PROJECT No. 5B03-044302-*ORDNANCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT No. TB3-0112

SBALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIESABERDEE ~QING GROUND, MARYLANDcOWILRIN 5 7AA 42462*


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BALLISTIC R E S E A R C H L A B O R A T O R I E SW>MELQAIIDUREP=T P L

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"PROVISIONAL PROBABILITIES OF INCAPACITATION BY A CALIBER0.30 RB-BLL, 1 - (U),BAL

0 Theodore E. Sterne -- ~'____ ____ ____ __DI

Department of the Arnu Project No. 5BO3-04-002Ordnance Research and Development Project NR. TB3-0112

A B E R D E E N P R O V I N G GROUND, M ARYLAND

SEP 1 3 195757AA 42462

CONFIDENT TIAL


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nfilwrvrun I~SbUflflUL IflBALLI$TIC REbEEAFi-CEH LABORATORIES

MEMORAN.DMU!4 1OWRT NO- 949

TEterne/AJDziemian/mjfAberdeen Proving Ground, Md.December 1955

PROVISIONAL PROBABILITIES OF INCAPACITATION BY A CALIBER0.30 RIFLE-BULLET, BALL 142 (U)K ABSTRACT

Provisional and rough estimates are given of the probability thatrandom hits, by a caliber 0.30 rifle-bu.1let, Ball M2, will incapacitate*men. The estimates are based on estimates by Dr. A. J. Dziomian of

the Biophysics Di-viion at EdgewooSI:t;Ufractions of total projectedbody area on which hits would result in particular types of disabilitywithin times of 30 seconds, 5 minutes, and 30 minutes after wounding.Th e duties of the target troops are those either of infantry in assault,of infantry on the defensive, of infantry in reserve, or of supply troops.At ranges below 300 yards the probability that a random hit will in-capacitate an infar.tryman in assault within 30 seconds is found to beabout 0.61, within 5 minutes 0.73, and within 30 minutes 0.89. Againstdefensive troops the probabilities are somewhat lower, against reserve andsupply troops somewhat higher.

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S1UJ1II.vu1. INTRODUCTIONThe numerical probability that a random hit by a rifle-bullet

viii incapacitate a soldier has long been needed fo r effectivenessand operational studies, as well as fo r purposes of design. Nopublished incapacitation criterion appears to be appropriate. Theavailability of some reasonable numerical criterion, even if it isrough and provisional, is in particular currently desirable in view ofthe possibility that dart-firing hand-weapons may be effective incombat. It is necessary to know how effective coaventional bulletswould be, in comparison with the novel weapons in order to determtnethe desirability of the novel hand-weapons.

Some discussion of prior wounding and incapacitation criteriamay be desirable. An old criterion of wounding power is the 58-foot-pound rule which states in its crudest form that missiles with 58 foot-pounds of kinetic energy do not kill, and that those with more than58 foot-pounds do kill. This criterion, which appears to have beenborrowed from a more plausible doctrine employed by the German Any 1at the beginning of the pretient -ct~ry, was perhaps never $itendedto be more than a rule of thumb applicable to lend spheres weighingabout half a& unce and about half an inch in diameter. A scientific studyby a French Officer, Colonel Journee, did not particularly supporta 58-foot-pound rule rather than a 35-.foot-pound or a 115-foot-pound rule.Colonel Jotrnee's program, fired thxroutj human and equine corpses, covereda range of weights and velocities of various lm.ad and jacketed pro-jectiles without reaching any single specif44-numerical, euergycriterion. Reflection about some generally recognized uounding situationsindicates that no simple energy criterion can be generally valid. Atwo-hundred-pound football player, falling tbree feet-upon a toughopponent and hitting him with 600 foot-pounds of,kinetic energy,

H. Rohne, Schiesslehre fur Infanterie, 1906, p. 68 , "To put a man out ofaction, accordik to the views prevailing in the Ger;Lan Artillery, akinetic energy of eight meter-kilograms is sufficient".P'

