Bringing evidence to bear on negotiating ecosystem service ......SHARED Workshop, March 30th –...
Transcript of Bringing evidence to bear on negotiating ecosystem service ......SHARED Workshop, March 30th –...
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Bringingevidencetobearonnegotiatingecosystemserviceandlivelihoodtrade-offsin
sustainableagriculturalintensificationinTanzania,EthiopiaandZambiaaspartoftheSAIRLA
program
AddisAbaba,EthiopiaNationalSHAREDWorkshop,March30th–31st2017
Workshopreport
ReportpreparedbyMiekeBourne,ConstanceNeelyandHadiaSeid(ICRAF)
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Tableofcontents1. Officialopening....................................................................................................32. Introductionsandworkshopobjectives...............................................................42.1. Workshopobjectivesandflow.....................................................................42.3. Introductiontotheproject...........................................................................52.3. Gatheringperspectives................................................................................8
3. StakeholderApproachtoRiskInformedandEvidenceBaseDecisionMaking(SHARED) 104. ProcessfordevelopingpoliciesandinvestmentdecisionsrelatedtoSAI..........115. SustainableAgriculturalIntensification(SAI)interventionsandscalingsuccessesinEthiopia......................................................................................................................146. RootcauseanalysisofkeybarrierstoscalingSAIpractices...............................197. PoliciesinsupportofscalingSAI........................................................................228. Baselinedataandstakeholdermaps:Feedback................................................249. TheSAIInteractiveDashboard...........................................................................2410. Trade-offAnalysis...............................................................................................2611. OptionsframeworkforscalingSAI.....................................................................2712. NextSteps,EvaluationandClose.......................................................................29Appendix1Participantlist.....................................................................................31Appendix2Agenda................................................................................................32Appendix3Baselineresults...................................................................................33
Suggestedcitation:BourneM,NeelyCandSeidH.2017.AddisAbaba,Ethiopia,NationalSHAREDWorkshop,March30th–31st2017:WorkshopReport.Bringingevidencetobearonnegotiatingecosystemserviceandlivelihoodtrade-offsinsustainableagriculturalintensificationinTanzania,EthiopiaandZambiaaspartoftheSAIRLAprogram.WorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF),Kenya.Disclaimer:NeitherDFID,norWYGnortheUniversityofGreenwich-NaturalResourcesInstituteareresponsibleforcontentinthisdocument.
TheSustainableIntensificationofAgriculturalResearchandLearninginAfrica(SAIRLA)ProgrammeisaUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment-fundedinitiativethatseekstoaddressoneofthemostintractableproblemsfacingsmall-holderfarmersinAfrica-howtoengageinthemarketeconomyandtodeliversustainableintensificationofagriculture,thatis,whichavoidsnegativeimpactsontheenvironment.SAIRLAwillgeneratenewevidencetohelpwomenandpoorAfricansmallholderfarmersdevelopenvironmentallyandfinanciallysustainableenterprisesandboostproductivity.Theresearchwillfocusnon-exclusivelyon6countries(BurkinaFaso,Ethiopia,Ghana,Malawi,TanzaniaandZambia),thuscomplementingotherresearcheffortsintheseregions.
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1. OfficialopeningDr.WubalemTadesse,theDirectorGeneraloftheEthiopianEnvironmentandForestResearchInstitute(EEFRI),officiallyopenedtheworkshop.HeprovidedsomebackgroundtotheworkshopbyoutliningthattheSustainableAgriculturalIntensificationResearchandLearninginAfrica(SAIRLA)projectisafive-yearprogramme(2015to2020)fundedbytheUKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment.Theprojectseekstogeneratenewevidenceanddesigntoolstoenablegovernments,investorsandotherkeyactorstodelivermoreeffectivepoliciesandinvestmentsinsustainableagriculturalintensification(SAI)thatstrengthenthecapacityofpoorerfarmers’,especiallywomenandyouth,toaccessandbenefitfromSAI.SAIRLAhascommissionedresearchandwillfacilitatemulti-scalelearningtounderstanddifferentwaysofachievingSAIanditsdevelopmentalimplications.InEthiopiafourresearchprojectsarebeingimplementedandtheseare:• Bringingevidencetobearonnegotiatingecosystemserviceandlivelihood
trade-offsinsustainableagriculturalintensificationledbyICRAF• SmallholderRiskManagementSolutions(SRMS)LedbyICRISAT• Whatworkswhereforwhichfarmer:combiningleandataandcrowdsourcingfor
household-specifictargetingofagriculturaladvisoryservicesLedbyBioversityInternational
• ResearchandLearningforSustainableintensificationofSmallholderLivestockValueChainsLedbyEnvironmentandClimateResearchCenter/ECRC
Photo:Dr.WubalemTadesse,DirectorGeneraloftheEEFRI
Dr.WubalemTadesseinformedthegroupthattheoverallobjectiveoftheICRAFledSAIRLAprojectistobuildinterdisciplinaryresearchprogramme,toincreasetheuptakeofcontextappropriateSAIinnovationsinEastandsouthernAfricathroughevidencegeneration,dataanalyticsandthedevelopmentofinnovativetoolsforstakeholderengagementwithevidence.
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HesaidhewasconfidentthatthefindingsandresultsoftheseactivitiesthatarebeingimplementedinEthiopiawillprovidetheaddedknowledge,technicalknowhowandcapabilitiesforEthiopiadrylandareatobetterconserveandmanagelandresources,aswellastoensurethatproperlandresourceutilizationissustainableinthelongterm.Finally,hethankedICRAFEthiopiaofficeinparticular,aswellastheorganizersfortheirexcellentarrangementsforholdingtheNationalWorkshopandwishedthegroupfruitfuldeliberationinbringingevidencetobearonnegotiatingecosystemserviceandlivelihoodtrade-offsinsustainableagriculturalintensificationinEthiopiaProjectandforUKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopmentfuturesupportandfunding.
2. IntroductionsandworkshopobjectivesDr. Mamusha Lemma asked individuals from the national and local government, NGO’s,research centers and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) to introduce themselves (seeAppendix1fortheparticipants information).Expectationsfromthegroupweretolearnandshareinformationandtoseehowevidencecanbeusedtosupportthecommunity.
2.1. WorkshopobjectivesandflowDr.MamushaLemmasharedtheworkshopobjectiveswiththegroup:
• Engage country stakeholders using the SHARED methodology to reflect on currentSustainableAgriculturalIntensification(SAI)-relevantinterventions,scalingmechanismsandindicatorsincludingevidenceandgaps.
• Capture and discuss current and potential policy and investment decision makingapproachestoenhancescalingofSAI-relevantinterventionsinEthiopia.
• ReflectonimportanttradeoffsthemesandindicatorsforSAIinterventionsinEthiopia.• DiscussionaroundtheSAIDashboardtobedeveloped.
Healsooutlinedtheworkshopagenda(seeAppendix2forthefullagenda).Workshopflow
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Figure1:WorkshopFlow–forDay1andDay2.
Houserulesfortheworkshop
- Phonesonsilentoroff- Nosidetalks- Effectiveuseoftime- Activeparticipationexpectedfromallparticipants- Bepunctualasmuchaspossibleandassignatimemanager- Attentionandfocus- Respectothersideasandopinions- Computersoff- Shareexperiences- Avoidmovinginandoutinthemiddleofpresentations
2.3. IntroductiontotheprojectDr.Mamushaintroducedtheproject,includingtheaim,activitiesandconceptualframework.HeoutlinedthatinEthiopiahistoricallytherewasexpansionintonewlandsbutwithgreaterpopulations of humans and livestock this is no longer possible. To feed the increasingpopulation,nowweneedtointensifyagriculturalpracticestoincreaseproduction,thismustbedonesustainably.The concept of SAI developed in response to the need for approaches that increase foodproduction in response to the demand of a growing population while conserving criticalecosystem services. A key premise is that increased food production should not lead toencroachmentintoprotectedbiodiversityhotspots.Theprojectaims tobuildan interdisciplinary researchprogrammeto increase theuptakeofcontext-appropriateSAIinnovationsinEastandsouthernAfricathroughevidencegeneration,data analytics and the development of innovative tools for stakeholder engagement withevidence.
