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British Columbia

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKERAPPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM

Local 1611

LINE B: Organize WorkOrganize Work

LEVEL 1

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMLEVEL 1

Line B: Organize Work

Acknowledgements & Copyright Permission© 2017 Industry Training Authority

This publication may not be reproduced in any form without written permission by the Industry Training Authority.

Version 1 January 2017

The Industry Training Authority is under a licensing agreement with LiUNA (Labourers International Union of North American) Local 1611 to use their Construction Craft Workers Level 1 and Level 2 training materials throughout British Columbia and Canada. The Industry Training Authority would like to thank LiUNA for making these materials available.

Construction and Specialized Workers Training SocietyThese materials were initially developed for the first classes of Apprenticeship.

Level 1 by the Construction and Specialized Workers Training Society (CSWTS) in January of 2015 (British Columbia).

Those originally responsible for the manual:

• Manuel Alvernaz; Chairman of the Construction and Specialized Workers Training Society (CSWTS)

• Fred Webber; PID, Red Seal Journeyperson, Administrator and Senior Instructor (CSWTS)

• Tom Miller; PID, Red Seal Journeyperson, Instructor (CSWTS)

• Jeffrey Anders; BSc, BA, Red Seal Journeyperson, Special International and Trifunds Representative, (LIUNA)

Open School BCSolvig Norman, Project Manager Monique Brewer, DirectorJennifer Riddel, Manager of Instructional ServicesDennis Evans, Production Technician (print layout, image researcher, photographer & illustrations)Max Licht, IllustratorAndrei Antica, photographerShannon Sangster, Office Manager (copyright permissions)

Copyright PermissionWikimedia Commons: Monthly Safety Stand Down (8552567928).jpg - Author: NAVFACSome images were licensed from Thinkstock.

CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM—LEVEL 1 3

ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Program Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Competency B1: Use Documentation, Blueprints and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Types of views used in drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15The alphabet of lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Height, width (length) and depth dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Working drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Parts of a drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Competency B2: Communicate With Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Public relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Types of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Chain of command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Mentoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Communication equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Competency B3: Use Basic Trade Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Fractions and decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Ratios and proportions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Percent grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Formulas (area and volume) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Pythagorean Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Converting metric and imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 CONSTRUCTION CRAFT WORKER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM—LEVEL 1

DisclaimerThe materials in these Learning Guides are for use by students and instructional staff, and have been compiled from sources believed to be reliable and to represent best current opinions on these subjects. These manuals are intended to serve as a starting point for good practices and may not specify all minimum legal standards. No warranty, guarantee or representation is made by the British Columbia Industry Training Authority or the Queen’s Printer of British Columbia as to the accuracy or sufficiency of the information contained in these publications. These manuals are intended to provide basic guidelines for Construction Craft Worker practices. Do not assume, therefore, that all necessary warnings and safety precautionary measures are contained in this Competency and that other or additional measures may not be required.

Safety AdvisoryBe advised that references to the Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia safety regulations contained within these materials do not/may not reflect the most recent Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. The current Standards and Regulation in BC can be obtained at the following website: http://www.worksafebc.com.

Symbol Legend

Important: This icon highlights important information.

Poisonous: This icon is a reminder for a potentially toxic/poisonous situation.

Resources: The resource icon highlights any required or optional resources.

Flammable: This icon is a reminder for a potentially flammable situation.

Self-test: This icon reminds you to complete a self-test.

Explosive: This icon is a reminder for a possibly explosive situation.

Safety gear: The safety gear icon is an important reminder to use protective equipment.

Electric shock: This icon is a reminder for potential electric shock.


ForewordConstruction Craft Workers, also known as labourers, work mostly on construction sites. Their tasks include:

• Site preparation and cleanup.• Set up and remove access equipment.• Work on concrete and masonry, steel, wood and pre-cast erecting projects.• Handle materials and equipment• Perform demolition, excavation, and compaction activities.• Ensure site security.

Construction Craft Workers (CCWs) work on a wide variety of structures such as residential, commercial and industrial buildings, as well as hydro-electric dams, roadways, bridges and railways. In some jurisdictions, they also work on utility, landscape, and pipeline projects. CCWs work for private companies as well as municipal, provincial, and federal governments.

With experience, CCWs who complete additional training specialize in different areas of construction. This includes operating off-road vehicles, drilling and blasting, diving, tunneling, rock scaling, performing emergency rescue, and the management of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in situations involving potential hazards and public trust.

CCWs work primarily outdoors in all weather conditions. They are often required to work at heights, over water, in confined spaces, and excavations. Their job settings are in densely populated urban settings or in remote locations. They often work overtime during peak construction periods.