2 Colonel Journe, Revue d'Artillerie, Volume 70, April-September 1907.


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frequently auses no imjury or incapacitation at all. On the otherhaad a mere woman, pushing a dagger with a force of approximately twelvepounds for a distance of about six inches into a man's chest, can killhim by an expenditure of only about six foot-pounds of energy. It wouldbe mnnecessary to arg here against the general validity of a ruleeo clearly inconsistent wita experience and apparently based upon noscientiL"_ data, vere it not for the fact that a 58-foot-poLad "rule" isstill used by some weapon analysts. Although roughly applicable to un-stabilized TraguLnts off articular weights, the "rule" is particularlyinapplicable to darts with knife-like cutting firv and may be inapplicableto bullets.

Mew3urement of the wounding power of missiles in terms of theirpenetration through wood has provided a stLi _Ider, and perhapsLuperior, criterion. But the one-inch value through pine that is usuallyused appears to rest upon no more valid a foundation than some Danishexperiments, through pine an d into live horses, performed sometime before1867 when they were quoted without detailed reference by Brevet-ColonelJ. G. Benton in a textbook3 intended for cadets of the U..S. MilitaryAcademy. Projectiles that would penetrate 0.31 inches of pine were saidto produce only slight contusions of the skin; projectiles that wouldpenetrate .63 inches of pine would produce dangeroup but not disablingwounds; projectiles that would penetrate 1.2 inches of pine would producevery dangerous wounds. Since the date of the Danish experiments -_ast havebeen earlier than 1867, it appDears possible that the projectiles referredto had diameters of ,the order of 0.7 inches, a ccon caliber for miLitarymuskets in the early nineteenth century.

Qiantitative scientific work appears to have starlted with Burnsand Zuckerman in England who made an analysis of the quantitative

SBrevetCol. J. C. Benton, Major, Ord. Dept., "Ordnance and Gunnery",D, Van Hostrand, New York 1872, Copyright 1867.Burns, B. D., and S. Zuckexuan. The relationship between strikingvelocity and the damage caused by a 3/32 inch steel ball. Gr. Brit.,Ministry of Hoe Security, 1941, Ro C. Report No. 232.

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requirements f cr wounding and by Gurney 5 wvho suggested in 1944 fromhydrodynemical considerations that =y' might be a more suitable criterionthan kinetic energy fo r the ability of projectiles to wound humans. Workwas also carried o',*. by the Princeton Department of Biology under theauspices of the National Research Council, of which as important report was6made by McMillen and Gregg . McMillen and Gregg classified wounds intothose that were "light" and into those that were ",ither fatal or severe".The latter class of wcund would be caused, they assumed, by projectiles'reaching certain vulnerable regions inside the body after traversingprotecting layers of skin, soft tissue, and bone. By meking use of th emeasured retardations of steel balls in skin, soft Iissues, and bone andby employing the known geometry of the body and its organs they arrivedat numerical probabilities that random hits, by steel balls on a humantarget, would cause fatal or serious wounds.

Since the McMillen: and Gregg results related only to spheres, somegeneralization was necessary before the results could be applied to non-epherical fragments. 'he generalization, based upon equivalent pene-"trations, was made 7 , Ballistic Research Laboratories Technical NoteNo. 370. The frasments contemplated were non-ctabilized.

Experimentn performed in 1951 by the Biophysics Division, ChemicalCorps Medical Laboratories, at the Arqy Chemical C-nter at the requestof the Ballistic Research Laboratories resulted in rough numerical prob-abilities that random bi ts on a man by non-spherical, non-stabilizedfragments w(uJId cause incapacitation. These early experiments appear5lurney, R. W. A New Casualty Criterion. BRL Report No. 498, 1944.6McMillen, J. H., and J. R. Gregg. The energy, mass and velocity which.is required of small missiles in order to produce a casualty, MissileCasualties Report No. 12, 1945, National Research Council, Division ofMedical Sciences, acting for the committee on Medical Research, Officeof Scientific Research and Development.7T. E. Sterne, "A Provisional Casualty Criterion", BRL Technical NoteNo. 370, March 1951.

