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Transcript of Britania-Absenteesm
Report on Winter Project
“ABSENTEEISM IN A PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING,ITS CAUSES AND
EFFECTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE WORKING OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN
INDIA.”
D B U-I
Feb,2001 to May ,2001.
Submitted by:- Submitted to:-Kalpana Khatri Dr.GururaniIVth Semester9913 IMSPR(DPC)Jhadewalan Ext.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project report entitled
“Absenteeism” which is being submitted by Kalpana Khatri is a
record of candidate’s own work carried out by her,under my
guidance and supervision.
This is further certified that she has worked from
Feb 2001 till May 2001 for the preparation of this report she
has worked at Modern Food Industries (India)Ltd. Delhi
Bread Unit-I Lawrence Road and Britannia industries.
Dr.GururaniProject GuideIMSPR(DPC)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I express my gratitude to Dr.Gururani for giving me
time from his busy schedule and guiding me throughout my
project.During my project making period ,I received help &
Information which is of great importance in my learning
Period and thought of my life.
For this I am grateful to Dr.Gururani he has been a constant
source of inspiration for me.
KALPANA KHATRI
INDEX
UNIT-IINTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE SCOPE UNIT-IIORGANISATION OVERVIEW PROFILE OF MODERN FOODS PROFILE OF BRITANNIA INDUSTRY
UNIT-IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN SOURCES OF DATA
UNIT-IVABSENTEEISM INTRODUCTION FEATURES CLASSIFICATION TYPES CAUSES EFFECTS MEASURES
UNIT-VANALYSIS FINDINGS UNIT-VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PROLOGUE
I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to
Ajeet Singh for his regards & immense affection.I would like to
thank him for his cooperation & affectionate support.Without his
willing help ,I would not have been able to complete this work.I
am indebted to him for being a constant source of inspiration in
my project.
Finally, I wish to express my heartful appreciation to him
for his contribution to the project,both explicit & implicit.With this
I dedicate my project to you.
Thanks for being their with me in all my thicks & thins.
Dated:May,2001
SYNOPSIS
TITLE OF THE PROJECT
ABSENTEEISM in a Public Sector Undertaking,its causes &
effects with reference to the working of the Private Sector in
India.
INTRODUCTION
(I) Absenteeism is said to be there when an employee fails to
come to work Workers remain absent from the regular work
due to hard nature of job,monotony in work & personal
reasons.This leads to absenteeism.It is normal& natural
tendency among the factory workers.Workers remain
absent without prior permission,notice or sanction.It is
unauthorised leave & is different from regular leave or
holiday.In brief it is absence which is
wilful.However,absence on account of strikes,lock-outs
etc.does not constitute absenteeism.
(II) EFFECTS OF ABSENTEEISM
Labour absenteeism is harmful to both employers & workers in
the following way:
1.Normal work-flow in factory is disturbed.
2.Overall production in factory goes down.
3.Difficulty is faced in executing orders in time.
4.Casual workers may have to be employed to meet production
schedules.
Such workers are not trained properly.
5.Overtime allowance bill increases considerably because of
higher absenteeism.
6.When a number of workers absent themselves,there is extra
pressure of work on their colleagues who are present.
7.Workers lose wares for the unauthorised absence from work.
8.Habitual absentees may be removed from services causing
them great hardship.
(III) CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM
i. Maladjustment with working conditions
ii. Social & Religious ceremonies
iii. Unsatisfactory housing condition at work place
iv. Industrial fatigue
v. Unheathly working conditions
vi. Poor welfare facilities
vii. Alcoholism
viii. Indebtness
ix. Maladjustment with job demands
x. Unsound Personnel Policies
xi. Inadequate leave facilities
xii. Low level wages
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
(i) To study the prevailing conditions leading to absenteeism
in both Public as well as Private sector.
(ii) To study the various causes and effects of absenteeism.
(iii) To recommend possible measuresto overcome
absenteeism.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project is ,absenteeism at the production level
of workers of both the co’s i.e Public as well as Private.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sample Design it is a definite plan determined before any data
are actually calculated for obtaining a sample from a given
population.The sample design here is non-probability,deliberate
sampling .
