BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHYOBSERVATIONS Stations Samplingstationswerelocatedona...
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311 BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHY AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1938 : n 1} i.LJU;) i-iua, !'.^ASi). SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 311 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Transcript of BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHYOBSERVATIONS Stations Samplingstationswerelocatedona...
311
BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHY
AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1938
: n 1}
i.LJU;) i-iua, !'.^ASi).
SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 311
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SPECIAL NOTE
The International North Pacific Fisheries Commission,established in 1953 by the International Convention for the
High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean, coordinatesthe research of the member nations: Japan, Canada, and the
United States. The resulting investigations provide data to
the Commission for use in carrying out its duties in connec-tion with fishery conservation problems in the North PacificOcean. Publication of this scientific report has beenapproved by the United States Section of the Commission.
United States Department of the Interior, Fred A. Seaton, SecretaryFish and Wildlife Service, Arnie J, Suomela, Commissioner
BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHY, AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1938
by
Felix Favorite, Oceanographer, and
Glenn Pedersen, Editorial WriterBureau of Commercial Fisheries
Contribution No. 11 to research conducted withthe approval of the United States Section of theInternational North Pacific Fisheries Commission.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report—Fisheries No. 311
Washington, D. C.
August 1959
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Personnel and vessel 1
Observations
Stations 2
Hydrographic casts 3
Bottom samples 3
Current measurements 3
Notes on tabulated data 3
TABLES
Station data ....Current measurements
8
29
FIGURES
No.
1 Station plan, 1938 2
2 Sketch of a modified Ekman dredge 3
3 Horizontal contours of surface and bottom temperatures,Bristol Bay, August 1938 5
4 Horizontal contours of surface and bottom temperatures,Bristol Bay, September 1938 5
5 Horizontal contours of surface and bottom salinities,Bristol Bay, August 1938 6
6 Horizontal contours of surface and bottom salinities,Bristol Bay, September 1938 6
7 Vertical profiles of salinity amd density fromCape Seniavin to Cape Newenham 7
8 Vertical profiles of salinity auid density seaward fromCape Chichagof 7
111
U. S. Coast Guard Tug Redwing
IV
BRISTOL BAY OCEANOGRAPHY, AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1938
by
Felix Favorite and Glenn PedersenU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Seattle, Washington
ABSTRACT
Oceanographic observations tabulated from the files of the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and from the official logs of the U. S. CoastGucird Tug Redwing present values of temperature, salinity, density,dynamic heights, and dissolved oxygen at 128 stations, current measure-ments at 29 stations including 4 tidal cycles, and descriptions of thebottom from samples at 56 stations. Several horizontal and verticalsections of temperature, salinity, and density have been constructed to
show the gross features of the oceanographic conditions in the easternsection of Bristol Bay, Alaska.
INTRODUCTION
This report supplements currentinvestigations of the distribution ami
migration of salmon in the North PacificOcean and the Bering Sea. Data from the
field logs kept during the oceanographicwork of the Bureau of Fisheries in BristolBay in August and September 1938 have beenanalyzed and tabulated. The results ofexploratory fishing in the area during1939-41 have been published by Barnaby —
'
.
The 1938 ocejinographic studiesusing State Department funds were plannedto provide information on the movement ofsalmon in the ocean, but the time availablefor these studies was limited. According-ly, since a knowledge of the oceanographyof the area was considered essential, an
oceanographic data survey was conductedfollowing a program plcuined by Dr. T. G.
Thompson of the University of Washington.Observations were made aboard the U. S.
Coast Gu£ird Tug Redwing equipped to make
hydrographic casts, measure currents, and
obtain bottom samples.
Grateful acknowledgement is madeto the Commandeint, U, S. Coast Guard, forloaning the official logs of the U. S.
Coast Guard Tug Redwing and to Joseph T.
Barnaby of the U. S. Fish and WildlifeService for describing procedure and de-tails not recorded in the field logs.
PERSONNEL AND VESSEL
Joseph T. BarnabyJohn H. LincolnWalter C. Sands
USCG Tug Redwing
Biologist in ChargeOceanographerOceanographer
J. A. Fletcher, Lt.,
USCG, Captain
1/ Barnaby, Joseph T., 1952. Offshorefishing in Bristol Bay and Bering Sea.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Special Scientific Report—FisheriesNo. 89, 30 pp.
The Redwing was a steam-drivenvessel with a hull of wood and steel, mea-suring in length 187 feet 10 inches, beam35 feet 6 inches, draft 12 feet 4 inches,and displacing 1,210 tons.