OpeningandStageSetting
SAIInterventionsandScaling
CurrentDecisionMaking
Approach
BarriersandRootCauses
PoliciesinSupportofSAI
BaselineResults Social
AccesstoEvidence
Trade-OffsThemesandIndicators
NextStepsandClosing
Day1
Day2
OptionstoEnhanceScalingof
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He outlined the project is part of a larger programme: the Sustainable AgriculturalIntensification Research and Learning in Africa (SAIRLA) funded by the UK Department forIntegratedDevelopmentfundandmanagedbyWygandUniversityofGreenwich.ThewholeprogramhaseightprojectsinsixAfricanCountries,fourofwhichareinEthiopia.InEthiopia,thisICRAFledSAIRLAprojectisinZiway.Fivemajorprojectactivities:
1. Baselineassessment,includinguseofandexistingevidenceontheeffectivenessofSAI2. Engage stakeholder groups using the SHARED approach to reflect on SAI-relevant
policies&interventions3. Multi-scale,socio-ecologicaltrade-offanalysisconductedonpromisingSAIinterventions
andresultscommunicatedandassessedwithstakeholdersusingtheSHAREDapproach.4. Facilitatepilotingofpromising, innovativeSAI interventions,usingmixedmethods to
assesstheircost-effectiveness5. Developaninteractive,openaccessplatform—’SAIDashboard’—forprojectactionsites
tosupporttheengagementofdecisionmakerstointeractwithevidence.
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Dr.Mamushaoutlinedthattheprojectworksacrossmultiplescales:
Figure2:ConceptualFrameworkoftheprojectwiththeStakeholderEngagementsegmenthighlighted.
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• Incorporatesspatiallyexplicitanalysesofindicatorsoflandandsoilhealthaswellashumanwell-beingacrossscales.
• Co-production of socio-ecological datasets will be used to conductmulti-scale trade-offanalysistoinformandprioritizeSAIinterventions.
Projectactivitiestodate:• StakeholderworkshopinZiway,September2016
o DevelopedaStakeholderMappingGuideusingSHAREDapproacho GapsandopportunitiesforSAIatmultiplescales(district,regional,national)
• Baselinesurveyandstakeholdermappingexercise,September-October2016• ParticipatoryFarmerIdentificationofPrioritizedSAIPracticesandIndicatorsofSuccessin
Ziway,February2017• Initial collation of appropriate data for socio-ecological trade-off analysis on SAI
interventions,February2017
2.3. GatheringperspectivesDr. Constance Neely asked participants to respond to a number of statements and movethemselvestoaplaceintheroom,nexttoacardthatreflectstheirview.Thisexerciseaimstostarttheconversationonsustainableagriculturalintensificationamongparticipants.
Figure3:Illustrationofthegatheringperspectiveactivity.
StatementOne:SustainableAgricultural Intensification (SAI) includeseconomic, socialandenvironmentaldimensionsMostparticipantsagreedstronglywiththisstatement.Someofthereasonswere:• As longassustainabledevelopment ismentioned,all theelementsare linked.ForSAIall
threeelements(economic,socialandenvironmental)arehighlyinterrelated.• Fromtheperspectiveofthefarmer,iftheplotoflandisnotsustainablymanagementthe
economicandsocialpartsofhislifewillbedestroyed.• ThewordofSAItouchesthevaluechainwhichhasalotofaspectsincludingalltheelements.
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Photo:Dr.Neelyaskingparticipantstheirreasonforstronglyagreeingoragreeingwiththefirststatement.
Someparticipantsagreed:• Agreewithstatementbutneedtoaddtechnologytothethreeelements.• Sometimescannotaddressallthreeelementssoneedtocompromisebetweenthethree
elements.• Needtoaddthepolicydimensionandculturalissuestothethreeelements.StatementTwo:SustainableAgriculturalIntensification(SAI)isbuildinguponwhatisalreadybeingpracticesinthecountryInresponsetothisstatement,manyparticipantsmovedtoagree,neutralordisagree.Someoftheexplanationsfordisagreeingwiththestatementincluded:• SAIisbringinganewapproachashavebeenfollowingasingletypeofinterventionandSAI
ismovingtoacomplexapproach.• Notjustbuildingupon,needtoenhancewhatwasbeingpracticed.Neutral:• Cannotbringsomethingcompletelynewbutnotnecessarilybuildingonsomethinginthe
country.• NotallSAIinterventionsarebeingpracticedinthecountryalready,thereisaneedtolearn
fromothers.Agree:• Sometimesourinterventionsfailaswedonotbuilduponwhatpeoplearepracticing.The
good entry point for our interventions is understanding what people are doing at thehouseholdlevelandthenenhanceorstrengthenfromthere.
• Havetodefine‘buildingupon’indicatesexistingexperienceinthecountry.Doesn'tmeanweneedtoreplicatethewrongexperiencebutweneedtolookintothebestexperience.Therearesomepracticesbuthaveissueswithsynergyandcomplementarityinthewaywework.
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Additional comment:Something inonepartof thecountry that isworkingmaynotwork inanotherpartofthecountry.StatementThree:SustainableAgriculturalIntensification(SAI)hasnotbeenadoptedwidelyduetoalackofinformationandevidenceParticipantshadvariedresponsestothisstatement.Forthosethatdisagreed,someopinionsarehighlighted:• Someinformationisthereandthefarmersknowaboutthepracticesbuttheydonotpractice
themduetoreluctancetopractice.• There are cases in private investment, where environmental impact assessment cannot
comeintoeffect,forexampleflowerfarms.• National level information is availablebut location specific information ismissing. Policy
informationistherebutimplementationandenforcementissuesremainasachallenge.Neutral:• Thereareotherreasonsfornon-adoption,evidencemayplayarole.• Atworedalevel,accesstoinformationistheissueratherthanthepresenceofinformation.Agree:• There are various reasons including lack of access to information and evidence, this is
howeveronlyoneoftheproblems.Agreefully:• There isnoevidenceonwhattraditionalpractices(forexampletheuseoffertilizers)are
moreeffectiveunderwhatconditions.Theevidenceisnotavailableinlocalcontextandnoteasilyaccessible.
3. StakeholderApproachtoRiskInformedandEvidenceBaseDecisionMaking(SHARED)
Dr. Constance Neely introduced the SHARED methodology. The SHARED methodology is atailoredprocessthatbuildsinteractionbetweenpeopleandaccessibleevidencefordecisionsthatyieldsustainableimpact.Evidence isdifferentknowledgesystems including localandtraditionalknowledgeaswellasscientificdataandresults.Whatisit?
• Ademanddrivenengagementstructureforco-learningandco-negotiationofactionstoachievemutuallyagreedupondevelopmentoutcomes.
• The SHARED supports that decision-making must be inclusive, embrace complexity,inform risk and identify investment priorities through evidence and effectively trackprogress.
• TheSHAREDdoessobyconveningandfacilitatingtheintegrationofdiverseknowledgesystems,sectorsandinstitutions.
Whydoweneedit?• Complexandinter-relatedproblems.• Prioritizinginvestmentswillaccelerateimpacts.• A structured process that focuses on co-learning and co-negotiation enhances
agreementandownershipofactionstoachievelongtermoutcomes.
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Figure4:FourinterlinkedphasesoftheSHAREDmethodology.