Sample Size there are nearly 200 workers in the co.’s out of
these a sample size of 20 employees from each co. was decided
in consultation with Sr.Pers.Mgr..This amount of sample size is
10%.
Sample group selected for study is from the production workers
i.e Opr.I,Opr.II,Opr.III & Bakers.
SOURCES OF DATA
(I) Primary data –these are the mesurement observed &
recorded as part of original study done by the
investigator.The data which could not be obtained through
the secondary data,& which is essential for the analysis &
interpretation becomes the primary data.Here,primary data
is collected from questionnaire & personal interview.
(II) Secondary data –the data used by investigator,which had
already been collected by others like the data obtained
from journal,reports,government publication etc. forms the
secondary data.
INTRODUCTION
ABSENTEEISM is said to be there when an employee fails to
come to work when he is scheduled to work.It is an important
problem in many enterprises.Excessive absenteeism involves a
considerable loss to the enterprise because work schedules are
upset & delayed,& management has to give overtimewages to
meet the delivery dates.The rate of overtime wages are double
than the normal rate of wages.Therefore,study of causes of abs-
enteeism is essential to deal with the problem.
Workers remain absent from the regular work due to hard nature
of job, monotony in work & personal reasons.This leads to
absenteeism.It is normal & natural tendency among the factory
workers.Workers remain absent with- out prior permission,notice
or sanction.It is unauthorised leave & is different from regular
leave or holiday.In brief it is absence which is wilful.However,
absence on account of strikes,lock-outs etc.does not constitute
absenteeism.
The rate of absenteeism is calculated during the given period by-
Absenteeism = No. of mandays lost through absence * 100
No.of mandays scheduled to work Absenteeism is a universal
problem in industry.It becomes problem when it exceeds 10 % as
it disturbs the production schedules & create many probl-
ems.Personnale research have found that generally a small
percentage of employees i.e 15 % account for a large percentage
of absenteeism.These employees are likely to have low interest in
their tasks & to be physically below par.Research studies have
further revealed that :
1.The day before & after a holiday are liable to higher rate of
absenteeism.
2.Women are absent more often than men.
3.Bad weather increases absenteeism,especially among
employees who live at distance places.
4.Employees under the age of 25 yrs & above the age of 55 yrs
are absent more often than those in the age group of 26 to 55 yrs
.
5.Operative employees are absent more frequently than the
supervisors &
managers.
Effects of absenteeism
Labour absenteeism is harmful to both employers & workers in
the following way:
1.Normal work-flow in factory is disturbed.
2.Overall production in factory goes down.
3.Difficulty is faced in executing orders in time.
4.Casual workers may have to be employed to meet production
schedules. Such workers are not trained properly.
5.Overtime allowance bill increases considerably because of
higher absenteeism.
6.When a number of workers absent themselves,there is extra
pressure of work on their colleagues who are present.
7.Workers lose wares for the unauthorised absence from work.
8.Habitual absentees may be removed from services causing
them great hardship.
PROFILE
MODERN FOOD INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LIMITED was a Public
Sector Undertaking under the administrative control of ministry of
food processing industries.As per Government policy decision on
Disinvestment 74% share is acquired by HINUSTAN LEVER
LIMITED since 1.2.2000.The company was setup in 1965with the
main objective of popularizing Wheat consumption in non wheat
consuming areas of the country and to setup a model bread
production facilities with emphasis of hygiene,nutrition,whole-
someness,and to generate greater consumption of wheat in its
process form.
The company has expended its activities from one Production
unit.In 1965
To 14 Bakery units by 1994.The Bakery units are located in
Ahmedabad, Banglore, Calcutta, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cochin,
Delhi(2 units),Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kanpur, Mumbai and
Ranchi.
The company has also set up other Food Processing units to
produce Ready- to-serve Fruit Beverages,Ready-to-eat Energy
Food.Extruded Food etc. at Delhi, Faridabad, Bhagalpur, Kanpur
and Jaipur.