Key attributes for CCWs are mechanical aptitude, manual dexterity and an ability to do hard, physical work. They must also be able to work as team members and to interact directly with the public where such considerations as safety and legal liability are issues. Organizational leadership and blueprint reading skills are assets for anyone wanting to progress in this trade. With experience and training, CCWs can advance to supervisory/foreman positions.

Program OutlineLevel 1Line A: Use Safe Work PracticesLine B: Organize WorkLine C: Use Tools and EquipmentLine D: Perform Routine Trade ActivitiesLine E: Perform Site WorkLine F: Use Scaffolding and Access EquipmentLine G: Perform Concrete WorkLine I: Perform Utilities and Pipeline TasksLine J: Perform Roadwork

Level 2Line A: Use Safe Work PracticesLine B: Organize WorkLine D: Perform Routine Trade ActivitiesLine E: Perform Site WorkLine F: Use Scaffolding and Access EquipmentLine G: Perform Concrete WorkLine H: Perform Masonry WorkLine I: Perform Utilities and Pipeline Tasks


COMPETENCy B1 LINE B: ORGANIzE WORK

COMPETENCY B1

Use Documentation, Blueprints and Specifications The reading of construction blueprints is a foundational skill in construction. All construction professionals, regardless of whether they are working in the field or in the office, must know how to read blueprints. Blueprint reading is not terribly difficult, but it does require practice and some basic knowledge of blueprints.

The term blueprint comes from the old process used to make copies of architect’s plans used in construction. A true blueprint had white lines on a blue background. However, most reproductions of drawings are now made using a process which produces a black or blue line on a white background. All of these pre-productions, regardless of the colour of the lines or the colour of the background are called “Blueprints”.

DrawingsDrawing is the universal language used by Engineers, Technicians and Skilled Craftsmen. A drawing is a collection of lines and text that serves as a guideline for the user to perform certain operations in a specified manner.

The working drawings or Architect’s plans consist of several different kinds of drawings usually assembled into a set.

Types of views used in drawingsThe two main types of views (or “projections”) used in drawings are:

• pictorial• orthographic

Pictorial viewsPictorial views show a 3-D view of how something should look when completed. There are three types of pictorial views:

• perspective• isometric• oblique

Perspective viewA perspective view presents a building or an object just as it would look to you. A perspective view has a vanishing point; that is, lines that move away from you come together in the distance. For example, in Figure 1, we see a road and line of telephone poles. Even though the poles get smaller in their actual measurement, we recognize them as being the same size but more distant.


LINE B: ORGANIzE WORK COMPETENCy B1

Figure 1 — Perspective view

Isometric viewAn isometric view is a three-dimensional view. The plumb lines are vertical. The horizontal lines are set at 30 degree angles from a line parallel to the bottom of the page. Isometric views have no vanishing point, so the objects do not appear as they would in a perspective view. Lengths are exact on isometric drawings only when the item is parallel to one of the axes of the drawing. Figure 2 shows an isometric view of a simple object, as well as the lines that represent the three dimensions.

30º 30º

Figure 2 — An isometric view

Oblique viewAn oblique view is similar to an isometric view, except that the face or front view is drawn to exact scale and the oblique lines are extended at a 30 degree to 45 degree angle to create a three-dimensional representation (Figure 3).



45º

Figure 3 — Oblique view of the object in Figure 2

Multi-view (orthographic) drawingsPictorial drawings are excellent for presenting easy-to-visualize pictures to the viewer, but there are some problems. The main problem is that these drawings cannot be accurately drawn to scale. Also, they cannot accurately duplicate exact shapes and angles. As this information can be essential, another form of drawing is used, one that has several names, including orthographic projection, third angle projection, multi-view projection, and working drawing. Each projection is a view that shows only one face of an object, such as the front, side, top, or back. These views are not pictorial.

To interpret or read these drawings you must first understand how the views in a multi-view drawing are developed and how each view relates to the other views. The best way to understand the principle of orthographic views is to suspend the object you wish to draw inside an imaginary glass box. If you were to look at the object through each side of the box and draw onto the glass the view of the object you see through the glass, you would end up with a sketch similar to that shown in Figure 4.

The view through each side of the glass box shows only the end view of one side of the object. All lines are straight and parallel because the original object has sides that are straight and parallel. Each view represents what you see when you look directly at the object.

Figure 4 — Multi-view through a glass box



If you were to open up the glass box, as shown in Figure 5, each view would be in the correct position for a true orthographic drawing. Each view is given a name that reflects its position in relation to the other views.