Shealsohighlightedthatinordertohaveresilientlandscapes,wehavetopayattentiontothoseecosystemfunctionsthatunderlieandthatandweneedtopayattentiontothemanagersofthoseecosystems.TheecosystemfunctionandthelandmanagersunderpinhowweachieveournationalandinternationaltargetsandtheSDGs.Dr.NeelysharedanexampleofTurkanaCountyinKenyaandthedevelopmentofthedashboardto enhance decision making. More information about SHARED can be accessed at:http://www.worldagroforestry.org/shared.
4. ProcessfordevelopingpoliciesandinvestmentdecisionsrelatedtoSAI
The participants were asked to break into groups of National government, Regional (Zone,woreda)governmentandprojectbasedandthinkabouttheagriculturesector.Eachgroupwasasked tohavea conversationbasedon their experienceofpolicydevelopment,planningorinvestmentdecisionsandanswer:– Howareobjectivesorgoalsdecided?– Whoisinvolvedtheprocess?– Whatevidenceisusedinyourdecisionmakingprocess?Thisexerciseistobetterunderstandanddiscussprocessesofpolicydevelopment.ProjectbasedgroupresponseObjectivesandgoalsdecidedby:– Needassessmenttoidentifychallengesandsetofobjectivesandgoals
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– Conductparticipatoryneedsassessment,basedongroupstosetobjectivesandgoals– Continuousfieldobservationstoidentifiedchallengesandsetobjectivesandgoals– Annual/quarterlyreviewmeetingswithstakeholderstoidentifiedchallengesandset
objectivesandgoals– DeskreviewtosetobjectivesThoseinvolvedintheprocess:– Projectworker/staff– Farmers/community/differentgroups– Woreda,zonalgovernmentstaffatdifferentlevels– Federalministries.Note:agreementwithgovernment,below2millionsignwithzone,
abovewithregionandthenlargerprojectswiththenationallevel– Researchers– Developmentpartnerstaff– Universityrepresentatives– Donors– PrivatesectorsEvidenceuse:– Conductingcommunitymeetinganalysedataandusethedataasanevidence– Observationfromfieldvisit– Onfarmdemonstration– Secondarydata(research,publications)– Outputfromrapidassessmentintheprojectareas– Datafromkeyinformantinterviews– Governmentandprioritiesatnationallevel–policiesandstrategies– Mediaoutputs– Minutesfromtaskforces– Evidencefrominformationsources(meteorologyagencies)Regionallevel(government)groupresponseSelectedlandcertificationissueasonepolicyissueObjectivesorgoalsaredecidedthrough:– Participatoryorconsultativediscussionatthedifferentlevels,problemidentificationof
prioritizationbasedonitsseverity.Thoseinvolvedintheprocess:– Districtleadersandadministrativeleaders– Technicalexperts– Communityleaders– Communitymembers– NGOsEvidenceuse:– Presenceoflandresources(areaetc)
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– Populationnumber– Landtenureinsecurityandotherinformationaroundlandincludingarea– Womeninvolvement/empowermentNationallevel(government)groupresponse
Photo:Nationallevelgroupdiscussingtheirpolicyformationprocess
Objectivesorgoalsaredecidedthrough:– Situationanalysisanddefinitionofproblems(nationalprioritiesthatarealreadysetout)– Suggestionsofobjectives,harmonizingwithnationalstrategies– Alignwiththevisionandmission(alignpolicyproblemwithobjectiveforthesector)Thoseinvolvedintheprocess:– Sectorministries(mandated)– Researchinstitutes/academiaentitiesnational,regionalandinternational– Civilsociety– Multilateralandbilateralagencies– Policymakers– PublicEvidenceuse:– Researchoutputs(internationalandnational)– Surveyreports– Publicopinionthroughinterviews– Fieldobservations– SatellitedataDiscussionpoint:Satellitedataandpopulationdataforexamplecanbedifficulttoaccessevenifthedataexists.Needforgreaterinteractiontoenhanceaccesstoevidence.
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5. SustainableAgriculturalIntensification(SAI)interventionsandscalingsuccessesinEthiopiaParticipantswereaskedtoidentifysuccessfulinterventionsandprojectsinEthiopiainordertoidentifykeyelementsofsuccess.CaseexamplesofSAIscalinginEthiopiaAfricaRisingexample(ILRI,CYMMIT,ICRAF,)AfricaRisingisafiveyearprogramwiththreeprojects,workingacrossfivecountriesinAfrica.InEthiopia,mostinterventionsareinthehighlandswitheachregionselectingtwokebelesineachoffourworedasforinterventions.Itisanactionresearchprojectwhichincludedon-farmdemonstrationsofnew technologiesandbestpractice for crop,water,highvalue treesandlivestock. Theproject is participatory andengagesdifferent government levels, farmers andresearchers.ThenewphaseoftheprojectinitiatedinOctober2016andfocusesonscalingouttonewworeda’sbasedonsuccesses.Challengeswereencounteredaroundexpectationsandtheorganisationinvolvedhavedifferentprioritiessocoordinationcanbechallengingattimebutthebenefitsarealsothereofworkingwithmultipleorganisationsandexpertise.WatershedmanagementinGundoGundoWorkedintwokebelesandwassuccessfulinscalingupconservationthroughagroforestryandforestryplantations.Challengeswereencounteredwiththesteeptopographywhichrequiredmore labour to complete the work. Additionally, community expectations were sometimesgreaterthanthebudgetcoulddeliver.Comment:theprojectmayhavebeensuccessfulinwatershedprotectionbutwasitsustainablein the long term for livelihood benefits and the wider landscape. For example, when onewatershedisprotected,thecommunitymovetoanotherwatershedtoaccessresourcessuchastrees.ConservationAgriculturewithTrees(CAWT)CAWTwasintroducedintotwokebeleswith40farmersselected.CAWTincludestheintegrationoftreesintothecroppingfieldwiththethreeconservationagricultureprinciplesofminimumsoildisturbance,croprotationorintercroppingandsoilcover.Farmersfacedmanychallengesinadoptingthepracticeat firstsofielddaysandfarmer-to-farmerapproacheswereusedtoenhancethepracticeofCAWTasfarmerscouldseethebenefits.NationalprogramoninstitutionalstrengtheningforforestrysectordevelopmentledbyMEF-CCThisprojectworkedinthreeregionsSNNP,NorthernanAmharainnineworedas.Itisaresultsbased program which also looks at job creation and livelihood diversification. Differentmeetingswereheldatmultiplelevelsandimplementationistakingplacenow.Onechallengeisthattheprogramissomethingnewtothecommunitysopeoplearesuspicious.SAIinterventionoptionsandpreferencesinZiwayHadia Seid presented the SAI intervention options that were identified in a district levelworkshopinZiwayandthenprioritizedthroughaparticipatoryprocessbymenandwomenfrom
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thetwodifferentagroecologicalzonesinthedistrict(Table1)Someoftheprioritizedoptionswillbesupportedthroughon-farmtesting.
Photo:HadiaSeid(ICRAF)presentingtheSAIinterventionoptionsthatwereidentifiedandprioritizedatdistrictandlocallevelsinZiway.