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to have been the first incapacitation, rather then wounding experiments,to have been carried out with fragments and live animal targets. Thewounds were assessed in terms of the probable incapacitation that theywould have cauLsed in men, although the results were not transformed fromthe geometry of the test animals employed (goats) to the geometry of men.Although the results were rough they were largely experimental and weretherefore objective in a manner in which no previous incapacitation datahad been. The results were cast into a form suitable fo r quantitativeuse in weapon evaluations by one of the authors8 in Ballistic ResearchLaboratories Technical Note No. 556 and9 i- Ballistic Research LaboratoriesMemorandum Report No. 591. The experimental data employed were publichedI0in Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories Research Report No. 99.

The preceding historical account leads one to the formal incapacita-tion studies that have been carried out fo r several years by the BiophysicsDivision. In May, 1952, a formal cooperative program was agreed upon bythe Chemical Corps, Medical Services, and Ordnance Corps to determine byexperiment the numerical probabilities that a man would reach a specifiedlevel of incapacitation after he had been struck at rando by fragments,bullets, or blast waves having specified physical characteristice. Basicincapacitation studies have been carried out, under the agreemant by th eBiopkysics Divitsion, Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories, on non-stabilizedfragments of various sizes. This work has been performed much more care-fully and deliberately than any previous incapacitation work, and the completedT. . Sterne, "ProvisAonal Criteria fo r Rapid Incapacitation by Frag2ents".

BRL Technical Note No. 556, November 1951.9 T. E. Sterne, "Provisional Criteria fo r Fatal or Severe Woumding by

Fragments". ERL Wamorandum Report No. 591, Febr-jary 1952.loc. X. Herget, K. D. Blackburn, H. R. Fiege, M. Ladd, "Field Studies on

Wounding and Incapacitation by Small Fragments". Chemical Corps MedicalLaboratories Research Report No. 99, January 1952.

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results cf the studies on the first two fragments to be expe-rimented with,namely an 0.85-grain s.3el sphere and a 16-grain steel cube, have alreadybeen published.tl 2 132. THE EDGEWOOD INCAPACITATION I RDMETS AND CONCPTS= , AND SOME RWULTS

Fragments of known material, shape, mass, and strikin velocity arefired fro guns at experimental animalE and the wounds are carefully studied.Hits are obtained on all important regions, and through all important bodyorgans. The wounds are medically studied. The rates of loss of velocityby similar fragmnts as they traverse known thicknesses of skin, muscletissue, bone, and other types of body tissue are independently measuredby special retardation experiments. Next, by the help of detailed anatomicaldrawings, the surface of the human body is divided coaceqtually into smallareas on which the consequences of impacts, by individual fragments, areseparately considered.

For each position of fragment impact that is contemplated, the t ssuesand structures that would be h it are predicted along with the remainingvelocities of the fragment. From the uature of the structures traversed,and from the remaining velocities along the path of the fragment, th eseverity and nature of the human wound that would result are predicted onthe basis of the medically studied wounds in the test animals. This isdone fo r all areas of the body surface, and for a number of differentdirections of impact.ll H. Fiege, L. Angelone, M. A. Vaughn, A. J. Dziemian, "Incapacitation

Produced by a 0.85-Grain Steel Sphere at 3800 Feet per Second". ChemicalCorps Medical Laboratories Research Report No. 246, Februayl19,9.H. Fiege, L. Angelone, M. A. Vaughn, A. J. Dziemian, "Wound Ballisticsof the 0.85-Grain Steel Sphere". Chemic*l Corps Medical LaboratoriesResearch Report No. 264, April 1954.

13 R. A. Gould, M. A. Vaughn, E. G. Worthley, "Wound Ballistics of th e16-Grain Steel Prefored Fragent (U)-. Chemical Corps 1edicallaboratories ResearcL Report No. 393, August 1955.