Rear-side view

Top-side view

Front-side view

Bottom-side view

Left-side view Right-side view

Figure 5 — Box opened to produce orthographic views

When the imaginary glass box is flattened as shown in Figure 6, you can see that each view is in line with the adjacent view. Then the edges of the box are removed and you have a six-view orthographic drawing of the original object (Figure 7). These six views are called the six principal orthographic views. This view alignment is important and is always consistent in orthographic projection. You will seldom need to show views of all six sides of an object; usually it is sufficient to show just two or three. You should remember the names of these six views and understand how they are obtained in case you ever need to show an object that cannot be truly represented in two or three views.



Top (plan) view

Front-side view(elevation)

Bottom view

Right view(elevation)

Left view(elevation)

Back view

Figure 6 — Drawing with the glass box flattened out

Orthographic projectionOrthographic projection is a multi-view system that is used to represent three dimensional objects in two dimensional drawings.

The six basic orthographic views are:

• Top view (plan)

• Front view (front elevation)

• Bottom view (rarely used)

• Back view (rear elevation)

• Left side view (left elevation)

• Right side view (right elevation)



Top view (plan)The plan view is a view from above looking down on an object or area. Often referred to as a bird’s eye view.

Figure 7 — Plan view



ElevationElevation views look directly at the Surface of the project or structure. They are taken from the outside looking in. Each side of the structure is shown in its designated elevation view.

Figure 8 — Elevation view

SectionsSections, also known as cross sections, show slices taken through the object or structure at designated spots. These cross sections through a plan view show the elevation depths not visible on a two dimensional plan view.



LEVEL 2

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 3

4000

3780

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 1

LEVEL 3

4000

A

2 : 12

3002000

Line of Roof beyond

PARTIAL SECTION THROUGH STAIR 2.1 (LOOKING EAST)Scale: 1:75

4

A4.3

9500

2200

.

920

Line of Conc beyond

200

Figure 9 — Section view



DetailsDetails are usually drawn to a larger scale than the other drawings in order to show special features and dimensions that cannot be clearly shown in other drawing views.

Window frame mustinclude a thermal break

1⁄8" wooden spacersare placed at 8" O.C.along the outside of

the rough sill to allowwater an exit path from

the sloping sub sill

Pressure treated 1 × 2rainscreen strapping

Metal drip edge �ashingon top of strapping

Wooden window stool and apron caulked to window frame and�nished gypsum wall

Sloped sub-sill

Self adhering waterproofmembrane �ashing overlaps sheathing paper

0.15 mm vapour barrieroverlaps and is sealed to membrane �ashing

Backer rod and caulking used to seal window frame to waterproofmembrane.

1"

Figure 10 — Detail view

SymbolsSymbols and hatching are used to identify objects, materials, and views. Many drawings include legends defining the symbols used.

Section marks indicate the location and direction of view where a section is cut in the primary view. Sections are identified by letters of the alphabet.

Figure 11 — Section marks

Detail marks indicate which part of a primary or secondary view is to be blown-up. Details are identified by numbers.



20

A6.2

Figure 12 — Detail marks

Revision symbols guide blueprint readers to easily identify the item/s or the scope of the changes made in the drawing and the revision number of the drawing sheet.

R7

UP

Figure 13 — Revision mark and cloud

Abbreviations used in drawingsAbbreviations are used within drawings rather than full words since space is often very limited. For example, “F.D.” is used for “Floor Drain.” “T.O.W.” and “T.O.F.” are used in foundation drawings to represent “Top of Wall” and “Top of Footing.” “I.P.” is used for “Iron Pin” on site (plot) plans.

AB anchor boltCIP cast-in-placeCL centerlineCG center of gravityCLR clearCONT continuousCL cut lengthC/W complete withDL dead load

DIA diameterDP deep (ex. depth of beam)DWG drawingEA eachEF each faceES each sideELEV or EL elevationEQ SP equal spacesEW each way



FS far sideGALV galvanizedLG longLH lift hookLL live loadNS near sideMAX maximumMIN minimum

OC on centersOPP oppositePROJ projectionSIM similarSYM symmetricalTHK thickTYP typicalWP work point

The alphabet of linesThe line is the basis of all industrial drawings. By combining lines of different thicknesses, types, and lengths, it is possible to describe graphically any object in sufficient detail so that persons with a basic understanding of blueprint reading can accurately visualize the shape of the part.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has established and recommended certain drafting techniques and standards for lines. The types of lines commonly found on drawings are known as the alphabet of lines. The (5) types of lines which are most widely used from this alphabet include: (1) object lines, (2) hidden lines, (3) center lines, (4) extension lines, and (5) dimension lines. A brief description and examples of each of the five types of lines are given in this section. These lines are used in combination with each other on all the prints in the Blueprint Series. Problem material on the identification of lines is included in the Assignment Series. Other lines, such as those used for showing internal part details or specifying materials, are covered in later units.