After the Policy decision to reserve the Bakery Industries for small
scale Sector in 1977,the Company embarked upon Franchising
and ancillarisation
For its further growth in production and Marketing of Bakery
products and To provide wholesome and hygienically produced
Bread at reasonable prices
To greater number of consumers in the country.Currently,there
are 19 franchise units and 6 Ancillary units operating Bareily,
Bhopal, Billaspur Gwalior ,Goa , Jabalpur, Jammu, Madurai, Pune,
Raipur, Roorkee, Silchar
Sriganganaga ,Vijaywada ,Vishakhapatnam and 6 Ancillary units
at Delhi ,Bangalore, Chennai(2), Cochin and Coimbatore.Cochin
Ancillary produces Cakes while Delhi Ancillary produces Biscuits.
The company through its own as well as Franchise units serves as
many as 5 Million families every month throughout the country
with fresh and nutriti- ous Bread of different varities.
Modern Food Industries (India) Limited is also actively
participating in the nutrition programmes aimed at vulnerable
sections of the population by supplying nutritionally fortified and
balanced Energy Food.Nutro Biscuit as well as bread.The
company is covering as many as 5.5 million benefici-ariesevery
day under such social welfare programmes in various states such
as Bihar, U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Kerala, Union Territory of Delhi &
Pondichery.
The company is contemplating to extend its operations to other
states such as Orrisa & H.P and the discussions are on with the
respective state Govt. being state sponsored programme.The
company under its diversification programme started marketing
of Cakes in Oct.1993.Initially it was started at Chennai by
getting cakes made from outside agency.Today,the company is
producing cakes in its own facilities at Chennai & Cochin & is
marketed the same in states of Kerala,Tamil
Nadu,Karnataka,Andhara Pradesh West Bengal
The company also added two more new products viz Nutro &
Gluco biscu- its to its product range for vulnerable sections of
society,to start with.The technology on formulation & process
controls for Nutro biscuits have been sourced from
CFTRI,Mysore.These biscuits have been well received by target
consumers.
Since 1992-93 Modern Food Industries(India)Limited is one
of the MOU Signing companies.The results of the company for the
last five years are as under:
YEAR TURNOVER( Rs./Crore)
1994-95 112.65
1995-96 140.22
1996-97 166.82
1997-98 181.52
1998-99 171.85
Information about workers
At, present in DBU-I there are 186 regular workers & 80 casual
workers in the production department.DBU-I is a labour oriented
unit.It is the biggest unit having 4 plant lines.At present 1 plant is
running.The plant runs day & night with 7 days working in a week.
The workers are divided into three shifts.
Shifts Time
A 2-10
B 10-6
C 6-2
After one week shifts change,within one week each worker gets
one day off.
Functional layout process is prevalent in the unit.Plant has chain
of activities,one worker is engaged on one machine.In case,the
worker is absent the production stops.Then casuals are hired for
carrying out the production .
Workers are categorised into four categories
i. Baker
ii. Operator-I
iii. Operator-II
iv. Operator-III
For the last three categories there is no such demarcation ,all the
categories perform same activities.
Workers are having two Trade Unions namely Karamchari Union
affiliated to Hind Majdoor Sabha. Employees Union affiliated to
INTUC.
The problem of absenteeism is very much prevalent in this
unit.One of the reason is that majority of the workers are having
agricultural background.They visit their home town during
harvesting season,there are certain workers who are having side
business.Secondly,the seasonal changes too leads to absenteeism
Like in winters the workers are absent in morning & night shifts.In
summers workers are mainly absent in afternoon shift.
If a worker is absent for a long period without pay then his wages
are deducted,even it hamper the increment as it is delayed.On
the Contrary, regular employees are rewarded under encashment
of leave policy & under encashment of leave policy workers are
given grant of advance increment.
BRITANNIA PROFILE
Britannia as a company was started in 1892 inCalcutta.The
Britannia brand was introduced about 80 years ago, and today
enjoys the status of the strongest food brand in the
country.Britannia , as a company , is guided by the benefits of a
long tradition coupled with the most modern management
practices.