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On the bafis of experience with the wounded test animals, andof surgical or medical experience with human incapacitation by wounds,wounds of specific ages are classified into Functional or DisaoilityGroups. Wounds are characterized by their location, by the types oftissues and by the identity of organs or other structures traversed,as well as by the severity and type of damage. The Functional orDisability Groups, on the other hand, are defined in terms off ncapacitation,as related to the behavior of the extremities. In the Edgewood resultsrelating to 0.85-grain spherical fragments 10 Functional Groups wereemployed, defined in Table II of Reference 12, and reproduced in this reportas Table 1.

In Reference 13, relating to the 16-grain steel cube, 16 DisabilityGroups were employed, defined in Table I of Reference 13, reproduced inthis report as !_able 1I.

The difference between the definitions of the Functional Groups inReferences ll and 12 on the one hand, and of the Disability Groups inReference 13 on the other is understood to have been due to a naturalprocess of evolution that permitted Dr. Gould, the princip&1 medical assessorin the 16-grain studies, to employ a somewhat more highly refined classifica-tion than the system that had been pioneered by his predecessor, Dr. HerbertFiege, fo r the 0.85-grain studies. The 0o85-grain workers employed 10Functional Groups, while the 16-grain workers employed 16 Disability Groups.

"Loss" in Tables I and II means loss of the use of an eztreimity,and does not necessarily involve the structural loss ,rf he extz-emity,or even the wounding of the extremity. An explanation, by the use ofan example, of the conc.epts of "fine" and "coarse" muscular coordinationhas been suggested by Dr. Herget. We have all of us, at one tilm oranother, sat in such a position that the blood supply to a leg was4 interfered with, and the leg "went asleep". In this state we can stillhobble about - i.e. we still have coarse function. 'We would, not be ableaccurately to kick a football with that limb - fine function is temporarilyabsent.

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A particlar wound, after a certain time, may be evaluated as fallinginto a particular Functional Group., for example intoFliege's Group IV. Ata later time the impatrment of functioning of the extremities, due to thesaae wound may have becove more aerious and at the later time the wo.may thus fall into a new Functional Group, foz; example VII. The

TANE IFUNCTIONTL GRO ASSIGNED TO WOUNS RAEDON TEEMCT ON TE IT

FUNCTONAL GROUPS BAVIOR OF T9 1 ISI Normal

II Lose of fine muscular coord: 2ation in oneleg, or partial loss of fine muscular cocrdi-nation in both legs.III Loss of fine muscvlar coordination in onearm or partial loss of :-fine muscular coordi-nation in both arms.IV Loss of fine muscular coordination in both

legs, or total loss of one leg.V- Total loss of one leg and loss of finemuscular coordination of other leg.VI Total'loss of oce arm or loss of finemusculnr coordiation in both arms, or lossof fine zmushlar coordinatio in 1ot legsand partial loss of fine muscular coordi-nation in both arms.VII Total lose of both legs.VIn Loss of fine muscular coordination in allextremities.IX Total loss of both legs and4'artial loss offine unscular coordination in both arms.X Total loss of both arms or -a1A extremities.

The loss of fine muscular coordinati of an extre ilies thatcoarsie muscular coordination still exiats aud likeviat, the total loseof an exreiy implies the .absence of both fine, and coarse =Lseular.coordination.

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TAMI IIDISA3ILMl (f C NAL) GROUPS BASED ON KEX TR EHAVIOR, AVAnABIL FOR

-AS8Iw-~rZT0OUA OUS(O CASSARNS LEW lNCTOAL (DISILIT) GROUS

CAEGCRY A Wouwms having no effect on extremity function, no matterin what snatcmical location the missile strikesS1- = II

+V= I=XIv

CATEGORY B Lover extremity group-+ VI

= VII

_4_++ I_ _ _C C Upper extremity gou- = vK

fV

II__________ 11: =XII++++ : l := xi

+ = XVI

I - no effect+ loss of fine museular coordination (veaknesa), with m tanance of

coarse extremity umaction++ total lose of extremity function, both fine and coarse coordination