The thickness (weights) of lines are relative because they depend largely on the size of the drawing and the complexity of each member of an object. For this reason, comparative thicknesses (weights) of lines are used.

Object linesThe shape of an object is described on a drawing by thick (dark) lines known as visible edge or object lines. An object line, is always drawn thick (dark) and solid so that the outline or shape of the object is clearly emphasized on the drawing (Figure 9).



Object line

Figure 14 — Object line

Hidden linesTo be complete, a drawing must include lines which represent all the edges and intersections of surfaces in the object. Many of these lines are invisible to the observer because they are covered by other portions of the object. To show that a line is hidden, the draftsperson usually uses a thin, broken line of short dashes, Figure 10 illustrates the use of hidden lines.

Hidden lines (thin and dashed)

Top Side view

Figure 15 — Hidden line

Centre linesA centre line is drawn as a thin (light), broken line of long and short dashes, spaced alternately (Figure 11). Centre lines are used to indicate the centre of a whole circle or a part of a circle, and also to show that an object is symmetrical about a line. The symbol CL is often used with a centre line.

Centre line (thin with long and short dashes)

Figure 16 — Centre line



Extension linesExtension lines are used in dimensioning to show the size of an object. Extension lines are thin, dark, solid lines which extend away from an object at the exact places between which dimensions are to be placed (Figure 12).

A space of one-sixteenth inch is usually allowed between the object and the beginning of the extension line.

Overall or larger dimensionsshould be farther from the drawingthan smaller dimensions

Arrowhead ratio should be approx. 3:1

S = size dimensions and notationsL = location dimensions

Leave approx. 3 mmbetween object line and

extension line

L

S

L

S-Rad

S - Ø hole

Allow the extensionline to go past the

dimension lineby approx. 2 mm

L

S

Figure 17 — Extension lines

Once the external shape and internal features of a part are represented by a combination of lines, further information is provided by dimensions. Fractional, decimal, and metric dimensions are used on drawings to give size descriptions. Each of these three systems of dimensioning is used throughout this text.



Dimension linesDimension lines are thin lines broken at the dimension and ending with arrowheads. The tips or points of these arrowheads indicate the exact distance referred to by a dimension placed at a break in the line (Figure 13).

45º

R15

R20

R15R15

Ø30

110 REF

20

75

40

90

35 45

240 REF

Ø15 4 holes

75

75

60

Figure 18 — Dimensioning

The point or tip of the arrowhead touches the extension line. The size of die arrow is determined by the thickness of the dimension line and the size of the drawing.

Closed and open arrowheads are the two shapes generally used. The closed arrowhead is preferred. The extension line usually projects 1/16 inch beyond a dimension line. Any additional length to the extension line is of no value in dimensioning.

62Extension line

Dimension lineDimension

Object line

End marks

Figure 19 — Extension and dimension lines



Regularly shaped flat objects which require only simple machining operations are often adequately described with notes on a one-view drawing. However, when the shape of the object changes, portions are cut away or relieved, or complex machining or fabrication processes must be represented on a drawing, the one view may not be sufficient to describe the part accurately

The number and selection of views is governed by the shape or complexity of the object. A view should not be drawn unless it makes a drawing easier to read or furnishes other information needed to describe the part clearly.

The combination of front, top, and right side views represents the method most commonly used by draftspersons to describe simple objects. The manner in which each view is obtained and the interpretation of each view is discussed in this section.

Height, width (length) and depth dimensionsThe terms height, width, and depth refer to specific dimensions or part sizes. Height is the vertical distance between two or more lines or surfaces (part features) which are in horizontal planes. Width refers to the horizontal distance between surfaces in profile planes. In the shop, the terms length and width are used interchangeably. Depth is the horizontal (front to back) distance between two features in frontal planes. Depth is often identified in the shop as the thickness of a part or feature.

Working drawingsA working drawing shows only the top, front, and right side views without the imaginary transparent planes. These views show the exact shape and size of the object, and define the relationship of one view to another.

A drawing, when completely dimensioned and with necessary notes added, is called a working drawing because it furnishes all the information required to construct the object.