Throughout its existence , Britannia has opened on the principle
of providing products to the consumer that are healthy and
tasty.This is brought about by the use of high quality ingredients
with a strong focus on the naturalness”and modern
manufacturing practices.The company today has a wide range of
bakery products in the biscuit ,bread and cake segment.With its
pioneering role in the bakery sector ,Britannia products are today
excellent value,wholesome hygienic products for the consumer ,
however,Britannia sees its role as being larger than just this.The
company has a commitment to the health of the Indian
masses,and this commitment is especially strong in the children.
As the market leader,Britannia understands its responsibility of
providing the best possible products to the consumers.No effort is
spared in acquiring
The finest technology and product ideas,either indigenously or
from the international associates,Groupe Danone of France.New
products like Little Hearts,Chekkers and Jimjam Bear testimony to
its commitment.
In the last few months,the company has made a strong entry into
the mass market segment with the Tiger brand.A range of
products has been introduced which apart from goodness of
wheat also provide the benefits of milk,glucose and calcium.The
brand has been welcomed by the consumer in all the markets and
by all the consumer types.
With the strength of the Britannia brand and its promise of “tasty
health”,the company has now entered the dairy sector with
cheese and dairy whitener products.Here,again consumer
response is very positive and Britannia is creating a strong
position for itself in the market.
With all this,Britannia has always recognised its social
responsibilities,and this is manifested in various ways,key among
which are :
i.Britannia-IMG :Britannia has been supporting the Indian Music
Group at,St.Zaviers College(Mumbai)for almost 20 years now.The
annual festival which takes place around January,has been
recognised as one of the most significant music festival in the
country.Apart from this Britannia also supports the Britannia –IMG
music centre in the college premises which costs of a splendid
music library and listening facility.
ii.Theatre :Britannia has been supporting Theatre Arts,a
Banglore based company,for the production of high quality
English Theatre.The latest production, “The kiss of the
spiderwoman”,was greeted with rave reviews in Banglore,and is
now is slated for a tour of Mumbai in Feb 1998.
iii.The Britannia- Amritraj Tennis Scheme :This is a scheme
sponsored by Britannia which is committed to producing high
quality tennis players for India.The scheme has already produced
several champions such as Leander Paes who has brought6
laurels to the country.
The scheme is fully residential programme.Training is provided by
the highest quality coach both Indian and from Overseas.
Through all its endeavors Britannia is committed to contributing
to the consumers with the overall principle of “eat healthy,think
better”,which is the statement that appears everywhere with the
brand logo.
Britannia Logo
Britannia spends $ 100,000 to hired a Paris designer Shombit
Sengupta to create new logo & packing design,the logo along with
the corporate statement “eat healthy think better”aims at the
most credible sources of healthy yet tasty food products.The logo
had three objectives:-
1.Give consumer reassurance that it is a trusted and familiar
brand.
2.Britannia has ability to change.
3.It had to be appropriate to the business the company was in.
AIM :to make Britannia more modern,but also more human &
more friendly.
Base line: “Eat healthy,Think better”(unity of body and
mind)
Visual Link: Red wave – Dynamism
Green color – Nutrition & Freshness
White – Purity ,strikes Communication,innovation
& futuristic power of Britannia
BRITANNIA BUSINESS PRINCIPLES
A pride in our dedication to serve.
A continuous striving to offer an improved and wider range of
the products at fair and competitive price.
A system designed to enforce a high standard of quality
control and establish consistently high standards of
merchandise.
A belief that our future interests are inevitably identified with
thousands of our customers.
A sense of courtesy in an age of insensitivity and eagerness to
foster good human relations with our business
associates,customers and employees.
An awareness of the need to keep up with modern techniques
to simplify operating procedures for greater efficiency.
MISSION VISION VALUES AND GOALS
The Britannia Biscuit Co. Ltd. Has certain beliefs and principles on
which bases the conduct of its affairs.Britannia believes that it
has a responsibility to assure to its workers and employees a
decent,progressive standard of living safe working conditions and
a fair system of material rewards of their work output.It also
recognises the importance of providing them opportunities to
acquire and develop skills through training in order that they may
qualify for increasing responsibility.It considers its employees ,the
people who gives the co. their experience,energy and time to be
its greatest assets.