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Functional Group -to which a given wound falls thus depends upon thetime that has elapsed since the wound occurred. The times sklected by theBiophysics Division are 30 seconds, 5 minutes, 30 seconds , 12 hours,24 hours, 48 hours, and 5 days. Each wound, among those contemplatedthrough the elements of area of the human body surface, is assessed asfalling into one of the ten or sixteen Functional Groups fo r each of theseseven times. Surveying the entire body surface, adding together all thesmall elements of area into which it has been conceptually divided, an daveraging over the different directions of impact, the research workersof the Biophysics Division eventually arrive at a table like Table IVof reference 12, giving the fraction of the total projected body areaupon which a hit, by a fragment with specified physical characteristicsand striking velocity, would produce wounds in each of the FunctionalGroups I through X, at each of the seven times after wounding. Thus,for an 0.85-grain spherical steel fragment striking at 3800 feet persecond, 2.7$ of the projected body area is found to be such as to yieldwounds in Functional Group IV twelve hours after wounding; 0.1%of thebody area is found to yield wounds in Yunctional Group V twelve hoursafter wounding; 9.4% of the area is found to result in wounds inFunctional Group VI twelve hours after wounding, etc. After twenty-fourhours, the corresponding percentages are different, being then 12.3%, 1.6%,and 6.1%respectively. Table IV of reference 12 actually contaiL~s 7x3xlO =210 entries in all for the 0.85-grain sphere; corresponding to all combi-nations of seven times, three striking velocities, and ten functionalGroups. Th e percentage., of the total projected body area, listed in thetable can be interpreted as the probability that if a man is hit at randomby a steel sphere of the specified size and striking velocity, theresulting wound will be in the specified Functional Group within thespecified time after wounding.

There has next been introduced the concept of four standard stresssituations. "Incapacitation" of a soldier refers to his inability tocarry out certain duties. To "incapacitate" a soldier means "to deprLvehim of capacity", and the activities, for the doing of which hiscapacities have been removed, must be specified before his "incapacitation"can have a specific meanLng. The actions with respect to which

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IIn fera-noo-s 12 arA 15 the word. deltribeil apeOro authors hex-, use t--I" word "aa~,as sugestei- to tnor :privata4Yby Oolonel A. R. ie l capbecause tbeyj Uelevea It to roredalcevly than the m~rd '"ffqnai -w the otresesitaation. that" w-az ot~Plated by tthe Biopkysic&a DfLiiaic--. it w.iul Ix- notvice4 tbzt vou- imFunwtional Gros I and 11 are co.sidered not to imoapaci.te tbe ass-aultsoldier at all, waile wouds in the higbhr P-unctional Gr-- Inca ta.teIbliz y 25%., 50%., 75%,, or 100% . nie 100% ineka--it-ation ;vorrerpo.-da to

LiFunctional Gxot V"IZ, VIII, X, end X, ared thu involves the to-a loss ofi the use of both legs, the tota l loss of the us- o bofe x .a , or the lose

Sof fine mscular coo rdnation in all extremitifas.In the saez vV., standiar defen - situatio wan considered invhloh tbz -solier voull wt need to move so loS as be cac- o:;ret

h An weapoz. Locomotion, al-thouah desirable, vs no t ecssary tothe psrformance of Sm- vwalvAle dntilts. Vie notIon involved. is that enene- soldier on the defensive-, atta-keed by our trow-s, can be effectivein helrng +o stop oar advwnce vithoat te n for his =ovi4ng, so longas he can operate weapons. it Vill be noticed -tht _di/ferent prceetagesof Incapacitation were assigned to the various Functional Groups in th e"defense" situation in the table. f-Am those in 'o "assault" situation.