Top view

Front view Side view

3

4

1

2

1

1 1/2

1/2 2 1/2

1 1/2

Figure 20 — Working drawing

Parts of a drawing The title block is an important element found in professional architectural drawings that contains data about the drawing, such as the title, its number, and the name of the architect. It may also have a company logo, copyright information, the appropriate scale, and data on the date it was completed. Basically, a title box is a rectangle that contains all the information needed to identify, verify, interpret, and archive any architectural schematic. A typical title block is subdivided into numerous areas that contain different types of information, and it is usually found on the bottom or lower right-hand corner of any drawing.



Border line

Title block

Figure 21 — Title block

One section in the block is used to note down the drawing title and the drawing number; these are important for filing and verification purposes. The drawing number is unique to a particular schematic and is usually a code containing critical data about the drawing. The information may include data on the type of drawing, revision details, and details about the site. It may also have the sheet number, which is important in understanding whether a drawing is spread out over numerous sheets or is a stand-alone drawing. The schematics are mostly filed according to the unique drawing number because the title may be shared by numerous architectural prints.

An inset is a small drawing or sketch set within a drawing. An inset might show a detailed part of the drawing at a larger scale, or the extent of the existing drawing drawn at a smaller scale within the context of a larger area.

A legend is included with a drawing in order to unlock it. It gives you the information needed for the drawing to make sense. Drawings often use symbols or colors to represent things, and the legend explains what they mean. Legends are often boxes in the corner of the map, and the information they give you is essential to understanding the drawing. Symbols in the legend might be pictures or icons that represent different things on the drawing. Sometimes the blueprint might by colored or shaded, and the key explains what the colors and shades mean. The picture here shows an example of a legend for a typical road map.



a.w.p. = acoustic wall panelB.O. = by othersCB = chalk boardCG = corner guardcj = control jointconc. =concreteCpt. = carpetCT = ceramic tileC.U.H. = cabinet unit heatersD.F. = drinking fountainD.S. = downspoutF.D. = floor drainF.G. = fibreglassF.R.R. = fire resistance ratingG.B. = gypsum boardH.S. = hydration stationlino = linoleumL.W.S. = linear wood (ceiling) systemN.I.C. = not in contractN.C.V. = non conbustible voidO.H. = over headp = paint/stainPlam. = Plastic laminatePlc. = Polished concrete Ply = plywoodR = rubberR.O. = rough openingR.W.L. = rain water leaderSAM = self adhered membraneSB = smart boardSG. = sandblasted glassst. = steelTB = tack boardTWS = tactile warning stripu.n.o. = unless noted otherwiseWB = white boardWFS. = water filling stationW.G.L. = wired glass in metal framesW.R. = Waste receptacle

= elevations (finished)

LEGEND

= dia. turning circle

Figure 22 — Legend



Most drawings will have an orientation of some sort to help correlate the drawing to a direction. This is almost always indicated with a North facing arrow so that the reader can correlate how a structure, road, building, etc. correlates in an area. For example, without an orientation arrow, the person reading the drawings would have no idea which wall of the structure needs to be built on the west, east, south, north side of the property.

TRINCOMALI HEIGHTS ROAD

84.830

105° 38' 20"

80° 23' 45"

157° 10' 30"7.464

I.P.

I.P.

64.8

46

28°

42'

35"

I.P.

I.P.

124° 59' 50"

68.005

I.P.

21.412

57° 02' 35"

27.6

61

19°

16

'

55"

15.2

48

14° 5

9' 4

0"I.P.

I.P. N

I.P.

29.182

LOT A

LOT C

7.500

LOT B

14.400 25.000

Figure 23 — Site plan



COMPETENCY B2

Communicate With Others

Public relationsPublic relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (business, government agency, etc.) and the public. The main goal of a public relations department or firm is to enhance a company’s reputation. Publicists try to present a company or individual to the world in the best light and they are essentially reputation protectors.

The business world of today is extremely competitive. Companies need to have an edge that makes them stand out from the crowd, something that makes them more appealing and interesting to both the public and the media. The public are the buyers of the product and the media are responsible for selling it.

Public relations (PR) play a big role in major construction projects, especially government jobs. Often times there is a large amount of taxpayer money involved as well as environmental, socio-economical, and political concerns and it is PR’s role to help keep the construction company and the project in the best light possible.

Types of communication The exchange of information on a jobsite can be communicated in different ways. Good communication skills have an important role in a worker’s success at a new job.

From the moment a worker gets a phone call for employment, to the moment the job starts, they will need verbal communication skills to obtain and understand information from co-workers and supervisors. This includes listening and asking questions about policies and procedures, for example at a tool box meeting.