Britannia recognised the increasing competition in both domestic
as well as international market.Entering the food industry rapidly
it realised that the market is no longer “Product Driven”but
“Consumer Driven”hence customer satisfaction should be the
top most priority taking all this into account.Britannia gave a new
LOGO “Eat Healthy,Think Better”last year along with its vision
and mission statement.
MISSION STATEMENT
“Every third Indian must be a Britannia consumer by the
year 2001.”
VISION STATEMENT
“Dominate the food and beverage market in India ,wish a
distinctive range of tasty and healthy Britannia brands.To
triple the turnover and operating income by year 2001.”
Regarding the basis of setting the mission and vision
statement,Britannia gives top most priority to “customer
satisfaction”,followed by quality,market leadership,increased
product variety,sales turnover and profit maximization.
QUALITY POLICY
Eat healthy ,Think better is basic value for Britannia It shall place
‘ Consumer Satisfaction’as its first priority and will ensure that
the Britannia products it supplies confirm to others needs .To
attain this,the company shall pursue a total quality management
process.
Britannia shall focus on being increasingly competitive through
continuous upgradation of technology and improvement in
process and quality to meet the emerging need of its consumers.
Britannia shall continue working with its co-packers,associates
and suppliers to manage mutually dependent lasting relationship
to ensure quality.It shall be environmentally responsible company
and will keep on implementing management system and good
manufacturing practices respecting legislation.It shall develop its
human resources by improving skills and knowledge ,generating
motivation to excel and instilling a sense of pride and
commitment to world class quality.
QUALITY OBJECTIVE
1. Reduction in customer complaints.
2. To start documentation of market return dealwise.
3. To employ workers on individual work area to ensure that only
quality products are passed on the next stage of production.
4. Continuous training for the development of human resource.
5. To minimise the accident level.
PROFILE OF DBU-I
Introduction
Delhi Bread Unit was established in June.1968 with an
installed capacity of
40,000 P.U a day.Since that day there has been continuous
growth of unit as Second Plant was added in August,1975,Third
Plant in November,1982 and Fourth Plant in November,1988.Thus
within a period of 29 yrs the unit has increased its capacity from
0.40 lakhs P.U a day to 1.60 lakhs P.U a day i.e four times.Another
important achievement is that while the first two plants were
received from Australia under the Colombo plan,the Third &Fourth
Plant are completely indigenous one.
Background
The DBU-I,the largest manufacturing facility of the company has
passed through a phase of control price to free market via the
phase of wheat sub-Sidy in the last decade.Untill the yr 1990-
91,there was price control in Delhi ,when not many small bakeries
were present.The leading manufacturers were”MODERN
&BRITANNIA” who were controlling the market on 40-60
basis.During the yr1991,once the price control were lifted,the
market became a free market,as a result many bakeries started
putting up their manufacturing facilities & started marketing their
products.By the yr.1993-94,these small bakeries gained very
substantial hold,controlling nearly 50 % of the market.Then came
the phase of wheat subsidy where we reduced our prices
marginally compared to other brands.Once the subsidy was with-
drawn in Oct’96,this unit has to face very stiff competition from
the market & was forced to revise the prices on many occasions
resulting in drop in sales.In today’s scenario,the localbakeries
whose number is around 50 in & around Delhi are controlling
nearly 70 % of the market.
Sales Turnover
The turnover of the unit during the financial yr.1998-99 was
Rs.13.86 crores. During the yr.1999-2000 the turnover of the unit
is Rs.10.15 crores.
Physical sale &Profitability
The table below indicates the sale &profit during the yr 1993-94
to 1999-2000.
YEAR Sales in Lakhs of S.L Profit in Rs.in Lakhs
1993-94 461.00 51.71
1994-95 463.10 16.37
1995-96 571.09 45.09
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
622.55
523.05
291.95
210.29
154.04
60.83
-200.94
-426.91
Present market conditions
At present,there are more than 50 small & medium size bakeries who
basically produce bread for middle & low segments of the market &
are controlling nearly 70 % of the market.In the remaining 30 % the
major players are Modern,Britannia &Harvest Gold.Our
present share in Delhi metro is around 3 % out of the total market
of 9 lakhs S.L per day.At pre- sent,when entire is being operated
on an indirect basis i.e manufacturers are giving bread to
wholesalers,either through their distributors or directly & these
wholesalers inturn are making the bread available to the retailers
in their areas,it is the wholesaler who is virtually controlling the
market & is is deciding as to which bread should sell in the
market & in what quantum.