OBSERVATIONS
Stations
Sampling stations were located on a
grid which covered and surrounded BristolBay (fig. 1). The grid was bounded on the
northwest by a line between Nunivak Island
and the Pribilofs sind then generally by the
thousand fathom curve to 170° W. north ofthe Aleutian Chain and to the ShumaginIsland area south of the Chain. The grid,
composed of 17 perpendicular sections and
20 parallel lines relative to the Chain,
would have provided a complete coverage of
the area of investigation: the sections,
set 20 miles apart, consisted of two rows
of stations at 10-mile intervals, the rows
also 10 miles apart; the lines were also
set 20 miles apart but consisted of onlyone row of stations at the ssune interval.
Although effort was made to occupythe exact locations of the stations as laid
out, the almost continuous inclement weatherand short working season necessitated manydeviations from the original plan. Duringthe 4- week season in 1938, August 6 to Sep-tember 7, only the first four sections andparts of five of the lines were completedin inner Bristol Bay. Thus, we have renum-bered the station positions according to
the consecutive hydrographic casts, whichmaintain the continuity of the oceanographicobservations. The Redwing was anchored onnearly every station until August 24 (Sta-tion 67); thereafter the vessel driftedduring the hydrographic casts.
164-
At the beginning of the cruise, the
sampling routine at each station generallyrequired an hour when all three observationswere made: hydrographic cast, currentmeasurement, bottom ssimpling. Later in thecruise only the hydrocast was tjiken whichreduced the time on each station to about20 minutes.
Hydrographic Casts
Reversing water bottles were cast at
the surface, 5 and 10 meters, and 10-meterintervals therearfter to the bottom; occa-sionally the final spacing was only 5 meters.Each water bottle carried one protectedthermometer.
Samples were drawn for analysis ofchJorinity and dissolved oxygen at all depths.
Bottom Samples
Bottom samples were obtained at sta-tions 1-15, 17, 18, 22-28, 30, 31, 46, 47,
and 60 with an Ekman dredge modified byadding bars of metal to increase its weightand stability (fig. 2). Descriptions of
the bottom at these locations are listedunder the respective station headings.
Current Measurements
Currents were measured at the surfaceby drift stick observed from the anchoredvessel and at 5 meters and the bottom byEkman or Gurley-Price current meter at mostof the stations from 1 to 33. In addition,weather permitting, measurements were madeat approximately 2-hour intervals for par-tial or complete tidal cycles at stations11, 29, 30, and 31. Only drift stick obser-vations were made from stations 37 to 66.
Field logs indicated the direction ofthe current at 5 meters, but these arequestionable becaiuse of the magnetic influ-ence of the ship's hull. Compass deviationsup to 80° were reported when the Ekman meterwas held above the water, parallel to thevessel. Conversion from magnetic to truedirection was made by applying 19° £. varia-tion.
Some data from the Gurley-Price meterwhich were recorded as revolutions perminute were converted from a graph of RPMvs velocity constructed from complete exper-imental data.
NOTES ON TABULATED DATA
Hydrographic Casts
Station description
Position determined by
(1) Dead reckoning(2) Bearings(3) Sights within 4 hours
Messenger time and date, OCT
Weather condition
b blue sky, cloudlessc cloudyd drizzlef fogm misto overcast
p passing showers of rainr rainV vairiable
z hazy
Barometer, in inches
Figure 2. —Sketch of a modified Ekman dredge.
Wind
Direction
Force in Beaufort scale
Sea
Direction
Height
No swe 1
1
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
No swell)
»« J J- _ 1
1
i"Calm or
Moderate swell ( lightHeavy swell ^
No swell
sea
)
Moderate swell (. Moderate seaHeavy swell '
Rather rough seaRough seaVery rough seaMountainous sea
Temperature, in "F
Depth
Bottom
GS
crs
fnebk
gy
Observed Data
gravelsandcoarsefineblackgrey
ZT
(ra)
COS (o/oo)
O2 (mgatA)
Depth in metersTemperature observed from
reversing thermometerSalinity as defined from
chlorinity
Dissolved oxygen content
Values in parentheses are inter-
polated.
Computed Data
Calculations were done on an IBM 650,Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine,at the computer center of the Universityof Washington, by using formulas pre-sented in Oceanographic Data Processingby Automatic Methods, U, S, HydrographicOffice, 31 January 1955.
St (g/L) Density, defined by (spe-cific gravity - 1) x 1000,
expressed as grams perliter
AD (dyn m) Anomaly of dynamic height,in dynamic meters, of the
sea surface relative to
the indicated depth in
meters
Chemistry
Water samples were analyzed for chlo-rinity by the Knudsen method and dissolvedoxygen by the Winkler method.
Current Measurements
* Time of hydrocast indicating theapproximate time of current measure-ment
( ) Average value: for current direc-tion, the weighted mean as deter-mined by number of pellets incompass box of the current meter,
and for speed, the average of theindicated number of observations.
/ / The number of observations at the
indicated depth
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