Writing skills are needed for communicating with others, such as record keeping, recording hours worked in a logbook, or documenting accidents in reports.

When writing letters and filling out forms, be concise and provide the requested information. Gather and include logistical information as well, such as cellphone numbers and e-mails of the people involved. Report truthfully by providing evidence and full descriptions. Maintain a positive tone by using polite language and not attacking a person or company. Remember to proof-read and correct spelling mistakes before submission.

Distance or noise emitted from machines may prevent verbal communication. In these cases, hand signals are used. Each trade and sometimes even companies will have signals that are specific to them. Sometimes the same task or the same words can be said or instructed many



different ways, and sometimes workers become uncomfortable because they aren’t familiar with that particular language. Along with being specific to particular trades, each region even within a country can use different lingo to discuss the same thing. This can become quite confusing so it is important to not get discouraged and to ask questions if something isn’t understood.

Meetings are a vital part of work and the flow of information and a foreman needs to plan and be the head of them. It is a necessary tool to do the job. Meetings should be planned beforehand, monitored for effectiveness, and reviewed afterward for improvement. A meeting is the ultimate form of managed speech. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, information, translation, or simply entertainment.

Figure 1 — Site meeting

When a foreman is conducting a meeting they must be aware of several important points, think before they speak, have a time frame for the meeting, and make an agenda for organization purposes. The purpose of an agenda is to inform workers of the reason for the meeting and to structure the discussion of the meeting. Do not forget that agendas can also be spoken. Make sure that the necessary support be provided by the crew to effectively contribute to what is being said. When conducting a meeting three important tools to use are clarification, summary, and focus on the stated goals.

The purpose of a meeting is to convey information, to seek out information and to make a decision. Another reason to hold a meeting is to influence and motivate the crew to increase their work ethics. The success of a meeting usually depends on the level of participation by those attending. It is important to avoid direct criticism of any person in front of the group and the foreman makes sure that they are prepared to answer questions and are able to respond to problems. The foreman needs to give instructions clearly to prevent misunderstandings, and workers need to listen and ask questions.



Chain of commandThe chain of command is the hierarchy of authority where those at the top of the organization direct and control the activities of the workers below them. The rationale of chain of command is that it permits coordination of different individuals and groups engaging in task specialization in order to accomplish organizational goals. Individuals or groups engaged in specialized tasks do not always understand the big picture; their efforts must be coordinated by management so that the overall goal is achieved.

A general chain of command for a contractor:

1. Owner/President The person who owns the most shares in the company and takes responsibility for the

financial success of the company. Responsible for originating and/or funding the project.

2. Project Manager Usually found on larger construction jobs. They direct the entire job and report directly to

the President, Chairman, Owner or the Board of Trustees.

3. Superintendent Hands-on individual that works directly with safety officers, foreman, sub-contractors,

surveyors, tradespeople and any other personnel involved in the construction of the project.

4. Safety Officer Responsible for the safety and health of every individual on the job.

5. Foreman A tradesperson with vast construction knowledge and experience who oversees and directs

other workers within their trade. The foreman is generally responsible for a crew of 3-10 labourers.

6. Lead Hand Responsible for a smaller group of workers than the foreman.

7. Labourer/Tradesperson/Apprentice Lowest in the chain of command. They take direction from the foreman and general foreman

and carry out the physical work.



Other positions may include:

• Architect - The architectural or engineering firm selected provides the project design and is usually responsible for ensuring that the project is built to design specifications.

• Prime Contractor - The Prime or General contractor is the company directly responsible for the actual construction of the project.

• Sub-Contractor - The sub-contractor performs either specialty work that the prime contractor either cannot do or work that the prime contractor would rather have other companies perform.

• Surveyor - A surveyor at work reads blueprints and specifications and uses survey equipment and known control locations to lay out and check pilings, piping, excavations, foundations, buildings, steel beams, roads, site perimeters, grades, vessels, tanks, and other equipment.

MentoringMentoring is also an important part of development within a construction company. Mentoring is a process for the informal transmission of knowledge, social capital, and the psychological support perceived by the recipient as relevant to work, career, or professional development. Mentoring entails informal communication, usually face-to-face and during a sustained period of time, between a person who is perceived to have greater relevant knowledge, wisdom, or experience (mentor) and a person who is perceived to have less (apprentice). Here are a few different types of mentors:

• Profession or Trade Mentor- This is someone who is currently in the trade/profession you are entering. They know the trends, important changes and new practices that you should know to stay at the top of your career.