Therefore,the margins available to them has gained the
maximum import-ance in the entire trade package.The quality of
the product though very Important,has been pushed in the
background in view of attractive trade Margins being offered by
local bakeries.
Fixed cost,salary & wages
The fixed cost of the unit is Rs.30.00 lakhs per month.Out of
which Rs.25.60 Lakhs is salary & wages of the employees of the
unit per month.
Capacity utilisation of plant
1993-94 72.40 %
1994-95 74.80 %
1995-96 82.71 %
1996-97 84.33 %
1997-98 94.11 %
1998-99 61.02 %
Staff strength
Dept. Cat.I &II Cat.III Total
Logo
The logo represents Modern Bakeries India Ltd. India is
represented by wheat.
Target
The future target or let us put it this way that the HLL Vision is
to become 1000 crore company in next five years.At present it is
150 crore company.
Competitors
Major competitors of Modern bread are
Perfect,Bonn,Harvest Gold,Premium.
Alongwith them there are 56 Minor competitors.
Research Objectives & methodology
Research the manipulation of things,concepts or symbols for the
purpose of generalising to extend,correct or verify knowledge
whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the
practice of an art.
Objective :- to study Absenteeism in a Public sector
Undertaking ,its causes and effects with referance to
Private sector in India.
Research Design
Research Problem to compare the rate of absenteeism in a
public sector with those of private sector.
Procedure & techniques
i. Collecting the attendance record of all the production workers
for both the sector i.e.public as well as private.
ii. Studied the trend of absenteeism i.e whether a worker is
absent by routine or he is absent in a particular year only.
iii. Selected the severe cases of chronic absenteeism,the
workers who are absent for more than 70 days in a year.
iv. Further studied there background to get the root cause,by
interviewing them.
Population to be studied after analysing the data inferance
received was that out of 186 workers only 18 workers were the
worst cases of chronic absenteeism in Modern.Out of 540 workers
of Britannia 35 were worst cases of chronic absenteeism.
Methods :-
After year wise study a monthly study was done to see whether
they are absent in particular month or they are absent as a part
of there routine.Out of the 18 selected cases 14 were inter-
viewed to reach the conclusion as the other 4 were not available.
Sampling the selection of some part of an aggregate or totality
on the basis of which a judgement or inference about aggregate
or totality is made.
Sample Design
Population Production workers of DBU-I & Production workers of
Britannia
Sample Element Workers who are in the categorie of chronic
absenteeism.
Sample Unit Production Dept. of DBU-I,Production Dept. of
Britannia
Sample Extent Rest rooms & canteen
Sample Time Rest hours
Sample Frame List of all the production workers
Sampling Procedure Non probability,deliberate sampling
Sample size 14 workers of Modern & 35 workers of Britannia
Sources of data Questionnaire ,Interview.
Limitation of data Shifts
TYPES OF ABSENTEEISM
Absenteeism is of four types viz. :
i. Authorised Absenteeism : If an employee is absent himself
from work by taking permission from his superiors & applying
for leave.
ii. Unauthorised Absenteeism :If an employee is absent from
work without informing or taking permission & without
applying for leave.
iii. Wilful Absenteeism :If an employee is absent himself from
duty wilfully.
iv. Absenteeism caused by circumstances beyond one’s
control :If an employee is absent himself from duty owing to
the circumstances beyond his control like involvement in
accidents or sudden sickness.
FEATURES OF ABSENTEEISM
Research studies undertaken reveal the following features of
Absenteeism:
i. The rate of absenteeism is the lowest on pay day,it increases
considerably on the days following the payment of wages
&bonus.
ii. Absenteeism is generally high among the workers below 25
yr. of age & those above 40 yr. of age.
iii. The rate of absenteeism varies from department to
department within an organisation.Generally,it is high in
production department.
iv. Absenteeism in traditional industries is seasonal in character.