Table1:SAIinterventionoptionsidentifiedandprioritizedinZiway
SAIinterventionoptionsfromDistrictlevel
PrioritySAIpracticesatlocallevelformenandwomenfromtwoagroecologicalzonesWomeninmoistlowland
Meninmoistlowland
Womenindrylowland
Menindrylowland
Soilandwaterconservation(on-farm)
√ √ √
Areaenclosureforcommunallands
√
Seed/seedlingproduction √(seedmultiplication)
√(treeseedling)
√(seedling)
Compostpreparationandapplication
√ √ √
Cropdiversification √ √Intercropping √ √Croprotation √Afforestation/reforestation √ Inorganicfertilizer √ √ Homegardenagroforestry √ √ √ √Onfarmagroforestry √ √ √
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Theparticipantsthenbrokeintothreegroups.Onegrouplookedattheinterventionsandaddedother thatwere relevant toEthiopiaaswell as identifyingnationalpriorities, anothergroupdiscussedscalingmechanismsandthethirdgrouplookedatindicatorsforsuccessfulscaling.SAIoptionadditionsandnationalprioritiesThegroupaddedtotheSAI interventionoptionsfromZiway,groupedthe interventions intocrop, natural resource management (NRM) and livestock and identified the nationalgovernmentprioritieswithaP.Crop– integratedcropmanagement(intercropping,rotation,diversification)– cropresidue– bio-fertiliser(P)(usedforlegumesandisbecomingapriority)– mechanisationforsmallscalefarmers(P)– post-harvest(P)NRM– vermi-compostpreparation(wheat,legumestrawbutcoffeehuskthebest–farmersalso
sellworms)– rangelandmanagement– waterharvestingintegratedwithdripirrigation(P)– ecosystemrestoration(P)– soilandwaterconservationon-farm(P)– integratedsoilfertilitymanagement(P)– seedproduction(P)Livestock– beekeeping– otherlivestockpractice– rangelandmanagement– poultry– sheepandgoat– geneticintensification(P)– feedandforage(P)Discussionpoint:Manyofthesepracticesareimplementedindividuallybyagovernmentsectorbutthereispotentialtobundleinterventionssuchasforageandbeekeeping.TheSAIinterventionswererankedbyparticipantswitheachpersonlistingthetopthreetheybelievewouldbesuccessfulormorelikelytobeadopted,basedontheirpersonalexperienceandexpertise.TheresultsareoutlinedinTable2withthemostpopularoptionslistedfirst.
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Table2:SAIinterventionsconsideredmostlikelytobesuccessfulorbeadoptedbyparticipants.
SAIinterventionoptions NumberofparticipantsthatlisteditHomegardenagroforestry 5Soilandwaterconservation 5Agroforestry(general) 3Areaenclosure 2Waterharvestingwithdripirrigation 2Intercropping 2On-farmagroforestry 1Treeplantationestablishment 1Sheepandgoatproduction 1Compost 1Cropdiversification 1Livestock 1Rangeland 1HVTseedlingproductiontechniques 1Seedproduction 1Croprotation 1Cropdiversification 1Small-scalemechanisation 1Post-harvestmanagement 1Inorganicfertilizer 1Fatteningandfoddercropproduction 1Waterharvesting 1Integratedsoilfertilitymanagement 1MechanismsforscalingSAINational- Policydialogue- Documentationanddissemination- Mediaengagement- Technologypackages- Agriculturalinformationsystem- Stakeholderengagement- TrainingpackagesSub-national- Unions/cooperatives- Themedia- Fielddays- Micro-finance- Researchreviews- Multi-stakeholderplatforms
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Local- Fielddays- Exchangevisits- Ruralinstitutions- Linkagefacilitation- Incentivemechanisms- Themedia- Farmerresearchextensiongroups- Modelfarmerdissemination- Farmertrainingcentre- Agri-businessagents- CommunityempowermentDiscussionpoints:thegenderdimensionofthesescalingmechanismsshouldbeconsidered.Oneparticipantaddedthatforcapacitydevelopmentandawarenesscreationcanusetrainingoftrainersandgeneraltrainingwhilefortechnologydisseminationuse:demonstrations,fielddays,mediaevents,SMS,scalingupbestbettechnologies,manualsandmaterialsinlocallanguageIndicatorsofsuccessfulSAIscalingShortterm:• NumberofhouseholdsusingSAI• Changeinyield/productivity• Reductionofwaterandsoilloss(degradation)• Efficientutilization(management)ofnaturalresources(soil,water,land)–howto
measure?(reductionoflanddegradation)• Changeinskill,attitudeofuser–howtomeasure?Longterm:• Lifestylechange/livelihoodimprovement• Policyandstrategychange/alignment• Ecosystemresilience• Landcoverchange• BehaviourchangeComments:• Measurethetrendsasanindicatorbeingmeasuredatonepointintimecouldgivethe
wronginformation• Midandshorttermcouldbequantitativeandlongtermqualitative• Needtogetclearontheindicators(andspecific–nogeneralisation)andalsohowdowe
knowwhenthingsarenotworking• Indicators must be measurable (more important in the short term?) mention how the
indicatorswillbemeasured• IndicatorshavetobemeasurableandSMART,ifwemisssomethingontheindicatorsweare
messedupfurtherdowntheroad,• Criticalareafordiscussionandthisexerciseisjustastartingpoint
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6. RootcauseanalysisofkeybarrierstoscalingSAIpracticesParticipantsworkedingroupstoidentifybarrierstoscalingSAIandthentherootcausesofthesebarriersasoutlinedbelow.Barriers• Capacitylimitation(coordination,implementation,monitoringandlearning)• Resourcelimitation(incapacitytoraiseresource)/mobilisation• Lackofownershipandcommitmentsbyinstitutions• Tendencytofollowcampaignbasedapproach• Lackofcoordinationamongplayers• Complexity• Householdeconomy• Lackofawareness• Variationinrateofadoption• EconomicpushfactorsnottoacceptSAI• Reluctanceonpracticingnewtechnologies/practices• Shorttermplanningbehaviourinsteadoflongterm(insearchofimmediateresults)• Affordabilityatthelevelofthefarmer(economic)• Lackofaccesstotechnologies• Knowledgegap• Culturalbarriers• Searchforimmediateresults(NRtechnologies–farmersneedimmediateresults)• Poorinstitutionsandlackofsystematiccapacity• Technologycomplexity• Economyofthefarmer• Lackofawarenessbythefarmersofthetechnology• VariationinadoptionratesRootcausemappingEachgrouptochooseoneofthebarrierstounpack,consideringthecauseofeachelement.
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Photo:Participantdescribinghisgroupsrootcausemap.
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Figure5:Therootcausemapsdevelopedbyfourgroups.Thebarrierbeingconsideredisshadedandtherootcausesindicated.Similarrootcauseswithinandacrossgroupsareshownbydoublelines.
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7. PoliciesinsupportofscalingSAIParticipantswereaskedifscalingSAIcontributetonationalorinternationalcommitmentsortargetsandtheyagreedthattheanswerwasyes.ThetargetsthatwouldbeadvancedthroughSAIscalingwereoutlinedas:– Povertyreductiontarget(livelihoodoptions)– Sustainability– Foodsecurity– Nutritionsecurity– Economicdevelopment– AFR100,Bonnchallenge,degradationneutrality– Biodiversity(Aiche)– Climatechange–mitigationtargetsINDC’s,adaptationSomeofthepoliciesandstrategiesrelevanttoSAIscalinginEthiopiawereoutlinedbyMiekeBourneandareshowninTable3.Table3:ElementsofthelegalandpolicyframeworkforscalingSAIinEthiopia.
Sector Approach/Mainprovisions LegalandPolicyframework
Agriculturalgrowthandfoodsecurity
-Governmentdriven-Agricultureisamajoreconomicdriver-Focusedonsmallholderfarmers-Movingtowardscommercializationandmarketorientation
-TheAgriculturalDevelopmentLedIndustrialization(ADLI)strategy-AgriculturalSectorPolicyandInvestmentFramework-GrowthandTransformationPlan-NationalFoodSecurityStrategyandtheNationalFoodSecurityProgram-Regionshavefiveyeargrowthandtransformationplans-EthiopianCommodityExchangeproclamation
Environment Legislationandpoliciesmostlyformulatedatfederallevelbutmovestocreateregionalagenciesandenvironmentalconservationstrategies.