The third atress situation considered wau that of troops held in"reserve". These reserve troops were conceived to be troops ready forcombat and close to combat but not yet comnitted to acmbat. They are inbattalion or divisioaal reserve, and once conmitted have then to participateSeither in an assault, or in defense. It seems reasonable that slich troops,required to be capable of more numerous possible activrities than troopsalready specifically committed to assault or defense, vilU in general bemore vulnerable to inceapacitation by vounds than troops in "assmalt" or"defense" situations.

The final stress situation was that of "supply", which included vehicledrivers, amminition handlers, and a variety of other personnel, possiblyfar from combat. The Biophysics Division considered that such troops arevery vulnerable to incapacitation; they need to use all entremities, andany wounds in Fiege's Funmtional Groups III through X are considered toincapacitate them completely.

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The percentages of incapacitation assigned in reference 13 to Gould'ssixteen Disability Groups are as follows: ,TABLE IV

Gould's Percent IncapacitationDisability Group Assault Defense Reserve supply

I0 0 0 011 50 25 75 25111 75 25 100 50IV io0 50 IO0 100v tug 50 e on adhvI 50 25 75 2d5VlI75 50 100 50VIII 75 75 100 75IX 100 100 100 i00x 75 75 io0 75XI !00 75 100 iooXII 100 75 100 100XIII 100 100 iOO I00XI 100 100 100 100XV 100 50 100 I00cs r 75 50s0 75

The percentages-of incatitation ,assigned to the various Functionalor Disability Groups in the different military stress situations, involveda combination of tactical an d medical judpements and one might regard someof the percentages as somewhat doubtful or at least debatable. However, an ydifferent percentages of incapacitation that might have been assigned to thesame Functional or Disability Groups would also have been somewhat doubtfuland debatable, and the percentages actually chosen appear to the autho tohave been reasonable. A more precise specification of duties might haverendered the percentages more certain. But then either more than fourstress situations would have had to be considered, or else some of th emore fre~q,.ent and typical military assignments would have been overlooked.The choice of the four stress situations "asaault",. "defense", " eserve"and "supplV' are thought by the authors to have been reasonable, and theythink that military functions different from these ca n perhaps often beconsidered, withoutituch loss of accuracy, to involve a degree ofvulnerability to incapacitation comparable to some one of the four specifiedstress situations. Thus., field artillery personnel must move about and usetheir hands., ani are of no use to their- side unless they can do both of

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theee things. It would thus appear that field artillery troopa atwork in their batteries can be considered, inupacitation.-wise, to beequivalent to "supl1y" troops.

Dr. Dziemian has estimated the percentages of tahe total body areaon which hits., by a caliber 0.30 rifle-bullet Ball M2 would produce,within various times, wounds falling d-to Gould's DisabIlity Groups Ithrough XVI. The range is from 100 to M00 yards., and the initial velocityis about 2700 ft per sec. Table V shows, in rows corresponding O'Goald' aDisability !roups, the percentages of total body area for times of 30seconds, 5 uinutes and 30 m=iutes after wounding. Thus the numbb-4,.7in row XI in the column headed "t5m-utes" indicates that 4.7 percent of thebody area of a man is such that a hit on it by a rifle bullet will on theaverage produce a type XI Disability Group in five rinutes. These percentagescan alternatively be regarded as the probabilities that rand= hits will pro-duce the various Disability Groups in the various times.3. 0ELATINF TRE ?M YUMML0NAL GROa 10 ME GOL=D DIS"LITILt SOUPS

The incapacitating power of darts14 has been evaluated by couparisonWith 0.85 - grvin spheres, and hence rests on the Fiege grotp*. The

-- bulll data are urgently needed to cmpare, the effectiveness of dart-firingweapons and rifles, but the bullet data _Iz-Table V rest on the Gould groups.--ence either the 0.85 - grain data must be convertes to the Gould basis,or the bullet data must be converted to the Fiege basis.