• Industry Mentor- This is someone who doesn’t just focus on the profession. This mentor will be able to give insight on the industry as a whole.

• Organization Mentor- Politics in the organization are constantly changing. It is important to be knowledgeable about the values, strategies, and products that are within your company, but also when these things are changing.

• Technology Mentor- This is an up-and-coming, incredibly important position. Technology has been rapidly improving, and becoming more a part of day to day transactions within companies.

• Reverse Mentoring- This is a not so obvious benefit of mentoring but is incredibly important. The younger generations can help the older generations to expand and grow towards current trends.

• Career Development- Mentoring employees gives the opportunity to align organizational goals to personal goals. It gives employees the ability to advance professionally.



Communication equipmentTwo-way radiosTwo-way radios are durable and lightweight radios that can both transmit and receive, unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content. This allows the operator to have a conversation with other similar radios on the same radio frequency or channel. Two-way radio systems usually operate in a half-duplex mode where the operator can either talk or listen, but not at the same time. A push-to-talk activates the transmitter; when it is released, the receiver is active.

Two-way radios give excellent service during emergencies because they do not rely on cell towers to be able to transmit information. They are cost effective because they have no monthly service contracts, and have good clarity in rain and wind.

Mobile phoneAlso known as a cell phone, it can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station.

Plant phoneThese are part of an internal circuit that are in-house in plants, mills, and other buildings. They use a telephone land line to talk to operations, first-aid or any other areas of the plant. Their main purpose is so that workers within that plant can talk to other workers within the plant. Some plant phones do have the capability to make outside calls. Each area of the plant will have its own defined number to be dialed.

DocumentationIt is becoming increasingly important to have documentation to provide evidence of injuries, work completed, and various other aspects that relate to working on the job site. As was previously stated, written communication much more reliable when arguing certain issues and it doesn’t lend itself as much to “he said, she said” kinds of arguments. It is in all workers best interest to keep a small work journal to document work finished that day, any job site issues, any injuries (big or small) or any other aspect that they could deem as important.



When documenting injuries in particular, it is best to document as much as possible. A worker should also always go to first aid for any injury, even a scratch, so that it at least gets documented. Even small scratches and cuts could eventually cause infection. If a small injury isn’t previously documented before it worsens, you may not have a valid case with WorkSafeBC. Some particular facts that should be documented are:

• Date and time of the injury

• Location where the injury occurred

• Any dates or time missed from work

• Witnesses to the incident

Some examples of jobsite documentation and why they are important are making as builds, toolbox meetings, and various other points for future recall. As builds are important because things are often times not built exactly as a drawing has designed them to be. As builds will show elevations, locations and dimensions of various parts that could be built on a job site for future reference. Toolbox meetings are important because it is a daily avenue to discuss job site safety issues. They are good for the crew because they get everyone involved in a discussion on the job about how to stay safe, and they are great for the employer because they provide written proof that jobsite related safety issues have been discussed. Other points for future recall that may become important are who was on site on a particular day, the weather conditions, sub-trades that were present on site and materials delivered. This is particularly important for foremen and superintendents.



COMPETENCY B3

Use Basic Trade Math Construction Craft Workers use math to measure materials using imperial and metric measurement and calculate quantities and weights of materials. Sometimes they are required to convert measurements between imperial and metric measurement. CCWs use ratio to calculate grades and slopes. CCWs should be able to:

• Add and subtract whole numbers, fractions and decimals

• Use metric and imperial measurement

• Convert between decimals and fractions

• Convert inches to decimals of a foot

• Use formulae to calculate perimeter, area and volume

• Convert volume to weight

Fractions and decimalsWhole numbers are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. There are no fractions or decimals.

Decimals and fractions are both ways to name all of the possible numbers that are less than one or are between whole numbers.

FractionsA fraction is a measurement that is less than a whole number. It is made up of a numerator and a denominator. The numerator is the top number and the denominator is the bottom.

=12

numeratordenominator

Fractions must have a common (same) denominator for adding and subtracting. The smallest number that can be used as the denominator is called the lowest common denominator.



Examples:

+ = =

+ =

− =

=

+ = +

+ = + =

14

14

24

12

25

25

45

58

28

38

34–24

14

34

12

34

24

418

312

418

348

758

DecimalsWhen converting decimals to fractions, the top is always divided by the bottom.

= ÷ =12

1 2 0.5

Decide how many decimals places to round off to. Look at the number to the right. If it is 5 or more, round up. If it is 4 or less, stay the same.