-NationalConservationStrategy-EnvironmentalPoliciesonbiodiversity,impactassessmentandforestconservation-ClimateResilientGreenEconomystrategy
Waterresourcemanagement
-Policyandlegalframeworksupportintegratedwaterresourcemanagement.-Waterismanagementbyanumberofinstitutionsusinganintegratedwatershedmanagementapproach-Focusonhydropower,irrigationgrowthandimprovingaccesstodrinkingwater
-Watersectorpolicy,strategyandprogram-IntegratedRiverBasinDevelopmentMasterPlans-IrrigationDevelopmentPolicy-Small-scaleirrigationcapacitybuildingstrategy
Ruraleconomy(marketandfinance)
Focusoncooperatives,microandsmallenterprises(MSEs)andinputs-Microandcommunitybasedfinancialservices
-AgriculturalCooperativeSectorDevelopmentStrategy-PoliciesonMSEsandcooperatives-Agriculturalinputstrategies-EthiopianCommodityExchangeproclamation-MicrofinanceAct-Micro-FinancingBusiness
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Participantswerethenaskedifanysignificantpoliciesweremissingfromthetable,thefollowingwerementioned:
– GrowthandTransformationPlan2016-2020replacestheGTP1andconsiderstheincorporationofdifferentsectors,whichGTP1didnotdo.
– ForestPolicies– EnergyPolicyunderdevelopment– Biomassenergystrategy(BES)– AGP2Agriculturalgrowthprogram– REDD+program– ForestSectorDevelopmentProgram(almoststartingandconsideringtenure)– ProductiveSafetyNetProgram2– PastoralMinistry–policyunderdevelopmentregardingPastoralism– GreenGrowthDevelopmentStrategy– Drylandgrazingpolicy(zerograzing)iscurrentlyunderdiscussion
ParticipantswerealsoaskediftherewereanygapsinthesepoliciestoachievesufficientscalingofSAIbyaddressingrootcausesandiftherewasanyincoherencebetweenpolicies.Thefollowingcommentsweremade:• Wehavethesepoliciesbuttheydoneedtoberevisedtokeepthemuptodate
Institutionalgapsmayexistinimplementation.Thepoliciesarethere,butthereareinstitutionalbottlenecks.
• Peopleatthenationallevelmaybeawareofthesepolicies,atzonalordistrictleveltheremaynotbeknowledgeofthese
• Policiesaresufficientbutcascadingthesepolicieshassomeproblemsofawarenessandtechnicalcapacityatthelowerlevels.Policiesmaybeexcellentorgood,coordinationisnotvisibleatthelowerlevel.
• Thefeedbackmechanismsmaybechallengingtogetinputfromthelocallevel.• Somegapsexistinsupportingforeigninvestment,alackofincentivesforprivatesector
engagement.• Forcharcoalmaking,itisillegalinthepolicybutcharcoalisbeingproduced,soa
disconnectbetweenpolicyandreality.• Implementationcapacityisahugegap.• Policiesandstrategiesaresmartbutthelegalenforcementtoimplementmaybelacking.• Toimplementpolicies,needtohaveenablingconditionssuchasfinance,supportcapacity,
informationandfacilitation.• Challengewithdifferentgovernmentlevelsforimplementation.Insomecases,the
nationalgovernmentinterferesinregionalsituations.Inothercases,thezonecanoverridetheregion.
• GreatersynergybetweensectorpoliciesispossiblethroughlinkingtotheSDGs.GTP2forexampleismorecross-sectoralthanGTP1.
• Forlanduseandforestrypoliciesthereisanincoherence,thisalsoexistswithagriculturalandpastoralpoliciesandbetweenagricultureandforestry(suchascommercialagriculturalinvestmentinforestlands).Needformoreinpolicychangeorimprovementonpolicytrade-offsbetweensectors.
24
8. Baselinedataandstakeholdermaps:FeedbackMiekeBournepresentedtheprojectbaselinedataonaccessanduseofSAIevidenceaswellasstakeholdermaps(seeAppendix3forfullresults).Somecommentsanddiscussionfollowingthepresentationincluded:– Theprivatesectorispresentbuttherearenotmanyactorsandtheyaregenerally
disconnectedfromtherestofthestakeholdernetwork.– AtthelocallevelCBOsandfarmergroupsareimportantactorsthatarenotcapturedinthe
stakeholdermaps.– WhilestakeholdersmayaccessanduseevidenceonSAItheaccuracyandqualityofthe
evidencemaybepoor.– Adashboardtocollectandinterpretinformationisneeded.– Allpeopleinterviewedwereinapositiontohaveaccesstoevidenceandother
stakeholderswithevidence.IfIdonotinternalizetheinformation.Weneedtohearthingsmultipletimestointernalize.SometakehopemessagesfromDay1were:– Berealisticaboutscalingup.– Therearekeyplayers,differentactorsandexperiencesthatweneedtobeawareofand
makeuseofthem.– AdditionalpracticesforSAI.– Indicatorsprovidedsomenewinformation.– Goodlessontodiscussandmakingadecision.Itwasproductivetocometogetherand
broadeningourwayoflookingatthings.– Importanceofincentives.– Foranytechnology,understandthebarriersfromtheadaptorspointofviewisimportant.
9. TheSAIInteractiveDashboardConstanceNeelyoutlinedthatanopen-sourceSAIinteractivedashboardwillbedevelopedforZiwaytoallowuserstointeractwithdatainameaningfulway:
• asadata-drivenplatform• tointegrateexistingandnewdataand• toproviderobustdatamanagementandgraphicaltools
Thedashboardwillcontainbothsocialandecologicaldatasetsanditwilluseacombinationofbothspatial(maps)andnon-spatialdataanalyticsandgraphics.SheranthroughsomeelementsofadashboardcreatedforTurkanaCountyinKenya.Seehttps://prezi.com/ke-myjnuet3aformoreinformationoraccessthedashboardat:http://landscapeportal.org/sharedApp/DataalreadyavailableforZiwayincludes:
• ReportsonEvergreenAgricultureinEthiopiaundertheTreesforFoodSecurityproject• Spatialdistributionpatternanddiversityoffarmlandtreespeciesinsemi-aridEast
Shewa• LocalKnowledgeofFarmersonFarmTreeManagement,EastShewaZone,Ethiopia• Assessmentoftreeseedlingnurseriesforaclimatesmartagricultureinselected
districtsofOromiastate
25
• TheagriculturalextensionsysteminEthiopia:AfocusonEastShewa,WestShewaandEastWollegazones
• HouseholdsurveydatafromtheTreesforFoodSecurityproject.Itwasoutlinedthatdataongender,socialinclusionandequityandtrade-offswaslimitedforZiway.ParticipantswereaskedwhatadditionaldatawouldbemostvaluabletohaveincludedinadashboardspecifictoZiwayandanumberofdatasourceswereidentified(Table4).Table4:AvailabledataforZiwayrelevanttoSAI.
Typeofdata Scaleofdata WhohasitBaselinestudyonlivestockandirrigation
District/PA ILRILivesproject
Zeway–Shallasubcatchmentwatershedproject
Adame-tulu-woredawatershed RiftValleysub-basinprojectAdametuluagriculturaloffice
Homegardenagroforestry District AdametuluresearchcenterSWCResearchandNRMandIrrigation
District ATRCAdametuluresearchcenter
SNVHorticultureproject District(MekiandZewaye) SNVandAdametuluagriculturaloffice
Livestock,PoultryandTrees District ATRC,AdameTuluresearchcenter
SmallscaleirrigationandonfarmSWCandmechanization
District IDE,InternationalDVTenterprises
Genderandsocialequity,smallscaleirrigation
DistrictandCommlevel RiftValleyWomensDevelopmentAssociation
Education District FH,ADRA(Adventistdevelopmentandreliefagency)foodforhunger
Emergencyseed,participatoryvarietyselection
District CIMMYT
Intercropping District ICRISATOrganizingwomengroups District IDELandhealth Agriculturalinputs/chemicalsat
farmlevelResearchinstitutionsandUniversityMEFCC
Humanpopulationdata Woreda WoredaadministrationMeteorology Agroecology/woreda METagencyMarketinformation Woreda Cooperativeandmarketing
officeintheworedaCreditfacilities Woreda MicrofinanceinstitutionsFisheries Woreda WoredaAgriculturalofficeParticipantswerealsoaskediftherewereotherdashboardsinEthiopiathattheywerefamiliarwith.Ingeneral,therewerefewexamples:
- Haveanexampleofonethatisusedforprojectmanagement- Thereisadatabaseintheministriesregardingeducation,health,nutritionetc.- Digitalgreen-http://www.digitalgreen.org/worksinthecountry.