MEASURES TO MINIMISE ABSENTEEISM
Absenteeism affects the organisation from multiple angles.It
affects severely the production process & the business
proves.The effect of unauthorised absenteeism is more than
the other types of absenteeism. However,it would be difficult to
completely avoid absenteeism.The management can minimise
the absenteeism.The following measures are useful in
controlling or minimising absenteeism :-
i. Selecting the employees by testing them thoroughly
regarding their aspirations,value system,responsibility &
sensitiveness.
ii. Adopting humanistic approach in dealing with the personal
problems of employees.
iii. Following proactive approach in identifying & redressing
employee grievances.
iv. Providing hygienic working conditions.
v. Providing welfare measures & fringe benefits balancing the
need for the employees & the ability of the organisation.
vi. Providing high wage & allowances based on the
organisational financial position.
vii. Improving the communication network,particularly,the
upward communication.
viii. Providing leave facility based on the needs of the employees
& the organisational requirement.
ix. Providing safety & health measures.
x. Providing cordial human relation & industrial relations.
xi. Educating the workers.
xii. Counselling the workers about their career,income &
expenditure,habits & culture.
xiii. Free-flow of information,exchanging of ideas,problems etc.
between subordinate & superior.
xiv. Granting leave & financial assistance liberally in case of
sickness of the employee & his family member.
xv. Offering attendance bonus & inducements.
xvi. Providing extensive training,encouragement,special
allowances in cash of the technological advancements.
Causes of Absenteeism
xiii. Maladjustment with working conditions
xiv. Social & Religious ceremonies
xv. Unsatisfactory housing condition at work place
xvi. Industrial fatigue
xvii. Unheathly working conditions
xviii. Poor welfare facilities
xix. Alcoholism
xx. Indebtness
xxi. Maladjustment with job demands
xxii. Unsound Personnel Policies
xxiii. Inadequate leave facilities
xxiv. Low level wages
CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC ABSENTEES
i. Entrepreneurs :This class of absentees consider that their
jobs are very small for their total interest 7 personal
goals.They engage themselves in other social & economic
activities to fulfil their goals.
ii. The Status Seekers :This type of absentees enjoy or
perceive a higher ascribed social status & are keen on
maintaining it.
iii. The Epicureans :This class of absentees do not like to take
up the jobs which demand initiative ,responsibility,discipline
& discomfort.They wish to have money,power,status,but are
unwilling to work for their achievement.
iv. Family Oriented :This type of absentees are over identified
with the family activities.
v. The Sick & Old :This category of absentees are mostly
unhealthy,weak constitution or old people.
FINDINGS
Average rate of absenteeism yearly
1995-2000 MODERN BRITANNIA
Years Average rate Average rate
1995 16% 17%
1996 19% 17%
1997 19% 18%
1998 17% 17%
1999 15% 17%
2000 15% 18%
Average rate of absenteeism monthly
Jan-Dec,00 Modern Britannia
Months Average rate Average rate
Jan 33% 14%
Feb 34% 18%
March 35% 19%
April 40% 23%
May 41% 19%
June 36% 19%
July 34% 17%
Aug 35% 15%
Sep 30% 14%
Oct 31% 15%
Nov 37% 11%
Dec 33% 22%
TABLE NO.-I
EARNING PERSON
NO. OF WORKERS %
M B M B
ONLY EARNING PERSON 10 33 71 13
HELPING HAND 4 5 29 87
TABLE NO-II
DISTANCE NO. OF WORKERS %
M B M B
LESS THAN 10 Kms 3 21 21 56
MORE THAN 10Kms. 8 15 58 39
OUT OF DELHI 3 2 21 5
TABLE NO-III
TRANSPORT NO.OF WORKERS %
M B M B
BY FOOT 4 8 28 21
BICYCLE 1 6 7 16
BY BUS 9 18 58 47
BY TRAIN 1 6 7 16
TABLE NO-IV
NO OF LEAVES NO OF WORKERS %
M B M B
30-40 6 11 43 29
40-50 4 8 29 21
50-60 2 7 14 18
60-70 1 5 7 14
70 & ABOVE 1 7 7 18
TABLE NO-V