A study of Tables I and II shows that each Gould gr,.up correspondsat the most to one Fiege group but that some Fiege groups correspond tomore than one Gould group. it appears to be i=possible, without medicaslreassessment, to re-evaluste the incapacitating power of the 0.85-grainsphere in terms of the Gould groups, because it is uncertain into whichGould group a particilar Fiege assessment vi--- fall. To obtain probabilitiesof incapacitation on a consistent basis, it is therefore necessary toconvert the Gould groups into Fiege groups; this can be doue by a processthat is abstract rather than madical since it largely involves the pooling14

T. E. Sterne, "A Provisional Criterion for Incapacitaticn by a Dart:II (U)". IM Mmorandum Report No. 918, August 1955.

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theae things. It would thus appear that field artillery troops atwork in their batteries can be considered, incapacitation.-wise, to beequivalent to "supply" troops.

Dr. Dzieian has estimated the percentages of the total body areaon which hits, by a caliber 0.30 rifle-bullet Ball M2 would produce,within various times, wounds falling 4t Gould's Disab.lity Groups Ithrough XVI. The range is from 100 to M00 yards, and the initial velocityis about 2700 ft per sec. Table V shows, in rows corresponding -Gol'a' sDisability Uoups, the percentages of total body area fo r times of 30seconds, 5 rnnutes, and 30 minutes after vounding. Thus the nuV!r-4;7in row XI in the column headed "5 minutes" indicates that 4.7 percent of th ebody area of a man is such that a hit on it by a rifle bullet will on th eaverage produce a type XI Disability Group i five zinutes. These percentagescan alternatively be regarded as the probabilities that rand= hits will pro-duce the various Disability Groups in the various times.3. HRELTI0 OF TC MWIOAL GR0W3 TO ME GOULD DAIIUML MOM

The incapacitating power of darts.1 has been evaluated by rpsrisonith 0.85 - gruin spheres, and hence rests on t Fiege 8roup. Oh e

Ibullt%data are urgently needed to compare the effectiveness of dart-firingweapons and rifles, but the bullet data Tble V rest on the Gould groups.-1Tnce either the 0.85 - grain data must be converted to the Gould basis,or the bullet data must be converted to the Fiege basis.

A study of Tebles I and II shows that each Gould grrup correspondsat the most to one Fiege group but that so Fiege groups correspond tomore than one Gould group. it appears to be impossible, without -2dicslreassessment, to re-evaluate the incapacitating power of the 0.85-grainsphere in terms of the Gould groups, because it is u"mertain into whichGould group a partic~lar Fiege assessment iL!. fall. To obtain probabilitiesof incapacitation on a consistent basis. it is therefore necessary toconvert the Gould groups into Fiege grou;s; this can be done by a processthat is abstract rather than medical since it largely involves the pooling14T. E. Bte~rne, "AProvisional Criterion for Incapacitation by a Dart:

II (U)". WL *morandum Report No. 918, August 1955.17

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TABLETIEVTHE RELATION OF GOULD'S TO FIEW'S GROUPS, WITH FIEG'S

PROBABIrTMES CP INCAPACIMrTIONGoald's Fiege's Probabilities of Incapacitation inSDisabili,.y Group Functional -- _ the Tactical Stress Situations ,Group Assault Defense Reserve SupplyDisabli'5 roup unGtons.uteTatclSrssSpai

I i 0 0 0 0II Ii 0 0 0 0III IV 50 25 50 100IV Iv 50 25 50 100V V'I 100 50 100 100VI IL 25 25 0 100VII VI 75 50 100 100VIII V1 75 50 100 100IX X 100 100 100 100X VIII 100 75 100 100XI IX? 100 i00 100 100XII IX 100 100 100 100IIX? 100 100 100 100XIV X 100 100 100 100XV V 75 50 100 100".VI VI? 75 50 100 100

T-AV7IIPROVISIONAL PROBABILITIES. THAT RANDOM HITS BY CALIHER 0.30FLXE-BULETS BALL WILL INCAPACITI&M, WITHIN 300 YARDS

Stree-- Situation of Time after WcAi;nTargei.t roops 30 seconds 5 minutes 30 minutesAssault .61 .73 .89Defense .49 .65 .84Reserve .64 .74 .90Supply .79 .86 .93

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