26
Anumberofparticipantssaidtheywouldliketobeinvolvedinthedashboarddevelopmentandoutlinedtheirareaofinterestandpreferredmethodofcommunication(Table5).
Table5Names,areaofinterestandpreferredcommunicationmethodforparticipantsinterestedinbeingengagedinthedashboarddevelopmentprocess.
Name Areaofinterest Preferredcommunicationmethod
RegassaTerefe CA/Agroforestry EmailTirunehG/giorgis Foodsecurity,creditfacilities,
marketinfrastructure,landhealth,livelihoods
Email,onlinetraining,skype
MergaDiyessa Spatialdataanalysis EmailGetachewMekuriya Integratedwatershed
managementEmail,onlinetraining
HadiaSeid Soilhealth,agroforestry,nutrition
Emailorskype
MesfinTsegaye Landhealth,soil EmailSofiyaKassa Soilhealth EmailAbateTaye Small-scalemechanisation EmailMiheretuFufa Agriculturalresearch EmailHussienUregesa Soilandwaterconservation PhoneMamushaLemma Gender,inclusiveness Email,skype,onlinetrainingWalterMupangwafromCIMMYT,SimretYassabufromILRI/NLAandAbedetaDebelafromMEFCCwerenotpresentfortheexercisebutindicatedaninterestinbeingengaged.
10. Trade-offAnalysisConstanceNeelyoutlinedthat:
• TheconceptofSAI,whichaimstoincreaseagriculturalproductioninanenvironmentallysustainableway,implicitlyinvolvestrade-offs.
• Understandingthesocial,economicandenvironmentaltrade-offsofSAIisinherentlycomplex,especiallyacrossdiverseagro-ecologicallandscapesandovertime
• Focusonspatiallyexplicitinterdisciplinarytrade-offassessments-incorporatespaceandtimeelementsaswellasinterdisciplinarydatasets,includinggenderpreferencesandequity,toconductsocio-ecologicaltrade-offanalysis.
ThetentativethemesandindicatorsfortheSAItrade-offanalysisweresharedwithparticipants,Figure4,andfeedbackwasrequested.
27
Figure6:TentativethemesandindicatorsforSAItrade-offanalysis.
Commentsonthesethemesandcriteria:- Underlandhealthaddvegetativecoveranddataonchemicals(agriculturalinputs)- Marketaspectshouldbeincludedunderproductivityorincome- Incomeshouldincludecashaswellasassets- Addathemeonwaterresourceswithindicatorsuchasgroundwatertable,water
contamination,riskoffloodordrought,landslides(extremeerosionevents)- Accesstocreditcouldcomeundersocialequity- Underfoodsecurityshouldaddnutrition
11. OptionsframeworkforscalingSAIParticipantswereaskedtoidentifyinterventionoptionstoaddressthebarrierstoscalingSAIandassociatedrootcauses.
Photo:Onegroupdiscussinginterventionoption.
28
TheinterventionoptionswerethenpresentedbyeachgroupasoutlinedinTable6.Table6:Interventionoptionstoaddressbarriersandrootcauses.
Barrierorrootcausebeingaddressed
Interventionoption
Whohastoworktogethertocarrythisout?
Whatwouldbetheindicatorthatthisoptionwassuccessful?
Whatinformationwouldbeneededtomonitorforsuccess?
Landdegradation SoilandwaterconservationCropdiversificationConservationAg
FarmersDevelopmentagentsandagriculturalofficers(government)ResearchersNGOsPrivatesector
NumberoffarmersusingthetechnologyProductionincreaseAreascoverageincrease
TrendanalysisYielddataNumberoftechnologyusers
Lackofaccesstoimprovedtechnologies
AvailingimprovedtechnologiesCreditfacilityAwarenesscreationandtraining
FarmerAgriculturalofficesResearchersMicro-financeNGOsPrivatesector
Numberoftechnologiesdeveloped/demonstratedNumberoffarmers(adopters)
TrendanalysisType/numberoftechniquespracticed
Knowledgeandskillgapofthefarmers
TrainingExperiencesharing
FarmersResearchersNGOsDAsAgriculutralofficers
NumberoftrainingsTypeoftrainingNumberofusersofthetechnique/skill
AssessmentthroughinterviewandquestionnairesChangeinskill(difficulttomeasure)
Knowledgegap/skillsforsmallholderfarmers(group2)
TrainingWorkshopVisitProvisionofguidelines
ExpertsinmandatedofficesModelfarmersDAsNGOsResearchandacademic
IncreaseinpracticeofSAI
NumberHHpracticingTypeofSAIpracticedIncreaseinproductivityandyieldChangeinrestoredarea
Economicproblemofsmallholderfarmers
ProvisionofcreditservicePaymentforecosystemservicesandpaymentstofarmers(PSNP–peoplepaidforamountworking)
FinancialenterprisesLocalgovernmentLocalNGOsInformalinstitutions
IncreaseinpracticeofSAIIncreaseinincome
Sameasaboveaswellas:LivelihooddiversificationChildrengoingtoschool
29
Lackofcoordination
InstitutionalisingthescalingupsystemFollowuponhowscalingupisgoingon
MandatedofficesHigherofficialsNGOsResearch/academiaPublicPlatformssuchastheSAIRLANLA
ProvisionofthetechnologywillbetimelyInformationflow
PracticeofSAISatisfactionofthegroupforhowsuccessfullyitwascoordinatedRealisingtheworkdone
Lackofcoordinationamongsectors(manysectorsworkingonsameissuebutdon'tknoweachother)
Platformandnetworkingneeded(couldbeestablishedbygovernmentorNGOS–NLAcouldplayarole)Degradationofduties(dashboardcouldassist)
GovernmentsectorsNGOsPrivateandpublicsectorsTargetbeneficiaries
NumberofparticipatingsectorsNumberofissuesraisedanddecisionmakingSatisfactionofbeneficiaries
MinutesfromthemeetingReportsoroutputs(researchetc.)FieldvisitobservationFeedbackfrombeneficiaries
Qualityandquantityoffarminputs
ValuechainPrivateserviceCreditfacilityIncentivesInfrastructure
FarmersandfarmercooperativeunitsMFIPrivateserviceprovidersGovernmentNGOs
MarginincreasebyfarmersIncreaseinproductivity(frominputs)Accesstoinputs,credit,infrastructure
ReportsandbeneficiaryfeedbackFieldvisitobservation(reports)
12. NextSteps,EvaluationandCloseDr.Mamushapresentedthenextstepsfortheproject:
• Trade-offanalysisintothedashboard• Byendofyear,firstformofthedashboard• DemonstrationsandinterventionsofcommunityprioritizedpracticesinZiway• Communicationsamongthoseinvolvedinthedashboarddevelopment
Heoutlinedthatfollowingtheworkshoptheorganizerswillsharethereporttoallwhohaveprovidedanemailaddresswithin2weeks.Dr.Mamushathenaskedeachparticipanttoexpresswhattheirnextstepwillbe,followingtheworkshop:• BriefmyinstitutionaboutSAIanddigmoreaboutotherexperiencesinSAIaswellaslink
morewiththeorganizers• ProvideaquickbriefforthestafftoworkonSAI• Sharingknowledgeobtainedwithcolleagues• IlearnttheneedfordepthplanningbeforeimplementationofSAIscalingup• SharingtheknowledgeonSAIwithresearchersandstartingSAIatourcenter• SharingtheknowledgethatIhavegainedthroughthisworkshop
30
• UsetheinformationIobtainedfromthisworkshopasaninputtoourprojects• Sharewillcolleaguestheideaofassessingbarriersandoptionsforsolvingbarriers• AdopttheSHAREDmethodology,especiallythedashboardstomyorganisationand
supportSAIinproducingadditionalspatialdata• Iwillsharethisinitiatewithmyorganisationandincorporateinmyprogramonpayments
forecosystemservices.CreateawarenessonSAIandshareideaswithothercolleagues/researchers
• ShareallinformationtotheAgNRMprograminmyorganisationandusealltheinformationforthenewprojectrelatedtoSAI
• IwillidentifythesuccesswemadeonSAIandsharetheobjectivesofICRAFprojectonSAIandtakeitasoneofthemainagendasbyourorganisation
WorkshopevaluationEachparticipantwasaskedtoshare,onacard,theirratingscorefrom1(lowest)to5(highest)foreachofthesecategories:
• Content• Objectives• Facilitation• TimeManagement• Representativesandparticipation• Logistics
TheoutcomeofthisevaluationareshowninFigure5.