8.9333 = 8.933

8.9337 = 8.934

101.8944 = 101.894

101.8988 = 101.899

Ratios and proportionsA ratio compares two numbers, such as the amount of cement to water. The ratio of cement to water is 3:1 means that for every 3 parts of concrete, 1 part of water is added.

A proportion compares two ratios. The ratio of concrete is 3:1 but 6 parts of cement are needed. How much water is needed?

=31

6?



Multiply the two numbers on the diagonal and divide by the third number.

×= =

1 63

63

2

If 6 parts of cement are used, 2 parts of water need to be added.

Slope ratios use the exact same process. Engineering slopes are always expressed as a horizontal: vertical ratio. The slope is 3:1. The cut (vertical) is 4 m. How far out is the toe cut?

= =

×=

horizontalvertical

31

?4 m

3 4 m1

12 m

?

4 m

The toe should be cut 12 m out.

Percent gradePercent grade is the slope or change in elevation. For example, a 4% grade means there is a rise or fall of 4 vertical feet in 100 horizontal feet. Rise (or fall) is the vertical difference in elevation measured from the original elevation. Run is the distance from the original elevation to the end elevation.

Run

Rise

% Grade

= ×% graderiserun

100

There is a road that is 150 m long and it rises 0.6 m from one end to the other, what is the % grade of that road?

× =0.6 m150 m

100 0.4%

You have a run of pipe from manhole 1 to manhole 2. The distance between manholes is 50 m and the change in elevation is 1.25 m. What is the % grade of that run of pipe?

× =1.25 m50 m

100 2.5%



Formulas (area and volume)Calculating areas and volumes out on the job site are very common tasks that need to be done frequently. Whether you need to order concrete, or calculate the sq. footage of floor, it is important to know how to calculate areas and volumes in the workplace. There are 3 formulas that we are going to use to calculate areas:

×

×

=π

Area of a square (rectangle) = L W

Area of a right angle triangle =L W2

Area of a circle is r2

Area has two dimensions: length and width. It is measured in square units, for example, ft2 or m2.

= × = ×

=

Area L W 5 m 7m

35m2

7 m

5 m

All triangles are exactly half of a rectangle. To calculate the area of triangle, divide by two.

=×=

×

=

AreaL W2

8.5 62

25.5 m2

8.5 m

6 m

Circles are different because there are no corners. To calculate the area of a circle, use the following formula:

= × = ×

= × =

π π

π

Area r (4)

16 50.24 m

2 2

2

4 m

Note: the radius is from the centre to the edge of a circle. The diameter is from edge to edge.



Calculating areaVolume has three dimensions: length, width and height. It is measured in cubic units, for example, ft3 and m3.

= × × = × ×

=

Volume L W H 6 4 3

72 m3

6 m

4 m

3 m

Note: a triangular prism is exactly half the volume of a rectangular solid.

A cylinder is shaped like a soup can. To calculate the volume of a cylinder, use the following formula:

= = × ×

=

πVolume r2h 3.14 (2.5) 6

117.75 m

2

3

2.5 m

6 m

Pythagorean TheoremWorkers in the construction industry sometimes call Pythagorean Theorem the 3:4:5 method. It is used to lay out the perimeters of buildings, to ensure corners are square and to calculate the length of rafters and stringers.

Although it is often called the 3:4:5 method, the math works for right triangles of any shape or size. If you multiply the length of each short side by itself, and add the two answers, the total is the length of the last side multiplied by itself.

The formula is a2 + b2 = c2

a

b

c



A concrete form is 8 m wide and 12 m long. If the concrete form is square, what is the length of c?

( ) ( )

+ =

+ =

+ =

=

=

a b c

8 12 c

64 144 c

208 c

c 14.42 m

2 2 2

2 2 2

2

8 m

12 m

?

Converting metric and imperialThe following table has conversion numbers for converting between imperial and metric measurement:

Metric to imperial Imperial to metric

Length 1 km = 0.621 mi.

1 m = 1.094 yd.

1 m = 3.28 ft.

1 cm = 0.394 in.

1 mm = 0.039 in.

1 mi. = 1.61 km

1 yd. = 0.914 m

1 ft. = 0.305 m

1 in. = 2.54 cm

1 in. = 25.4 mm

Mass 1 kg = 2.20 lb.

1 g = 0.035 oz.

1 t (1000 kg) = 2204.6 lb.

1 oz. = 28.4 g

1 lb. = 0.454 kg

Capacity 1 L = 2.11 pt.

1 L = 1.06 qt.

1 pt. = 0.47 L

1 qt. = 0.95 L

1 U.S. gal. = 3.79 L

1 Imp. gal. = 4.55 L

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