FAMILY PROBLEM NO.OF WORKERS%
M B M B
RELATED TO PARENTS 3 14 22 40
RELATED TO WIFE 9 15 64 43
RELATED TO CHILDREN 2 9 14 26
TABLE NO-VI
OCCUPATION NO OF WORKERS %
M B M B
NO OTHER OCCUPATION 12 33 86 87
ANY OTHER OCCUPATION 2 5 14 13
TABLE NO-VII
BACKGROUND NO OF WORKERS %
M B M B
AGRICULTURAL 9 31 64 82
NON-AGRICULTURAL 5 7 36 18
TABLE NO-VIII
EFFECT ON FINANCIAL NO OF WORKERS %
POSITION M B M B
YES 10 30 71 79
NO 4 8 29 21
TABLE NO.-IX
Managing family budget after reduced pay
S.no Ways of managing budget
1. debt without interest
2. debt with interest
3. side business
4. father’s pension
5. loan from company’s co-operative society
6. reduction in basic needs
Information about workers
There are total 536 workers in Britannia.Since this factory has got
fully automatic production unit which is continuous in working
process therefore the work is divided into shifts which is as
follows;-
SHIFT TIMINGS
A 6a.m – 2a.m
B 2 a.m – 10 a.m,
C 10 p.m – 6 a.m
D 9 a.m – 5 p.m
E 7 a.m – 3 p.m
F 8 a.m – 4 p.m
G 9 a.m - 5 p.m
I 10 a.m – 6 p.m
A,B,C shifts are associated with the production department.Shifts
changes after every 15 days.
E & G shifts are general shifts for the employees , other than
those associated with the production.
D,E,F&I shifts are according to the requirements of the workers in
the factory.
Workers have two tea spell outs and lunch break during each
shift.Tea break is usually for 20 min. and lunch break for 30
min.This rest period is for 30 min. is by rotation of workers during
each shift so that production never stops.
The production workers are divided into three shifts.Absence of
any particular workman may lead to overtime for the worker who
was suppose to be relieved by the particular worker.
Workers are having two Trade Unions namely
Britannia Biscuit Company Majdoor Union affiliated to INTUC.
Britannia Industry Karamchari Union affiliated to CITU
The problem of absenteeism is prevalent in this unit too.Major
reasons which pave way for absenteeism are:-
Workers having agricultural background.
Seasonal changes.
Particular occasions like marriage etc.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name Designation
Department Card no.
Date
1.How long have you been with the company ?
2.Where were you working prior to joining this company ?
3.How many members you have in your family.How many ofd
them are dependent on you.Is their any one else earning in your
family ?
4.How far is your house from the company ?
<10 kms >10 kms
out of Delhi
5.Which mode of transport you refer ?
byfoot bicycle two-wheeler
bus
6.What kind of relation you have with your colleague ?
very good good average
bad
7.How does your officer behave with you ?
very good good average
bad
8.Are you satisfied with your job & working environment ?
Yes No
9.You are eligible for how many leaves ?
Casual Leaves Earned Leaves Medical
Leaves
Without Pay Specify,any other
10.Apart from eligible leaves,how many days you abstain from job
?
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
70 & above
11.Reasons behind absenteeism:-
Family problem Factory problem
Social problem
Any other specify
12.What are the aftereffects of absenteeism:-
deduction of salary
effect on P.F,Gratuity,Bonus
unauthorised leave being compensated
13.Does your absenteeism directly affect your financial position?
14.Do you borrow loans to meet your family expenses,if no.how
do you manage ?
15.What support should the management provide to help you to
get over absenteeism.If Yes,specify
BIBLIOGRAPHY
T.N.CHHABRA :- Principles and practices of management
EDWIN.B.FLIPPO :- Principles of Personnel Management
MICHAEL.J.JUCIUS :- Personnel Management
Indian Institute of Personnel Management :- Personnel
Management in India
S.P.ROBBINS :- Personnel:The Management of Human
Resource
STRAUSS,GEORGE and SAYLES,LEONARD.R :-
Personnel :The Human Problem of Management