Category Averagescore
Timemanagement
5
Facilitation 4.8Objectives 4.5Logistics 4.5Representation 4.2Content 4.1
Key:Onascaleof1-5:1=verypoor;2=poor;3=fair;4=goodand5=verygood. Overallscore 4.5or90%
Figure7:Workshopevaluationresults.
ClosingremarksFinally,closingremarksmadebyDrSofiaKassa(EIAR)werethattheICRAFledSAIRLAprojectwillcontributealotintermsofsustainableagricultureintensificationforthecountryandsmallholderfarmers.InthisnationalworkshopwelearntalotofinformationandknowledgeonSAI.Sheappreciatedactiveparticipationofstakeholdersandencouragedtheykeepworkingtogether.
012345Content
Objectives
Facilitation
Timemanagement
Representationandparticipation
Logistics
Workshopevaluationresults
31
Appendices
Appendix1ParticipantlistNo Name Gender Organization Email MobileNo.1 Regassa
TerefeM Oromiya
AgricultureResearchInstitute
[email protected] 0913258163
2 HussienUregesa
M Adamitulu(Ziway)woredaAgricultureoffice
- 0910382783
3 WalterMupangwa
M CIMMYT [email protected] 0929283971
4 MiheretuFufa M AdamituluAgricultureresearchcenter(OARI)
[email protected] 0911530715
5 MergaDiyessa
M FarmAfrica [email protected] 0911716519
6 AbateTaye M InternationalDevelopmentEnterprise/IDE
[email protected] 0911053431
7 GetachewMekuriya
M AgricultureTransformationAgency/ATA
[email protected] 0912048741
8 TirunehG/giorgis
M CRS [email protected] 0911938922
9 WubalemTadesse
M EthiopiaEnvironmentandforestresearchInstitute(EEFRI)
[email protected] 0912132303
10 MamushaLemma
M ILRI [email protected] 0913060302
11 SimretYassabu
F ILRI-NLAfacilitator [email protected] 0911662511
12 AbedetaDebela
M MinistryofEnvironment,Forestandclimatechange/MEFCC
[email protected] 0915700200
13 WondossenG/Tsadik
M CEEFRC [email protected] 0912845073
14 Yishaksoboka M Ministryofwaterirrigationandelectricity
[email protected] 0911955889
15 AbejeEshete M CEEFRCcentermanger
[email protected] 0911762494
16 SofiyaKassa F EthiopianinstituteofAgricultureResearch/EIAR
[email protected] 0911987173
17 DiribaNigusse M CEEFRC [email protected] 091116289918 RabeYahaya M CIMMYT [email protected] 096670160119 Mesfin
TsegayeM MEFCC [email protected] 0911956431
20 HadiaSeid F ICRAF [email protected] 0913293250
32
Appendix2AgendaTime Day1 Responsiblepersons08.30-09.00 Registration MekdesSime09.00-10.30
o Openingo Introductions&objectives,Introductiontotheproject
andSAIRLAo GatheringperspectivesonSustainableAgricultural
Intensificationo IntroductiontotheSHAREDmethodology
Dr.WubalemTadesseDr.MamushaLemmaDr.ConstanceNeely
Tea/coffeeBreak Organizers11.00-12.00
o CurrentpolicydevelopmentandinvestmentdecisionmakingapproachforSAIinEthiopia
Dr.ConstanceNeelyDr.MamushaLemmaHadiaSeidMiekeBourne
12.00-13.00 o SAIscalingsuccessesinEthiopiao NationalprioritiesforSAIinterventions,scaling
mechanismsandindicators(reflectingoninputsfromZiway)
Facilitatorsandparticipants
Lunch Organizers14.00-15.15 o KeybarrierstoSAIscalingandtherootcausesofthese
barriersFacilitatorsandparticipants
Tea/coffeeBreak Organizers15.30-16.15 o PoliciesinsupportofscalingSAIandnationaland
internationaltargetsFacilitatorsandparticipants
16.15-16.45 o Presentationonthebaselineresultsforevidenceaccess,useandstakeholdernetworks
MiekeBourne
16.45-17.30 o Opportunitiestoenhanceaccesstoandownershipofevidencefordecisionmakers,aSAIdashboardforZiway
o Closeofday1
Facilitatorsandparticipants
Day2 09.00-09.15 o Recapday1 Facilitatorsand
participants09.15-10.00 o Trade-offanalysisthemesandindicatorsTea/coffeeBreak Organizers
10.30-12.00 o InterventionoptionstopromotescalingofSAI Facilitatorsandparticipants
12.00-12.30 o Nextstepsandclose TBDLunch
33
Appendix3BaselineresultsStakeholderCharacteristicsFigure1presentsbasiccharacteristicsofthe124SAIstakeholdersthatwereidentifiedandinterviewedineachofthethreeparticipatingcountries.Unfortunately,only19%arewomen.Inaddition,nearly60%of those interviewedareconsidered tohold significantdecision-makingpower, i.e. they (a)work forgovernmentinstitutionsandorganizationsthatsetSAIrelevantpolicyand/ordesignand/ormanageSAI-relevantprogrammes/projects/interventions;and(b)occupyseniordecision-makingandmanagementpositionsintheseorganizations.Finally,aboutone-thirdoftheSAIstakeholdershailfromeachofthethreeparticipatingcountries.
Figure2presents the typesoforganizations the interviewedSAI stakeholderswork for.Aswouldbeexpected,nearlyhalfarefromgovernmentinstitutions,while18%arefromNGOs.Ofparticularconcernisthatthereislessrepresentationfromtheprivatesectorandfarmersorganizations,somethingthatthecountryprojectteamswillworktorectifyinthecomingmonths.
Government48%
Privatesector7%
NGO18%
Academic5%
Farmer'sorganization
8%
Other14%
Figure2:TypesofOrganzationsofInterviewedStakeholder(N=124)
19%
81%58%
33% 36% 31%
Figure1:BasicCharateristicsofSAIStakeholdersInterviewed(N=124)
34
Figure4presentsfurtherdetailontheproject’sfirstprimaryoutcome,whichpertainstoasubsetoftheinterviewedstakeholdersthatholddecision-makingpositionsinorganizationsthatdesignandmanageSAI relevant policies, programmes, andinterventions. Unfortunately, only sevenof these stakeholders are women,revealing significant gender inequality inthe three participating countries,specifically in relation to leadershippositions in the agricultural sector.Nevertheless,sixoutofthesevenwomenscored positively on this indicator, ascompared to approximately half of theirmale counterparts. It is also noteworthythatabout two-thirdsof the interviewedEthiopiandecision-makers reportedbothhaving had accessed SAI evidence andincorporated this into policy and/orprogrammedecision-makingoverthelast12 months, as compared with less thanhalfamongtheircounterpartsinTanzaniaandZambia.Thedecision-makerswerealsoaskedhowspecificallytheirorganizationshadmadeuseofSAIrelatedinformationand/orevidence.Figure5summarizestheirresponses.Approximatelyone-thirdreportedthat their organizations had used such information/evidence to design specific agricultural policiesand/orstrategiesandspecificprogrammesandinterventions,respectively.Abouthalfalsoreportedthattheir organizations incorporated such information/evidence into the training or direct provision ofextension services to farmers. Far fewer, however, reported its integration into the design of newextensionmaterials.
WhileasignificantnumberoftheSAIdecision-makersreportedthattheirorganizationsincorporateSAIrelatedinformationintotheirdecision-making,farfewerdosowithrespecttomorenuancedevidencepertainingtowomenandmenandspecificsocialgroupsandcontexts.Consequently,thebaselinestatusfor this indicator isparticularly low, therebycallingontheproject teamto focussignificanteffortonameliorating this situation.However,Figure6doesshowthataboutone-quarterof thestakeholdersreported that their respective organizations incorporate evidence on the differential effects of SAI
33%
56%
47%53%
16%
7%
Designofgovernment/organizationalpolicyand/orstrategyonagriculture
Designofoneormorespecificprogrammesor
projects
Designofoneormorespecificinterventions
Inthetrainingofordirectextensiongiventofarmers
Designofextensionmaterialstobedeliveredtofarmers
Other
Figre5:HowInformation/EvidenceonSAIhasbeenused(N=43)
54%
86%
51%
69%
45% 43%
Overallbaselinestatus
Female Male Ethiopia Tanzania Zambia
(N=72) (N=7) (N=65) (N=29) (N=22) (N=21)
Figure4:PrimaryOutcomeIndicator1%oftargetedhigh-levelSAIdecisionmakersandinvestorsreportingthattheyhaveappraisedhighqualityevidenceonSAIpolicyandinterventioneffectivenessandusedittoinformrelevantSAI
decisionsinlast12m
35
interventionsoneitherwomenandmenonetheonehandordifferingcontextsandsocialgroupsontheother.However,whenbothareconsidered,thestatisticdropsto11%.AsispresentedinFigure7,theoverallstatusoftargetedstakeholdersaccessingexistingqualityevidenceonenablingpoliciesandeffectiveinterventionsforSAIthatbenefitwomen,poorersmallholders,andothersociallydifferentiatedgroupsisparticularlylow.ThisisbecausemostoftheintervieweesreportedthattheydidnothaveaccesstonuancedevidenceonthedifferentialeffectivenessofSAIinterventionsonbothwomenandmenanddifferingcontextsandsocialgroups.Overtwo-thirds,however,reportedhaving had access to general SAI evidence, with about one-third accessing differentiated evidenceparticulartowomenandmenontheonehandandspecificsocialgroupsintheother,butnotboth.
Figure8presentsdetailson the specific typesof SAI related informationandevidenceamong thosestakeholders who reported having had been able to access it in the last 12 months. Just over halfreportedhavinghadobtainedbasicbackground informationonSAI ingeneraland thatpertinent forparticularareasoftheirrespectivecountriesinparticular.Aboutone-thirdreportedhavinghadaccessedspecificevidenceontheeffectivenessofoneormoreSAIinterventions.
Figure9presents the specific sourcesof SAI related information andevidence accessed by thesestakeholders. Participation in trainingsessionsorworkshops are clearly themostpopular, followedby thereviewofcountryspecificresearchreports.
15%
67%
36% 31%17% 14%
24%11% 11%
Overallbaseline
status
SAIevidenceonly
Differentialeffects
onwom
en&men
Differentialeffects
onothersocial
groups
Decision-makers
Others
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Zambia
(N=124) (N=124) (N=124) (N=124) (N=72) (N=52) (N=41) (N=45) (N=38)
Figure7:IntermediaryOutcome1,Indicator1%oftargetedstakeholdersaccessingexistingqualityevidenceonenablingpoliciesandeffectiveinterventionsforSAIthatbenefitwomen,poorersmallholders,andother
sociallydifferentiatedgroups
55% 53%
36%
10%
Generalbackground
informationonSAI
InformationonspecificSAIpractices
relevantforspecificareasof
country
EvidenceontheeffectivenessofoneormorespecificSAIinterventions
Other
Figure8:TypesofInformationAccessedonSAI(N=83)
36
The ability of the targeted SAI stakeholders to not only access relevant SAI evidence but alsoappropriatelyappraiseitvalidityandutilityandmakeuseofitisshowninFigure10.ParticipationinaSAIworkshoportrainingsessionsandhavinghadaccesstoSAIinformationbelievedtobebothcredibleandrelevantisbeingusedasaproxymeasureforthisindicator.AsindicatedinFigure10,overall40%ofthe stakeholders surpassed the indicator’s threshold, with there being significant variation amongwomenandmenand the threeparticipatingcountries.Thedifferencebetweendecision-makersandnon-decision-makersismodestat5%.
15%
10%
10%
6%
23%
11%
43%
15%
3%
10%
5%
Countryspecificbrochure/pamphlet
Non-country specificbrochure/pamphlety
Countryspecificgeneral(non-research) report
Non-country specificgeneral(non-research) report
Countryspecificresearchreport
Othercountryspecificresearchreport
Trainingsessionorworkshop
Internetinformation
Onlinevideo
Televisionprogram
Other
Figure9:SAIInformation/EvidenceSources(N=83)
40%33%
41% 42% 37%51%
31% 37%
Overallbaseline
status Wom
en
Men
Decision-
makers
Nondecision-
maker
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Zambia
(N=124) (N=24) (N=100) (N=72) (N=52) (N=41) (N=45) (N=38)
Figure10:IntermediaryOutcome1,Indicator2IntermediaryOutcome1,Indicator2:%oftargetedstakeholderswithdemonstrableabilitytoaccess,appraise,anduseavailableevidenceonSAIrelevantpolicies,
mechanismsandinterventions
37
EthiopiaSAIStakeholdermaps
Key
Government
PrivateSector
NGO
Academic/Research
Donor
Figure1.EthiopianNationalSAIStakeholderNetworkbaseline,coloursrepresentorganisationtype
38
Key
Government
PrivateSector
NGO
Academic/Research
Donor
Figure2.EthiopiaNationalSAIStakeholderNetwork,showingactorswithmostconnectionsaslargercirclesTheNationalStakeholdernetworkcapturedasabaselineincludedalargenumberofresearchinstitutes,donors,NGOsandsomegovernmentdepartments.Forevidenceinformeddecisionmaking,theconnectionbetweenresearchersandimplementers/donorsisencouragingandcanbestrengthenedthroughthisproject.TheMinistryofAgriculture,NaturalResourcesdepartmentwasthemostimportantstakeholderlinkingthenetworkandintermsofthenumberofconnections.
39
Figure3.ZiwayDistrict(Woreda)SAIStakeholderNetworkbaseline,coloursrepresentorganisationtype
Key
Government
PrivateSector
NGO
Academic/Research
Farmerorganisation
CBO
40
Key
Government
PrivateSector
NGO
Academic/Research
Farmerorganisation
CBO
Figure4.ZiwayDistrictSAIStakeholderNetworkBaseline,showingactorswithmostconnectionsaslargercirclesInZiwayDistrict,mostofthecapturedstakeholdernetworkislooselyconnected,therearepartsofthenetworkwhicharedisconnectedhoweverandmanyopportunitiestoenhanceconnectivity.ThemostconnectedstakeholderswerethegovernmentagricultureandnaturalresourceofficesaswellasanNGOcalledRiftValleyChildrenandWomenDevelopmentOrganization.Thesestakeholderswillbeimportanttoenhanceinformationsharinginthenetwork.